1
|
Kim Y, Ereifej ES, Schwartzman WE, Meade SM, Chen K, Rayyan J, Feng H, Aluri V, Mueller NN, Bhambra R, Bhambra S, Taylor DM, Capadona JR. Investigation of the Feasibility of Ventricular Delivery of Resveratrol to the Microelectrode Tissue Interface. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1446. [PMID: 34945296 PMCID: PMC8708660 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs) are essential to basic brain research and clinical brain-machine interfacing applications. However, the foreign body response to IMEs results in chronic inflammation and an increase in levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). The current study builds on our previous work, by testing a new delivery method of a promising antioxidant as a means of extending intracortical microelectrodes performance. While resveratrol has shown efficacy in improving tissue response, chronic delivery has proven difficult because of its low solubility in water and low bioavailability due to extensive first pass metabolism. (2) Methods: Investigation of an intraventricular delivery of resveratrol in rats was performed herein to circumvent bioavailability hurdles of resveratrol delivery to the brain. (3) Results: Intraventricular delivery of resveratrol in rats delivered resveratrol to the electrode interface. However, intraventricular delivery did not have a significant impact on electrophysiological recordings over the six-week study. Histological findings indicated that rats receiving intraventricular delivery of resveratrol had a decrease of oxidative stress, yet other biomarkers of inflammation were found to be not significantly different from control groups. However, investigation of the bioavailability of resveratrol indicated a decrease in resveratrol accumulation in the brain with time coupled with inconsistent drug elution from the cannulas. Further inspection showed that there may be tissue or cellular debris clogging the cannulas, resulting in variable elution, which may have impacted the results of the study. (4) Conclusions: These results indicate that the intraventricular delivery approach described herein needs further optimization, or may not be well suited for this application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William E. Schwartzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Seth M. Meade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jacob Rayyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - He Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Varoon Aluri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Natalie N. Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Raman Bhambra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sahaj Bhambra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dawn M. Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shahsavani N, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Mechanisms and repair strategies for white matter degeneration in CNS injury and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166117. [PMID: 33667627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration is an important pathophysiological event of the central nervous system that is collectively characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal degeneration and parenchymal changes that can result in sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive impairments. White matter degeneration can occur due to a variety of causes including trauma, neurotoxic exposure, insufficient blood flow, neuroinflammation, and developmental and inherited neuropathies. Regardless of the etiology, the degeneration processes share similar pathologic features. In recent years, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified for axon and oligodendrocyte degeneration including oxidative damage, calcium overload, neuroinflammatory events, activation of proteases, depletion of adenosine triphosphate and energy supply. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches for white matter repair. However, less progress has been achieved in this area mainly due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of the degeneration processes. Here, we will provide a timely review on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of white matter degeneration and will also discuss recent pharmacological and cellular therapeutic approaches for white matter protection as well as axonal regeneration, oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walter J, Schwarting J, Plesnila N, Terpolilli NA. Influence of Organic Solvents on Secondary Brain Damage after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2020; 1:148-156. [PMID: 34223539 PMCID: PMC8240898 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many compounds tested for a possible neuroprotective effect after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are not readily soluble and therefore organic solvents need to be used as a vehicle. It is, however, unclear whether these organic solvents have intrinsic pharmacological effects on secondary brain damage and may therefore interfere with experimental results. Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of four widely used organic solvents, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Miglyol 812 (Miglyol®), polyethyleneglycol 40 (PEG 40), and N-2-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) on outcome after TBI in mice. A total of 143 male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI). Contusion volume, brain edema formation, and neurological function were assessed 24 h after TBI. Test substances or saline were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) 10 min before CCI. DMSO, Miglyol, and PEG 40 had no effect on post-traumatic contusion volume after CCI; NMP, however, significantly reduced contusion volume and brain edema formation at different concentrations. The use of DMSO, Miglyol, and PEG 40 is unproblematic for studies investigating neuroprotective treatment strategies as they do not influence post-traumatic brain damage. NMP seems to have an intrinsic neuroprotective effect that should be considered when using this agent in pharmacological experiments; further, a putative therapeutic effect of NMP needs to be elucidated in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Walter
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Schwarting
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole A Terpolilli
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liao R, Pon J, Chungyoun M, Nance E. Enzymatic protection and biocompatibility screening of enzyme-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for neurotherapeutic applications. Biomaterials 2020; 257:120238. [PMID: 32738657 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles provide a non-invasive strategy for enhancing the delivery of labile hydrophilic enzymatic cargo for neurological disease applications. One of the most common polymeric materials, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is widely studied due to its biocompatible and biodegradable nature. Although PLGA-PEG nanoparticles are generally known to be non-toxic and protect enzymatic cargo from degradative proteases, different formulation parameters including surfactant, organic solvent, sonication times, and formulation method can all impact the final nanoparticle characteristics. We show that 30s sonication double emulsion (DE)-formulated nanoparticles achieved the highest enzymatic activity and provided the greatest enzymatic activity protection in degradative conditions, while nanoprecipitation (NPPT)-formulated nanoparticles exhibited no protection compared to free catalase. However, the same DE nanoparticles also caused significant toxicity on excitotoxicity-induced brain tissue slices, but not on healthy or neuroinflammation-induced tissue. We narrowed the culprit of toxicity to specifically sonication of PLGA-PEG polymer with dichloromethane (DCM) as the organic solvent, independent of surfactant type. We also discovered that toxicity was oxidative stress-dependent, but that increased toxicity was not enacted through increasing oxidative stress. Furthermore, no PEG degradation or aldehyde, alcohol, or carboxylic acid functional groups were detected after sonication. We identified that inclusion of free PEG along with PLGA-PEG polymer during the emulsification phases or replacing DCM with trichloromethane (chloroform) produced biocompatible polymeric nanoparticle formulations that still provided enzymatic protection. This work encourages thorough screening of nanoparticle toxicity and cargo-protective capabilities for the development of enzyme-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Pon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Chungyoun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
LaPlaca MC, Lessing MC, Prado GR, Zhou R, Tate CC, Geddes-Klein D, Meaney DF, Zhang L. Mechanoporation is a potential indicator of tissue strain and subsequent degeneration following experimental traumatic brain injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 64:2-13. [PMID: 29933966 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increases in plasma membrane permeability is part of the acute pathology of traumatic brain injury and may be a function of excessive membrane force. This membrane damage, or mechanoporation, allows non-specific flux of ions and other molecules across the plasma membrane, and may ultimately lead to cell death. The relationships among tissue stress and strain, membrane permeability, and subsequent cell degeneration, however, are not fully understood. METHODS Fluorescent molecules of different sizes were introduced to the cerebrospinal fluid space prior to injury and animals were sacrificed at either 10 min or 24 h after injury. We compared the spatial distribution of plasma membrane damage following controlled cortical impact in the rat to the stress and strain tissue patterns in a 3-D finite element simulation of the injury parameters. FINDINGS Permeable cells were located primarily in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus of injured rats at 10 min post-injury; however by 24 h there was also a significant increase in the number of permeable cells. Analysis of colocalization of permeability marker uptake and Fluorojade staining revealed a subset of permeable cells with signs of degeneration at 24 h, but plasma membrane damage was evident in the vast majority of degenerating cells. The regional and subregional distribution patterns of the maximum principal strain and shear stress estimated by the finite element model were comparable to the cell membrane damage profiles following a compressive impact. INTERPRETATION These results indicate that acute membrane permeability is prominent following traumatic brain injury in areas that experience high shear or tensile stress and strain due to differential mechanical properties of the cell and tissue organization, and that this mechanoporation may play a role in the initiation of secondary injury, contributing to cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C LaPlaca
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 030332-0535, USA.
| | - M Christian Lessing
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 030332-0535, USA
| | - Gustavo R Prado
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 030332-0535, USA
| | - Runzhou Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, 818 W Hancock St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ciara C Tate
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 030332-0535, USA
| | - Donna Geddes-Klein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321, USA
| | - David F Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321, USA
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, 818 W Hancock St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mendoza K, Derry PJ, Cherian LM, Garcia R, Nilewski L, Goodman JC, Mbye L, Robertson CS, Tour JM, Kent TA. Functional and Structural Improvement with a Catalytic Carbon Nano-Antioxidant in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Complicated by Hypotension and Resuscitation. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2139-2146. [PMID: 30704349 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypotension worsens outcome after all severities of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with loss of cerebral autoregulation being a potential contributor. Previously, we demonstrated that intravenous injection of a high capacity catalytic antioxidant, poly(ethylene)glycol conjugated hydrophilic carbon clusters (PEG-HCCs) rapidly restored cerebral perfusion and acutely restored brain oxidative balance in a TBI model complicated by hemorrhagic hypotension without evidence of toxicity. Here, we tested whether these acute effects translated into behavioral and structural benefit. TBI was generated by a cortical contusion impactor in 38 Long Evans rats, followed by blood withdrawal to a target mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg. PEG-HCC (2 mg/kg) or diluent was injected intravenously 80 min later at the onset of blood resuscitation followed by another injection 2 h later (doses determined in prior studies). Performance on beam walking (performed on days 1-5) and Morris water maze (MWM) (performed on days 11-15) was tested, and lesion size was determined at the termination. PEG-HCC treatment nearly completely prevented motor dysfunction (p < 0.001 vs. diluent), improved MWM performance (p < 0.001; treatment vs. time interaction) and reduced lesion size by 61% (p = 0.054). Here we show that treatment with PEG-HCCs at a clinically realistic time point (onset of resuscitation) prevented a major portion of the neurological dysfunction induced in this TBI model, and that PEG-HCCs are candidates for additional study as a potential therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Mendoza
- 1 Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas.,2 Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul J Derry
- 3 Texas A&M College of Medicine-Houston Campus, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Robert Garcia
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | | | - J Clay Goodman
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas.,5 Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | - Lamin Mbye
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | | | - James M Tour
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas.,6 The Smalley-Curl Institute, and Rice University, Houston, Texas.,7 Nanocarbon Center, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas A Kent
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas.,3 Texas A&M College of Medicine-Houston Campus, Houston, Texas.,8 Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boni R, Ali A, Shavandi A, Clarkson AN. Current and novel polymeric biomaterials for neural tissue engineering. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:90. [PMID: 30572957 PMCID: PMC6300901 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is a crucial component of the body and damages to this system, either by of injury or disease, can result in serious or potentially lethal consequences. Restoring the damaged nervous system is a great challenge due to the complex physiology system and limited regenerative capacity.Polymers, either synthetic or natural in origin, have been extensively evaluated as a solution for restoring functions in damaged neural tissues. Polymers offer a wide range of versatility, in particular regarding shape and mechanical characteristics, and their biocompatibility is unmatched by other biomaterials, such as metals and ceramics. Several studies have shown that polymers can be shaped into suitable support structures, including nerve conduits, scaffolds, and electrospun matrices, capable of improving the regeneration of damaged neural tissues. In general, natural polymers offer the advantage of better biocompatibility and bioactivity, while synthetic or non-natural polymers have better mechanical properties and structural stability. Often, combinations of the two allow for the development of polymeric conduits able to mimic the native physiological environment of healthy neural tissues and, consequently, regulate cell behaviour and support the regeneration of injured nervous tissues.Currently, most of neural tissue engineering applications are in pre-clinical study, in particular for use in the central nervous system, however collagen polymer conduits aimed at regeneration of peripheral nerves have already been successfully tested in clinical trials.This review highlights different types of natural and synthetic polymers used in neural tissue engineering and their advantages and disadvantages for neural regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Boni
- Bioengineering Research Team, Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Azam Ali
- Bioengineering Research Team, Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Bioengineering Research Team, Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
- BioMatter-Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs (EIB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aghaie T, Jazayeri MH, Manian M, Khani L, Erfani M, Rezayi M, Ferns GA, Avan A. Gold nanoparticle and polyethylene glycol in neural regeneration in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:2749-2755. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayebe Aghaie
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Jazayeri
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mostafa Manian
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - leila Khani
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Marjan Erfani
- Department of Neurology Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer Brighton UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen B, Li J, Borgens RB. Neuroprotection by chitosan nanoparticles in oxidative stress-mediated injury. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:49. [PMID: 29351805 PMCID: PMC5775548 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Oxidative stress is a critical component of nervous system secondary injury. Oxidative stress produces toxic chemical byproducts including reactive aldehydes that traverse intact membranes and attack neighboring healthy cells. This secondary damage often leads to further patho-biochemical cascades that exacerbate the original insult. In this work, we investigate the therapeutic effects of chitosan nanoparticles on cell cultures exposed to oxidative stress. Results We found chitosan nanoparticles can rescue BV-2 glial cells from death, but only for cells undergoing necrosis. Necrosis occurred when cultures were challenged with high concentrations of H2O2 (> 110 μM) whereas a slow and progressive loss of cultures was observed in more dilute (50–100 μM) peroxide applications. In the latter case, the primary mode of cell death was apoptosis. These studies revealed that while rescue of H2O2 challenged cultures was achieved for necrotic cell death, no such sparing was observed in apoptotic cells. Based on the current and cumulative data regarding the membrane fusogenic properties of chitosan, we conclude that chitosan neuroprotection arises from its membrane sealing effects. Consistent with this hypothesis is the observation that apoptotic cells did not exhibit early stage membrane damage. These in vitro results elucidate mechanisms by which membrane fusogens may provide therapeutic benefit. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3162-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Chen
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 408 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Blvd, Evansville, IN, 47712, USA
| | - Jianming Li
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 408 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Richard Ben Borgens
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 408 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee HC, Gaire J, Currlin SW, McDermott MD, Park K, Otto KJ. Foreign Body Response to Intracortical Microelectrodes Is Not Altered with Dip-Coating of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). Front Neurosci 2017; 11:513. [PMID: 28959183 PMCID: PMC5603673 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a frequently used polymer for neural implants due to its biocompatible property. As a follow-up to our recent study that used PEG for stiffening flexible neural probes, we have evaluated the biological implications of using devices dip-coated with PEG for chronic neural implants. Mice (wild-type and CX3CR1-GFP) received bilateral implants within the sensorimotor cortex, one hemisphere with a PEG-coated probe and the other with a non-coated probe for 4 weeks. Quantitative analyses were performed using biomarkers for activated microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, blood-brain barrier leakage, and neuronal nuclei to determine the degree of foreign body response (FBR) resulting from the implanted microelectrodes. Despite its well-known acute anti-biofouling property, we observed that PEG-coated devices caused no significantly different FBR compared to non-coated controls at 4 weeks. A repetition using CX3CR1-GFP mice cohort showed similar results. Our histological findings suggest that there is no significant impact of acute delivery of PEG on the FBR in the long-term, and that temporary increase in the device footprint due to the coating of PEG also does not have a significant impact. Large variability seen within the same treatment group also implies that avoiding large superficial vasculature during implantation is not sufficient to minimize inter-animal variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heui C Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, United States.,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Janak Gaire
- Department of Neuroscience, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Seth W Currlin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew D McDermott
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kinam Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kevin J Otto
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States.,Nanoscience Institute for Medical and Engineering Technology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Poellmann MJ, Lee RC. Repair and Regeneration of the Wounded Cell Membrane. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-017-0031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
12
|
Sommakia S, Lee HC, Gaire J, Otto KJ. Materials approaches for modulating neural tissue responses to implanted microelectrodes through mechanical and biochemical means. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2014; 18:319-328. [PMID: 25530703 PMCID: PMC4267064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Implantable intracortical microelectrodes face an uphill struggle for widespread clinical use. Their potential for treating a wide range of traumatic and degenerative neural disease is hampered by their unreliability in chronic settings. A major factor in this decline in chronic performance is a reactive response of brain tissue, which aims to isolate the implanted device from the rest of the healthy tissue. In this review we present a discussion of materials approaches aimed at modulating the reactive tissue response through mechanical and biochemical means. Benefits and challenges associated with these approaches are analyzed, and the importance of multimodal solutions tested in emerging animal models are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salah Sommakia
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
| | - Heui C. Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
| | - Janak Gaire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
| | - Kevin J. Otto
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sommakia S, Rickus JL, Otto KJ. Glial cells, but not neurons, exhibit a controllable response to a localized inflammatory microenvironment in vitro. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2014; 7:41. [PMID: 25452724 PMCID: PMC4231942 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to design long-lasting intracortical implants hinges on understanding the factors leading to the loss of neuronal density and the formation of the glial scar. In this study, we modify a common in vitro mixed cortical culture model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to examine the responses of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons to microwire segments. We also use dip-coated polyethylene glycol (PEG), which we have previously shown can modulate impedance changes to neural microelectrodes, to control the cellular responses. We find that microglia, as expected, exhibit an elevated response to LPS-coated microwire for distances of up to 150 μm, and that this elevated response can be mitigated by co-depositing PEG with LPS. Astrocytes exhibit a more complex, distance-dependent response, whereas neurons do not appear to be affected by the type or magnitude of glial response within this in vitro model. The discrepancy between our in vitro responses and typically observed in vivo responses suggest the importance of using a systems approach to understand the responses of the various brain cell types in a chronic in vivo setting, as well as the necessity of studying the roles of cell types not native to the brain. Our results further indicate that the loss of neuronal density observed in vivo is not a necessary consequence of elevated glial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salah Sommakia
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Physiological Sensing Facility at the Bindley Bioscience Center and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jenna L Rickus
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Physiological Sensing Facility at the Bindley Bioscience Center and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kevin J Otto
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sommakia S, Gaire J, Rickus JL, Otto KJ. Resistive and reactive changes to the impedance of intracortical microelectrodes can be mitigated with polyethylene glycol under acute in vitro and in vivo settings. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2014; 7:33. [PMID: 25136315 PMCID: PMC4120760 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The reactive response of brain tissue to implantable intracortical microelectrodes is thought to negatively affect their recordable signal quality and impedance, resulting in unreliable longitudinal performance. The relationship between the progression of the reactive tissue into a glial scar and the decline in device performance is unclear. We show that exposure to a model protein solution in vitro and acute implantation result in both resistive and capacitive changes to electrode impedance, rather than purely resistive changes. We also show that applying 4000 MW polyethylene glycol (PEG) prevents impedance increases in vitro, and reduces the percent change in impedance in vivo following implantation. Our results highlight the importance of considering the contributions of non-cellular components to the decline in neural microelectrode performance, and present a proof of concept for using a simple dip-coated PEG film to modulate changes in microelectrode impedance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salah Sommakia
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Physiological Sensing Facility at the Bindley Bioscience Center and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Janak Gaire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jenna L Rickus
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Physiological Sensing Facility at the Bindley Bioscience Center and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kevin J Otto
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin HW, Saul I, Gresia VL, Neumann JT, Dave KR, Perez-Pinzon MA. Fatty acid methyl esters and Solutol HS 15 confer neuroprotection after focal and global cerebral ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:109-17. [PMID: 24323706 PMCID: PMC3948321 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that palmitic acid methyl ester (PAME) and stearic acid methyl ester (SAME) are simultaneously released from the sympathetic ganglion and PAME possesses potent vasodilatory properties which may be important in cerebral ischemia. Since PAME is a potent vasodilator simultaneously released with SAME, our hypothesis was that PAME/SAME confers neuroprotection in rat models of focal/global cerebral ischemia. We also examined the neuroprotective properties of Solutol HS15, a clinically approved excipient because it possesses similar fatty acid compositions as PAME/SAME. Asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA, 6 min) was performed 30 min after PAME/SAME treatment (0.02 mg/kg, IV). Solutol HS15 (2 ml/kg, IP) was injected chronically for 14 days (once daily). Histopathology of hippocampal CA1 neurons was assessed 7 days after ACA. For focal ischemia experiments, PAME, SAME, or Solutol HS15 was administered following reperfusion after 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium staining of the brain was performed 24 h after MCAO and the infarct volume was quantified. Following ACA, the number of surviving hippocampal neurons was enhanced by PAME-treated (68%), SAME-treated (69%), and Solutol-treated HS15 (68%) rats as compared to ACA only-treated groups. Infarct volume was decreased by PAME (83%), SAME (68%), and Solutol HS15 (78%) as compared to saline (vehicle) in MCAO-treated animals. PAME, SAME, and Solutol HS15 provide robust neuroprotection in both paradigms of ischemia. This may prove therapeutically beneficial since Solutol HS15 is already administered as a solublizing agent to patients. With proper timing and dosage, administration of Solutol HS15 and PAME/SAME can be an effective therapy against cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Wen Lin
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Medical Campus, Locator: D4-5, 1420 N.W. 9th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Polyethylene glycol repairs membrane damage and enhances functional recovery: a tissue engineering approach to spinal cord injury. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:460-6. [PMID: 23893430 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the neuronal membrane is crucial for its function and cellular survival; thus, ineffective repair of damaged membranes may be one of the key elements underlying the neuronal degeneration and overall functional loss that occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI). it has been shown that polyethylene glycol (PEG) can reseal axonal membranes following various injuries in multiple in vitro and in vivo injury models. in addition, PEG may also directly prevent the effects of mitochondria-derived oxidative stress on intracellular components. Thus, PEG repairs mechanically injured cells by at least two distinct pathways: resealing of the disrupted plasma membrane and direct protection of mitochondria. Besides repairing primary membrane damage, PEG treatment also results in significant attenuation of oxidative stress, likely due to its capacity to reseal the membrane, thereby breaking the cycle of cellular damage and free-radical production. Based on this, in addition to the practicality of its application, we expect that PEG may be established as an effective treatment for SCI where membrane disruption and mitochondrial damage are implicated.
Collapse
|
17
|
Canavero S. HEAVEN: The head anastomosis venture Project outline for the first human head transplantation with spinal linkage (GEMINI). Surg Neurol Int 2013; 4:S335-42. [PMID: 24244881 PMCID: PMC3821155 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1970, the first cephalosomatic linkage was achieved in the monkey. However, the technology did not exist for reconnecting the spinal cord, and this line of research was no longer pursued. In this paper, an outline for the first total cephalic exchange in man is provided and spinal reconnection is described. The use of fusogens, special membrane-fusion substances, is discussed in view of the first human cord linkage. Several human diseases without cure might benefit from the procedure.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen B, Bohnert D, Borgens RB, Cho Y. Pushing the science forward: chitosan nanoparticles and functional repair of CNS tissue after spinal cord injury. J Biol Eng 2013; 7:15. [PMID: 23731718 PMCID: PMC3684525 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We continue our exploration of the large polysaccharide polymer Chitosan as an acute therapy for severe damage to the nervous system. We tested the action of subcutaneously injected nanoparticles (~ 100 - 200 nanometers in diameter; 1 mg per ml) against control injections (silica particle of the same size and concentration) in a standardized in vivo spinal cord injury model. These functional tests used standardized physiological measurements of evoked potentials arriving at the sensorimotor cortex subsequent to stimulation of the tibial nerve of the contralateral hindlimb. We further explored the degree of acetylation and molecular weight of chitosan on the success of sealing cell damage using specific probes of membrane integrity. RESULTS Not one of the control group showed restored conduction of evoked potentials stimulated from the tibial nerve of the hindleg - through the lesion - and recorded at the sensorimotor cortex of the brain. Investigation if the degree of acetylation and molecular weight impacted "membrane sealing" properties of Chitosan were unsuccessful. Dye - exchange membrane probes failed to show a difference between the comparators in the function of Chitosan in ex vivo injured spinal cord tests. CONCLUSIONS We found that Chitosan nanoparticles effectively restore nerve impulse transmission through the crushed adult guinea pig spinal cord in vivo after severe crush/compression injury. The tests of the molecular weight (MW) and degree of acetylation did not produce any improvement in Chitosan's membrane sealing properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Chen
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Debra Bohnert
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard Ben Borgens
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Youngnam Cho
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Present address: New Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Center, 809 Madu-1dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Muradov JM, Hagg T. Intravenous infusion of magnesium chloride improves epicenter blood flow during the acute stage of contusive spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:840-52. [PMID: 23302047 PMCID: PMC3660110 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasospasm, hemorrhage, and loss of microvessels at the site of contusive or compressive spinal cord injury lead to infarction and initiate secondary degeneration. Here, we used intravenous injection of endothelial-binding lectin followed by histology to show that the number of perfused microvessels at the injury site is decreased by 80-90% as early as 20 min following a moderate T9 contusion in adult female rats. Hemorrhage within the spinal cord also was maximal at 20 min, consistent with its vasoconstrictive actions in the central nervous system (CNS). Microvascular blood flow recovered to up to 50% of normal volume in the injury penumbra by 6 h, but not at the epicenter. A comparison with an endothelial cell marker suggested that many microvessels fail to be reperfused up to 48 h post-injury. The ischemia was probably caused by vasospasm of vessels penetrating the parenchyma, because repeated Doppler measurements over the spinal cord showed a doubling of total blood flow over the first 12 h. Moreover, intravenous infusion of magnesium chloride, used clinically to treat CNS vasospasm, greatly improved the number of perfused microvessels at 24 and 48 h. The magnesium treatment seemed safe as it did not increase hemorrhage, despite the improved parenchymal blood flow. However, the treatment did not reduce acute microvessel, motor neuron or oligodendrocyte loss, and when infused for 7 days did not affect functional recovery or spared epicenter white matter over a 4 week period. These data suggest that microvascular blood flow can be restored with a clinically relevant treatment following spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johongir M. Muradov
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Theo Hagg
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Marcano DC, Bitner BR, Berlin JM, Jarjour J, Lee JM, Jacob A, Fabian RH, Kent TA, Tour JM. Design of Poly(ethylene Glycol)-Functionalized Hydrophilic Carbon Clusters for Targeted Therapy of Cerebrovascular Dysfunction in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:789-96. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C. Marcano
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Brittany R. Bitner
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob M. Berlin
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Jane Jarjour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Juhye M. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Aakash Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Roderic H. Fabian
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas A. Kent
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - James M. Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen B, Zuberi M, Borgens RB, Cho Y. Affinity for, and localization of, PEG-functionalized silica nanoparticles to sites of damage in an ex vivo spinal cord injury model. J Biol Eng 2012; 6:18. [PMID: 22979980 PMCID: PMC3549791 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to serious neurological and functional deficits through a chain of pathophysiological events. At the molecular level, progressive damage is initially revealed by collapse of plasma membrane organization and integrity produced by breaches. Consequently, the loss of its role as a semi-permeable barrier that generally mediates the regulation and transport of ions and molecules eventually results in cell death. In previous studies, we have demonstrated the functional recovery of compromised plasma membranes can be induced by the application of the hydrophilic polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) after both spinal and brain trauma in adult rats and guinea pigs. Additionally, efforts have been directed towards a nanoparticle-based PEG application. The in vivo and ex vivo applications of PEG-decorated silica nanoparticles following CNS injury were able to effectively and efficiently enhance resealing of damaged cell membranes. Results The possibility for selectivity of tetramethyl rhodamine-dextran (TMR) dye-doped, PEG-functionalized silica nanoparticles (TMR-PSiNPs) to damaged spinal cord was evaluated using an ex vivo model of guinea pig SCI. Crushed and nearby undamaged spinal cord tissues exhibited an obvious difference in both the imbibement and accumulation of the TMR-PSiNPs, revealing selective labeling of compression-injured tissues. Conclusions These data show that appropriately functionalized nanoparticles can be an efficient means to both 1.) carry drugs, and 2.) apply membrane repair agents where they are needed in focally damaged nervous tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Chen
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cullen DK, Vernekar VN, LaPlaca MC. Trauma-induced plasmalemma disruptions in three-dimensional neural cultures are dependent on strain modality and rate. J Neurotrauma 2012; 28:2219-33. [PMID: 22023556 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from cell dysfunction or death following supra-threshold physical loading. Neural plasmalemma compromise has been observed following traumatic neural insults; however, the biomechanical thresholds and time-course of such disruptions remain poorly understood. In order to investigate trauma-induced membrane disruptions, we induced dynamic strain fields (0.50 shear or compressive strain at 1, 10, or 30?sec(?1) strain rate) in 3-D neuronal-astrocytic co-cultures (>500??m thick). Impermeant dyes were present during mechanical loading and entered cells in a strain rate-dependent manner for both shear and compression. Real-time imaging revealed increased membrane permeability in a sub-population of cells immediately upon deformation. Alterations in cell membrane permeability, however, were transient and biphasic over the ensuing hour post-insult, suggesting initial membrane damage and rapid repair, followed by a phase of secondary membrane degradation. At 48?h post-insult, cell death increased significantly in the high-strain-rate group, but not after quasi-static loading, suggesting that cell survival relates to the initial extent of transient structural compromise. Cells were more sensitive to bulk shear deformation than compression with respect to acute permeability changes and subsequent cell survival. These results provide insight into the temporally varying alterations in membrane stability following traumatic loading and provide a basis for elucidating physical cellular tolerances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Kacy Cullen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Borgens RB, Liu-Snyder P. Understanding secondary injury. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2012; 87:89-127. [PMID: 22696939 DOI: 10.1086/665457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Secondary injury is a term applied to the destructive and self-propagating biological changes in cells and tissues that lead to their dysfunction or death over hours to weeks after the initial insult (the "primary injury"). In most contexts, the initial injury is usually mechanical. The more destructive phase of secondary injury is, however, more responsible for cell death and functional deficits. This subject is described and reviewed differently in the literature. To biomedical researchers, systemic and tissue-level changes such as hemorrhage, edema, and ischemia usually define this subject. To cell and molecular biologists, "secondary injury" refers to a series of predominately molecular events and an increasingly restricted set of aberrant biochemical pathways and products. These biochemical and ionic changes are seen to lead to death of the initially compromised cells and "healthy" cells nearby through necrosis or apoptosis. This latter process is called "bystander damage." These viewpoints have largely dominated the recent literature, especially in studies of the central nervous system (CNS), often without attempts to place the molecular events in the context of progressive systemic and tissue-level changes. Here we provide a more comprehensive and inclusive discussion of this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ben Borgens
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cho Y, Borgens RB. Polymer and nano-technology applications for repair and reconstruction of the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:126-44. [PMID: 21985867 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophilic polymer PEG and its related derivatives, have served as therapeutic agents to reconstruct the phospholipid bilayers of damaged cell membranes by erasing defects in the plasmalemma. The special attributes of hydrophilic polymers when in contact with cell membranes have been used for several decades since these well-known properties have been exploited in the manufacture of monoclonal antibodies. However, while traditional therapeutic efforts to combat traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) have not been successful, nanotechnology-based drug delivery has become a new emerging strategy with the additional promise of targeted membrane repair. As such, this potential use of nanotechnology provides new avenues for nanomedicine that uses nanoparticles themselves as the therapeutic agent in addition to their other functionalities. Here we will specifically address new advances in experimental treatment of Spinal Cord and Traumatic Brain injury (SCI and TBI respectively). We focus on the concept of repair of the neurolemma and axolemma in the acute stage of injury, with less emphasis on the worthwhile, and voluminous, issues concerning regenerative medicine/nanomedicine. It is not that the two are mutually exclusive - they are not. However, the survival of the neuron and the tissues of white matter are critical to any further success in what will likely be a multi-component therapy for TBI and SCI. This review includes a brief explanation of the characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury SCI, the biological basis of the injuries, and the treatment opportunities of current polymer-based therapies. In particular, we update our own progress in such applications for CNS injuries with various suggestions and discussion, primarily nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems. The application of nanoparticles as drug-delivery vehicles to the CNS may likely be advantageous over existing molecular-based therapies. As a "proof-of-concept", we will discuss the recent investigations that have preferentially facilitated repair and functional recovery from breaches in neural membranes via rapid sealing and reassembly of the compromised site with silica or chitosan nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngnam Cho
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cho Y, Shi R, Borgens RB. Chitosan produces potent neuroprotection and physiological recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:1513-20. [PMID: 20400636 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.035162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan, a non-toxic biodegradable polycationic polymer with low immunogenicity, has been extensively investigated in various biomedical applications. In this work, chitosan has been demonstrated to seal compromised nerve cell membranes thus serving as a potent neuroprotector following acute spinal cord trauma. Topical application of chitosan after complete transection or compression of the guinea pig spinal cord facilitated sealing of neuronal membranes in ex vivo tests, and restored the conduction of nerve impulses through the length of spinal cords in vivo, using somatosensory evoked potential recordings. Moreover, chitosan preferentially targeted damaged tissues, served as a suppressor of reactive oxygen species (free radical) generation, and the resultant lipid peroxidation of membranes, as shown in ex vivo spinal cord samples. These findings suggest a novel medical approach to reduce the catastrophic loss of behavior after acute spinal cord and brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngnam Cho
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cho Y, Shi R, Ivanisevic A, Borgens RB. Functional silica nanoparticle-mediated neuronal membrane sealing following traumatic spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1433-44. [PMID: 19998478 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical damage to neurons and their processes induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) causes a progressive cascade of pathophysiological events beginning with the derangement of ionic equilibrium and collapse of membrane permeability. This leads to a cumulative deterioration of neurons, axons, and the tissue architecture of the cord. We have previously shown that the application of the hydrophilic polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) following spinal cord or brain injury can rapidly restore membrane integrity, reduce oxidative stress, restore impaired axonal conductivity, and mediate functional recovery in rats, guinea pigs, and dogs. However there are limits to both the concentration and the molecular weight of the application that do not permit the broadest recovery across an injured animal population. In this study, PEG-decorated silica nanoparticles (PSiNPs) sealed cells, as shown by the significantly reduced leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from damaged cells compared with uncoated particles or PEG alone. Further in vivo tests showed that PSiNPs also significantly reduced the formation of reactive oxygen species and the process of lipid peroxidation of the membrane. Fabrication of PSiNPs containing embedded dyes also revealed targeting of the particles to damaged, but not undamaged, spinal cord tissues. In an in vivo crush/contusion model of guinea pig SCI, every animal but one injected with PSiNPs recovered conduction through the cord lesion, whereas none of the control animals did. These findings suggest that the use of multifunctional nanoparticles may offer a novel treatment approach for spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and possibly neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngnam Cho
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sommakia S, Rickus JL, Otto KJ. Effects of adsorbed proteins, an antifouling agent and long-duration DC voltage pulses on the impedance of silicon-based neural microelectrodes. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2009:7139-42. [PMID: 19963693 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5332456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The successful use of implantable neural microelectrodes as neuroprosthetic devices depends on the mitigation of the reactive tissue response of the brain. One of the factors affecting the ultimate severity of the reactive tissue response and the in vivo electrical properties of the microelectrodes is the initial adsorption of proteins onto the surface of the implanted microelectrodes. In this study we quantify the increase in microelectrode impedance magnitude at physiological frequencies following electrode immersion in a 10% bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution. We also demonstrate the efficacy of a common antifouling molecule, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), in preventing a significant increase in microelectrode impedance. In addition, we show the feasibility of using long-duration DC voltage pulses to remove adsorbed proteins from the microelectrode surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salah Sommakia
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cho Y, Shi R, Ben Borgens R. Chitosan nanoparticle-based neuronal membrane sealing and neuroprotection following acrolein-induced cell injury. J Biol Eng 2010; 4:2. [PMID: 20205817 PMCID: PMC2824642 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The highly reactive aldehyde acrolein is a very potent endogenous toxin with a long half-life. Acrolein is produced within cells after insult, and is a central player in slow and progressive "secondary injury" cascades. Indeed, acrolein-biomolecule complexes formed by cross-linking with proteins and DNA are associated with a number of pathologies, especially central nervous system (CNS) trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Hydralazine is capable of inhibiting or reducing acrolein-induced damage. However, since hydralazine's principle activity is to reduce blood pressure as a common anti-hypertension drug, the possible problems encountered when applied to hypotensive trauma victims have led us to explore alternative approaches. This study aims to evaluate such an alternative - a chitosan nanoparticle-based therapeutic system. Results Hydralazine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using different types of polyanions and characterized for particle size, morphology, zeta potential value, and the efficiency of hydralazine entrapment and release. Hydralazine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ranged in size from 300 nm to 350 nm in diameter, and with a tunable, or adjustable, surface charge. Conclusions We evaluated the utility of chitosan nanoparticles with an in-vitro model of acrolein-mediated cell injury using PC -12 cells. The particles effectively, and statistically, reduced damage to membrane integrity, secondary oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. This study suggests that a chitosan nanoparticle-based therapy to interfere with "secondary" injury may be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngnam Cho
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard Ben Borgens
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Smucker P, Hekmatyar SK, Bansal N, Rodgers RB, Shapiro SA, Borgens RB. Intravenous polyethylene glycol successfully treats severe acceleration-induced brain injury in rats as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 2009; 64:984-90; discussion 990. [PMID: 19404158 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000342406.43816.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a nontoxic molecule with known efficacy as a cell membrane sealant, improving histological and behavioral outcomes in trauma models. Diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive method of detecting in vivo diffuse axonal injury (DAI), where a decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water reflects cytotoxic edema. We use DW-MRI to assess severe DAI in rats treated with a single acute postinjury injection of PEG. METHODS Rats were divided into uninjured, injured saline-treated, and injured PEG-treated groups. Injury groups received a severe brain injury using an impact-acceleration weight-drop model. Saline or PEG was administered acutely as a single intravenous dose to injured saline-treated and injured PEG-treated groups, respectively. DW-MRI analysis was performed at postinjury day 7 with a 9.4-T magnet. ADC was calculated for cortex, corpus callosum/hippocampus, and thalamus in each group. RESULTS An expected decrease in ADC, representing cytotoxic edema, was observed in the injured saline-treated group. The injured PEG-treated group demonstrated no decrease in ADC relative to the uninjured rats, and the difference between ADC in saline and PEG-treated groups reached significance for all 3 zones of assessed brain. Differences were seen grossly between injured saline-treated and injured PEG-treated groups on representative color-mapped ADC images. CONCLUSION A single intravenous dose of PEG dramatically limits sequelae of severe acceleration-induced brain injury--in this case, assessed by cytotoxic edema on DW-MRI--by intervening at the primary injury level of neuronal membrane disruption. This outcome is unprecedented, as no prior treatments for DAI have demonstrated similar efficacy. DAI treatment with intravenous PEG may have future clinical relevance and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Smucker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Burn injury leads to a direct damaging effect on cells, disrupting the assembly of the cell and denaturing proteins. Although modern medicine has significantly improved the survival of burn victims, a method to treat injury at the cellular level is presented. In particular, the cell membrane is most vulnerable to heat injury. Copolymer surfactants have been shown to repair the cell membrane, and agents such as poloxamer 188 have demonstrated this effect in numerous studies. Furthermore, copolymer surfactants have been shown to act as molecular chaperones, allowing denatured proteins to regain their native confirmation. Pharmaceutical agents may be developed to repair the cell membrane and refold proteins, mimicking endogenous repair mechanisms and salvaging cells that would otherwise be lost.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cho Y, Shi R, Borgens R, Ivanisevic A. Repairing the damaged spinal cord and brain with nanomedicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1676-1681. [PMID: 18798208 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngnam Cho
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cho Y, Shi R, Borgens RB, Ivanisevic A. Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based drug delivery system to rescue acrolein-mediated cell death. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2008; 3:507-19. [PMID: 18694313 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were prepared and characterized to develop a drug delivery system by loading them with hydralazine and functionalizing them with polyethylene glycol. These agents restore damaged cell membranes and ameliorate abnormal mitochondria behavior induced by the endogenous toxin acrolein. Such a formulation shows potential as a novel therapeutic agent. Results & discussion: MSNs with encapsulated hydralazine and covalently linked with polyethylene glycol were subsequently synthesized and characterized by transmission-electron microscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, x-ray diffraction and UV–vis spectroscopy. MSNs exhibited large surface area, pore volume and tunable pore size. The mean particle size was 100 nm and hydralazine encapsulation efficiency was almost 25%. These were tested using PC12 in culture to restore their disrupted cell membrane and to improve mitochondria function associated with oxidative stress after exposure to acrolein. Lactate dehydrogenase, MTT, ATP and glutathione assays were used to examine the physiological functioning of the samples and the loss of lactate dehydrogenase from the cytoplasm assayed the integrity of the membranes. These evaluations are sufficient to initially demonstrate drug delivery (concentrated hydralazine) into the compromised cells cytoplasm using the MSNs as a vehicle. Conclusion: MSNs modified with drug/polymer constructs provide significant neuroprotection to cells damaged by a usually lethal exposure to acrolein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngnam Cho
- Purdue University, Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Purdue University, Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard B Borgens
- Purdue University, Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Albena Ivanisevic
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kilinc D, Gallo G, Barbee KA. Mechanically-induced membrane poration causes axonal beading and localized cytoskeletal damage. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:422-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
34
|
Koob AO, Colby JM, Borgens RB. Behavioral recovery from traumatic brain injury after membrane reconstruction using polyethylene glycol. J Biol Eng 2008; 2:9. [PMID: 18588669 PMCID: PMC2474576 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG; 2000 MW, 30% by volume) has been shown to mechanically repair damaged cellular membranes and reduce secondary axotomy after traumatic brain and spinal cord injury (TBI and SCI respectively). This repair is achieved following spontaneous reassembly of cell membranes made possible by the action of targeted hydrophilic polymers which first seal the compromised portion of the plasmalemma, and secondarily, allow the lipidic core of the compromised membranes to resolve into each other. Here we compared PEG-treated to untreated rats using a computer-managed open-field behavioral test subsequent to a standardized brain injury. Animals were evaluated after a 2-, 4-, and 6-hour delay in treatment after TBI. Treated animals receive a single subcutaneous injection of PEG. When treated within 2 hours of the injury, injured PEG-treated rats showed statistically significant improvement in their exploratory behavior recorded in the activity box when compared to untreated but brain-injured controls. A delay of 4 hours reduced this level of achievement, but a statistically significant improvement due to PEG injection was still clearly evident in most outcome measures compared at the various evaluation times. A further delay of 2 more hours, however, eradicated the beneficial effects of PEG injection as revealed using this behavioral assessment. Thus, there appears to be a critical window of time in which PEG administration after TBI can provide neuroprotection resulting in an enhanced functional recovery. As is often seen in clinically applied acute treatments for trauma, the earlier the intervention can be applied, the better the outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Koob
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kilinc D, Gallo G, Barbee K. Poloxamer 188 reduces axonal beading following mechanical trauma to cultured neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2007:5395-8. [PMID: 18003228 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), a major component of traumatic brain injury, is a progressive event that may lead to secondary neuronal death. DAI is thought to be initiated by mechanically-induced increases in axolemmal permeability resulting in disruption of the cytoskeleton and blockade of axonal transport. We report an in vitro model that mimics important features of DAI observed in vivo. We induced fluid shear stress injury (FSSI) on cultured primary chick forebrain neurons and characterized the resulting structural and morphological changes. In addition, we tested the post-injury effect of Poloxamer 188 (P188), a tri-block co-polymer that is known to promote resealing membrane pores. We found that FSSI induces axonal beading, the "hallmark" morphology of DAI. Furthermore, beads co-localized with microtubule disruption, also characteristic of DAI. P188 reduced axonal beading to control levels indicating that axolemma integrity is an excellent target for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
36
|
Luo J, Shi R. Polyethylene glycol inhibits apoptotic cell death following traumatic spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2007; 1155:10-6. [PMID: 17512912 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that local administration of polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW: 2000 Da, 50% by weight), a known membrane repair agent, immediately after trauma in guinea pig spinal cord repairs neuronal membrane disruptions and reduces oxidative injury. Here we report that a similar application of PEG resulted in marked decreases in apoptotic cell death and caspase-3 activity. We suggest that PEG may suppress apoptosis through interactions with mitochondria. This is based on our current findings that in isolated mitochondria, PEG improves mitochondrial function and reduces the release of cytochrome c, a pro-apoptotic cell death factor. This hypothesis is further supported by our previous observation that PEG enters injured cells after spinal cord injury, placing PEG in a position to directly interact with mitochondria. In summary, we conclude that PEG reduces both necrosis and apoptosis through two distinct yet synergistic pathways: repair of disrupted plasma membranes and protection of mitochondria through direct interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu-Snyder P, Logan MP, Shi R, Smith DT, Borgens RB. Neuroprotection from secondary injury by polyethylene glycol requires its internalization. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:1455-62. [PMID: 17401128 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is well known to both fuse and repair cell membranes. This capability has been exploited for such diverse usages as the construction of hybridomas and as a reparative agent following neurotrauma. The latter development has proceeded through preclinical testing in cases of naturally induced paraplegia in dogs. The mechanisms of action of polymer-mediated neurorepair/neuroprotection are still under investigation. It is likely that the unique interaction of hydrophilic polymers with the mechanical properties of cell membranes in concert with an ability to interfere with mechanisms of secondary injury such as the production of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS or `free radicals') is the basis for neuroprotection by polymers.
Here we provide further evidence that the ability of PEG to reduce or limit secondary injury and/or lipid peroxidation (LPO) of membranes requires entry of PEG into the cytosol, further suggesting a physical interaction with the membranes of organelles such as mitochondria as the initial event leading to neurorepair/neuroprotection.
We have evaluated this relationship in vitro using acrolein, a potent endogenous toxin that is a product of LPO. Acrolein can pass through cell membranes with ease, inducing progressive LPO in `bystander' cells, and the production of even more acrolein by inducing its own production. Immediate application of PEG (10 mmol l–1, 2000 Da) to poisoned neurons in vitro was unable to rescue them from necrosis and death. Furthermore, three-dimensional confocal microscopy of fluorescently decorated PEG shows that it does not enter these cells for up to 2 h after application. By this time the mechanisms of necrosis are likely irreversible. Additionally,severe oxygen and or glucose deprivation of spinal cord white matter in vitro also initiates LPO. Addition of potent free radical scavengers such as ascorbic acid or superoxide dismutase (SOD) is able to interfere with this process, but PEG is not. Taken together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that PEG is able to rescue mechanically damaged cells, based on a restructuring of the damaged plasmalemma. Furthermore, in compromised cells with an intact cell membrane, PEG must first gain access to the cytosol where this same capability may be useful in restoring the integrity of cellular organelles such as mitochondria, though the intracellular concentration of the polymer must be significant relative to the concentration of toxins produced by LPO in order to rescue the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Liu-Snyder
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Koob AO, Cirillo J, Babbs CF. A novel open field activity detector to determine spatial and temporal movement of laboratory animals after injury and disease. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 157:330-6. [PMID: 16735064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The wide range of tests for laboratory animal behavior after neurological injury or disease each have their benefits and detriments. The varied behavior an animal exhibits makes it difficult to decide which test to use. However, a fundamental instinct for the laboratory animal is to explore when placed in a new environment. A way to test exploratory behavior is in the open field. Here, we introduce a simple activity box without the use of video equipment to determine the exploratory movement of a rat after traumatic brain injury. The activity box is an open field and the rat explores its surroundings when placed inside. Four infrared beams were placed in both the X and Y-axis inside the box. Using a novel system to determine which beam the rat breaks, we describe where the rat is in space and time while in the activity box. Other models can show the number of beams broken, but here we elucidate the methods to additionally determine the amount of area explored, the total distance traveled by the rat and percent time exploring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Koob
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Koob AO, Borgens RB. Polyethylene glycol treatment after traumatic brain injury reduces beta-amyloid precursor protein accumulation in degenerating axons. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:1558-63. [PMID: 16555285 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG; 2,000 MW; 30% v/v) is a nontoxic molecule that can be injected intravenously and possesses well-documented neuroprotective properties in the spinal cord of the guinea pig. Recent studies have shown that intravenous PEG can also enter the rat brain parenchyma after injury and repair cellular membrane damage in the region of the corpus callosum. Disrupted anterograde axonal transport and resulting beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulation are byproducts of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) in the brain. APP accumulation indicates axonal degeneration as a result of axotomy, a detriment that can lead to cell death. In this study, we show that PEG treatment can eliminate APP accumulation in specific brain areas of rats receiving TAI. Six areas of the brain were analyzed: the medial cortex, hippocampus, lateral cortex, thalamus, medial lemniscus, and medial longitudinal fasciculus. Increased APP expression after injury was abolished in the thalamus and reduced in the medial longitudinal fasciculus by PEG treatment. In all remaining areas except for the lateral cortex, APP expression was not increased between injured and uninjured brains, indicating that damage was undetected in those brain areas in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Koob
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|