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Jin X, Imai T, Morais A, Sasaki Y, Chung DY, Ayata C. Hippocampal infarction and generalized seizures predict early mortality after endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 380:114903. [PMID: 39079623 PMCID: PMC11347107 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is a widely used experimental ischemic stroke model. However, the model carries high early mortality. Our aim was to investigate the factors that influence early mortality within 48 h of reperfusion after transient MCAO. Using C57BL/6 mice, we induced 1-hour endovascular filament MCAO. To introduce heterogeneity of infarct volumes, a subset of animals had additional tandem common carotid artery occlusion (MCAO+CCAO). Continuous video monitoring was used to gain insight into the cause of death. Mortality within 48 h was 25% in the pooled cohort. All animals with early mortality suffered from infarcts in the hippocampus, sometimes accompanied by infarcts in the thalamus and midbrain, which occurred exclusively in the MCAO+CCAO group. All animals with early mortality developed convulsive seizures captured on video monitoring. None of the animals that did not develop convulsive seizures died. Among the three regions, hippocampal infarction appeared necessary for convulsive seizures and early mortality. Our data highlight seizures as the primary cause of mortality within the first 48 h after endovascular filament MCAO, linked to hippocampal infarction. Since hippocampal blood supply is mainly from the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), avoiding concurrent PCA ischemia can decrease mortality in proximal MCAO models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Jin
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Andreia Morais
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yuichi Sasaki
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David Y Chung
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Morais A, Imai T, Jin X, Locascio JJ, Boisserand L, Herman AL, Chauhan A, Lamb J, Nagarkatti K, Diniz MA, Kumskova M, Dhanesha N, Kamat PK, Badruzzaman Khan M, Dhandapani KM, Patel RB, Sutariya B, Shi Y, van Leyen K, Kimberly WT, Hess DC, Aronowski J, Leira EC, Koehler RC, Chauhan AK, Sansing LH, Lyden PD, Ayata C. Biological and Procedural Predictors of Outcome in the Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network (SPAN) Trial. Circ Res 2024; 135:575-592. [PMID: 39034919 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.324139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SPAN trial (Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network) is the largest preclinical study testing acute stroke interventions in experimental focal cerebral ischemia using endovascular filament middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Besides testing interventions against controls, the prospective design captured numerous biological and procedural variables, highlighting the enormous heterogeneity introduced by the multicenter structure that might influence stroke outcomes. Here, we leveraged the unprecedented sample size achieved by the SPAN trial and the prospective design to identify the biological and procedural variables that affect experimental stroke outcomes in transient endovascular filament MCAo. METHODS The study cohort included all mice enrolled and randomized in the SPAN trial (N=1789). Mice were subjected to 60-minute MCAo and followed for a month. Thirteen biological and procedural independent variables and 4 functional (weight loss and 4-point neuroscore on days 1 and 2, corner test on days 7 and 28, and mortality) and 3 tissue (day 2, magnetic resonance imaging infarct volumes and swelling; day 30, magnetic resonance imaging tissue loss) outcome variables were prospectively captured. Multivariable regression with stepwise elimination was used to identify the predictors and their effect sizes. RESULTS Older age, active circadian stage at MCAo, and thinner and longer filament silicone tips predicted higher mortality. Older age, larger body weight, longer anesthesia duration, and longer filament tips predicted worse neuroscores, while high-fat diet and blood flow monitoring predicted milder neuroscores. Older age and a high-fat diet predicted worse corner test performance. While shorter filament tips predicted more ipsiversive turning, longer filament tips appeared to predict contraversive turning. Age, sex, and weight interacted when predicting the infarct volume. Older age was associated with smaller infarcts on day 2 magnetic resonance imaging, especially in animals with larger body weights; this association was most conspicuous in females. High-fat diet also predicted smaller infarcts. In contrast, the use of cerebral blood flow monitoring and more severe cerebral blood flow drop during MCAo, longer anesthesia, and longer filament tips all predicted larger infarcts. Bivariate analyses among the dependent variables highlighted a disconnect between tissue and functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses identified variables affecting endovascular filament MCAo outcome, an experimental stroke model used worldwide. Multiple regression refuted some commonly reported predictors and revealed previously unrecognized associations. Given the multicenter prospective design that represents a sampling of real-world conditions, the degree of heterogeneity mimicking clinical trials, the large number of predictors adjusted for in the multivariable model, and the large sample size, we think this is the most definitive analysis of the predictors of preclinical stroke outcome to date. Future multicenter experimental stroke trials should standardize or at least ensure a balanced representation of the biological and procedural variables identified herein as potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Morais
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (A.M., T.I., X.J., K.v.L., C.A.)
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (A.M., T.I., X.J., K.v.L., C.A.)
| | - Xuyan Jin
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (A.M., T.I., X.J., K.v.L., C.A.)
| | - Joseph J Locascio
- Harvard Catalyst Biostatistical Consulting Unit, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.J.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School (J.J.L., W.T.K., C.A.)
| | - Ligia Boisserand
- Department of Neurology (L.B., A.L.H., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (L.B., A.L.H., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alison L Herman
- Department of Neurology (L.B., A.L.H., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (L.B., A.L.H., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas HSC, Houston (A.C., J.A.)
| | - Jessica Lamb
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.L., K.N., P.D.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA (J.L., K.N., P.D.L.)
| | - Karisma Nagarkatti
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.L., K.N., P.D.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA (J.L., K.N., P.D.L.)
| | - Marcio A Diniz
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.A.D.)
| | - Mariia Kumskova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (M.K., N.D., R.B.P., B.S., A.K.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Nirav Dhanesha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (M.K., N.D., R.B.P., B.S., A.K.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport (N.D., M.B.K.)
| | - Pradip K Kamat
- Department of Neurology (P.K.K., D.C.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University
| | - Mohammad Badruzzaman Khan
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport (N.D., M.B.K.)
| | | | - Rakesh B Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (M.K., N.D., R.B.P., B.S., A.K.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Brijesh Sutariya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (M.K., N.D., R.B.P., B.S., A.K.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Yanrong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (Y.S., R.C.K.)
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (A.M., T.I., X.J., K.v.L., C.A.)
| | - W Taylor Kimberly
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School (J.J.L., W.T.K., C.A.)
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology (P.K.K., D.C.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas HSC, Houston (A.C., J.A.)
| | - Enrique C Leira
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Carver College of Medicine, and Epidemiology, College of Public Health (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (Y.S., R.C.K.)
| | - Anil K Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (M.K., N.D., R.B.P., B.S., A.K.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology (L.B., A.L.H., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (L.B., A.L.H., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Patrick D Lyden
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.L., K.N., P.D.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA (J.L., K.N., P.D.L.)
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (A.M., T.I., X.J., K.v.L., C.A.)
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School (J.J.L., W.T.K., C.A.)
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3
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Morais A, Locascio JJ, Sansing LH, Lamb J, Nagarkatti K, Imai T, van Leyen K, Aronowski J, Koenig JI, Bosetti F, Lyden P, Ayata C. Embracing Heterogeneity in The Multicenter Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network (SPAN) Trial. Stroke 2023; 54:620-631. [PMID: 36601951 PMCID: PMC9870939 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network (SPAN) is a multicenter preclinical trial platform using rodent models of transient focal cerebral ischemia to address translational failure in experimental stroke. In addition to centralized randomization and blinding and large samples, SPAN aimed to introduce heterogeneity to simulate the heterogeneity embodied in clinical trials for robust conclusions. Here, we report the heterogeneity introduced by allowing the 6 SPAN laboratories to vary most of the biological and experimental model variables and the impact of this heterogeneity on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) performance. We included the modified intention-to-treat population of the control mouse cohort of the first SPAN trial (n=421) and examined the biological and procedural independent variables and their covariance. We then determined their impact on the dependent variables cerebral blood flow drop during MCAo, time to achieve MCAo, and total anesthesia duration using multivariable analyses. We found heterogeneity in biological and procedural independent variables introduced mainly by the site. Consequently, all dependent variables also showed heterogeneity among the sites. Multivariable analyses with the site as a random effect variable revealed filament choice as an independent predictor of cerebral blood flow drop after MCAo. Comorbidity, sex, use of laser Doppler flow to monitor cerebral blood flow, days after trial onset, and maintaining anesthesia throughout the MCAo emerged as independent predictors of time to MCAo. Total anesthesia duration was predicted by most independent variables. We present with high granularity the heterogeneity introduced by the biological and model selections by the testing sites in the first trial of cerebroprotection in rodent transient filament MCAo by SPAN. Rather than trying to homogenize all variables across all sites, we embraced the heterogeneity to better approximate clinical trials. Awareness of the heterogeneity, its sources, and how it impacts the study performance may further improve the study design and statistical modeling for future multicenter preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Morais
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Joseph J. Locascio
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren H. Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Jessica Lamb
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Karisma Nagarkatti
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas HSC, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James I. Koenig
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Francesca Bosetti
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Patrick Lyden
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Pinto R, Magalhães A, Sousa M, Melo L, Lobo A, Barros P, Gomes JR. Bridging the Transient Intraluminal Stroke Preclinical Model to Clinical Practice: From Improved Surgical Procedures to a Workflow of Functional Tests. Front Neurol 2022; 13:846735. [PMID: 35359638 PMCID: PMC8963503 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.846735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains a leading cause of mortality, despite significant advances in therapy (endovascular thrombectomy). Failure in developing novel effective therapies is associated with unsuccessful translation from preclinical studies to clinical practice, associated to inconsistent and highly variable infarct areas and lack of relevant post-stroke functional evaluation in preclinical research. To outreach these limitations, we optimized the intraluminal transient middle cerebral occlusion, a widely used mouse stroke model, in two key parameters, selection of appropriate occlusion filaments and time of occlusion, which show a significant variation in the literature. We demonstrate that commercially available filaments with short coating length (1–2 mm), together with 45-min occlusion, results in a consistent affected brain region, similar to what is observed in most patients with AIS. Importantly, a dedicated post-stroke care protocol, based on clinical practice applied to patients who had stroke, resulted in lower mortality and improved mice welfare. Finally, a battery of tests covering relevant fine motor skills, sensory functions, and learning/memory behaviors revealed a significant effect of tMCAO brain infarction, which is parallel to patient symptomatology as measured by relevant clinical scales (NIH Stroke Scale, NIHSS and modified Rankin Scale, mRS). Thus, in order to enhance translation to clinical practice, future preclinical stroke research must consider the methodology described in this study, which includes improved reproducible surgical procedure, postoperative care, and the battery of functional tests. This will be a major step s closing the gap from bench to bedside, rendering the development of novel effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pinto
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Sousa
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Advanced Light Microscopy Unit, I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Melo
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Lobo
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barros
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.,Stroke Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - João R Gomes
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Ma Y, Jiang L, Wang L, Li Y, Liu Y, Lu W, Shi R, Zhang L, Fu Z, Qu M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation alleviated ischemic brain injury via inhibiting C3/C3aR pathway in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2374-2386. [PMID: 31865842 PMCID: PMC7820683 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19892777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach in brain ischemia. However, whether the therapeutic effect of endothelial progenitor cells is via affecting complement activation is unknown. We established a mouse focal ischemia model (n = 111) and transplanted endothelial progenitor cells into the peri-infarct region immediately after brain ischemia. Neurological outcomes and brain infarct/atrophy volume were examined after ischemia. Expression of C3, C3aR and pro-inflammatory factors were further examined to explore the role of endothelial progenitor cells in ischemic brain. We found that endothelial progenitor cells improved neurological outcomes and reduced brain infarct/atrophy volume after 1 to 14 days of ischemia compared to the control (p < 0.05). C3 and C3aR expression in the brain was up-regulated at 1 day up to 14 days (p < 0.05). Endothelial progenitor cells reduced astrocyte-derived C3 (p < 0.05) and C3aR expression (p < 0.05) after ischemia. Endothelial progenitor cells also reduced inflammatory response after ischemia (p < 0.05). Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation reduced astrocyte-derived C3 expression in the brain after ischemic stroke, together with decreased C3aR and inflammatory response contributing to neurological function recovery. Our results indicate that modulating complement C3/C3aR pathway is a novel therapeutic target for the ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rubing Shi
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Fu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijie Qu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingling Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Rodent models for intravascular ischemic cerebral infarction: a review of influencing factors and method optimization. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1154-1160. [PMID: 32991526 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models for cerebral infarction are useful for studying human focal ischemic cerebral infarction, by simulating etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. However, differences in the selection of anesthetic drugs, surgical methods and other factors may affect the extent to which preclinical models reflect the human condition. This review summarizes these factors. We searched pertinent literature from the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases, and reviewed differences in rodent strain, anesthesia method, sex, surgical method, timing of surgery, and factors influencing postoperative evaluation. In particular, circadian rhythm was found to have a significant impact on the outcome of cerebral infarction in rodent models. This information will enable researchers to quickly and clearly select appropriate modeling methods, acquire reliable quantitative experimental results, and obtain basic data for fundamental mechanism research.
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Yamato K, Nakajo Y, Yamamoto-Imoto H, Kokame K, Miyata T, Takahashi JC, Kataoka H, Yanamoto H. Low-Dose Activated Protein C Suppresses the Development of Cerebral Infarction and Neurological Deficits in Mice. NEUROSURGERY OPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuopn/okaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
A large prospective study previously reported that a higher plasma level of protein C (PC) was associated with a lower incidence of ischemic stroke.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the neuroprotective properties of activated PC (APC) against acute ischemic stroke using the 3-vessel occlusion model.
METHODS
Male C57BL/6J mice received APC (human APC) at 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 (low dose) or 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg/kg (high dose). Edaravone (Eda) (1.0, 3.0, or 10 mg/kg, a neuroprotectant approved for use in Japan), albumin (2.0 mg/kg), heparin (100 or 600 U/kg), or saline was used as the control. The drug or control was administered intravenously twice in the initial 24 h or 5 times in 3 d, starting 5 min after the induction of ischemia.
RESULTS
Low-dose APC significantly reduced lesion volumes, not affecting the depth of ischemia. High-dose APC did not significantly reduce lesion volumes, causing hemorrhagic transformation in some cases. In the chronic phase, lesion volumes were significantly suppressed in the APC or Eda group, and only the APC group showed a significant attenuation of neurological deficits. The protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 antagonist SCH79797, administered during preischemia, completely abolished APC-induced neuroprotection. The overshoot-like abrupt recovery in regional cerebral blood flow observed in the control in the initial reperfusion phase was significantly suppressed by the APC treatment, indicating that the cerebral autoregulation system, consisting of endothelial cells and blood-brain barrier functions, was preserved.
CONCLUSION
Low-dose APC, potentially via the PAR-1-dependent anti-inflammatory cascade, protects the brain against ischemic stroke without increasing the risk of hemorrhagic transformation or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yamato
- Laboratory of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukako Nakajo
- Laboratory of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Research Laboratories, Rakuwa-kai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yamamoto-Imoto
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Koichi Kokame
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyata
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Jun C Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Kataoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroji Yanamoto
- Laboratory of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Division of Surgical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Wang J, Lin X, Mu Z, Shen F, Zhang L, Xie Q, Tang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Rapamycin Increases Collateral Circulation in Rodent Brain after Focal Ischemia as detected by Multiple Modality Dynamic Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:4923-4934. [PMID: 31410191 PMCID: PMC6691378 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Brain collaterals contribute to improving ischemic stroke outcomes. However, dynamic and timely investigations of collateral blood flow and collateral restoration in whole brains of living animals have rarely been reported. Methods: Using multiple modalities of imaging, including synchrotron radiation angiography, laser speckle imaging, and micro-CT imaging, we dynamically explored collateral circulation throughout the whole brain in the rodent middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Results: We demonstrated that compared to control animals, 4 neocollaterals gradually formed between the intra- and extra-arteries in the skull base of model animals after occlusion (p<0.05). Two main collaterals were critical to the supply of blood from the posterior to the middle cerebral artery territory in the deep brain (p<0.05). Abundant small vessel and capillary anastomoses were detected on the surface of the cortex between the posterior and middle cerebral artery and between the anterior and middle cerebral artery (p<0.05). Collateral perfusion occurred immediately (≈15 min) and was maintained for up to 14 days after occlusion. Further study revealed that administration of rapamycin at 15 min after MCAO dilated the existing collateral vessels and promoted collateral perfusion. Principal conclusions: Our results provide evidence of collateral functional perfusion in the skull base, deep brain, and surface of the cortex. Rapamycin was capable of enlarging the diameter of collaterals, potentially extending the time window for ischemic stroke therapy.
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9
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Cao Y, Zhang M, Ding H, Chen Z, Tang B, Wu T, Xiao B, Duan C, Ni S, Jiang L, Luo Z, Li C, Zhao J, Liao S, Yin X, Fu Y, Xiao T, Lu H, Hu J. Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography for high-resolution neurovascular network morphology investigation. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:607-618. [PMID: 31074423 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519003060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in using high-resolution micro-tomography to investigate the morphology of neurovascular networks in the central nervous system, which remain difficult to characterize due to their microscopic size as well as their delicate and complex 3D structure. Synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging, which has emerged as a cutting-edge imaging technology with a high spatial resolution, provides a novel platform for the non-destructive imaging of microvasculature networks at a sub-micrometre scale. When coupled with computed tomography, this technique allows the characterization of the 3D morphology of vasculature. The current review focuses on recent progress in developing synchrotron radiation methodology and its application in probing neurovascular networks, especially the pathological changes associated with vascular abnormalities in various model systems. Furthermore, this tool represents a powerful imaging modality that improves our understanding of the complex biological interactions between vascular function and neuronal activity in both physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiang Luo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Liao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 20203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalan Fu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility/Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 21204, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiqiao Xiao
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility/Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 21204, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhao L, Mulligan MK, Nowak TS. Substrain- and sex-dependent differences in stroke vulnerability in C57BL/6 mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:426-438. [PMID: 29260927 PMCID: PMC6421252 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17746174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6 mouse strain is represented by distinct substrains, increasingly recognized to differ genetically and phenotypically. The current study compared stroke vulnerability among C57BL/6 J (J), C57BL/6JEiJ (JEiJ), C57BL/6ByJ (ByJ), C57BL/6NCrl (NCrl), C57BL/6NJ (NJ) and C57BL/6NTac (NTac) substrains, using a model of permanent distal middle cerebral artery and common carotid artery occlusion. Mean infarct volume was nearly two-fold smaller in J, JEiJ and ByJ substrains relative to NCrl, NJ and NTac (N-lineage) mice. This identifies a previously unrecognized confound in stroke studies involving genetically modified strain comparisons if control substrain background were not rigorously matched. Mean infarct size was smaller in females of J and ByJ substrains than in the corresponding males, but there was no sex difference for NCrl and NJ mice. A higher proportion of small infarcts in J and ByJ substrains was largely responsible for both substrain- and sex-dependent differences. These could not be straightforwardly explained by variations in posterior communicating artery patency, MCA anatomy or acute penumbral blood flow deficits. Their larger and more homogeneously distributed infarcts, together with their established use as the common background for many genetically modified strains, may make N-lineage C57BL/6 substrains the preferred choice for future studies in experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- 2 Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Nowak
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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11
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Nowak TS, Mulligan MK. Impact of C57BL/6 substrain on sex-dependent differences in mouse stroke models. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:12-21. [PMID: 30448566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have recently found significant variation in stroke vulnerability among substrains of C57BL/6 mice, observing that commonly used N-lineage substrains exhibit larger infarcts than C57BL/6J and related substrains. Parallel variation was also seen with respect to sex differences in stroke vulnerability, in that C57BL/6 mice of the N-lineage exhibited comparable infarct sizes in males and females, whereas infarcts tended to be smaller in females than in males of J-lineage substrains. This adds to the growing list of recognized phenotypic and genetic differences among C57BL/6 substrains. Although no previous studies have explicitly compared substrains with respect to sex differences in stroke vulnerability, unrecognized background mismatch has occurred in some studies involving control and genetically modified mice. The aims of this review are to: present the evidence for associated substrain- and sex-dependent differences in a mouse permanent occlusion stroke model; examine the extent to which the published literature in other models compares with these recent results; and consider the potential impact of unrecognized heterogeneity in substrain background on the interpretation of studies investigating the impact of genetic modifications on sex differences in stroke outcome. Substrain emerges as a critical variable to be documented in any experimental stroke study in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus S Nowak
- Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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12
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Song H, Mylvaganam SM, Wang J, Mylvaganam SMK, Wu C, Carlen PL, Eubanks JH, Feng J, Zhang L. Contributions of the Hippocampal CA3 Circuitry to Acute Seizures and Hyperexcitability Responses in Mouse Models of Brain Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:278. [PMID: 30210302 PMCID: PMC6123792 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal circuitry is widely recognized as susceptible to ischemic injury and seizure generation. However, hippocampal contribution to acute non-convulsive seizures (NCS) in models involving middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) remains to be determined. To address this, we occluded the middle cerebral artery in adult C57 black mice and monitored electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges from hippocampal and neocortical areas. Electrographic discharges in the absence of convulsive motor behaviors were observed within 90 min following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Hippocampal discharges were more robust than corresponding cortical discharges in all seizure events examined, and hippocampal discharges alone or with minimal cortical involvement were also observed in some seizure events. Seizure development was associated with ipsilateral hippocampal injuries as determined by subsequent histological examinations. We also introduced hypoxia-hypoglycemia episodes in mouse brain slices and examined regional hyperexcitable responses ex vivo. Extracellular recordings showed that the hippocampal CA3 region had a greater propensity for exhibiting single/multiunit activities or epileptiform field potentials following hypoxic-hypoglycemic (HH) episodes compared to the CA1, dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortical (EC) or neocortical regions. Whole-cell recordings revealed that CA3 pyramidal neurons exhibited excessive excitatory postsynaptic currents, attenuated inhibitory postsynaptic currents and intermittent or repetitive spikes in response to HH challenge. Together, these observations suggest that hippocampal discharges, possibly as a result of CA3 circuitry hyperexcitability, are a major component of acute NCS in a mouse model of MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Song
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Justin Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Chiping Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter L. Carlen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James H. Eubanks
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Percie du Sert N, Alfieri A, Allan SM, Carswell HV, Deuchar GA, Farr TD, Flecknell P, Gallagher L, Gibson CL, Haley MJ, Macleod MR, McColl BW, McCabe C, Morancho A, Moon LD, O'Neill MJ, Pérez de Puig I, Planas A, Ragan CI, Rosell A, Roy LA, Ryder KO, Simats A, Sena ES, Sutherland BA, Tricklebank MD, Trueman RC, Whitfield L, Wong R, Macrae IM. The IMPROVE Guidelines (Ischaemia Models: Procedural Refinements Of in Vivo Experiments). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3488-3517. [PMID: 28797196 PMCID: PMC5669349 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17709185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most in vivo models of ischaemic stroke target the middle cerebral artery and a spectrum of stroke severities, from mild to substantial, can be achieved. This review describes opportunities to improve the in vivo modelling of ischaemic stroke and animal welfare. It provides a number of recommendations to minimise the level of severity in the most common rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion, while sustaining or improving the scientific outcomes. The recommendations cover basic requirements pre-surgery, selecting the most appropriate anaesthetic and analgesic regimen, as well as intraoperative and post-operative care. The aim is to provide support for researchers and animal care staff to refine their procedures and practices, and implement small incremental changes to improve the welfare of the animals used and to answer the scientific question under investigation. All recommendations are recapitulated in a summary poster (see supplementary information).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Percie du Sert
- 1 National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | - Alessio Alfieri
- 2 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hilary Vo Carswell
- 4 Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme A Deuchar
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tracy D Farr
- 6 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Lindsay Gallagher
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire L Gibson
- 8 Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael J Haley
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Malcolm R Macleod
- 9 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- 2 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Christopher McCabe
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Morancho
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lawrence Df Moon
- 11 Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Isabel Pérez de Puig
- 13 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Planas
- 13 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Rosell
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa A Roy
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Alba Simats
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emily S Sena
- 9 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- 16 Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,17 School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mark D Tricklebank
- 18 Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca C Trueman
- 6 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Raymond Wong
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I Mhairi Macrae
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
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14
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Tang Y, Yuan F, Cai B, Xia W, Wang Y, Yang GY. Effect of ischaemic brain injury on sexual function in adult mice. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2017; 1:127-132. [PMID: 28959474 PMCID: PMC5435199 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2016-000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Priapism refers to a condition with persistent abnormal erection of the penis, which is usually caused by disease or injury in the brain or spinal cord, or obstruction to the outflow of blood through the dorsal vein at the root of the penis, without sexual desires. The effect of cerebral ischaemia on sexual function is unknown. The aim of this study is to explore whether priapism occurs in adult mice. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between priapism and the region of infarct in the brain. Design Adult male CD-1 mice who underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) were closely examined from 2 hours to 14 days postoperation. Results We found that priapism occurs in ∼80% of the mice with pMCAO, which could persist up to 14 days. Further study has demonstrated that the occurrence of priapism is related to the infarct region: priapism is found only in mice with ischaemic injury extending to the hypothalamus and the hippocampus regions. Conclusion Our result suggested priapism may be used as a deep brain injury marker for evaluating brain injury in mice after pMCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Falei Yuan
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Cai
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Takase H, Kurihara Y, Yokoyama TA, Kawahara N, Takei K. LOTUS overexpression accelerates neuronal plasticity after focal brain ischemia in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184258. [PMID: 28880879 PMCID: PMC5589167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1) and its ligands inhibit neuronal plasticity and limit functional recovery after brain damage such as ischemic stroke. We have previously shown that lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS) antagonizes NgR1-mediated signaling. Here, we investigated whether LOTUS enhances neuronal plasticity and functional recovery after brain focal ischemia in adult mice. Focal ischemic infarcts were induced in wild-type and LOTUS-overexpressing transgenic mice via middle cerebral artery occlusion. Endogenous LOTUS expression was increased in brain and cervical spinal cord of the contralateral side of ischemia in the chronic phase after brain ischemia. LOTUS overexpression accelerated midline-crossing axonal sprouting from the contralateral side to the ipsilateral side of ischemia in the medullar reticular formation and gray matter of denervated cervical spinal cord. Importantly, LOTUS overexpression improved neurological score highly correlated with laterality ratio of corticoreticular fibers of the medulla oblongata, indicating that LOTUS overexpression may overcome the inhibitory environment induced by NgR1 signaling for damaged motor pathway reconstruction after ischemic stroke. Thus, our data suggest that LOTUS overexpression accelerates neuronal plasticity in the brainstem and cervical spinal cord after stroke and LOTUS administration is useful for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurihara
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taka-akira Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kawahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail: (KT); (NK)
| | - Kohtaro Takei
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail: (KT); (NK)
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16
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Pan R, Cai J, Zhan L, Guo Y, Huang RY, Li X, Zhou M, Xu D, Zhan J, Chen H. Buyang Huanwu decoction facilitates neurorehabilitation through an improvement of synaptic plasticity in cerebral ischemic rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:173. [PMID: 28351388 PMCID: PMC5371213 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of neural function is a critical but unsolved issue after cerebral ischemia insult. Neuronal plasticity and remodeling are crucial for recovery of neural functions after brain injury. Buyang Huanwu decoction, which is a classic formula in traditional Chinese medicine, can positively alter synaptic plasticity. This study assessed the effects of Buyang Huanwu decoction in combination with physical exercise on neuronal plasticity in cerebral ischemic rats. METHODS Cerebral ischemic rats were administered Buyang Huanwu decoction and participated in physical exercise after the induction of a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. The neurobehavioral functions and infarct volumes were evaluated. The presynaptic (SYN), postsynaptic (GAP-43) and cytoskeletal (MAP-2) proteins in the coronal brain samples were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses. The ultrastructure of the neuronal synaptic junctions in the same region were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Combination treatment of Buyang Huanwu decoction and physical exercise ameliorated the neurobehavioral deficits (p < 0.05), significantly enhanced the expression levels of SYN, GAP-43 and MAP-2 (p < 0.05), and maintained the synaptic ultrastructure. CONCLUSIONS Buyang Huanwu decoction facilitated neurorehabilitation following a cerebral ischemia insult through an improvement in synaptic plasticity. Graphical abstract The Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD) combined with physical exercise (PE) attenuates synaptic disruption and promotes synaptic plasticity following cerebral ischemia (stroke).
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17
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Mitochondrial regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production—Unexpected observations in early postnatal cerebral vasculature. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 74:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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19
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Morris GP, Wright AL, Tan RP, Gladbach A, Ittner LM, Vissel B. A Comparative Study of Variables Influencing Ischemic Injury in the Longa and Koizumi Methods of Intraluminal Filament Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148503. [PMID: 26870954 PMCID: PMC4752454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraluminal filament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice and rats has been plagued by inconsistency, owing in part to the multitude of variables requiring control. In this study we investigated the impact of several major variables on survival rate, lesion volume, neurological scores, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and body weight including filament width, time after reperfusion, occlusion time and the choice of surgical method. Using the Koizumi method, we found ischemic injury can be detected as early as 30 min after reperfusion, to a degree that is not statistically different from 24 h post-perfusion, using 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. We also found a distinct increase in total lesion volume with increasing occlusion time, with 30–45 min a critical time for the development of large, reproducible lesions. Furthermore, although we found no significant difference in total lesion volume generated by the Koizumi and Longa methods of MCAO, nor were survival rates appreciably different between the two at 4 h after reperfusion, the Longa method produces significantly greater reperfusion. Finally, we found no statistical evidence to support the exclusion of data from animals experiencing a CBF reduction of <70% in the MCA territory following MCAO, using laser-Doppler flowmetry. Instead we suggest the main usefulness of laser-Doppler flowmetry is for guiding filament placement and the identification of subarachnoid haemorrhages and premature reperfusion. In summary, this study provides detailed evaluation of the Koizumi method of intraluminal filament MCAO in mice and a direct comparison to the Longa method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Morris
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda L Wright
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard P Tan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, 2042 New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amadeus Gladbach
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Lin H, Jing J, Lu YF, Xie C, Lin XJ, Yang GY. Effect of iodine contrast agent concentration on cerebrovascular dose for synchrotron radiation microangiography based on a simple mouse head model and a voxel mouse head phantom by Monte Carlo simulation. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:304-311. [PMID: 26698078 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515019025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective setting strategies using Monte Carlo simulation are presented to mitigate the irradiation damage in synchrotron radiation microangiography (SRA). A one-dimensional mouse head model and a segmented voxel phantom mouse head were simulated using the EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code to investigate the dose enhancement effect of an iodine contrast agent irradiated by a monochromatic synchrotron radiation source. The influence of the iodine concentration, vessel width and depth, protection with and without the skull layer, and various incident X-ray energies were all simulated. The dose enhancement effect and the absolute dose based on the segmented voxel mouse head phantom were evaluated. The dose enhancement ratio depended little on the irradiation depth, but strongly and linearly increasing on iodine concentration. The protection given by the skull layer cannot be ignored in SRA because a 700 µm-thick skull can decrease the dose by 10%. The incident X-ray energy can affect the dose significantly. Compared with a dose of 33.2 keV for 50 mgI ml(-1), a dose of 32.7 keV decreased by 38%, whereas a dose of 33.7 keV increased by 69.2% and the variation strengthened more with enhanced iodine concentration. The segmented voxel mouse head phantom also showed that the average dose enhancement effect and the maximal voxel dose per photon depended little on the iodine voxel volume ratio but strongly on the iodine concentration. To decrease the damage caused by the dose in SRA, a high-Z contrast agent should be used as little as possible and irradiation of the injection site of the contrast agent should be avoided immediately after the injection. The fragile vessel containing iodine should avoid being closely irradiated. Avoiding irradiating through a thin (or no) skull region, or attaching a thin equivalent material on the outside for protection are better methods. An incident X-ray energy as low as possible should be used as long as the SRA image quality is ensured. The use of the synergetic and synchronous shuttering technique in SRA is also very critical in order to effectively shorten the accumulative irradiation time in in vivo animal irradiation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- School of Electronic Science and Application Physics, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Jing
- School of Electronic Science and Application Physics, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Lu
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Centre, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Xie
- School of Electronic Science and Application Physics, Hefei University of Technology, 230009 Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Lin
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Centre, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Centre, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
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21
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El Amki M, Clavier T, Perzo N, Bernard R, Guichet PO, Castel H. Hypothalamic, thalamic and hippocampal lesions in the mouse MCAO model: Potential involvement of deep cerebral arteries? J Neurosci Methods 2015. [PMID: 26213218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intraluminal monofilament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in mice is the most used rodent model to study the pathophysiology of stroke. However, this model often shows brain damage in regions not supplied by the MCA such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus and thalamus. Several studies have suggested some explanations on these localized infarcts. We aim to provide an alternative explanation which could allow each experimenter to better grasp the MCAO model. We propose that the MCA occlusion by the monofilament also occludes deep and small cerebral arteries arising directly from the internal carotid artery, proximally to the origin of MCA. Then, drawbacks and pitfalls of the MCAO model must be appreciated and the almost systematic risk of inducing lesions in some unwanted territories for neuroanatomical reasons, i.e. vascular connections between deep arteries and hypothalamic, thalamic and hippocampal areas in rodents has to be integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Amki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Thomas Clavier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Perzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - René Bernard
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Olivier Guichet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hélène Castel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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22
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Poinsatte K, Selvaraj UM, Ortega SB, Plautz EJ, Kong X, Gidday JM, Stowe AM. Quantification of neurovascular protection following repetitive hypoxic preconditioning and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. J Vis Exp 2015:e52675. [PMID: 25993394 DOI: 10.3791/52675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental animal models of stroke are invaluable tools for understanding stroke pathology and developing more effective treatment strategies. A 2 week protocol for repetitive hypoxic preconditioning (RHP) induces long-term protection against central nervous system (CNS) injury in a mouse model of focal ischemic stroke. RHP consists of 9 stochastic exposures to hypoxia that vary in both duration (2 or 4 hr) and intensity (8% and 11% O2). RHP reduces infarct volumes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and the post-stroke inflammatory response for weeks following the last exposure to hypoxia, suggesting a long-term induction of an endogenous CNS-protective phenotype. The methodology for the dual quantification of infarct volume and BBB disruption is effective in assessing neurovascular protection in mice with RHP or other putative neuroprotectants. Adult male Swiss Webster mice were preconditioned by RHP or duration-equivalent exposures to 21% O2 (i.e. room air). A 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) was induced 2 weeks following the last hypoxic exposure. Both the occlusion and reperfusion were confirmed by transcranial laser Doppler flowmetry. Twenty-two hr after reperfusion, Evans Blue (EB) was intravenously administered through a tail vein injection. 2 hr later, animals were sacrificed by isoflurane overdose and brain sections were stained with 2,3,5- triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Infarcts volumes were then quantified. Next, EB was extracted from the tissue over 48 hr to determine BBB disruption after tMCAo. In summary, RHP is a simple protocol that can be replicated, with minimal cost, to induce long-term endogenous neurovascular protection from stroke injury in mice, with the translational potential for other CNS-based and systemic pro-inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Poinsatte
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Erik J Plautz
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Jeffrey M Gidday
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center;
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23
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Zhang M, Peng G, Sun D, Xie Y, Xia J, Long H, Hu K, Xiao B. Synchrotron radiation imaging is a powerful tool to image brain microvasculature. Med Phys 2014; 41:031907. [PMID: 24593725 DOI: 10.1118/1.4865784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation (SR) imaging is a powerful experimental tool for micrometer-scale imaging of microcirculation in vivo. This review discusses recent methodological advances and findings from morphological investigations of cerebral vascular networks during several neurovascular pathologies. In particular, it describes recent developments in SR microangiography for real-time assessment of the brain microvasculature under various pathological conditions in small animal models. It also covers studies that employed SR-based phase-contrast imaging to acquire 3D brain images and provide detailed maps of brain vasculature. In addition, a brief introduction of SR technology and current limitations of SR sources are described in this review. In the near future, SR imaging could transform into a common and informative imaging modality to resolve subtle details of cerebrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanyun Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Danni Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
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24
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Yuan F, Lin X, Guan Y, Mu Z, Chen K, Wang Y, Yang GY. Collateral circulation prevents masticatory muscle impairment in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:1314-1318. [PMID: 25343800 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514016130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The rat suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is a frequently used animal model for investigating the mechanisms of ischemic brain injury. During suture MCAO, transection of the external carotid artery (ECA) potentially restrains blood flow and impairs masticatory muscle and other ECA-supported territories, consequently influencing post-operation animal survival. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of ECA transection on the hemodynamic alterations using a novel synchrotron radiation (SR) angiography technique and magnetic resonance imaging in live animals. Fifteen male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Animals underwent MCAO, in which the ECA was transected. SR angiography was performed before and after MCAO. Rats then underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect the tissue lesion both intra- and extra-cranially. Animals with SR angiography without other manipulations were used as control. High-resolution cerebrovascular morphology was analyzed using a novel technique of SR angiography. The masticatory muscle lesion was further examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. MRI and histological results showed that there was no masticatory muscle lesion at 1, 7 and 28 days following MCAO with ECA transection. In normal condition, the ECA and its branch external maxillary artery were clearly detected. Following ECA transection, the external maxillary artery was still observed and the blood supply appeared from the anastomotic branch from the pterygopalatine artery. SR angiography further revealed the inter-relationship of hemisphere extra- and intra-cranial vasculature in the rat following MCAO. Transection of the ECA did not impair masticatory muscles in rat suture MCAO. Interrupted blood flow could be compensated by the collateral circulation from the pterygopalatine artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falei Yuan
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjing Guan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Mu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kemin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
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25
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Tang Y, Li Y, Lin X, Miao P, Wang Y, Yang GY. Stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis by gene delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1135:317-29. [PMID: 24510875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, an important process for long term neurological recovery, could be induced by ischemic brain injury. In this chapter, we describe a system to deliver adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated gene therapy for ischemic stroke. This includes the methods to construct, produce, and purify an AAV vector expressing target gene and an approach to quantify the number of microvessels and capillary density with synchrotron radiation angiography (SRA) imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
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26
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Park SY, Marasini S, Kim GH, Ku T, Choi C, Park MY, Kim EH, Lee YD, Suh-Kim H, Kim SS. A method for generating a mouse model of stroke: evaluation of parameters for blood flow, behavior, and survival [corrected]. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:104-14. [PMID: 24737945 PMCID: PMC3984953 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.1.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the common causes of death and disability. Despite extensive efforts in stroke research, therapeutic options for improving the functional recovery remain limited in clinical practice. Experimental stroke models using genetically modified mice could aid in unraveling the complex pathophysiology triggered by ischemic brain injury. Here, we optimized the procedure for generating mouse stroke model using an intraluminal suture in the middle cerebral artery and verified the blockage of blood flow using indocyanine green coupled with near infra-red radiation. The first week after the ischemic injury was critical for survivability. The survival rate of 11% in mice without any treatment but increased to 60% on administering prophylactic antibiotics. During this period, mice showed severe functional impairment but recovered spontaneously starting from the second week onward. Among the various behavioral tests, the pole tests and neurological severity score tests remained reliable up to 4 weeks after ischemia, whereas the rotarod and corner tests became less sensitive for assessing the severity of ischemic injury with time. Further, loss of body weight was also observed for up 4 weeks after ischemia induction. In conclusion, we have developed an improved approach which allows us to investigate the role of the cell death-related genes in the disease progression using genetically modified mice and to evaluate the modes of action of candidate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Young Park
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Subash Marasini
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Geu-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Taeyun Ku
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Min-Young Park
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Young-Don Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Center for Cell Death Regulating Biodrug, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Haeyoung Suh-Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea. ; Center for Cell Death Regulating Biodrug, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
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27
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Rapamycin attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction via activation of mitophagy in experimental ischemic stroke. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:182-8. [PMID: 24440703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin has been demonstrated to exhibit neuroprotective functions via the activation of autophagy in a cerebral ischemia model. However, the involvement of mitophagy in this process and its contribution to the protection of mitochondrial function remains unknown. The present study explored the characteristics of mitophagy after cerebral ischemia and the effect of rapamycin on mitochondrial function. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Neurological deficits scores; infarct volumes; mitophagy morphology; and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and mitochondrial membrane potentials (Δψm) were examined. The expression of LC3, Beclin-1 and p62 in the mitochondrial fraction combined with transmission electronic microscopy were used to explore mitophagic activity after ischemia. We also blocked autophagosome formation using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) to check the linkage between the mitochondrial protective effect of rapamycin and enhanced mitophagy. We observed that rapamycin significantly enhanced mitophagy, as evidenced by the increase in LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression in the mitochondria and p62 translocation to the mitochondria. Rapamycin reduced infarct volume, improved neurological outcomes and inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction compared with the control animals (p<0.05). However, these protective effects were reversed by 3-methyladenine treatment after rapamycin. The present study indicates that rapamycin treatment attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction following cerebral ischemia, which is linked to enhanced mitophagy.
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28
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Surgery-related thrombosis critically affects the brain infarct volume in mice following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75561. [PMID: 24086572 PMCID: PMC3782513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model is widely used to mimic human focal ischemic stroke in order to study ischemia/reperfusion brain injury in rodents. In tMCAO model, intraluminal suture technique is widely used to achieve ischemia and reperfusion. However, variation of infarct volume in this model often requires large sample size, which hinders the progress of preclinical research. Our previous study demonstrated that infarct volume was related to the success of reperfusion although the reason remained unclear. The aim of present study is to explore the relationship between focal thrombus formation and model reproducibility with respect to infarct volume. We hypothesize that suture-induced thrombosis causes infarct volume variability due to insufficient reperfusion after suture withdrawal. Seventy-two adult male CD-1 mice underwent 90 minutes of tMCAO with or without intraperitoneal administration of heparin. Dynamic synchrotron radiation microangiography (SRA) and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) were performed before and after tMCAO to observe the cerebral vascular morphology and to measure the cerebral blood flow in vivo. Infarct volume and neurological score were examined to evaluate severity of ischemic brain injury. We found that the rate of successful reperfusion was much higher in heparin-treated mice compared to that in heparin-free mice according to the result of SRA and LSCI at 1 and 3 hours after suture withdrawal (p<0.05). Pathological features and SRA revealed that thrombus formed in the internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery or anterior cerebral artery, which blocked reperfusion following tMCAO. LSCI showed that cortical collateral circulation could be disturbed by thrombi. Our results demonstrated that suture-induced thrombosis was a critical element, which affects the success of reperfusion. Appropriate heparin management provides a useful approach for improving reproducibility of reperfusion model in mice.
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29
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Shirai M, Schwenke DO, Tsuchimochi H, Umetani K, Yagi N, Pearson JT. Synchrotron radiation imaging for advancing our understanding of cardiovascular function. Circ Res 2013; 112:209-21. [PMID: 23287456 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.300096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation (SR) is increasingly being used for micro-level and nano-level functional imaging in in vivo animal experiments. This review focuses on the methodology that enables repeated and regional assessment of vessel internal diameter and flow in the resistance vessels of different organ systems. In particular, SR absorption microangiography approaches offer unique opportunities for real-time in vivo vascular imaging in small animals, even during dynamic motion of the heart and lungs. We also describe recent progress in the translation of multiple phase-contrast imaging techniques from ex vivo to in vivo small-animal studies. Furthermore, we also review the utility of SR for multiple pinpoint (dimensions 0.2×0.2 mm) assessments of myocardial function at the cross-bridge level in different regions of the heart using small-angle X-ray scattering, resulting from increases in SR flux at modern facilities. Finally, we present cases for the use of complementary SR approaches to study cardiovascular function, particularly the pathological changes associated with disease using small-animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiyasu Shirai
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan.
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