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Liu H, Yi J, Zhang C, Li Y, Wang Q, Wang S, Dai S, Zheng Z, Jiang T, Gao P, Xue A, Huang Z, Kong F, Wang Y, He B, Guo X, Li Q, Chen J, Yin G, Zhao S. Macrophage GIT1 promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and remyelination after spinal cord injury. Glia 2024; 72:1674-1692. [PMID: 38899731 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in severe motor and sensory deficits, for which currently no effective cure exists. The pathological process underlying this injury is extremely complex and involves many cell types in the central nervous system. In this study, we have uncovered a novel function for macrophage G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interactor 1 (GIT1) in promoting remyelination and functional repair after SCI. Using GIT1flox/flox Lyz2-Cre (GIT1 CKO) mice, we identified that GIT1 deficiency in macrophages led to an increased generation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), reduced proportion of mature oligodendrocytes (mOLs), impaired remyelination, and compromised functional recovery in vivo. These effects in GIT1 CKO mice were reversed with the administration of soluble TNF inhibitor. Moreover, bone marrow transplantation from GIT1 CWT mice reversed adverse outcomes in GIT1 CKO mice, further indicating the role of macrophage GIT1 in modulating spinal cord injury repair. Our in vitro experiments showed that macrophage GIT1 plays a critical role in secreting TNFα and influences the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) after stimulation with myelin debris. Collectively, our data uncovered a new role of macrophage GIT1 in regulating the transformation of OPCs into mOLs, essential for functional remyelination after SCI, suggesting that macrophage GIT1 could be a promising treatment target of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenyu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Siming Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyang Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ao Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenfei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanqi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Baorong He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui-hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Uinversity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Zhang ZH, Wu TY, Ju C, Zuo XS, Wang XK, Ma YG, Luo L, Zhu ZJ, Song ZW, Yao Z, Zhou J, Wang Z, Hu XY. Photobiomodulation Increases M2-Type Polarization of Macrophages by Inhibiting Versican Production After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6950-6967. [PMID: 38363534 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic accidence with little effective treatment, and inflammation played an important role in that. Previous studies showed photobiomodulation (PBM) could effectively downregulate the process of inflammation with modification of macrophage polarization after SCI; however, the potential mechanism behind that is still unclear. In the presented study, we aimed to investigate the effect of PBM on the expression level of versican, a matrix molecular believed to be associated with inflammation, and tried to find the mechanism on how that could regulate the inflammation process. Using immunofluorescence technique and western blot, we found the expression level of versican is increased after injury and markedly downregulated by irradiation treatment. Using virus intrathecal injection, we found the knock-down of versican could produce the effect similar to that of PBM and might have an effect on inflammation and macrophage polarization after SCI. To further verify the deduction, we peptide the supernatant of astrocytes to induce M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. We found that the versican produced by astrocytes might have a role on the promotion of M2 macrophages to inflammatory polarization. Finally, we investigated the potential pathway in the regulation of M2 polarization with the induction of versican. This study tried to give an interpretation on the mechanism of inflammation inhibition for PBM in the perspective of matrix regulation. Our results might provide light on the inflammation regulation after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Zhang
- General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting-Yu Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cheng Ju
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xuan-Kang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang-Guang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhou Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Xue-Yu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Xing C, Liu S, Wang L, Ma H, Zhou M, Zhong H, Zhu S, Wu Q, Ning G. Metformin enhances endogenous neural stem cells proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and inhibits ferroptosis through activating AMPK pathway after spinal cord injury. J Transl Med 2024; 22:723. [PMID: 39103875 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate nerve regeneration and an inhibitory local microenvironment are major obstacles to the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). The activation and differentiation fate regulation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) represent one of the most promising repair approaches. Metformin has been extensively studied for its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and autophagy-regulating properties in central nervous system diseases. However, the effects of metformin on endogenous NSCs remains to be elucidated. METHODS The proliferation and differentiation abilities of NSCs were evaluated using CCK-8 assay, EdU/Ki67 staining and immunofluorescence staining. Changes in the expression of key proteins related to ferroptosis in NSCs were detected using Western Blot and immunofluorescence staining. The levels of reactive oxygen species, glutathione and tissue iron were measured using corresponding assay kits. Changes in mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential were observed using transmission electron microscopy and JC-1 fluorescence probe. Locomotor function recovery after SCI in rats was assessed through BBB score, LSS score, CatWalk gait analysis, and electrophysiological testing. The expression of the AMPK pathway was examined using Western Blot. RESULTS Metformin promoted the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a ferroptosis model of NSCs using erastin treatment was established in vitro, and metformin treatment could reverse the changes in the expression of key ferroptosis-related proteins, increase glutathione synthesis, reduce reactive oxygen species production and improve mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology. Moreover, metformin administration improved locomotor function recovery and histological outcomes following SCI in rats. Notably, all the above beneficial effects of metformin were completely abolished upon addition of compound C, a specific inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). CONCLUSION Metformin, driven by canonical AMPK-dependent regulation, promotes proliferation and neuronal differentiation of endogenous NSCs while inhibiting ferroptosis, thereby facilitating recovery of locomotor function following SCI. Our study further elucidates the protective mechanism of metformin in SCI, providing new mechanistic insights for its candidacy as a therapeutic agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Liyue Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongpeng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.
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Li P, Zhao J, Ma Y, Wang L, Liang S, Fan F, Wei T, Feng L, Hu X, Hu Y, Wang Z, Qin H. Transplantation of miR-145a-5p modified M2 type microglia promotes the tissue repair of spinal cord injury in mice. J Transl Med 2024; 22:724. [PMID: 39103885 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause immediate multi-faceted function loss or paralysis. Microglia, as one of tissue resident macrophages, has been reported to play a critical role in regulating inflammation response during SCI processes. And transplantation with M2 microglia into SCI mice promotes recovery of motor function. However, the M2 microglia can be easily re-educated and changed their phenotype due to the stimuli of tissue microenvironment. This study aimed to find a way to maintain the function of M2 microglia, which could exert an anti-inflammatory and pro-repair role, and further promote the repair of spinal cord injury. METHODS To establish a standard murine spinal cord clip compression model using Dumont tying forceps. Using FACS, to sort microglia from C57BL/6 mice or CX3CR1GFP mice, and further culture them in vitro with different macrophage polarized medium. Also, to isolate primary microglia using density gradient centrifugation with the neonatal mice. To transfect miR-145a-5p into M2 microglia by Lipofectamine2000, and inject miR-145a-5p modified M2 microglia into the lesion sites of spinal cord for cell transplanted therapy. To evaluate the recovery of motor function in SCI mice through behavior analysis, immunofluorescence or histochemistry staining, Western blot and qRT-PCR detection. Application of reporter assay and molecular biology experiments to reveal the mechanism of miR-145a-5p modified M2 microglia therapy on SCI mice. RESULTS With in vitro experiments, we found that miR-145a-5p was highly expressed in M2 microglia, and miR-145a-5p overexpression could suppress M1 while promote M2 microglia polarization. And then delivery of miR-145a-5p overexpressed M2 microglia into the injured spinal cord area significantly accelerated locomotive recovery as well as prevented glia scar formation and neuron damage in mice, which was even better than M2 microglia transplantation. Further mechanisms showed that overexpressed miR-145a-5p in microglia inhibited the inflammatory response and maintained M2 macrophage phenotype by targeting TLR4/NF-κB signaling. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that transplantation of miR-145a-5p modified M2 microglia has more therapeutic potential for SCI than M2 microglia transplantation from epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yangguang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shiqian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Tiaoxia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Hongyan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Shu H, Zhang X, Pu Y, Zhang Y, Huang S, Ma J, Cao L, Zhou X. Fucoidan improving spinal cord injury recovery: Modulating microenvironment and promoting remyelination. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14903. [PMID: 39139089 PMCID: PMC11322593 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive neuroinflammation, apoptosis, glial scar, and demyelination triggered by spinal cord injury (SCI) are major obstacles to SCI repair. Fucoidan, a natural marine plant extract, possesses broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and is regarded as a potential therapeutic for various diseases, including neurological disorders. However, its role in SCI has not been investigated. METHODS In this study, we established an SCI model in mice and intervened in injury repair by daily intraperitoneal injections of different doses of fucoidan (10 and 20 mg/kg). Concurrently, primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were treated in vitro to validate the differentiation-promoting effect of fucoidan on OPCs. Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), Louisville Swim Scale (LSS), and Rotarod test were carried out to measure the functional recovery. Immunofluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to assess the neuroinflammation, apoptosis, glial scar, and remyelination. Western blot analysis was conducted to clarify the underlying mechanism of remyelination. RESULTS Our results indicate that in the SCI model, fucoidan exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects and promotes the transformation of pro-inflammatory M1-type microglia/macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2-type ones. Fucoidan enhances the survival of neurons and axons in the injury area and improves remyelination. Additionally, fucoidan promotes OPCs differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION Fucoidan improves SCI repair by modulating the microenvironment and promoting remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of EducationNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yingyan Pu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of EducationNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yinuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shixue Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of EducationNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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Li F, Sun X, Sun K, Kong F, Jiang X, Kong Q. Lupenone improves motor dysfunction in spinal cord injury mice through inhibiting the inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in microglia via the nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1802-1811. [PMID: 38103247 PMCID: PMC10960275 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202408000-00034/figure1/v/2023-12-16T180322Z/r/image-tiff Spinal cord injury-induced motor dysfunction is associated with neuroinflammation. Studies have shown that the triterpenoid lupenone, a natural product found in various plants, has a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect in the context of chronic inflammation. However, the effects of lupenone on acute inflammation induced by spinal cord injury remain unknown. In this study, we established an impact-induced mouse model of spinal cord injury, and then treated the injured mice with lupenone (8 mg/kg, twice a day) by intraperitoneal injection. We also treated BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharide and adenosine 5'-triphosphate to simulate the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury. Our results showed that lupenone reduced IκBα activation and p65 nuclear translocation, inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome function by modulating nuclear factor kappa B, and enhanced the conversion of proinflammatory M1 microglial cells into anti-inflammatory M2 microglial cells. Furthermore, lupenone decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation, NLRP3-induced microglial cell polarization, and microglia pyroptosis by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B pathway. These findings suggest that lupenone protects against spinal cord injury by inhibiting inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiqiang Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanqi Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjie Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Peng B, Hu J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Peng Q, Zhao W, Xu W, Zhu L. Tangeretin alleviates inflammation and oxidative response induced by spinal cord injury by activating the Sesn2/Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 39054118 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe disabling disease that is characterized by inflammation and oxidative reactions. Tangeretin has been shown to possess significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, downstream of the Sesn2 gene, is involved in regulating the inflammation and oxidative response. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tangeretin on SCI and its possible mechanism through cell and animal models. A T9 clamp injury was used for the mouse model and the LPS-induced stimulation of BV-2 cells was used for the cell model. The improvement of motor function after SCI was assessed by open field, swimming, and footprint experiments. The morphological characteristics of mouse spinal cord tissue and the levels of INOS, Sesn2, TNF-α, Keap1, Nrf2, IL-10, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo and in vitro were measured by several methods including western blotting, qPCR, immunofluorescence, HE, and Nissl staining. In vivo data showed that tangeretin can improve motor function recovery and reduce neuron loss and injury size in mice with SCI. Simultaneously, the in vitro findings suggested that treatment of BV-2 cells with tangeretin after LPS stimulation reduced the production of inflammatory factors and ROS, and could convert BV-2 cells from the M1 to the M2 type. Furthermore, Sesn2 knockout suppressed Keap1/Nrf2, inflammatory factors, ROS levels, and the M1 to M2 transition. Tangeretin can alleviate the inflammation and oxidative response induced by SCI by activating the Sesn2/Keap1/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birong Peng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Hu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Sun
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yating Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingshan Peng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenning Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wu H, Wang Q, Liao Y, Wang S. MSC-derived exosomes deliver ZBTB4 to mediate transcriptional repression of ITIH3 in astrocytes in spinal cord injury. Brain Res Bull 2024; 212:110954. [PMID: 38641154 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMSC-secreted exosomes (BMSC-Exos) have shown potential for promoting behavioral recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, its role in blocking astrocyte activation remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether BMSC-Exos impair the function of astrocytes following SCI in mice and to seek the mechanism. METHODS BMSC-Exos were collected by ultracentrifugation and identified. The SCI mice were developed by laminectomy combined with spinal cord shock, followed by BMSC-Exos or nerve growth factor (positive control) treatment. HE staining, Nissl staining, and TUNEL were conducted to analyze the pathological structural damage and neuronal damage in the mouse spinal cord. Bioinformatics was used to screen altered molecules under the BMSC-Exos treatment. Effects of BMSC-Exos and changes in ZBTB4 and ITIH3 expression on neuronal damage induced by activated astrocytes in the co-culture system were analyzed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. RESULTS Nerve growth factor and BMSC-Exos promoted motor function recovery, alleviated nerve injury, and reduced apoptosis in mice with SCI. ZBTB4 was enriched in BMSC-Exos and lowly expressed in SCI. Downregulation of ZBTB4 diminished the therapeutic effects of BMSC-Exos against SCI. ITIH3 was a downstream target of ZBTB4. Neurotoxic activation of astrocytes induced neuronal injury, which was alleviated by BMSC-Exos. However, ZBTB4 knockdown overturned the effects of BMSC-Exos in vitro and combined ITIH3 knockdown alleviated the accentuating effects of ZBTB4 knockdown on neuronal injury. CONCLUSION BMSC-Exos protected against astrocyte-induced neuronal injury by delivering ZBTB4 to repress ITIH3, ultimately improving motor function in mice with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzi Wu
- Orthopaedics Center, Karamay Central Hospital,Karamay, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 834000, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yi Liao
- Orthopaedics Center, Karamay Central Hospital,Karamay, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 834000, PR China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Orthopaedics Center, Karamay Central Hospital,Karamay, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 834000, PR China.
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9
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Zhu R, Kang Y, Li Q, Peng K, Shi X, Yin Z, Xuan Y. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits ferroptosis and promotes neural function recovery in rats with spinal cord injury via downregulating Alox15. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116734. [PMID: 38754264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a type of central nervous system (CNS) injury in which ferroptosis is becoming a promising target for treatment. Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E, Vit E) is a compound with anti-ferroptosis activity. The mechanism of alpha-tocopherol in regulating ferroptosis after SCI has not been deeply studied. In this study, rats with SCI were treated by Alpha-tocopherol based on bioinformatic analysis and molecular docking prediction. Behavioral tests and histological findings showed that Alpha-tocopherol promoted neural function recovery and tissue repairment in rats with SCI. Subsequently, regulatory effects of Alpha-tocopherol on Alox15 and ferroptosis were detected and then localized by immunofluorescence. In vitro, alpha-tocopherol improved the ROS accumulation, iron overload, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The effects of Alpha-tocopherol on the expression of Alox15, Ptgs2 and 4Hne were validated in vitro. Finally, the inhibitory effects of Alpha-tocopherol on Alox15 and ferroptosis were weakened by the mutation of 87th residue of Alox15. In summary, alpha-tocopherol could alleviate SCI-induced ferroptosis by downregulating Alox15 to promote neural function recovery in rats with SCI. Findings in this study could help further our understanding on SCI-induced ferroptosis and provide a novel insight for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China; Department of Orthopedics, Hefei Orthopedics Hospital, 58 Chaohu Northern Road, Hefei 238001, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qiangwei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Kai Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China; The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xuanming Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China.
| | - Yong Xuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, 246 Heping Road, Hefei 230011, China.
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10
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Kong F, Yu H, Gao L, Xing E, Yu Y, Sun X, Wang W, Zhao D, Li X. Multifunctional Hierarchical Nanoplatform with Anisotropic Bimodal Mesopores for Effective Neural Circuit Reconstruction after Spinal Cord Injury. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13333-13345. [PMID: 38717602 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A persistent inflammatory response, intrinsic limitations in axonal regenerative capacity, and widespread presence of extrinsic axonal inhibitors impede the restoration of motor function after a spinal cord injury (SCI). A versatile treatment platform is urgently needed to address diverse clinical manifestations of SCI. Herein, we present a multifunctional nanoplatform with anisotropic bimodal mesopores for effective neural circuit reconstruction after SCI. The hierarchical nanoplatform features of a Janus structure consist of dual compartments of hydrophilic mesoporous silica (mSiO2) and hydrophobic periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO), each possessing distinct pore sizes of 12 and 3 nm, respectively. Unlike traditional hierarchical mesoporous nanomaterials with dual-mesopores interlaced with each other, the two sets of mesopores in this Janus nanoplatform are spatially independent and possess completely distinct chemical properties. The Janus mesopores facilitate controllable codelivery of dual drugs with distinct properties: the hydrophilic macromolecular enoxaparin (ENO) and the hydrophobic small molecular paclitaxel (PTX). Anchoring with CeO2, the resulting mSiO2&PMO-CeO2-PTX&ENO nanoformulation not only effectively alleviates ROS-induced neuronal apoptosis but also enhances microtubule stability to promote intrinsic axonal regeneration and facilitates axonal extension by diminishing the inhibitory effect of extracellular chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. We believe that this functional dual-mesoporous nanoplatform holds significant potential for combination therapy in treating severe multifaceted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqi Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyue Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lifei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Enyun Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Xu Z, Liu X, Pang Y, Chen Z, Jiang Y, Liu T, Zhang J, Xiong H, Gao X, Liu J, Liu S, Ning G, Feng S, Yao X, Guo S. Long-Acting Heterodimeric Paclitaxel-Idebenone Prodrug-Based Nanomedicine Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3548-3556. [PMID: 38457277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), successive systemic administration of microtubule-stabilizing agents has been shown to promote axon regeneration. However, this approach is limited by poor drug bioavailability, especially given the rapid restoration of the blood-spinal cord barrier. There is a pressing need for long-acting formulations of microtubule-stabilizing agents in treating SCI. Here, we conjugated the antioxidant idebenone with microtubule-stabilizing paclitaxel to create a heterodimeric paclitaxel-idebenone prodrug via an acid-activatable, self-immolative ketal linker and then fabricated it into chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-binding nanomedicine, enabling drug retention within the spinal cord for at least 2 weeks and notable enhancement in hindlimb motor function and axon regeneration after a single intraspinal administration. Additional investigations uncovered that idebenone can suppress the activation of microglia and neuronal ferroptosis, thereby amplifying the therapeutic effect of paclitaxel. This prodrug-based nanomedicine simultaneously accomplishes neuroprotection and axon regeneration, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunkai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xinjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yilin Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhixia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yaoyao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Haoning Xiong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University and Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xue Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University and Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shutao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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12
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Gu C, Geng X, Wu Y, Dai Y, Zeng J, Wang Z, Fang H, Sun Y, Chen X. Engineered Macrophage Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles with Enhanced CCR2 Expression Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair by Suppressing Neuroinflammation and Neuronal death. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305659. [PMID: 37884477 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disorder characterized by significant disability and limited treatment options. Mitigating the secondary inflammatory response following the initial injury is the primary focus of current research in the treatment of SCI. CCL2 (C─C motif chemokine ligand 2) serves as the primary regulator responsible for inflammatory chemotaxis of the majority of peripheral immune cells, blocking the CCL2-CCR2 (C─C chemokine receptor type 2) axis has shown considerable therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases, including SCI. In this study, it presents a multifunctional biomimetic nanoplatform (CCR2-MM@PLGA/Cur) specifically designed to target the CCL2-CCR2 axis, which consisted of an engineered macrophage membrane (MM) coating with enhanced CCR2 expression and a PLGA (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)) nanoparticle that encapsulated therapeutic drugs. CCR2 overexpression on MM not only enhanced drug-targeted delivery to the injury site, but also attenuated macrophage infiltration, microglia pro-inflammatory polarization, and neuronal apoptosis by trapping CCL2. Consequently, it facilitated neural regeneration and motor function recovery in SCI mice, enabling a comprehensive treatment approach for SCI. The feasibility and efficacy of this platform are confirmed through a series of in vitro and in vivo assays, offering new insights and potential avenues for further exploration in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Gu
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003, P. R. China
| | - Xiangwu Geng
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003, P. R. China
| | - Yicheng Wu
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003, P. R. China
| | - Yuya Dai
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003, P. R. China
| | - Junkai Zeng
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqiang Wang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003, P. R. China
| | - Huapan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai, 200080, P. R. China
| | - Xiongsheng Chen
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai, 200080, P. R. China
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13
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Liu S, Wu Q, Wang L, Xing C, Guo J, Li B, Ma H, Zhong H, Zhou M, Zhu S, Zhu R, Ning G. Coordination function index: A novel indicator for assessing hindlimb locomotor recovery in spinal cord injury rats based on catwalk gait parameters. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114765. [PMID: 37992973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In preclinical studies of spinal cord injury (SCI), behavioral assessments are crucial for evaluating treatment effectiveness. Commonly used methods include Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score and the Louisville swim scale (LSS), relying on subjective observations. The CatWalk automated gait analysis system is also widely used in SCI studies, providing extensive gait parameters from footprints. However, these parameters are often used independently or combined simply without utilizing the vast amount of data provided by CatWalk. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a novel approach encompassing multiple CatWalk parameters for a comprehensive and objective assessment of locomotor function. In this work, we screened 208 CatWalk XT gait parameters and identified 38 suitable for assessing hindlimb motor function recovery in a rat thoracic contusion SCI model. Exploratory factor analysis was used to reveal structural relationships among these parameters. Weighted scores for Coordination effectively differentiated hindlimb motor function levels, termed as the Coordinated Function Index (CFI). CFI showed high reliability, exhibiting high correlations with BBB scores, LSS, and T2WI lesion area. Finally, we simplified CFI based on factor loadings and correlation analysis, obtaining a streamlined version with reliable assessment efficacy. In conclusion, we developed a systematic assessment indicator utilizing multiple CatWalk parameters to objectively evaluate hindlimb motor function recovery in rats after thoracic contusion SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Liyue Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Junrui Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Baicao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongpeng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Rusen Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord lnjury, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.
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14
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Xu J, Shi C, Yuan F, Ding Y, Xie Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Lu H, Duan C, Hu J, Jiang L. Targeted transplantation of engineered mitochondrial compound promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury by enhancing macrophage phagocytosis. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:427-444. [PMID: 37954465 PMCID: PMC10632560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial in sustaining and orchestrating cellular functions. Capitalizing on this, we explored mitochondrial transplantation as an innovative therapeutic strategy for acute spinal cord injury (SCI). In our study, we developed an engineered mitochondrial compound tailored to target macrophages within the SCI region. Sourced from IL-10-induced Mertkhi bone marrow-derived macrophages, we conjugated a peptide sequence, cations-cysteine-alanine-glutamine-lysine (CAQK), with the mitochondria, optimizing its targeting affinity for the injury site. Our data demonstrated that these compounds significantly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of myelin debris, curtailed lipid buildup, ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction, and attenuated pro-inflammatory profiles in macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo. The intravenously delivered mitochondrial compounds targeted the SCI epicenter, with macrophages being the primary recipients. Critically, they promoted tissue regeneration and bolstered functional recovery in SCI mice. This study heralds a transformative approach to mitochondrial transplantation in SCI, spotlighting the modulation of macrophage activity, phagocytosis, and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chaoran Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Feifei Yuan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yinghe Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fengzhang Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
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15
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Bao T, Li N, Chen H, Zhao Z, Fan J, Tao Y, Chen C, Wan M, Yin G, Mao C. Drug-Loaded Zwitterion-Based Nanomotors for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:32762-32771. [PMID: 37389863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment requires a nanosystem for drug delivery that can effectively penetrate the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). Herein, we designed poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylgallylcholine) (PMPC)/l-arginine (PMPC/A)-based nanomotors that can release nitric oxide (NO). The nanomotors were loaded with the inducible NO synthase inhibitor 1400W and nerve growth factor (NGF). PMPC with a zwitterionic structure not only provided good biocompatibility for the nanomotors but also facilitated their passage through the BSCB owing to the assistance of a large number of choline transporters on the BSCB. Additionally, the l-arginine loaded on the nanomotors was able to react with reactive oxygen species in the microenvironment of the injured nerve to produce NO, thereby conferring the ability of autonomic movement to the nanomotors, which facilitated the uptake of drugs by cells in damaged areas and penetration in pathological tissues. Moreover, in vivo animal experiments indicated that the PMPC/A/1400W/NGF nanomotors could effectively pass through the BSCB and restore the motion function of a rat SCI model by regulating its internal environment as well as the release of therapeutic drugs. Thus, the drug delivery system based on nanomotor technology offers a promising strategy for treating central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Bao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanjing Central Hospital, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Nan Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zinan Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yingfang Tao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenglong Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Xu J, Ding Y, Shi C, Yuan F, Sheng X, Liu Y, Xie Y, Lu H, Duan C, Hu J, Jiang L. Identification of Cathepsin B as a Therapeutic Target for Ferroptosis of Macrophage after Spinal Cord Injury. Aging Dis 2023; 15:AD.2023.0509. [PMID: 37307830 PMCID: PMC10796092 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage and immune cell infiltration are the main pathological features of spinal cord injury (SCI). Excessive iron deposition is caused by leaking hemosiderin which may over-activate ferroptosis pathways, resulting in lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction in cells. Inhibiting ferroptosis after SCI has been shown to aid functional recovery. However, the essential genes involved in cellular ferroptosis following SCI are still unknown. Here we show that Ctsb is a statistical significance gene by collecting multiple transcriptomic profiles and identifying differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes, which are abundantly expressed in myeloid cells after SCI and widely distributed at the epicenter of the injury. The expression score of ferroptosis, calculated by ferroptosis driver/suppressor genes, was high in macrophages. Furthermore, we discovered that inhibiting cathepsin B (CTSB), specifically with a small-molecule drug, CA-074-methyl ester (CA-074-me), reduced lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages. We also found that alternatively activated M2-polarized macrophages are more susceptible to hemin-induced ferroptosis. Consequently, CA-074-me could reduce ferroptosis, induce M2 macrophage polarization, and promote the neurological function recovery of mice after SCI. Our study comprehensively analyzed the ferroptosis after SCI from the perspective of multiple transcriptomes and provided a novel molecular target for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Yinghe Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Chaoran Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Feifei Yuan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Xiaolong Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
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17
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Bazanovich SA, Ryabov SI, Zvyagintseva MA, Yadgarov MY, Talypov AE, Grin' AA, Smirnov VA. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Systemic Therapy of Spinal Cord Injury of Moderate Severity with Human Umbilical Cord Placental Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Indicators of Dispersion of Articular Angles in the Swimming Test. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 174:784-789. [PMID: 37160601 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used as models of moderate contusion spinal cord injury to evaluate the efficiency of single systemic (intravenous) infusion of human mononuclear cord blood cells for restoration of the motor function of hind limbs. The dynamics of recovery of hind limb motor function was assessed using a specially designed method based on calculation of selective dispersion and amplitude-dependent dispersion of hind limbs joint angles measured in the swimming test. The obtained data suggest that systemic application of human mononuclear cord blood cells significantly (p<0.05) promoted recovery of hind limb motor function in the animal models of contusion spinal cord injury of moderate severity in comparison with control animals (without cell therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Bazanovich
- Laboratory of Human Stem Cells, E. I. Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - S I Ryabov
- Laboratory of Human Stem Cells, E. I. Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Zvyagintseva
- Laboratory of Human Stem Cells, E. I. Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Ya Yadgarov
- Laboratory of Human Stem Cells, E. I. Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Talypov
- Scientific Department of Emergency Surgery, N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Grin'
- Scientific Department of Emergency Surgery, N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Smirnov
- Scientific Department of Emergency Surgery, N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia.
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18
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Xu T, Gao P, Huang Y, Wu M, Yi J, Zhou Z, Zhao X, Jiang T, Liu H, Qin T, Yang Z, Wang X, Bao T, Chen J, Zhao S, Yin G. Git1-PGK1 interaction achieves self-protection against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating Keap1/Nrf2 signaling. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102682. [PMID: 36963288 PMCID: PMC10053403 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury (SCIRI) is a significant secondary injury that causes damage to spinal cord neurons, leading to the impairment of spinal cord sensory and motor functions. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is considered one critical mechanism of neuron damage in SCIRI. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of neurons to ROS remain elusive. Our study revealed that the deletion of Git1 in mice led to poor recovery of spinal cord motor function after SCIRI. Furthermore, we discovered that Git1 has a beneficial effect on neuron resistance to ROS production. Mechanistically, Git1 interacted with PGK1, regulated PGK1 phosphorylation at S203, and affected the intermediate products of glycolysis in neurons. The influence of Git1 on glycolysis regulates the dimerization of Keap1, which leads to changes in Nrf2 ubiquitination and plays a role in resisting ROS. Collectively, we show that Git1 regulates the Keap1/Nrf2 axis to resist ROS in a PGK1-dependent manner and thus is a potential therapeutic target for SCIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing, 210008, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Mengyuan Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jiang Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhenqi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Tianyi Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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19
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Xia M, Li X, Ye S, Zhang Q, Zhao T, Li R, Zhang Y, Xian M, Li T, Li H, Hong X, Zheng S, Qian Z, Yang L. FANCC deficiency mediates microglial pyroptosis and secondary neuronal apoptosis in spinal cord contusion. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:82. [PMID: 35659106 PMCID: PMC9164466 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced neuroinflammation results in secondary neurological destruction and functional disorder. Previous findings showed that microglial pyroptosis plays a crucial role in neuroinflammation. Thus, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the mechanisms associated with post-SCI microglial pyroptosis. The Fanconi Anemia Group C complementation group gene (FANCC) has been previously reported to have an anti-inflammation effect; however, whether it can regulate microglial pyroptosis remains unknown. Therefore, we probed the mechanism associated with FANCC-mediated microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo in SCI mice.
Methods
Microglial pyroptosis was assessed by western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF), whereas microglial-induced neuroinflammation was evaluated by WB, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and IF. Besides, flow cytometry, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling staining and WB were employed to examine the level of neuronal apoptosis. Morphological changes in neurons were assessed by hematoxylin–eosin and Luxol Fast Blue staining. Finally, locomotor function rehabilitation was analyzed using the Basso Mouse Scale and Louisville Swim Scale.
Results
Overexpression of FANCC suppressed microglial pyroptosis via inhibiting p38/NLRP3 expression, which in turn reduced neuronal apoptosis. By contrast, knockdown of FANCC increased the degree of neuronal apoptosis by aggravating microglial pyroptosis. Besides, increased glial scar formation, severe myelin sheath destruction and poor axon outgrowth were observed in the mice transfected with short hairpin RNA of FANCC post SCI, which caused reduced locomotor function recovery.
Conclusions
Taken together, a previously unknown role of FANCC was identified in SCI, where its deficiency led to microglia pyroptosis, neuronal apoptosis and neurological damage. Mechanistically, FANCC mediated microglia pyroptosis and the inflammatory response via regulating the p38/NLRP3 pathway.
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20
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Jiang F, Xia M, Zhang Y, Chang J, Cao J, Zhang Z, Qian Z, Yang L. Cannabinoid receptor-2 attenuates neuroinflammation by promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of the NLRP3 inflammasome post spinal cord injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993168. [PMID: 36238284 PMCID: PMC9553321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury (SCI) results in prolonged neurological damage and locomotor dysfunction. Polarization of microglia is vital to regulation of neuroinflammation, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Endocannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2R) is reported to ameliorate neurodegeneration via immunomodulation activities. However, the underlying machinery in the context of SCI remains unclear. Methods A lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia inflammation model and a mouse model of SCI were employed to investigate the regulatory role of CB2R in the polarization of microglia in response to excess neuroinflammation. Markers of inflammation and autophagy were measured by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Histological staining with hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, and Luxol® fast blue was conducted using commercial kits. The locomotor function of the hindlimbs of the experimental mice was evaluated with the Basso Mouse Scale, Louisville Swim Scale, and footprint assay. Results The results showed that CB2R promoted M2 differentiation, increased interleukin (IL)-10 expression, and inhibited M1 differentiation with decreased expression of IL-1β and IL-6. CB2R activation also increased ubiquitination of the NLRP3 inflammasome and interacted with the autophagy-related proteins p62 and microtubule-associated proteins 1B light chain 3. Treatment with the CB2R activator JWH-133 reduced loss of myelin, apoptosis of neurons, and glial scarring, leading to improved functional recovery of the hindlimbs, while the CB2R antagonist AM630 produced opposite results. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggested that CB2R activation attenuated neuroinflammation targeting microglial polarization by promoting NLRP3 clearance, thereby facilitating functional recovery post-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Mingjie Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Yang, ; Zhanyang Qian, ; Zhongkai Zhang,
| | - Zhanyang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Yang, ; Zhanyang Qian, ; Zhongkai Zhang,
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- School of Bioinformatics Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Yang, ; Zhanyang Qian, ; Zhongkai Zhang,
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21
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Lu X, Lv C, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Ji C, Wang Z, Ye W, Yu S, Bai J, Cai W. TSG-6 released from adipose stem cells-derived small extracellular vesicle protects against spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:291. [PMID: 35831906 PMCID: PMC9281104 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury (SCIRI) is a complication of aortic aneurysm repair or spinal cord surgery that is associated with permanent neurological deficits. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been shown to be potential therapeutic options for improving motor functions after SCIRI. Due to their easy access and multi-directional differentiation potential, adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) are preferable for this application. However, the effects of ADSC-derived sEVs (ADSC-sEVs) on SCIRI have not been reported. Results We found that ADSC-sEVs inhibited SCIRI-induced neuronal apoptosis, degradation of tight junction proteins and suppressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, in the presence of the ER stress inducer, tunicamycin, its anti-apoptotic and blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) protective effects were significantly reversed. We found that ADSC-sEVs contain tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) whose overexpression inhibited ER stress in vivo by modulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Conclusions ADSC-sEVs inhibit neuronal apoptosis and BSCB disruption in SCIRI by transmitting TSG-6, which suppresses ER stress by modulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02963-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Dongtai Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Dongtai City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengtang Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuechao Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedic, PLA Navy No.905 Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Haining, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyue Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuanghui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wu Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shunzhi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianling Bai
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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22
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Targosinski S, Henzi A, Engmann AK, Rushing EJ, Barth AA, Klein HJ, Kim BS, Giovanoli P, Schwab ME, Plock JA, Schweizer R. A swim test for functional assessment of rodent peripheral nerve regeneration. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 379:109663. [PMID: 35809863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Targosinski
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Henzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne K Engmann
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - André A Barth
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger J Klein
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Bong-Sung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Giovanoli
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan A Plock
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Schweizer
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Xia M, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li R, Zhao T, Chen L, Liu Q, Zheng S, Li H, Qian Z, Yang L. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Regulates Oxidative Stress-Dependent Ferroptosis Post Spinal Cord Injury by Stabilizing the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:905115. [PMID: 35860670 PMCID: PMC9289442 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.905115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes irreversible damage to the nervous tissue. The consequent hemorrhage contributed by trauma induces neuronal ferroptosis post SCI, which is an important death mode to mediate neuronal loss. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. However, the specific role of GDF15 in neuronal ferroptosis post SCI remains unknown. Materials and Methods Neuronal ferroptosis in vitro was measured by detection of lipid peroxidation, glutathione, iron content, and reactive oxidative stress. In vivo, western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF) staining was utilized to measure ferroptosis post SCI. IF staining, TUNEL staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and Nissl staining were used to measure neurological damage. Finally, locomotor function recovery was analyzed using the Basso Mouse Scale and Louisville Swim Scale. Results GDF15 was significantly increased in neuronal ferroptosis and silencing GDF15 aggravated ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, GDF15-mediated inhibition of neuronal ferroptosis is through p62-dependent Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. In SCI mice, knockdown of GDF15 significantly exacerbated neuronal death, interfered with axon regeneration and remyelination, aggravated ferroptosis-mediated neuroinflammation, and restrained locomotor recovery. Conclusion GDF15 effectively alleviated neuronal ferroptosis post SCI via the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and promoted locomotor recovery of SCI mice, which is suggested as a potential target on SCI pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinyang Zhang
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Rulin Li
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Lingxia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiangxian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnai Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Taizhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haijun Li,
| | - Zhanyang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Zhanyang Qian,
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Taizhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Lei Yang,
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24
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Xing C, Jia Z, Qu H, Liu S, Jiang W, Zhong H, Zhou M, Zhu S, Ning G, Feng S. Correlation Analysis Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Anatomical Assessment and Behavioral Outcome in a Rat Contusion Model of Chronic Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:838786. [PMID: 35527814 PMCID: PMC9069114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.838786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plenty of evidences from preclinical studies have led to potential treatments for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), the failure to translate promising preclinical findings into clinical advances has long puzzled researchers. Thus, a more reliable combination of anatomical assessment and behavioral testing is urgently needed to improve the translational worth of preclinical studies. To address this issue, the present study was designed to relate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based anatomical assessment to behavioral outcome in a rat contusion model. Rats underwent contusion with three different heights to simulate various severities of SCI, and their locomotive functions were evaluated by the grid-walking test, Louisville swim scale (LSS), especially catwalk gait analysis system and basic testing, and Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score. The results showed that the lesion area (LA) is a better indicator for damage assessment compared with other parameters in sagittal T2-weighted MRI (T2WI). Although two samples are marked as outliers by the box plot analysis, LA correlated closely with all of the behavioral testing without ceiling effect and floor effect. Moreover, with a moderate severity of SCI in a contusion height of 25 mm, the smaller the LA of the spinal cord measured on sagittal T2WI the better the functional performance, the smaller the cavity region and glial scar, the more spared the myelin, the higher the volatility, and the thicker the bladder wall. We found that LA significantly related with behavior outcomes, which indicated that LA could be a proxy of damage assessment. The combination of sagittal T2WI and four types of behavioral testing can be used as a reliable scheme to evaluate the prognosis for preclinical studies of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Zeyu Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Haodong Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Wang Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
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25
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Ma Y, Li P, Ju C, Zuo X, Li X, Ding T, Liang Z, Zhang J, Li K, Wang X, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Song Z, Quan H, Hu X, Wang Z. Photobiomodulation Attenuates Neurotoxic Polarization of Macrophages by Inhibiting the Notch1-HIF-1α/NF-κB Signalling Pathway in Mice With Spinal Cord Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:816952. [PMID: 35371065 PMCID: PMC8968029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic disease with a complex pathogenesis that includes inflammation, oxidative stress, and glial scar formation. Macrophages are the main mediators of the inflammatory response and are distributed in the epicentre of the SCI. Macrophages have neurotoxic and neuroprotective phenotypes (also known as classically and alternatively activated macrophages or M1 and M2 macrophages) that are associated with pro- or anti- inflammatory gene expression. Our previous study demonstrated that photobiomodulation (PBM) alters the polarization state of macrophages in the SCI region towards the M2 phenotype and promotes the recovery of motor function in rats with SCI. However, the mechanism by which PBM promotes SCI repair remains largely undefined. This study is based on the replacement of conventional percutaneous irradiation with implantable biofibre optic in vivo irradiation. The aim was to further investigate the effects of PBM on SCI in mice under new irradiation patterns and its potential mechanisms of action. PBM was administered to male mice with clamped SCI for four consecutive weeks and significantly promoted the recovery of motor function in mice. Analysis of the macrophage phenotypes in the epicentre of the SCI in mice showed that PBM mainly inhibited the neurotoxic activation of macrophages in the SCI area and reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors such as IL-1α and IL-6; PBM had no effect on M2 macrophages. Immediately afterwards, we constructed in vitro models of the inflammatory polarization of macrophages and PBM intervention. We found that PBM attenuated the neurotoxicity of M1 macrophages on VSC 4.1 motor neurons and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The effects of PBM on neurotoxic macrophages and the possible mechanisms of action were analysed using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), which confirmed that the main role of PBM was to modulate the inflammatory response and immune system processes. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the inflammatory response showed that PBM had the most significant regulatory effects on genes such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and had obvious inhibitory effects on inflammation-related Notch1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway genes. RNA-seq analysis of the effect of PBM on gene expression in resting-state macrophages and M2 macrophages did not show significant differences (data not shown). In conclusion, PBM promoted better motor recovery after SCI in mice by inhibiting the neurotoxic polarization of macrophages and the release of inflammatory mediators by acting on the Notch1-HIF-1α/NF-κB Signalling Pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cheng Ju
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zuo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, 967 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Dalian, China
| | - Tan Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhuowen Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuankang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhijie Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhiwen Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huilin Quan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xueyu Hu, ; Zhe Wang,
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xueyu Hu, ; Zhe Wang,
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26
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Bazanovich SA, Yadgarov MY, Zvyagintseva MA, Ryabov SI, Grin' AA, Smirnov VA. A Method of Assessment of the Motor Function of Hind Limbs by Swim Test in Spinal Cord Injury Models. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 172:499-503. [PMID: 35175478 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In most studies, various load tests are used to assess the recovery of functions after spinal cord injury in animals. However, the existing methods of assessing the movement in animals are not sufficiently accurate and objective. We developed a new method for assessing motor activity of laboratory animals that allows objective and highly accurate evaluation of movements in animals with serious neurological disorders caused by spinal cord injury. The swimming test was used as the main load test. Motor activity of swimming animals was assessed by measuring angles relative to the axis of motion, and the degree of angle spread for each joint and limb was estimated using the dispersion parameters depending on the values of the angles of the joints and the dispersion depending on the amplitudes of the angles. In Sprague-Dawley rats, contusion of the spinal cord at the Th9 level was modeled. In the swimming test, healthy control animals showed stability of both variance indicators over 6 weeks. In rats with spinal cord injury, motor activity of the hind limbs tended to increase from the first to the third weeks and remained at this level from the third to sixth weeks. The results suggest that the proposed method can become a good analogue of modern methods for assessing motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Bazanovich
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of the Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Ya Yadgarov
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of the Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Zvyagintseva
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of the Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - S I Ryabov
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of the Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Grin'
- Department of Neurosurgery, N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care, Moscow Healthcare Department, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Smirnov
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of the Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Neurosurgery, N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care, Moscow Healthcare Department, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
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27
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Wang X, Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Liang Z, Zuo X, Ju C, Song Z, Li X, Hu X, Wang Z. Photobiomodulation Promotes Repair Following Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating the Transformation of A1/A2 Reactive Astrocytes. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:768262. [PMID: 34795557 PMCID: PMC8593167 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.768262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), reactive astrocytes can be classified into two distinctive phenotypes according to their different functions: neurotoxic (A1) astrocytes and neuroprotective (A2) astrocytes. Our previous studies proved that photobiomodulation (PBM) can promote motor function recovery and improve tissue repair after SCI, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether PBM contributes to repair after SCI by regulating the activation of astrocytes. Male rats subjected to clip-compression SCI were treated with PBM for two consecutive weeks, and the results showed that recovery of motor function was improved, the lesion cavity size was reduced, and the number of neurons retained was increased. We determined the time course of A1/A2 astrocyte activation after SCI by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and verified that PBM inhibited A1 astrocyte activation and promoted A2 astrocyte activation at 7 days postinjury (dpi) and 14 dpi. Subsequently, potential signaling pathways related to A1/A2 astrocyte activation were identified by GO function analysis and KEGG pathway analysis and then studied in animal experiments and preliminarily analyzed in cultured astrocytes. Next, we observed that the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was upregulated by PBM and that both factors contributed to the transformation of A1/A2 astrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we found that PBM reduced the neurotoxicity of A1 astrocytes to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In conclusion, PBM can promote better recovery after SCI, which may be related to the transformation of A1/A2 reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuankang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhijie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuowen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Ju
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiwen Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Hospital of People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Dalian, China
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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28
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Wang X, Li X, Zuo X, Liang Z, Ding T, Li K, Ma Y, Li P, Zhu Z, Ju C, Zhang Z, Song Z, Quan H, Zhang J, Hu X, Wang Z. Photobiomodulation inhibits the activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes by inhibiting Lcn2/JAK2-STAT3 crosstalk after spinal cord injury in male rats. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:256. [PMID: 34740378 PMCID: PMC8571847 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes begin to activate and participate in pathological processes after spinal cord injury (SCI), subsequently causing severe secondary damage and affecting tissue repair. We have previously reported that photobiomodulation (PBM) can promote functional recovery by reducing neuroinflammation after SCI, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether PBM ameliorates neuroinflammation by modulating the activation of microglia and astrocytes after SCI. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: a sham control group, an SCI + vehicle group and an SCI + PBM group. PBM was performed for two consecutive weeks after clip-compression SCI models were established. The activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes, the level of tissue apoptosis, the number of motor neurons and the recovery of motor function were evaluated at different days post-injury (1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury, dpi). Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) and Janus kinase-2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling were regarded as potential targets by which PBM affected neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes. In in vitro experiments, primary microglia and astrocytes were irradiated with PBM and cotreated with cucurbitacin I (a JAK2-STAT3 pathway inhibitor), an adenovirus (shRNA-Lcn2) and recombinant Lcn2 protein. RESULTS PBM promoted the recovery of motor function, inhibited the activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes, alleviated neuroinflammation and tissue apoptosis, and increased the number of neurons retained after SCI. The upregulation of Lcn2 and the activation of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway after SCI were suppressed by PBM. In vitro experiments also showed that Lcn2 and JAK2-STAT3 were mutually promoted and that PBM interfered with this interaction, inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocytes. CONCLUSION Lcn2/JAK2-STAT3 crosstalk is involved in the activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes after SCI, and this process can be suppressed by PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuankang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,967 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuowen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tan Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangguang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng Ju
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- 967 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiwen Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huilin Quan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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29
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Harman KA, DeVeau KM, Squair JW, West CR, Krassioukov AV, Magnuson DSK. Effects of early exercise training on the severity of autonomic dysreflexia following incomplete spinal cord injury in rodents. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14969. [PMID: 34337884 PMCID: PMC8327165 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic instability and cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction are hallmarks of patients living with cervical and high thoracic spinal cord injuries (SCI). Individuals experience bouts of autonomic dysreflexia (AD) and persistent hypotension which hamper the activities of daily living. Despite the widespread use of exercise training to improve health and CV function after SCI, little is known about how different training modalities impact hemodynamic stability and severity of AD in a model of incomplete SCI. In this study, we used implantable telemetry devices to assess animals with T2 contusions following 3.5 weeks of exercise training initiated 8 days post-injury: passive hindlimb cycling (T2-CYC, n = 5) or active forelimb swimming (T2-SW, n = 6). Uninjured and non-exercised SCI control groups were also included (CON, n = 6; T2-CON, n = 7; T10-CON, n = 6). Five weeks post-injury, both T2-CON and T2-CYC presented with resting hypotension compared to uninjured CON and T10-CON groups; no differences were noted in resting blood pressure in T2-SW versus CON and T10-CON. Furthermore, pressor responses to colorectal distention (AD) were larger in all T2-injured groups compared to T10-CON, and were not attenuated by either form of exercise training. Interestingly, when T2-injured animals were re-stratified based on terminal BBB scores (regardless of training group), animals with limited hindlimb recovery (T2-LOW, n = 7) had more severe AD responses. Our results suggest that the spontaneous recovery of locomotor and autonomic function after severe but incomplete T2 SCI also influences the severity of AD, and that short periods (3.5 weeks) of passive hindlimb cycling or active forelimb swimming are ineffective in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Harman
- Department of Health & Sport SciencesUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Kathryn M. DeVeau
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonD.C.USA
| | - Jordan W. Squair
- International Collaboration on Repair DiscoveriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Christopher R. West
- International Collaboration on Repair DiscoveriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Andrei V. Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair DiscoveriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation CentreVancouver Health AuthorityVancouverCanada
| | - David S. K. Magnuson
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
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30
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Price MJ, Baëta C, Dalton TE, Nguyen A, Lavau C, Pennington Z, Sciubba DM, Goodwin CR. Animal Models of Metastatic Lesions to the Spine: a Focus on Epidural Spinal Cord Compression. World Neurosurg 2021; 155:122-134. [PMID: 34343682 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC) secondary to spine metastases is one of the most devastating sequelae of primary cancer as it may lead to muscle weakness, paresthesia, pain, and paralysis. Spine metastases occur through a multi-step process that can result in eventual ESCC; however, the lack of a preclinical model to effectively recapitulate each step of this metastatic cascade and the symptom burden of ESCC has limited our understanding of this disease process. In this review, we discuss animal models that best recapitulate ESCC; we start with a broad discussion of commonly used models of bone metastasis and end with a focused discussion of models used to specifically study ESCC. Orthotopic models offer the most authentic recapitulation of metastasis development; however, they rarely result in symptomatic ESCC and are challenging to replicate. Conversely, models that involve injection of tumor cells directly into the bloodstream or bone better mimic the symptoms of ESCC; however, they provide limited insight into the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and natural hematogenous spread of tumor cell. Therefore, until an ideal model is created, it is critical to select an animal model that is specifically designed to answer the scientific question of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J Price
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - César Baëta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tara E Dalton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Annee Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catherine Lavau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zach Pennington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, Long Island Jewish Medical Center and North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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31
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Sánchez-Torres S, Díaz-Ruíz A, Ríos C, Olayo MG, Cruz GJ, Olayo R, Morales J, Mondragón-Lozano R, Fabela-Sánchez O, Orozco-Barrios C, Coyoy-Salgado A, Orozco-Suárez S, González-Ruiz C, Álvarez-Mejía L, Morales-Guadarrama A, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Damián-Matsumura P, Salgado-Ceballos H. Recovery of motor function after traumatic spinal cord injury by using plasma-synthesized polypyrrole/iodine application in combination with a mixed rehabilitation scheme. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:58. [PMID: 32607849 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) can cause paralysis and permanent disability. Rehabilitation (RB) is currently the only accepted treatment, although its beneficial effect is limited. The development of biomaterials has provided therapeutic possibilities for TSCI, where our research group previously showed that the plasma-synthesized polypyrrole/iodine (PPy/I), a biopolymer with different physicochemical characteristics than those of the PPy synthesized by conventional methods, promotes recovery of motor function after TSCI. The present study evaluated if the plasma-synthesized PPy/I applied in combination with RB could increase its beneficial effects and the mechanisms involved. Adult rats with TSCI were divided into no treatment (control); biopolymer (PPy/I); mixed RB by swimming and enriched environment (SW/EE); and combined treatment (PPy/I + SW/EE) groups. Eight weeks after TSCI, the general health of the animals that received any of the treatments was better than the control animals. Functional recovery evaluated by two scales was better and was achieved in less time with the PPy/I + SW/EE combination. All treatments significantly increased βIII-tubulin (nerve plasticity) expression, but only PPy/I increased GAP-43 (nerve regeneration) and MBP (myelination) expression when were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The expression of GFAP (glial scar) decreased in treated groups when determined by histochemistry, while morphometric analysis showed that tissue was better preserved when PPy/I and PPy/I + SW/EE were administered. The application of PPy/I + SW/EE, promotes the preservation of nervous tissue, and the expression of molecules related to plasticity as βIII-tubulin, reduces the glial scar, improves general health and allows the recovery of motor function after TSCI. The implant of the biomaterial polypyrrole/iodine (PPy/I) synthesized by plasma (an unconventional synthesis method), in combination with a mixed rehabilitation scheme with swimming and enriched environment applied after a traumatic spinal cord injury, promotes expression of GAP-43 and βIII-tubulin (molecules related to plasticity and nerve regeneration) and reduces the expression of GFAP (molecule related to the formation of the glial scar). Both effects together allow the formation of nerve fibers, the reconnection of the spinal cord in the area of injury and the recovery of lost motor function. The figure shows the colocalization (yellow) of βIII-tubilin (red) and GAP-43 (green) in fibers crossing the epicenter of the injury (arrowheads) that reconnect the rostral and caudal ends of the injured spinal cord and allowed recovery of motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México
- Doctorate in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico City, CP, 09340, Mexico
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
| | - Araceli Díaz-Ruíz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A, Mexico city, CP, 14269, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A, Mexico city, CP, 14269, Mexico
| | - María G Olayo
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares. Carretera Mexico-Toluca, km 36.5, Ocoyoacac, State of Mexico, CP, 52750, Mexico
| | - Guillermo J Cruz
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares. Carretera Mexico-Toluca, km 36.5, Ocoyoacac, State of Mexico, CP, 52750, Mexico
| | - Roberto Olayo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, CP, 09340, Mexico
| | - Juan Morales
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, CP, 09340, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Fabela-Sánchez
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, San Rafael Atlixco 186, 09340, Iztapalapa, CDMX, México
- Catedrático CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna H. No. 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25294, México
| | - Carlos Orozco-Barrios
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México
| | - Cristian González-Ruiz
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Álvarez-Mejía
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares. Carretera Mexico-Toluca, km 36.5, Ocoyoacac, State of Mexico, CP, 52750, Mexico
| | | | - Vinnitsa Buzoianu-Anguiano
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México
| | - Pablo Damián-Matsumura
- Doctorate in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico City, CP, 09340, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México.
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico.
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O'Hare Doig RL, Santhakumar S, Fehily B, Raja S, Solomon T, Bartlett CA, Fitzgerald M, Hodgetts SI. Acute Cellular and Functional Changes With a Combinatorial Treatment of Ion Channel Inhibitors Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:85. [PMID: 32670018 PMCID: PMC7331598 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the extent of secondary degeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI) is necessary to preserve function, but treatment options have thus far been limited. A combination of the ion channel inhibitors Lomerizine (Lom), YM872 and oxATP, to inhibit voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors, and purinergic P2X7 receptors respectively, effectively limits secondary consequences of injury in in vitro and in vivo models of CNS injury. Here, we investigated the efficacy of these inhibitors in a clinically relevant model of SCI. Fischer (F344) rats were subjected to a moderate (150 kD) contusive SCI at thoracic level T10 and assessed at 2 weeks or 10 weeks post-injury. Lom was delivered orally twice daily and YM872 and oxATP were delivered via osmotic mini-pump implanted at the time of SCI until 2 weeks following injury. Open field locomotion analysis revealed that treatment with the three inhibitors in combination improved the rate of functional recovery of the hind limb (compared to controls) as early as 1-day post-injury, with beneficial effects persisting to 14 days post-injury, while all three inhibitors were present. At 2 weeks following combinatorial treatment, the functional improvement was associated with significantly decreased cyst size, increased immunoreactivity of β-III tubulin+ve axons, myelin basic protein, and reduced lipid peroxidation by-products, and increased CC1+ve oligodendrocytes and NG2+ve/PDGFα+ve oligodendrocyte progenitor cell densities, compared to vehicle-treated SCI animals. The combination of Lom, oxATP, and YM872 shows preclinical promise for control of secondary degeneration following SCI, and further investigation of long-term sustained treatment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L O'Hare Doig
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Spinal Research Group, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sreya Santhakumar
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Brooke Fehily
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sushmitha Raja
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Tanya Solomon
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Carole A Bartlett
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stuart I Hodgetts
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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33
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Kong FQ, Zhao SJ, Sun P, Liu H, Jie J, Xu T, Xu AD, Yang YQ, Zhu Y, Chen J, Zhou Z, Qian DF, Gu CJ, Chen Q, Yin GY, Zhang HW, Fan J. Macrophage MSR1 promotes the formation of foamy macrophage and neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:62. [PMID: 32066456 PMCID: PMC7027125 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A sustained inflammatory response following spinal cord injury (SCI) contributes to neuronal damage, inhibiting functional recovery. Macrophages, the major participants in the inflammatory response, transform into foamy macrophages after phagocytosing myelin debris, subsequently releasing inflammatory factors and amplifying the secondary injury. Here, we assessed the effect of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in phagocytosis of myelin debris after SCI and explained its possible mechanism. Methods The SCI model was employed to determine the critical role of MSR1 in phagocytosis of myelin debris in vivo. The potential functions and mechanisms of MSR1 were explored using qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence after treating macrophages and RAW264.7 with myelin debris in vitro. Results In this study, we found improved recovery from traumatic SCI in MSR1-knockout mice over that in MSR1 wild-type mice. Furthermore, MSR1 promoted the phagocytosis of myelin debris and the formation of foamy macrophage, leading to pro-inflammatory polarization in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, in the presence of myelin debris, MSR1-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway contributed to the release of inflammatory mediators and subsequently the apoptosis of neurons. Conclusions Our study elucidates a previously unrecognized role of MSR1 in the pathophysiology of SCI and suggests that its inhibition may be a new treatment strategy for this traumatic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Qi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu-Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, 223001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Jie
- Department of Orthopedics, Pukou Branch of JiangSu Province Hospital (Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - An-Di Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding-Fei Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Yong Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Han-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
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34
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Ghane N, Beigi MH, Labbaf S, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Kiani A. Design of hydrogel-based scaffolds for the treatment of spinal cord injuries. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10712-10738. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01842b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based scaffold design approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghane
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology Cell Science Research Center
- Royan Institute for Biotechnology
- ACECR
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Beigi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology Cell Science Research Center
- Royan Institute for Biotechnology
- ACECR
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Sheyda Labbaf
- Biomaterials Research Group
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | | | - Amirkianoosh Kiani
- Silicon Hall: Micro/Nano Manufacturing Facility
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
- Ontario Tech University
- Ontario
- Canada
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35
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Torres-Espín A, Beaudry E, Fenrich K, Fouad K. Rehabilitative Training in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 35:1970-1985. [PMID: 30074874 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitative motor training is currently one of the most widely used approaches to promote moderate recovery following injuries of the central nervous system. Such training is generally applied in the clinical setting, whereas it is not standard in preclinical research. This is a concern as it is becoming increasingly apparent that neuroplasticity enhancing treatments require training or some form of activity as a co-therapy to promote functional recovery. Despite the importance of training and the many open questions regarding its mechanistic consequences, its use in preclinical animal models is rather limited. Here we review approaches, findings and challenges when training is applied in animal models of spinal cord injury, and we suggest recommendations to facilitate the integration of training using an appropriate study design, into pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Torres-Espín
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric Beaudry
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Cheung PWH, Hu Y, Cheung JPY. Novel compression rat model for developmental spinal stenosis. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1090-1100. [PMID: 30644588 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Developmental spinal stenosis (DSS) is characterized by pre-existing circumferential narrowing of the bony spinal canal which predisposes neural tissue to compression. This study aims to create a reproducible animal model mimicking DSS for investigation of its pathoanatomy. Developmental spinal canal constriction was simulated using circumferential compression. Eighteen female Sprague-Dawley rats (13.0-14.5 weeks-old) underwent circumferential compression at L4-L5 using silicone sheets; or dorsal compression using overlapping silicone sheets; or as controls. A series of outcome scores were used for locomotor function assessment, together with electrophysiological and histological assessment. Assessment time-points were at preoperative, postoperative 1-week, 2-weeks, 3-weeks, 1-month, and pre-sacrifice. Statistical analyses were performed. At all postoperative time-points, circumferential group had the worst mean Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor scores with significant difference from the control group (p < 0.05), as well as the lowest mean Louisville Swim Scale scores, as compared to the dorsal (p < 0.05) and to the control (p < 0.01) groups. Circumferential group had worse mean foot fault score for both hindlimbs (p < 0.01 to p < 0.05) and highest error rate in foot placement accuracy, especially higher than dorsal (p < 0.05) and control (p < 0.05) groups at pre-sacrifice. Electrophysiological assessment revealed postoperative increase in P1 latency was higher in circumferential than dorsal compression. Highest postoperative mean P1 latency was observed for both paws at all postoperative time-points for circumferential group (except at postoperative 1-week). Circumferential group had lower myelin-to-axonal area ratio and higher g-ratio than both the dorsal and control groups (p < 0.001). For each study group, hindlimb P1 latency and P1-N1 amplitude were each correlated with g-ratio (p < 0.05); and mean myelin-to-axonal area ratio correlated with P1 latency of both hindlimbs (p < 0.05). Based on these more severe axonal demyelination and neurological deficits, a valid DSS rat model is created with somatosensory evoked potential neuro-monitoring technique. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence W H Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason P Y Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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37
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Harman KA, States G, Wade A, Stepp C, Wainwright G, DeVeau K, King N, Shum-Siu A, Magnuson DSK. Temporal analysis of cardiovascular control and function following incomplete T3 and T10 spinal cord injury in rodents. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13634. [PMID: 29595874 PMCID: PMC5875543 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in whole‐body dysfunction, notably cardiovascular (CV) disruption and disease. Injury‐induced destruction of autonomic pathways in conjunction with a progressive decline in physical fitness contribute to the poor CV status of SCI individuals. Despite the wide use of exercise training as a therapeutic option to reduce CV dysfunction, little is known about the acute hemodynamic responses to the exercise itself. We investigated CV responses to an exercise challenge (swimming) following both high and low thoracic contusion to determine if the CV system is able to respond appropriately to the challenge of swimming. Blood pressure (BP) telemetry and echocardiography were used to track the progression of dysfunction in rodents with T3 and T10 SCI (n = 8 each) for 10 weeks postcontusion. At 1 week postinjury, all animals displayed a drastic decline in heart rate (HR) during the exercise challenge, likely a consequence of neurogenic shock. Furthermore, over time, all groups developed a progressive inability to maintain BP within a narrow range during the exercise challenge despite displaying normal hemodynamic parameters at rest. Echocardiography of T10 animals revealed no persistent signs of cardiac dysfunction; T3 animals exhibited a transient decline in systolic function that returned to preinjury levels by 10 weeks postinjury. Novel evidence provided here illustrates that incomplete injuries produce hemodynamic instability that only becomes apparent during an exercise challenge. Further, this dysfunction lasts into the chronic phase of disease progression despite significant recovery of hindlimb locomotion and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Harman
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gregory States
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Abigail Wade
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Chad Stepp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Grace Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kathryn DeVeau
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nicholas King
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Alice Shum-Siu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David S K Magnuson
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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38
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Ahmed RU, Alam M, Zheng YP. Experimental spinal cord injury and behavioral tests in laboratory rats. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01324. [PMID: 30906898 PMCID: PMC6411514 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in some serious neurophysiological consequences that alter healthy body functions and devastate the quality of living of individuals. To find a cure for SCI, researchers around the world are working on different neurorepair and neurorehabilitation modalities. To test a new treatment for SCI as well as to understand the mechanism of recovery, animal models are being widely used. Among them, SCI rat models are arguably the most prominent. Furthermore, it is important to select a suitable behavioral test to evaluate both the motor and sensory recovery following any therapeutic intervention. In this paper, we review the rat models of spinal injury and commonly used behavioral tests to serve as a useful guideline for neuroscientists in the field of SCI research.
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39
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Alvarado-Sanchez BG, Salgado-Ceballos H, Torres-Castillo S, Rodriguez-Silverio J, Lopez-Hernandez ME, Quiroz-Gonzalez S, Sanchez-Torres S, Mondragón-Lozano R, Fabela-Sanchez O. Electroacupuncture and Curcumin Promote Oxidative Balance and Motor Function Recovery in Rats Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:498-506. [PMID: 30603981 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-02704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition that puts the patient's life at risk in the acute phase and, during the chronic stage, results in permanent deficits in motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Isolated therapeutic strategies have not shown an effect on this condition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and curcumin, alone or combined, on the oxidative balance, motor function recovery and amount of preserved tissue following a traumatic SCI. Long-Evans rats were divided into five groups: SHAM, SCI, SCI + EA, SCI + Curcumin, and SCI + EA + Curcumin. Nitric oxide was significantly decreased in the Curcumin group; the EA, Curcumin and SCI + EA + Curcumin groups had significantly decreased hydroxyl radical and lipid peroxidation levels. Motor function recovery and the amount of preserved spinal cord tissue were significantly greater in the EA, Curcumin and EA + Curcumin groups. The results show that EA and Curcumin treatment alone or in combination decreased oxidative stress, improved functional motor recovery and increased the amount of preserved spinal cord tissue following a traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, C.P. 06720, México City, Mexico
- Proyecto Camina A. C., C.P. 14050, México City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Torres-Castillo
- Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec, C.P. 55210, Ecatepec de Morelos, Estado De México, Mexico.
- Proyecto Camina A. C., C.P. 14050, México City, Mexico.
| | - Juan Rodriguez-Silverio
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, C.P. 11340, México City, Mexico
| | - Monica E Lopez-Hernandez
- Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec, C.P. 55210, Ecatepec de Morelos, Estado De México, Mexico
| | - Salvador Quiroz-Gonzalez
- Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec, C.P. 55210, Ecatepec de Morelos, Estado De México, Mexico
| | | | - Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, C.P. 06720, México City, Mexico
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Non-functionalized soft alginate hydrogel promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury in a rat hemimyelonectomy model. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018; 160:449-457. [PMID: 29230560 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) and the consecutive devastating neurological sequelae have an enormous individual and economic impact. Implantation of functionalized hydrogels is a promising approach, because they can serve as a matrix for the regenerating tissue, carry and release bioactive molecules and various cell types. We already demonstrated that non-functionalized soft alginate hydrogel supported axonal outgrowth and protected neurons against oxidative stress in vitro. Here, we investigated the effects of such soft alginate hydrogels on locomotor recovery in small and large spinal cord lesions. METHOD Hemimyelonectomy of 2 mm or 4 mm length was performed in rats and soft alginate hydrogel was implanted. Functional recovery of the hindlimbs was assessed in the open field [Batto Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score] and using swimming test [Louisville Swim score (LSS)] for 140 days post injury (DPI). Reference histology was performed. RESULTS Rats that received an alginate implant into 2 mm spinal cord lesions demonstrated significantly improved locomotor recovery compared to controls detectable already at 10 DPI. At 140 DPI, they reached higher LSS and BBB scores in swimming and open field tests, respectively. However, this beneficial effect of alginate was lacking in animals with larger (4 mm) lesions. Histological examination suggested that fibrous scarring in the spinal cord was reduced after alginate implantation in comparison to controls. CONCLUSIONS Implantation of soft alginate hydrogel in small spinal cord lesions improved functional recovery. Possible underlying mechanisms include the mechanical stabilization of the wound, reduction of secondary damage and inhibition of fibrous scarring.
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Plasma Hemopexin ameliorates murine spinal cord injury by switching microglia from the M1 state to the M2 state. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:181. [PMID: 29415995 PMCID: PMC5833847 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of central nervous system (CNS) trauma with limited therapeutic treatments. The polarization of microglia into the M1 or M2 state has been documented to play important roles in the pathogenesis of SCI, although the complete repertoire of underlying factors has not been identified. Interestingly, the time point at which hematomyelia (intramedullary spinal cord hemorrhage) is alleviated coincides with a decrease in the number of M2 microglia. Here the function of Hemopexin (Hpx), a hematogenous glycoprotein, was examined in the crush model of SCI. Hpx levels were elevated at the lesion site during hematomyelia and were synchronously correlated with the level of the M2 marker Arginase-1 (Arg-1). Ablation of Hpx in vivo affected the polarization state of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia, as mirrored by a lower percentage of M2 microglia and a higher percentage of M1 microglia in the lesion site, which delayed the recovery and exacerbated the behavioral dysfunction after SCI. However, Hpx induced a rapid switch from the M1 to M2 phenotype in LPS-stimulated primary cultured microglia in a heme scavenging-independent manner. The supernant of Hpx-treated microglia ameliorated neuronal degeneration, alleviated demyelination, and promoted oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) maturation. This modulatory effect of Hpx on microglia polarization was at least partially mediated by the LRP-1 receptor. Based on these results, Hpx is considered a novel modulator of the polarization of microglia during the pathogenesis of SCI and may play a crucial role in the recovery from SCI.
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Functional Test Scales for Evaluating Cell-Based Therapies in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5160261. [PMID: 29109741 PMCID: PMC5646345 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5160261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, spinal cord researchers have focused on multifaceted approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, as there is no cure for the deficits produced by SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been examined using animal models. Due to the lack of standardized functional assessment tools for use in such models, it is important to choose a suitable animal model and precise behavioral test when evaluating the efficacy of potential SCI treatments. In the present review, we discuss recent evidence regarding functional recovery in various animal models of SCI, summarize the representative models currently used, evaluate recent cell-based therapeutic approaches, and aim to identify the most precise and appropriate scales for functional assessment in such research.
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DeVeau KM, Harman KA, Squair JW, Krassioukov AV, Magnuson DSK, West CR. A comparison of passive hindlimb cycling and active upper-limb exercise provides new insights into systolic dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H861-H870. [PMID: 28710067 PMCID: PMC9925118 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00046.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Active upper-limb and passive lower-limb exercise are two interventions used in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population. Although the global cardiac responses have been previously studied, it is unclear how either exercise influences contractile cardiac function. Here, the cardiac contractile and volumetric responses to upper-limb (swim) and passive lower-limb exercise were investigated in rodents with a severe high-thoracic SCI. Animals were divided into control (CON), SCI no exercise (NO-EX), SCI passive hindlimb cycling (PHLC), or SCI swim (SWIM) groups. Severe contusion SCI was administered at the T2 level. PHLC and SWIM interventions began on day 8 postinjury and lasted 25 days. Echocardiography and dobutamine stress echocardiography were performed before and after injury. Cardiac contractile indexes were assessed in vivo at study termination via a left ventricular pressure-volume conductance catheter. Stroke volume was reduced after SCI (91 µl in the NO-EX group vs. 188 µl in the CON group, P < 0.05) and was reversed at study termination in the PHLC (167 µl) but not SWIM (90 µl) group. Rates of contraction were reduced in NO-EX versus CON groups (6,079 vs. 9,225 mmHg, respectively, P < 0.05) and were unchanged by PHLC and SWIM training. Similarly, end-systolic elastance was reduced in the NO-EX versus CON groups (0.67 vs. 1.37 mmHg/µl, respectively, P < 0.05) and was unchanged by PHLC or SWIM training. Dobutamine infusion normalized all pressure indexes in each SCI group (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, PHLC improves flow-derived cardiac indexes, whereas SWIM training displayed no cardiobeneficial effect. Pressure-derived deficits were corrected only with dobutamine, suggesting that reduced β-adrenergic stimulation is principally responsible for the impaired cardiac contractile function after SCI.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first direct comparison between the cardiac changes elicited by active upper-limb or passive lower-limb exercise after spinal cord injury. Here, we demonstrate that lower-limb exercise positively influences flow-derived cardiac indexes, whereas upper-limb exercise does not. Furthermore, neither intervention corrects the cardiac contractile dysfunction associated with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. DeVeau
- 1International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; ,2Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky;
| | - Kathryn A. Harman
- 1International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; ,2Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky;
| | - Jordan W. Squair
- 1International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; ,3MD/PhD Training Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Andrei V. Krassioukov
- 4Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; ,5GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Health Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - David S. K. Magnuson
- 2Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky;
| | - Christopher R. West
- 1International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; ,6School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Whish SC, Hinds LA, Wheaton BJ, Huang Y, Henry S, Habgood MD. A bipedal mammalian model for spinal cord injury research: The tammar wallaby. F1000Res 2017; 6:921. [PMID: 28721206 PMCID: PMC5497825 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11712.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most animal studies of spinal cord injury are conducted in quadrupeds, usually rodents. It is unclear to what extent functional results from such studies can be translated to bipedal species such as humans because bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion involve very different patterns of spinal control of muscle coordination. Bipedalism requires upright trunk stability and coordinated postural muscle control; it has been suggested that peripheral sensory input is less important in humans than quadrupeds for recovery of locomotion following spinal injury. Methods: We used an Australian macropod marsupial, the tammar wallaby
(Macropuseugenii), because tammars exhibit an upright trunk posture, human-like alternating hindlimb movement when swimming and bipedal over-ground locomotion. Regulation of their muscle movements is more similar to humans than quadrupeds. At different postnatal (P) days (P7–60) tammars received a complete mid-thoracic spinal cord transection. Morphological repair, as well as functional use of hind limbs, was studied up to the time of their pouch exit. Results: Growth of axons across the lesion restored supraspinal innervation in animals injured up to 3 weeks of age but not in animals injured after 6 weeks of age. At initial pouch exit (P180), the young injured at P7-21 were able to hop on their hind limbs similar to age-matched controls and to swim albeit with a different stroke. Those animals injured at P40-45 appeared to be incapable of normal use of hind limbs even while still in the pouch. Conclusions: Data indicate that the characteristic over-ground locomotion of tammars provides a model in which regrowth of supraspinal connections across the site of injury can be studied in a bipedal animal. Forelimb weight-bearing motion and peripheral sensory input appear not to compensate for lack of hindlimb control, as occurs in quadrupeds. Tammars may be a more appropriate model for studies of therapeutic interventions relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Katarzyna M Dziegielewska
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sophie C Whish
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lyn A Hinds
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Wheaton
- Centre for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Steve Henry
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Ryu Y, Ogata T, Nagao M, Kitamura T, Morioka K, Ichihara Y, Doi T, Sawada Y, Akai M, Nishimura R, Fujita N. The swimming test is effective for evaluating spasticity after contusive spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171937. [PMID: 28182676 PMCID: PMC5300247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spasticity is a frequent chronic complication in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the severity of spasticity varies in patients with SCI. Therefore, an evaluation method is needed to determine the severity of spasticity. We used a contusive SCI model that is suitable for clinical translation. In this study, we examined the feasibility of the swimming test and an EMG for evaluating spasticity in a contusive SCI rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats received an injury at the 8th thoracic vertebra. Swimming tests were performed 3 to 6 weeks after SCI induction. We placed the SCI rats into spasticity-strong or spasticity-weak groups based on the frequency of spastic behavior during the swimming test. Subsequently, we recorded the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) and examined the immunoreactivity of serotonin (5-HT) and its receptor (5-HT2A) in the spinal tissues of the SCI rats. The spasticity-strong group had significantly decreased rate-dependent depression of the H-reflex compared to the spasticity-weak group. The area of 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the spasticity-strong group. Thus, both electrophysiological and histological evaluations indicate that the spasticity-strong group presented with a more severe upper motor neuron syndrome. We also observed the groups in their cages for 20 hours. Our results suggest that the swimming test provides an accurate evaluation of spasticity in this contusive SCI model. We believe that the swimming test is an effective method for evaluating spastic behaviors and developing treatments targeting spasticity after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Motoshi Nagao
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taku Kitamura
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Morioka
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Ichihara
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Doi
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sawada
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masami Akai
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Challenging cardiac function post-spinal cord injury with dobutamine. Auton Neurosci 2016; 209:19-24. [PMID: 28065654 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is general consensus that spinal cord injuries (SCI) above T6 result in altered sympathetic control of the heart, which negatively influences cardiac structure and function. To by-pass disrupted circuitry and investigate cardiac responses under enhanced sympathetic activity we utilized dobutamine (DOB) stress echocardiography. Animals were divided into a T2, 25g-cm contusive SCI (SCI) or an uninjured control (CON) group. Echocardiography was performed pre-SCI and at 1, 2 and 6weeks post-SCI. Increasing doses of DOB (5, 10 & 20μg/min/kg) were infused intravenously pre-SCI and at 1 and 6weeks post-SCI. Parasternal-short axis images were used to compare group differences in systolic function and track changes in response to SCI and DOB over time. One week post-SCI, stroke volume (SV), end diastolic volume (EDV), cardiac output (CO) and ejection fraction (EF) were all reduced compared to CON and these deficits persisted to 6weeks. We also found an increase in collagen deposition at 6weeks post SCI. Pre-SCI, DOB elicited a decrease in EDV and increases in CO, EF and HR but not SV. At 6weeks following SCI, in addition to increases in CO, EF and HR, DOB also induced increases in SV. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of DOB responses in a contusive SCI model with persistent cardiac impairments. The return of CO to pre-SCI levels and the substantial increase in SV at low DOB dosages shows that impaired descending control of the heart is directly contributing to reduced resting SV after SCI.
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Vasconcelos NL, Gomes ED, Oliveira EP, Silva CJ, Lima R, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Silva NA. Combining neuroprotective agents: effect of riluzole and magnesium in a rat model of thoracic spinal cord injury. Spine J 2016; 16:1015-24. [PMID: 27109831 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Damage to the spinal cord can result in irreversible impairments or complete loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Riluzole and magnesium have been widely investigated as neuroprotective agents in animal models of spinal cord injury. As these drugs protect the injured spinal cord through different mechanisms, we aimed to investigate if their neuroprotective efficacy could be cumulative. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of combined administration of riluzole and magnesium chloride in a contusive model of thoracic spinal cord injury. STUDY DESIGN An in vivo experiment was set using female Wistar Han rats that underwent a thoracic spinal cord contusion (T8) using a weight drop method. An hour after injury, animals were randomly distributed to receive (1) saline, (2) riluzole (2.50 mg/kg), (3) magnesium chloride (24.18 mg/kg) in a polyethylene glycol formulation, or (4) a combined treatment (riluzole and magnesium). Subsequent treatments were given in four intraperitoneal injections (spaced 12 hours apart). METHODS The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale, an activity box test, and a swimming test were used to evaluate behavioral recovery over a 4-week period. Histologic analysis of the spinal cords was performed to measure the extent and volume of the lesion, axonal preservation, serotonergic and glutamatergic fiber sparing, motor neuron survival, and inflammation. RESULTS Our results show that only the riluzole treatment significantly improved behavioral recovery up to 4 weeks after injury when compared with saline controls (6.2±1.8), with animals achieving weight-supported stepping (9.1±1.2). Riluzole also promoted tissue sparing with significant differences achieved from 200 to 600 µm (caudally to the lesion epicenter), and reduced lesion volume, with animals presenting a significantly smaller lesion (3.23±0.26 mm(3)) when compared with the saline-treated group (4.74±0.80 mm(3)), representing a 32% decrease in lesion volume. Riluzole treatment induced significant axonal preservation, as well as serotonergic fiber sparing, caudally to the injury epicenter. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the combined treatment, although simultaneously targeting two excitotoxic-related mechanisms, did not further improve behavioral and histologic outcome when compared with riluzole given alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália L Vasconcelos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduarda P Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carlos J Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Koehn LM, Noor NM, Dong Q, Er SY, Rash LD, King GF, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR, Habgood MD. Selective inhibition of ASIC1a confers functional and morphological neuroprotection following traumatic spinal cord injury. F1000Res 2016; 5:1822. [PMID: 28105306 PMCID: PMC5200949 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9094.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue loss after spinal trauma is biphasic, with initial mechanical/haemorrhagic damage at the time of impact being followed by gradual secondary expansion into adjacent, previously unaffected tissue. Limiting the extent of this secondary expansion of tissue damage has the potential to preserve greater residual spinal cord function in patients. The acute tissue hypoxia resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI) activates acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a). We surmised that antagonism of this channel should provide neuroprotection and functional preservation after SCI. We show that systemic administration of the spider-venom peptide PcTx1, a selective inhibitor of ASIC1a, improves locomotor function in adult Sprague Dawley rats after thoracic SCI. The degree of functional improvement correlated with the degree of tissue preservation in descending white matter tracts involved in hind limb locomotor function. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that PcTx1-induced preservation of spinal cord tissue does not result from a reduction in apoptosis, with no evidence of down-regulation of key genes involved in either the intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic pathways. We also demonstrate that trauma-induced disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier function persists for at least 4 days post-injury for compounds up to 10 kDa in size, whereas barrier function is restored for larger molecules within a few hours. This temporary loss of barrier function provides a “
treatment window” through which systemically administered drugs have unrestricted access to spinal tissue in and around the sites of trauma. Taken together, our data provide evidence to support the use of ASIC1a inhibitors as a therapeutic treatment for SCI. This study also emphasizes the importance of objectively grading the functional severity of initial injuries (even when using standardized impacts) and we describe a simple scoring system based on hind limb function that could be adopted in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Koehn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Natassya M Noor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Qing Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sing-Yan Er
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Lachlan D Rash
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Koehn LM, Noor NM, Dong Q, Er SY, Rash LD, King GF, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR, Habgood MD. Selective inhibition of ASIC1a confers functional and morphological neuroprotection following traumatic spinal cord injury. F1000Res 2016; 5:1822. [PMID: 28105306 PMCID: PMC5200949 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9094.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue loss after spinal trauma is biphasic, with initial mechanical/haemorrhagic damage at the time of impact being followed by gradual secondary expansion into adjacent, previously unaffected tissue. Limiting the extent of this secondary expansion of tissue damage has the potential to preserve greater residual spinal cord function in patients. The acute tissue hypoxia resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI) activates acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a). We surmised that antagonism of this channel should provide neuroprotection and functional preservation after SCI. We show that systemic administration of the spider-venom peptide PcTx1, a selective inhibitor of ASIC1a, improves locomotor function in adult Sprague Dawley rats after thoracic SCI. The degree of functional improvement correlated with the degree of tissue preservation in descending white matter tracts involved in hind limb locomotor function. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that PcTx1-induced preservation of spinal cord tissue does not result from a reduction in apoptosis, with no evidence of down-regulation of key genes involved in either the intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic pathways. We also demonstrate that trauma-induced disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier function persists for at least 4 days post-injury for compounds up to 10 kDa in size, whereas barrier function is restored for larger molecules within a few hours. This temporary loss of barrier function provides a " treatment window" through which systemically administered drugs have unrestricted access to spinal tissue in and around the sites of trauma. Taken together, our data provide evidence to support the use of ASIC1a inhibitors as a therapeutic treatment for SCI. This study also emphasizes the importance of objectively grading the functional severity of initial injuries (even when using standardized impacts) and we describe a simple scoring system based on hind limb function that could be adopted in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Koehn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Natassya M Noor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Qing Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sing-Yan Er
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Lachlan D Rash
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Emamhadi M, Soltani B, Babaei P, Mashhadinezhad H, Ghadarjani S. Influence of Sexuality in Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY 2016; 4:56-59. [PMID: 26894220 PMCID: PMC4733237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major clinical condition and research is commonly done to find suitable treatment options. However, there are some degrees of spontaneous recovery after SCI and gender is said to be a contributing factor in recovery, but this is controversial. This study was done to compare the effects of sexual dimorphism on spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury in Wistar Rats. METHODS Spinal cord lesions were made by compressing the cord at T9 level and making a spinal cord contusion. Routine care of each rat was done daily. The LSS scoring system was used to measure the locomotion of these rats and to compare the recovery rate between male and female rats. RESULTS The results suggested that there was no significant difference between the two sex in recovery. CONCLUSIONS To be female does not seem to be a prognostic factor for recovery after SCI. However, this preliminary study should be repeated in other animals and in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahram Soltani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvin Babaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Shervin Ghadarjani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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