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Khan S, Bano N, Ahamad S, John U, Dar NJ, Bhat SA. Excitotoxicity, Oxytosis/Ferroptosis, and Neurodegeneration: Emerging Insights into Mitochondrial Mechanisms. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0125-1. [PMID: 39122453 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the development of age-related diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders. The etiology of mitochondrial dysfunction involves a multitude of factors that remain elusive. This review centers on elucidating the role(s) of excitotoxicity, oxytosis/ferroptosis and neurodegeneration within the context of mitochondrial bioenergetics, biogenesis, mitophagy and oxidative stress and explores their intricate interplay in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The effective coordination of mitochondrial turnover processes, notably mitophagy and biogenesis, is assumed to be critically important for cellular resilience and longevity. However, the age-associated decrease in mitophagy impedes the elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria, consequently impairing mitochondrial biogenesis. This deleterious cascade results in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and deterioration of cellular functions. Both excitotoxicity and oxytosis/ferroptosis have been demonstrated to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's Disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Excitotoxicity, characterized by excessive glutamate signaling, initiates a cascade of events involving calcium dysregulation, energy depletion, and oxidative stress and is intricately linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, emerging concepts surrounding oxytosis/ferroptosis underscore the importance of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial engagement in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. This review not only discusses the individual contributions of excitotoxicity and ferroptosis but also emphasizes their convergence with mitochondrial dysfunction, a key driver of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the intricate crosstalk between excitotoxicity, oxytosis/ferroptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction holds potential to pave the way for mitochondrion-targeted therapeutic strategies. Such strategies, with a focus on bioenergetics, biogenesis, mitophagy, and oxidative stress, emerge as promising avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Khan
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Nargis Bano
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Shakir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Urmilla John
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Nawab John Dar
- CNB, SALK Institute of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Robbins E, Wong B, Pwint MY, Salavatian S, Mahajan A, Cui XT. Improving Sensitivity and Longevity of In Vivo Glutamate Sensors with Electrodeposited NanoPt. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:40570-40580. [PMID: 39078097 PMCID: PMC11310907 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
In vivo glutamate sensing has provided valuable insight into the physiology and pathology of the brain. Electrochemical glutamate biosensors, constructed by cross-linking glutamate oxidase onto an electrode and oxidizing H2O2 as a proxy for glutamate, are the gold standard for in vivo glutamate measurements for many applications. While glutamate sensors have been employed ubiquitously for acute measurements, there are almost no reports of long-term, chronic glutamate sensing in vivo, despite demonstrations of glutamate sensors lasting for weeks in vitro. To address this, we utilized a platinum electrode with nanometer-scale roughness (nanoPt) to improve the glutamate sensors' sensitivity and longevity. NanoPt improved the GLU sensitivity by 67.4% and the sensors were stable in vitro for 3 weeks. In vivo, nanoPt glutamate sensors had a measurable signal above a control electrode on the same array for 7 days. We demonstrate the utility of the nanoPt sensors by studying the effect of traumatic brain injury on glutamate in the rat striatum with a flexible electrode array and report measurements of glutamate taken during the injury itself. We also show the flexibility of the nanoPt platform to be applied to other oxidase enzyme-based biosensors by measuring γ-aminobutyric acid in the porcine spinal cord. NanoPt is a simple, effective way to build high sensitivity, robust biosensors harnessing enzymes to detect neurotransmitters in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine
M. Robbins
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Benjamin Wong
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department
of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - May Yoon Pwint
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Center
for Neural Basis of Cognition, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Siamak Salavatian
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department
of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department
of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Center
for Neural Basis of Cognition, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- McGowan
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United
States
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3
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Ahmed Z, Chaudhary F, Fraix MP, Agrawal DK. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Strategies of Concussions: A Comprehensive Review. FORTUNE JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2024; 7:197-215. [PMID: 38708028 PMCID: PMC11067689 DOI: 10.26502/fjhs.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
A concussion is a particular manifestation of a traumatic brain injury, which is the leading cause of mortality and disabilities across the globe. The global prevalence of traumatic brain injury is estimated to be 939 instances per 100,000 individuals, with approximately 5.48 million people per year experiencing severe traumatic brain injury. Epidemiology varies amongst different countries by socioeconomic status with diverse clinical manifestations. Additionally, classifying concussions is an ambiguous process as clinical diagnoses are the only current classification method, and morbidity rates differ by demographic location as well as populations examined. In this article, we critically reviewed the pathophysiology of concussions, classification methods, treatment options available including both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic intervention methods, etiologies as well as global etiologic differences associated with them, and clinical manifestations along with their associated morbidities. Furthermore, analysis of the current research regarding the incidence of concussion based traumatic brain injuries and future directions are discussed. Investigation on the efficacy of new therapeutic-related interventions such as exosome therapy and electromagnetic field stimulation are warranted to properly manage and treat concussion-induced traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
| | - Fihr Chaudhary
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
| | - Marcel P Fraix
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766
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Saboori M, Riazi A, Taji M, Yadegarfar G. Traumatic brain injury and stem cell treatments: A review of recent 10 years clinical trials. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 239:108219. [PMID: 38471197 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is damage to the brain by an external physical force. It may result in cognitive and physical dysfunction. It is one of the main causes of disability and death all around the world. In 2016, the worldwide incidence of acute TBI was nearly 27 million cases. Therapeutic interventions currently in use provide poor outcomes. So recent research has focused on stem cells as a potential treatment. The major objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the recent clinical trials in the field of stem cell transplantation for patients with TBI. The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed and also Google Scholar were searched for relevant terms such as "traumatic brain injury", " brain trauma", "brain injury", "head injury", "TBI", "stem cell", and "cell transplantation" and for publications from January 2013 to June 2023. Clinical trials and case series which utilized stem cells for TBI treatment were included. The data about case selection and sample size, mechanism of injury, time between primary injury and cell transplantation, type of stem cells transplanted, route of stem cell administration, number of cells transplanted, episodes of transplantation, follow-up time, outcome measures and results, and adverse events were extracted. Finally, 11 studies met the defined criteria and were included in the review. The total sample size of all studies was 402, consisting of 249 cases of stem cell transplantation and 153 control subjects. The most commonly used cells were BMMNCs, the preferred route of transplantation was intrathecal transplantation, and all studies reported improvement in clinical, radiologic, or biochemical markers after transplantation. No serious adverse events were reported. Stem cell therapy is safe and logistically feasible and leads to neurological improvement in patients with traumatic brain injury. However, further controlled, randomized, multicenter studies with large sample sizes are needed to determine the optimal cell and dose, timing of transplantation in acute or chronic phases of TBI, and the optimal route and number of transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masih Saboori
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Riazi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Taji
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Ghasem Yadegarfar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
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Wang LW, Chio CC, Chao CM, Chao PY, Lin MT, Chang CP, Lin HJ. Mesenchymal stem cells reduce long-term cognitive deficits and attenuate myelin disintegration and microglia activation following repetitive traumatic brain injury. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241231154. [PMID: 38425276 PMCID: PMC10908245 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241231154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms for the beneficial effects exerted by bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in treating repetitive traumatic brain injury (rTBI)-induced long-term sensorimotor/cognitive impairments are not fully elucidated. Herein, we aimed to explore whether BM-MSCs therapy protects against rTBI-induced long-term neurobehavioral disorders in rats via normalizing white matter integrity and gray matter microglial response. Rats were subjected to repeated mild lateral fluid percussion on day 0 and day 3. On the fourth day post-surgery, MSCs groups received MSCs (4 × 106 cells/ml/kg, intravenously) and were assessed by the radial maze, Y maze, passive avoidance tests, and modified neurological severity scores. Hematoxylin & eosin, and Luxol fast blue stainings were used to examine the histopathology and white matter thickness. At the same time, immunofluorescence staining was used to investigate the numbers of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-containing microglia in gray matter. Three to nine months after neurotrauma, rats displayed sensorimotor and cognitive impairments, reduced thickness in white matter, and over-accumulation of TNF-α-containing microglia and cellular damage in gray matter. Therapy with BM-MSCs significantly attenuated the rTBI-induced sensorimotor and cognitive impairments and all their complications. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy might accelerate the recovery of sensorimotor and cognitive impairments in rats with rTBI via normalizing myelin integrity and microglia response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Wan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ching Chio
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Chao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, 73657, Taiwan
- Department of Dental Laboratory Technology, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, 73657, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Yu Chao
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jung Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Salavatian S, Robbins EM, Kuwabara Y, Castagnola E, Cui XT, Mahajan A. Real-time in vivo thoracic spinal glutamate sensing during myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H1304-H1317. [PMID: 37737733 PMCID: PMC10908408 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00299.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, glutamate serves as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. Monitoring spinal glutamate concentrations offers valuable insights into spinal neural processing. Consequently, spinal glutamate concentration has the potential to emerge as a useful biomarker for conditions characterized by increased spinal neural network activity, especially when uptake systems become dysfunctional. In this study, we developed a multichannel custom-made flexible glutamate-sensing probe for the large-animal model that is capable of measuring extracellular glutamate concentrations in real time and in vivo. We assessed the probe's sensitivity and specificity through in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Remarkably, this developed probe demonstrates nearly instantaneous glutamate detection and allows continuous monitoring of glutamate concentrations. Furthermore, we evaluated the mechanical and sensing performance of the probe in vivo, within the pig spinal cord. Moreover, we applied the glutamate-sensing method using the flexible probe in the context of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. During I/R injury, cardiac sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion transmit excitatory signals to the spinal cord, resulting in sympathetic activation that potentially leads to fatal arrhythmias. We have successfully shown that our developed glutamate-sensing method can detect this spinal network excitation during myocardial ischemia. This study illustrates a novel technique for measuring spinal glutamate at different spinal cord levels as a surrogate for the spinal neural network activity during cardiac interventions that engage the cardio-spinal neural pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we have developed a new flexible sensing probe to perform an in vivo measurement of spinal glutamate signaling in a large animal model. Our initial investigations involved precise testing of this probe in both in vitro and ex vivo environments. We accurately assessed the sensitivity and specificity of our glutamate-sensing probe and demonstrated its performance. We also evaluated the performance of our developed flexible probe during the insertion and compared it with the stiff probe during animal movement. Subsequently, we used this innovative technique to monitor the spinal glutamate signaling during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion that can cause fatal ventricular arrhythmias. We showed that glutamate concentration increases during the myocardial ischemia, persists during the reperfusion, and is associated with sympathoexcitation and increases in myocardial substrate excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Salavatian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Elaine Marie Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yuki Kuwabara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Beitchman JA, Krishna G, Bromberg CE, Thomas TC. Effects of isoflurane and urethane anesthetics on glutamate neurotransmission in rat brain using in vivo amperometry. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:52. [PMID: 37817064 PMCID: PMC10563344 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspects of glutamate neurotransmission implicated in normal and pathological conditions are predominantly evaluated using in vivo recording paradigms in rats anesthetized with isoflurane or urethane. Urethane and isoflurane anesthesia influence glutamate neurotransmission through different mechanisms; however, real-time outcome measures of potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow and glutamate clearance kinetics have not been compared within and between regions of the brain. In order to maintain rigor and reproducibility within the literature between the two most common methods of anesthetized in vivo recording of glutamate, we compared glutamate signaling as a function of anesthesia and brain region in the rat strain most used in neuroscience. METHODS In the following experiments, in vivo amperometric recordings of KCl-evoked glutamate overflow and glutamate clearance kinetics (uptake rate and T80) in the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus were performed using glutamate-selective microelectrode arrays (MEAs) in young adult male, Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with either isoflurane or urethane. RESULTS Potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow was similar under urethane and isoflurane anesthesia in all brain regions studied. Analysis of glutamate clearance determined that the uptake rate was significantly faster (53.2%, p < 0.05) within the thalamus under urethane compared to isoflurane, but no differences were measured in the cortex or hippocampus. Under urethane, glutamate clearance parameters were region-dependent, with significantly faster glutamate clearance in the thalamus compared to the cortex but not the hippocampus (p < 0.05). No region-dependent differences were measured for glutamate overflow using isoflurane. CONCLUSIONS These data support that amperometric recordings of KCl-evoked glutamate under isoflurane and urethane anesthesia result in similar and comparable data. However, certain parameters of glutamate clearance can vary based on choice of anesthesia and brain region. In these circumstances, special considerations are needed when comparing previous literature and planning future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Beitchman
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St. | 322 ABC-1 Building, Phoenix, AZ, 85004-2127, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Gokul Krishna
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St. | 322 ABC-1 Building, Phoenix, AZ, 85004-2127, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Caitlin E Bromberg
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St. | 322 ABC-1 Building, Phoenix, AZ, 85004-2127, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St. | 322 ABC-1 Building, Phoenix, AZ, 85004-2127, USA.
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Kulkarni PG, Balasubramanian N, Manjrekar R, Banerjee T, Sakharkar A. DNA Methylation-Mediated Mfn2 Gene Regulation in the Brain: A Role in Brain Trauma-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Memory Deficits. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3479-3495. [PMID: 37193907 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries (rMTBI) affect mitochondrial homeostasis in the brain. However, mechanisms of long-lasting neurobehavioral effects of rMTBI are largely unknown. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) is a critical component of tethering complexes in mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and thereby plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial functions. Herein, we investigated the implications of DNA methylation in the Mfn2 gene regulation, and its consequences on mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus after rMTBI. rMTBI dramatically reduced the mitochondrial mass, which was concomitant with decrease in Mfn2 mRNA and protein levels. DNA hypermethylation at the Mfn2 gene promoter was observed post 30 days of rMTBI. The treatment of 5-Azacytidine, a pan DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, normalized DNA methylation levels at Mfn2 promoter, which further resulted into restoration of Mfn2 function. The normalization of Mfn2 function was well correlated with recovery in memory deficits in rMTBI-exposed rats. Since, glutamate excitotoxicity serves as a primary insult after TBI, we employed in vitro model of glutamate excitotoxicity in human neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y to investigate the causal epigenetic mechanisms of Mfn2 gene regulation. The glutamate excitotoxicity reduced Mfn2 levels via DNA hypermethylation at Mfn2 promoter. Loss of Mfn2 caused significant surge in cellular and mitochondrial ROS levels with lowered mitochondrial membrane potential in cultured SH-SY5Y cells. Like rMTBI, these consequences of glutamate excitotoxicity were also prevented by 5-AzaC pre-treatment. Therefore, DNA methylation serves as a vital epigenetic mechanism involved in Mfn2 expression in the brain; and this Mfn2 gene regulation may play a pivotal role in rMTBI-induced persistent cognitive deficits. Closed head weight drop injury method was employed to induce repeated mild traumatic brain (rMTBI) in jury in adult, male Wistar rats. rMTBI causes hyper DNA methylation at the Mfn2 promoter and lowers the Mfn2 expression triggering mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the treatment of 5-azacytidine normalizes DNA methylation at the Mfn2 promoter and restores mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India
| | | | - Ritika Manjrekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India.
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, 411 033, India.
| | - Amul Sakharkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India.
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Beitchman JA, Krishna G, Bromberg CE, Thomas TC. Effects of isoflurane and urethane anesthetics on glutamate neurotransmission in rat brain using in vivo amperometry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528856. [PMID: 36824899 PMCID: PMC9949081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of glutamate neurotransmission implicated in normal and pathological conditions are often evaluated using in vivo recording paradigms in rats anesthetized with isoflurane or urethane. Urethane and isoflurane anesthesia influence glutamate neurotransmission through different mechanisms; however real-time outcome measures of potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow and glutamate clearance kinetics have not been compared within and between regions of the brain. In the following experiments, in vivo amperometric recordings of KCl-evoked glutamate overflow and glutamate clearance kinetics (uptake rate and T80) in the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus were performed using glutamate-selective microelectrode arrays (MEAs) in young adult male, Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with isoflurane or urethane. Potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow was similar under urethane and isoflurane anesthesia in all brain regions studied. Analysis of glutamate clearance determined that the uptake rate was significantly faster (53.2%, p<0.05) within the thalamus under urethane compared to isoflurane, but no differences were measured in the cortex or hippocampus. Under urethane, glutamate clearance parameters were region dependent, with significantly faster glutamate clearance in the thalamus compared to the cortex but not the hippocampus (p<0.05). No region dependent differences were measured for glutamate overflow using isoflurane. These data support that amperometric recordings of glutamate under isoflurane and urethane anesthesia result in mostly similar and comparable data. However, certain parameters of glutamate uptake vary based on choice of anesthesia and brain region. Special considerations must be given to these areas when considering comparison to previous literature and when planning future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Beitchman
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Gokul Krishna
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Bromberg
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Fan TH, Rosenthal ES. Physiological Monitoring in Patients with Acute Brain Injury: A Multimodal Approach. Crit Care Clin 2023; 39:221-233. [PMID: 36333033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurocritical care management of acute brain injury (ABI) is focused on identification, prevention, and management of secondary brain injury (SBI). Physiologic monitoring of the brain and other organ systems has a role to predict patient recovery or deterioration, guide individualized therapeutic interventions, and measure response to treatment, with the goal of improving patient outcomes. In this review, we detail how specific physiologic markers of brain injury and neuromonitoring tools are integrated and used in ABI patients to develop therapeutic approaches to prevent SBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey H Fan
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02493, USA; Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02493, USA
| | - Eric S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02493, USA; Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02493, USA.
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Nrf2 Activation: Involvement in Central Nervous System Traumatic Injuries. A Promising Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010199. [PMID: 36613649 PMCID: PMC9820431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) trauma, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), represents an increasingly important health burden in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care that they necessitate. These injuries are characterized by different signs of neurodegeneration, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. Cumulative evidence suggests that the transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a crucial defensive role in regulating the antioxidant response. It has been demonstrated that several natural compounds are able to activate Nrf2, mediating its antioxidant response. Some of these compounds have been tested in experimental models of SCI and TBI, showing different neuroprotective properties. In this review, an overview of the preclinical studies that highlight the positive effects of natural bioactive compounds in SCI and TBI experimental models through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway has been provided. Interestingly, several natural compounds can activate Nrf2 through multiple pathways, inducing a strong antioxidant response against CNS trauma. Therefore, some of these compounds could represent promising therapeutic strategies for these pathological conditions.
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Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate neurological damage in traumatic brain injury by alleviating glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114182. [PMID: 35901975 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major contributors to disability and death worldwide. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, one of the secondary injuries occurring after TBI, leads to extreme neuronal apoptosis, and can be a potential target for intervention. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exos) have demonstrated neuroprotective effects on TBI. However, their precise role and the underlying mechanism by which they regulate glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity have not yet been determined. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether BMSCs-Exos alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity post-TBI and their associated mechanism. METHODS BMSCs-Exos were extracted from the BMSCs incubation medium and identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle trafficking analysis, and western blotting. The neuroprotective effects of BMSCs-Exos on glutamate excitotoxicity were investigated in the glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity neuronal cell model and the TBI rat model (TBI induced by controlled cortical impact) using western blotting and TUNEL assay. Cortical lesion samples were collected post-TBI on day-1 and day-14 to study histology. In addition, cortical lesion volume on days 1, 3 and 7 following TBI was determined using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cognitive function was assessed at 4 weeks following TBI using the Morris water maze (MWM) test. RESULTS BMSC-Exos were observed to be spherical with a mean diameter of 109.9 nm, and expressed exosomal markers CD9, CD81 and TSg101. BMSCs-Exos were efficiently endocytosed by astrocytes after co-incubation for 24 h. In vitro studies revealed that 125 μM of glutamate significantly induced neuronal apoptosis, which was attenuated by BMSCs-Exos in astrocyte-neuron co-cultures. This attenuation was mediated by the upregulation of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) level and the downregulation of p-p38 MAPK level in astrocytes. Similar results were obtained in vivo, wherein we verified that PKH67-labeled BMSCs-Exos administered intravenously could reach the perilesional cortex crossing the blood-brain barrier and significantly reduce glutamate levels in the perilesional cortex of the TBI rat, accompanied by increased GLT-1 level and downregulation in p-p38 MAPK level. Additionally, western blotting and TUNEL staining also revealed that BMSCs-Exos significantly downregulated the expression of pro-apoptosis markers, including cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9, and attenuated neuronal apoptosis following TBI. Immunohistochemical analysis and Nissl staining showed that BMSCs-Exos significantly increased GLT-1-positive cells, and the number of apoptotic neurons decreased in the perilesional cortex. Moreover, MRI and MWM results revealed that BMSCs-Exos significantly minimized cortical lesion volume and ameliorated cognitive function after TBI. The underlying neuroprotective mechanism of BMSCs-Exos may be due to an increase in GLT-1 level in astrocytes by blocking the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the implementation of BMSCs-Exos may be an effective prospective therapy for attenuating post-TBI neurological damage.
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Wang B, Zou L, Li M, Zhou L. Astrocyte: A Foe or a Friend in Intellectual Disability-Related Diseases. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:877928. [PMID: 35812794 PMCID: PMC9259964 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.877928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disabilities are a type of neurodevelopmental disease caused by neurological dysfunction. Their incidence is largely associated with neural development. Astrocytes are the most widely distributed cells in the mammalian brain. Previous studies have reported that astrocytes only supported and separated the neurons in the brain. However, recent studies have found that they also play an important role in neural development. Understanding the astrocyte mechanism in intellectual development disorder-related diseases will help provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of intellectual disability-related diseases. This mini-review introduced the association between astrocyte and intellectual disabilities. Furthermore, recent advances in genetic and environmental factors causing intellectual disability and different pharmaceutical effects of intellectual disability-related drugs on astrocytes have been summarised. Finally, we discussed future perspectives of astrocyte-based therapy for intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liang Zhou
- *Correspondence: Liang Zhou, , orcid.org/0000-0003-0820-1520
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Zhang Y, Huang Z, Xia H, Xiong J, Ma X, Liu C. The benefits of exercise for outcome improvement following traumatic brain injury: Evidence, pitfalls and future perspectives. Exp Neurol 2021; 349:113958. [PMID: 34951984 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as a silent epidemic, is currently a substantial public health problem worldwide. Given the increased energy demands following brain injury, relevant guidelines tend to recommend absolute physical and cognitive rest for patients post-TBI. Nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that strict rest does not provide additional benefits to patients' recovery. By contrast, as a cost-effective non-pharmacological therapy, exercise has shown promise for enhancing functional outcomes after injury. This article summarizes the most recent evidence supporting the beneficial effects of exercise on TBI outcomes, focusing on the efficacy of exercise for cognitive recovery after injury and its potential mechanisms. Available evidence demonstrates the potential of exercise in improving cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and post-concussion syndrome following TBI. However, the clinical application for exercise rehabilitation in TBI remains challenging, particularly due to the inadequacy of the existing clinical evaluation system. Also, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms whereby exercise promotes its most beneficial effects post-TBI will aid in the development of new clinical strategies to best benefit of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Zhang
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Honglin Xia
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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15
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Taspinar N, Hacimuftuoglu A, Butuner S, Togar B, Arslan G, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Okkay U, Agar E, Stephens R, Turkez H, Abd El-Aty AM. Differential effects of inhibitors of PTZ-induced kindling on glutamate transporters and enzyme expression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1662-1673. [PMID: 34409650 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder resulting from abnormal neuronal firing in the brain. Glutamate transporters and the glutamate-glutamine cycle play crucial roles in the development of seizures. In the present study, the correlation of epilepsy with glutamate transporters and enzymes was investigated. Herein, male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (six animals/group); 35 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was used to induce a kindling model of epilepsy. Once the kindling model was established, animals were treated for 15 days with either valproic acid (VPA, 350 mg/kg) or ceftriaxone (CEF, 200 mg/kg) in addition to the control group receiving saline. After treatment, electrocorticography (ECoG) was performed to record the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex. The glutamate reuptake time (T80 ) was also determined in situ using an in vivo voltammetry. The expression levels of glutamate transporters and enzymes in the M1 and CA3 areas of the brain were determined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). ECoG measurements showed that the mean spike number of the PTZ + VPA and PTZ + CEF groups was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the PTZ group. Compared with the PTZ group, VPA or CEF treatment decreased the glutamate reuptake time (T80 ). The expression levels of EAAC1, GLT-1, GLAST, glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutaminase were increased in the PTZ group. Treatment with VPA or CEF enhanced the expression levels of GLT-1, GLAST, EAAC1, and GS, whereas the glutaminase expression level was reduced. The current results suggest that VPA or CEF decreases seizure activity by increasing glutamate reuptake by upregulating GLT-1 and GLAST expression, implying a possible mechanism for treating epilepsy. Also, we have suggested a novel mechanism for the antiepileptic activity of VPA via decreasing glutaminase expression levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the glutamate reuptake time in situ during the seizure (i.e., real-time measurement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Numan Taspinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Butuner
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Basak Togar
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Arslan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Okkay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdal Agar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Robert Stephens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Differential Effects of Human P301L Tau Expression in Young versus Aged Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111637. [PMID: 34769068 PMCID: PMC8583766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The greatest risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasing age. Understanding the changes that occur in aging that make an aged brain more susceptible to developing AD could result in novel therapeutic targets. In order to better understand these changes, the current study utilized mice harboring a regulatable mutant P301L human tau transgene (rTg(TauP301L)4510), in which P301L tau expression can be turned off or on by the addition or removal of doxycycline in the drinking water. This regulatable expression allowed for assessment of aging independent of prolonged mutant tau expression. Our results suggest that P301L expression in aged mice enhances memory deficits in the Morris water maze task. These behavioral changes may be due to enhanced late-stage tau pathology, as evidenced by immunoblotting and exacerbated hippocampal dysregulation of glutamate release and uptake measured by the microelectrode array technique. We additionally observed changes in proteins important for the regulation of glutamate and tau phosphorylation that may mediate these age-related changes. Thus, age and P301L tau interact to exacerbate tau-induced detrimental alterations in aged animals.
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Bonilla C, Zurita M. Cell-Based Therapies for Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapeutic Treatments and Clinical Trials. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060669. [PMID: 34200905 PMCID: PMC8230536 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents physical damage to the brain tissue that induces transitory or permanent neurological disabilities. TBI contributes to 50% of all trauma deaths, with many enduring long-term consequences and significant medical and rehabilitation costs. There is currently no therapy to reverse the effects associated with TBI. An increasing amount of research has been undertaken regarding the use of different stem cells (SCs) to treat the consequences of brain damage. Neural stem cells (NSCs) (adult and embryonic) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown efficacy in pre-clinical models of TBI and in their introduction to clinical research. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of TBI and the state of clinical trials aimed at evaluating the use of stem cell-based therapies in TBI. The primary aim of these studies is to investigate the safety and efficacy of the use of SCs to treat this disease. Although an increasing number of studies are being carried out, few results are currently available. In addition, we present our research regarding the use of cell therapy in TBI. There is still a significant lack of understanding regarding the cell therapy mechanisms for the treatment of TBI. Thus, future studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility of the transplantation of SCs in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Bonilla
- Cell Therapy Unit, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-191-7879
| | - Mercedes Zurita
- Cell Therapy Unit Responsable, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain;
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Sabouri E, Majdi A, Jangjui P, Rahigh Aghsan S, Naseri Alavi SA. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review Study. World Neurosurg 2020; 140:142-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Building a Bridge Between NMDAR-Mediated Excitotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic and Acute Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1413-1430. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Traumatic brain injury and methamphetamine: A double-hit neurological insult. J Neurol Sci 2020; 411:116711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Schepici G, Silvestro S, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Traumatic Brain Injury and Stem Cells: An Overview of Clinical Trials, the Current Treatments and Future Therapeutic Approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56030137. [PMID: 32204311 PMCID: PMC7143935 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury represents physical damage to the brain tissue that induces transitory or permanent neurological disabilities. The traumatic injury activates an important inflammatory response, followed by a cascade of events that lead to neuronal loss and further brain damage. Maintaining proper ventilation, a normal level of oxygenation, and adequate blood pressure are the main therapeutic strategies performed after injury. Surgery is often necessary for patients with more serious injuries. However, to date, there are no therapies that completely resolve the brain damage suffered following the trauma. Stem cells, due to their capacity to differentiate into neuronal cells and through releasing neurotrophic factors, seem to be a valid strategy to use in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of clinical trials, aimed to evaluate the use of stem cell-based therapy in traumatic brain injury. These studies aim to assess the safety and efficacy of stem cells in this disease. The results available so far are few; therefore, future studies need in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stem cell transplantation in traumatic brain injury.
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22
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Beitchman JA, Griffiths DR, Hur Y, Ogle SB, Bromberg CE, Morrison HW, Lifshitz J, Adelson PD, Thomas TC. Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Chronic Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Amygdala Circuitry Known to Regulate Anxiety-Like Behavior. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1434. [PMID: 32038140 PMCID: PMC6985437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 50% of traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors demonstrate persisting and late-onset anxiety disorders indicative of limbic system dysregulation, yet the pathophysiology underlying the symptoms is unclear. We hypothesize that the development of TBI-induced anxiety-like behavior in an experimental model of TBI is mediated by changes in glutamate neurotransmission within the amygdala. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent midline fluid percussion injury or sham surgery. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed at 7 and 28 days post-injury (DPI) followed by assessment of real-time glutamate neurotransmission in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) using glutamate-selective microelectrode arrays. The expression of anxiety-like behavior at 28 DPI coincided with decreased evoked glutamate release and slower glutamate clearance in the CeA, not BLA. Numerous factors contribute to the changes in glutamate neurotransmission over time. In two additional animal cohorts, protein levels of glutamatergic transporters (Glt-1 and GLAST) and presynaptic modulators of glutamate release (mGluR2, TrkB, BDNF, and glucocorticoid receptors) were quantified using automated capillary western techniques at 28 DPI. Astrocytosis and microglial activation have been shown to drive maladaptive glutamate signaling and were histologically assessed over 28 DPI. Alterations in glutamate neurotransmission could not be explained by changes in protein levels for glutamate transporters, mGluR2 receptors, astrocytosis, and microglial activation. Presynaptic modulators, BDNF and TrkB, were significantly decreased at 28 DPI in the amygdala. Dysfunction in presynaptic regulation of glutamate neurotransmission may contribute to anxiety-related behavior and serve as a therapeutic target to improve circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Beitchman
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Daniel R Griffiths
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Yerin Hur
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sarah B Ogle
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Caitlin E Bromberg
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Helena W Morrison
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - P David Adelson
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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23
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Krishna G, Beitchman JA, Bromberg CE, Currier Thomas T. Approaches to Monitor Circuit Disruption after Traumatic Brain Injury: Frontiers in Preclinical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020588. [PMID: 31963314 PMCID: PMC7014469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in pathophysiological damage that can manifest as both acute and chronic neurological deficits. In an attempt to repair and reconnect disrupted circuits to compensate for loss of afferent and efferent connections, maladaptive circuitry is created and contributes to neurological deficits, including post-concussive symptoms. The TBI-induced pathology physically and metabolically changes the structure and function of neurons associated with behaviorally relevant circuit function. Complex neurological processing is governed, in part, by circuitry mediated by primary and modulatory neurotransmitter systems, where signaling is disrupted acutely and chronically after injury, and therefore serves as a primary target for treatment. Monitoring of neurotransmitter signaling in experimental models with technology empowered with improved temporal and spatial resolution is capable of recording in vivo extracellular neurotransmitter signaling in behaviorally relevant circuits. Here, we review preclinical evidence in TBI literature that implicates the role of neurotransmitter changes mediating circuit function that contributes to neurological deficits in the post-acute and chronic phases and methods developed for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. Coupling TBI models demonstrating chronic behavioral deficits with in vivo technologies capable of real-time monitoring of neurotransmitters provides an innovative approach to directly quantify and characterize neurotransmitter signaling as a universal consequence of TBI and the direct influence of pharmacological approaches on both behavior and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Krishna
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Joshua A. Beitchman
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Bromberg
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-602-827-2348
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24
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Huang Y, Hu L, Li H, Huang Y, Li Y, Yang J, Gu J, Xu H. PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB and NMDA receptor 2B in the hippocampus of offspring rats is involved in transmission of mental disorders across a generation. Psychiatry Res 2019; 280:112497. [PMID: 31419724 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at the mechanism of transmission of mental disorders across a generation. We used 10 different stressors to establish an animal model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) before pregnancy. Forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT) were used to analyze the behavior of 30-day-old adolescent offspring rats born to stress mothers. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamine. Phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B (NR2B) were detected by western blot. Adolescent offspring rats in the CUS group exhibited depressive-like behavior in the FST and anxious behavior in the OFT. GAD was increased and GABA-T was decreased, which resulted in an increase in GABA levels and decrease of the glutamate/GABA ratio in the hippocampus of CUS offspring rats. Disruption of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle was related to decrease PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB and NR2B in the hippocampus. These findings highlight the importance of mental health of females before pregnancy and suggest that CUS before pregnancy reduces p-CREB and p-NR2B in the offspring hippocampus, which could be responsible for behavioral disorders in the adolescent offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Liu Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mental Health Center of Shantou University, Taishan Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mental Health Center of Shantou University, Taishan Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuewa Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajie Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Changping Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongwu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Changping Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Gálvez-Rosas A, Avila-Luna A, Valdés-Flores M, Montes S, Bueno-Nava A. GABAergic imbalance is normalized by dopamine D 1 receptor activation in the striatum contralateral to the cortical injury in motor deficit-recovered rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2211-2222. [PMID: 30859334 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The sensorimotor cortex and the striatum are interconnected by the corticostriatal pathway, suggesting that cortical injury alters the striatal function, which may be modulated by dopamine. OBJECTIVES We studied whether the activation of dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) modulates the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate levels in the striatum of recovered rats at 192 h after cortical injury. METHODS The D1R agonist SKF-38393 (0, 2, 3, or 4 mg/kg) was administered at 24, 48, 96, and 192 h post-injury, and then rats were decapitated to determine GABA and glutamate levels and the levels of D1R mRNA on both sides of the striatum. RESULTS GABAergic imbalance in the striatum contralateral to the injury site was normalized by the administration of the D1R agonist, but this treatment did not produce a significant effect on glutamate levels, suggesting that glutamate was metabolized into GABA. The administration of SKF-38393 (2 mg/kg) decreased the levels of D1R mRNA in the striatum contralateral to the injury, and this effect was blocked by the coadministration of the D1R antagonist SCH-23390 (2 mg/kg). In the striatum ipsilateral to the injury, the D1R agonist increased the D1R mRNA levels, an effect that was blocked by SCH-23390. CONCLUSION The reversal of the GABAergic imbalance in the striatum contralateral to the cortical injury can be modulated by extrastriatal D1R activation, and the D1R agonist-induced increases in the D1R mRNA levels in the striatum ipsilateral to the injury suggest that the striatum may be necessary to achieve functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Gálvez-Rosas
- Lab. Neurofisiología Química de la Discapacidad, División de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calz. México-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Avila-Luna
- Lab. Neurofisiología Química de la Discapacidad, División de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calz. México-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Valdés-Flores
- Departamento de Genética y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calz. México-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Montes
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSa, Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- Lab. Neurofisiología Química de la Discapacidad, División de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calz. México-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Tavakolian-Ardakani Z, Hosu O, Cristea C, Mazloum-Ardakani M, Marrazza G. Latest Trends in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitters: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2037. [PMID: 31052309 PMCID: PMC6539656 DOI: 10.3390/s19092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemical messengers which play an important role in many of the brain functions, abnormal levels being correlated with physical, psychotic and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Therefore, their sensitive and robust detection is of great clinical significance. Electrochemical methods have been intensively used in the last decades for neurotransmitter detection, outclassing more complicated analytical techniques such as conventional spectrophotometry, chromatography, fluorescence, flow injection, and capillary electrophoresis. In this manuscript, the most successful and promising electrochemical enzyme-free and enzymatic sensors for neurotransmitter detection are reviewed. Focusing on the activity of worldwide researchers mainly during the last ten years (2010-2019), without pretending to be exhaustive, we present an overview of the progress made in sensing strategies during this time. Particular emphasis is placed on nanostructured-based sensors, which show a substantial improvement of the analytical performances. This review also examines the progress made in biosensors for neurotransmitter measurements in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tavakolian-Ardakani
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 89195-741, Iran.
| | - Oana Hosu
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | | | - Giovanna Marrazza
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Instituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Unit of Florence, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy.
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Baez-Jurado E, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Barrera-Bailón B, Sahebkar A, Ashraf GM, Echeverria V, Barreto GE. Secretome of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Potential Protective Effects on Brain Pathologies. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6902-6927. [PMID: 30941733 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a fundamental role in the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. There is strong evidence showing that much of the beneficial effects of these cells are due to the secretion of bioactive molecules-besides microRNAs, hormones, and neurotrophins-with anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, angiogenic, and trophic effects. These factors have been reported by many studies to possess protective effects on the nervous tissue. Although the beneficial effects of the secretory factors of MSCs have been suggested for various neurological diseases, their actions on astrocytic cells are not well understood. Hence, it is important to recognize the specific effects of MSCs derived from adipose tissue, in addition to the differences presented by the secretome, depending on the source and methods of analysis. In this paper, the different sources of MSCs and their main characteristics are described, as well as the most significant advances in regeneration and protection provided by the secretome of MSCs. Also, we discuss the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of action of the MSC-derived biomolecules, with special emphasis on the effect of MSCs derived from adipose tissue and their impact on glial cells and brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Oscar Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Biviana Barrera-Bailón
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastian, Lientur 1457, 4080871, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, 33744, USA
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
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Ahmad Azam A, Ismail IS, Shaikh MF, Shaari K, Abas F. Effects of Clinacanthus nutans leaf extract on lipopolysaccharide -induced neuroinflammation in rats: A behavioral and 1H NMR-based metabolomics study. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2019; 9:164-186. [PMID: 30984581 PMCID: PMC6448548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research revealed the biochemical outcomes of metabolic dysregulation in serum associated with physiological sickness behavior following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in rats, and treatment with Clinacanthus nutans (CN). Verification of 1H NMR analysis of the CN aqueous extract proved the existence of bioactive phytochemical constituents' in extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five rats were subjected to unilateral stereotaxic injection of 10 µL LPS (1 mg/mL), while another ten rats were injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 10 µL) as control. Then, 29 parameters of rat behavior related to sickness were tracked by a device software (SMART 3.0.1) on days 0 and 14 of CN treatment. The acquired and accumulated data were analyzed using multivariate data analysis with the SIMCA Software package (version 13, Umetrics AB; Umeå, Sweden). The pattern trends of related groups were documented using PCA and OPLS analysis. RESULTS A similar ameliorated correlation pattern was detected between improvement in physiological sickness behavior and anti-inflammatory biomarkers by the 1H NMR spectra of the sera following treatment with CN (500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight (bw)) and the control drug (dextromethorphan hydrobromide, 5 mg/kg of rats bw) in rats. Here, 21 biomarkers were detected for neuroinflammation. Treatment with the aqueous CN extract resulted in a statistically significant alteration in neuroinflammation metabolite biomarkers, including ethanol, choline, and acetate. CONCLUSION This result denotes that the metabolomics approach is a reliable tool to disclose the relationship between central neuroinflammation, and systemic metabolic and physiological disturbances which could be used for future ethno-pharmacological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalina Ahmad Azam
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Marin C, Langdon C, Alobid I, Fuentes M, Bonastre M, Mullol J. Recovery of Olfactory Function After Excitotoxic Lesion of the Olfactory Bulbs Is Associated with Increases in Bulbar SIRT1 and SIRT4 Expressions. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5643-5653. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhuang Z, Shen Z, Chen Y, Dai Z, Zhang X, Mao Y, Zhang B, Zeng H, Chen P, Wu R. Mapping the Changes of Glutamate Using Glutamate Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (GluCEST) Technique in a Traumatic Brain Injury Model: A Longitudinal Pilot Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:649-657. [PMID: 30346712 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitoxicity plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) through the initiation of secondary injuries. Glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) MRI is a newly developed technique to noninvasively image glutamate in vivo with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. The aim of the present study was to use a rat model of TBI to map changes in brain glutamate distribution and explore the capability of GluCEST imaging for detecting secondary injuries. Sequential GluCEST imaging scans were performed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats before TBI and at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after TBI. GluCEST% increased and peaked on day 1 after TBI in the core lesion of injured cortex and peaked on day 3 in the ipsilateral hippocampus, as compared to baseline and controls. GluCEST% gradually declined to baseline by day 14 after TBI. A negative correlation between the GluCEST% of the ipsilateral hippocampus on day 3 and the time in the correct quadrant was observed in injured rats. Immunolabeling for glial fibrillary acidic protein showed significant astrocyte activation in the ipsilateral hippocampus of TBI rats. IL-6 and TNF-α in the core lesion peaked on day 1 postinjury, while those in the ipsilateral hippocampus peaked on day 3. These subsequently gradually declined to sham levels by day 14. It was concluded that GluCEST imaging has potential to be a novel neuroimaging approach for predicting cognitive outcome and to better understand neuroinflammation following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yanzi Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zhuozhi Dai
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yifei Mao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Bingna Zhang
- Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Peidong Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
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Pavlova V, Filipova E, Uzunova K, Kalinov K, Vekov T. Pioglitazone Therapy and Fractures: Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 18:502-507. [PMID: 29683100 DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666180423121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thiazolidinediones are a group of synthetic medications used in type 2 diabetes treatment. Among available thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone is gaining increased attention due to its lower cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus sufferers and seems a promising future therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that diabetic patients may exert bone fractures due to such treatments. Simultaneously, the female population is thought to be at greater risk. Still, the safety outcomes of pioglitazone treatment especially in terms of fractures are questionable and need to be clarified. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, PsyInfo, eLIBRARY.ru electronic databases and clinical trial registries for studies reporting an association between pioglitazone and bone fractures in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients published before Feb 15, 2016. Among 1536 sources that were initially identified, six studies including 3172 patients proved relevant for further analysis. RESULT Pooled analysis of the included studies demonstrated that after treatment with pioglitazone patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had no significant increase in fracture risk [odds ratio (OR): 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82 to 1.71, p=0.38] compared to other antidiabetic drugs or placebo. Additionally, no association was found between the risk of fractures and pioglitazone therapy duration. The gender of the patients involved was not relevant to the risk of fractures, too. CONCLUSION Pioglitazone treatment in diabetic patients does not increase the incidence of bone fractures. Moreover, there is no significant association between patients' fractures, their gender and the period of exposure to pioglitazone. Additional longitudinal studies need to be undertaken to obtain more detailed information on bone fragility and pioglitazone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velichka Pavlova
- Science Department, Tchaikapharma High-Quality Medicines, Inc., 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Filipova
- Science Department, Tchaikapharma High-Quality Medicines, Inc., 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Katya Uzunova
- Science Department, Tchaikapharma High-Quality Medicines, Inc., 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimir Kalinov
- Department of Informatics, New Bulgarian University, 21 Montevideo Street, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Toni Vekov
- Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dean, Pleven, Bulgaria
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Carlson SW, Dixon CE. Lithium Improves Dopamine Neurotransmission and Increases Dopaminergic Protein Abundance in the Striatum after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2827-2836. [PMID: 29699444 PMCID: PMC6247981 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) recapitulate secondary injury sequela and cognitive dysfunction reported in patients afflicted with a TBI. Impairments in neurotransmission are reported in multiple brain regions in the weeks following experimental TBI and may contribute to behavioral dysfunction. Formation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex is an important mechanism for neurotransmitter exocytosis. We previously showed that lithium treatment attenuated hippocampal decreases in α-synuclein and VAMP2, enhanced SNARE complex formation, and improved cognitive performance after TBI. However, the effect of TBI on striatal SNARE complex formation is not known. We hypothesized lithium treatment would attenuate TBI-induced impairments in evoked dopamine release and increase the abundance of synaptic proteins associated with dopamine neurotransmission. The current study evaluated the effect of lithium (1 mmol/kg/day) administration on striatal evoked dopamine neurotransmission, SNARE complex formation, and proposed actions of lithium, including inhibition of GSK3β, assessment of synaptic marker protein abundance, and synaptic proteins important for dopamine synthesis and transport following controlled cortical impact (CCI). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to CCI or sham injury and treated daily with lithium chloride or vehicle for 7 days post-injury. We provide novel evidence that CCI reduces SNARE protein and SNARE complex abundance in the striatum at 1 week post-injury. Lithium administration improved evoked dopamine release and increased the abundance of α-synuclein, D2 receptor, and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase in striatal synaptosomes post-injury. These findings show that lithium treatment attenuated dopamine neurotransmission deficits and increased the abundance of synaptic proteins important for dopamine signaling after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W. Carlson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Siebold L, Obenaus A, Goyal R. Criteria to define mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury in the mouse controlled cortical impact model. Exp Neurol 2018; 310:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Marin C, Laxe S, Langdon C, Berenguer J, Lehrer E, Mariño-Sánchez F, Alobid I, Bernabeu M, Mullol J. Olfactory function in an excitotoxic model for secondary neuronal degeneration: Role of dopaminergic interneurons. Neuroscience 2017; 364:28-44. [PMID: 28918258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Secondary neuronal degeneration (SND) occurring in Traumatic brain injury (TBI) consists in downstream destructive events affecting cells that were not or only marginally affected by the initial wound, further increasing the effects of the primary injury. Glutamate excitotoxicity is hypothesized to play an important role in SND. TBI is a common cause of olfactory dysfunction that may be spontaneous and partially recovered. The role of the glutamate excitotoxicity in the TBI-induced olfactory dysfunction is still unknown. We investigated the effects of excitotoxicity induced by bilateral N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) OB administration in the olfactory function, OB volumes, and subventricular zone (SVZ) and OB neurogenesis in rats. NMDA OB administration induced a decrease in the number of correct choices in the olfactory discrimination tests one week after lesions (p<0.01), and a spontaneous recovery of the olfactory deficit two weeks after lesions (p<0.05). A lack of correlation between OB volumes and olfactory function was observed. An increase in SVZ neurogenesis (Ki67+ cells, PSANCAM+ cells (p<0.01) associated with an increase in OB glomerular dopaminergic immunostaining (p<0.05) were related to olfactory function recovery. The present results show that changes in OB volumes cannot explain the recovery of the olfactory function and suggest a relevant role for dopaminergic OB interneurons in the pathophysiology of recovery of loss of smell in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Sara Laxe
- Brain Injury Unit, Guttmann-Institut-Hospital for Neurorehabilitation adscript UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristobal Langdon
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Joan Berenguer
- Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Lehrer
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Franklin Mariño-Sánchez
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Isam Alobid
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Montserrat Bernabeu
- Brain Injury Unit, Guttmann-Institut-Hospital for Neurorehabilitation adscript UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Spain
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a heterogeneous condition that affects the most complex organ of the human body. It is commonly classified by its location as focal injury (e.g. epidural hematoma) and diffuse injury (e.g. diffuse axonal shearing injury) as well as by primary and secondary tissue injury. Accordingly, direct mechanical force causes the primary insult. The tissue damage occurring afterwards is subsumed under the term secondary brain damage. Some of these processes are overlapping and include in the early phase local cerebral ischemia resulting in excitotoxicity, which together with the triggered neuroinflammatory cascade causes the formation of cerebral edema and ultimately increased intracranial pressure once the intracranial compliance is exhausted. In survivors the long-term sequelae of the late stage include seizures caused by synaptic reorganization (incidence depending on the severity of TBI), persistent neuroinflammation promoting further neurodegeneration and increased risk for Alzheimer's disease probably because of TBI-related protein misfolding (tauopathy). Acute phase biomarkers of TBI should ideally originate from the injured brain. They should help distinguish disease severity and predict morbidity and mortality; however, the most commonly used biomarkers (S-100β and neurone-specific enolase) show a low specificity. In theory their successors (i. e. GFAP, pNF-H) seem more specific; however, these "new kids on the block" still need to be thoroughly investigated in large scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lahner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für experimentelle und klinische Traumatologie, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Wien, Österreich
| | - G Fritsch
- Paracelsus Medizinische Universität Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich. .,AUVA-Unfallkrankenhaus Lorenz Böhler, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Wien, Österreich.
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Acute treatment with doxorubicin affects glutamate neurotransmission in the mouse frontal cortex and hippocampus. Brain Res 2017; 1672:10-17. [PMID: 28705715 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent known to cause acute and long-term cognitive impairments in cancer patients. Cognitive function is presumed to be primarily mediated by neuronal circuitry in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus, where glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. Mice treated with DOX (25mg/kg i.p.) were subjected to in vivo recordings under urethane anesthesia at 24h post-DOX injection or 5 consecutive days of cognitive testing (Morris Water Maze; MWM). Using novel glutamate-selective microelectrode arrays, amperometric recordings measured parameters of extracellular glutamate clearance and potassium-evoked release of glutamate within the medial FC and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. By 24h post-DOX injection, glutamate uptake was 45% slower in the FC in comparison to saline-treated mice. In the DG, glutamate took 48% longer to clear than saline-treated mice. Glutamate overflow in the FC was similar between treatment groups, however, it was significantly increased in the DG of DOX treated mice. MWM data indicated that a single dose of DOX impaired swim speed without impacting total length traveled. These data indicate that systemic DOX treatment changes glutamate neurotransmission in key nuclei associated with cognitive function within 24h, without a lasting impact on spatial learning and memory. Understanding the functional effects of DOX on glutamate neurotransmission may help us understand and prevent some of the debilitating side effects of chemotherapeutic treatment in cancer survivors.
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Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling in Activated Astrocytes Drives Network Hyperexcitability in Aβ-Bearing Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6132-6148. [PMID: 28559377 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0877-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperexcitable neuronal networks are mechanistically linked to the pathologic and clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astrocytes are a primary defense against hyperexcitability, but their functional phenotype during AD is poorly understood. Here, we found that activated astrocytes in the 5xFAD mouse model were strongly associated with proteolysis of the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) and the elevated expression of the CN-dependent transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 4 (NFAT4). Intrahippocampal injections of adeno-associated virus vectors containing the astrocyte-specific promoter Gfa2 and the NFAT inhibitory peptide VIVIT reduced signs of glutamate-mediated hyperexcitability in 5xFAD mice, measured in vivo with microelectrode arrays and ex vivo brain slices, using whole-cell voltage clamp. VIVIT treatment in 5xFAD mice led to increased expression of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 and to attenuated changes in dendrite morphology, synaptic strength, and NMDAR-dependent responses. The results reveal astrocytic CN/NFAT4 as a key pathologic mechanism for driving glutamate dysregulation and neuronal hyperactivity during AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity are increasingly recognized as important mechanisms for neurodegeneration and dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astrocytes are profoundly activated during AD and may lose their capacity to regulate excitotoxic glutamate levels. Here, we show that a highly active calcineurin (CN) phosphatase fragment and its substrate transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT4), appear in astrocytes in direct proportion to the extent of astrocyte activation. The blockade of astrocytic CN/NFAT signaling in a common mouse model of AD, using adeno-associated virus vectors normalized glutamate signaling dynamics, increased astrocytic glutamate transporter levels and alleviated multiple signs of neuronal hyperexcitability. The results suggest that astrocyte activation drives hyperexcitability during AD through a mechanism involving aberrant CN/NFAT signaling and impaired glutamate transport.
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Hunsberger HC, Setti SE, Heslin RT, Quintero JE, Gerhardt GA, Reed MN. Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518111 DOI: 10.3791/55418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter disruption is often a key component of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), playing a role in the pathology underlying Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. Traditionally, microdialysis has been the most common (lauded) technique to examine neurotransmitter changes that occur in these disorders. But because microdialysis has the ability to measure slow 1-20 minute changes across large areas of tissue, it has the disadvantage of invasiveness, potentially destroying intrinsic connections within the brain and a slow sampling capability. A relatively newer technique, the microelectrode array (MEA), has numerous advantages for measuring specific neurotransmitter changes within discrete brain regions as they occur, making for a spatially and temporally precise approach. In addition, using MEAs is minimally invasive, allowing for measurement of neurotransmitter alterations in vivo. In our laboratory, we have been specifically interested in changes in the neurotransmitter, glutamate, related to Alzheimer's disease pathology. As such, the method described here has been used to assess potential hippocampal disruptions in glutamate in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Briefly, the method used involves coating a multi-site microelectrode with an enzyme very selective for the neurotransmitter of interest and using self-referencing sites to subtract out background noise and interferents. After plating and calibration, the MEA can be constructed with a micropipette and lowered into the brain region of interest using a stereotaxic device. Here, the method described involves anesthetizing rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice and using a stereotaxic device to precisely target sub-regions (DG, CA1, and CA3) of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharay E Setti
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University
| | - Ryan T Heslin
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University
| | - Jorge E Quintero
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center
| | - Miranda N Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University;
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Merkel SF, Cannella LA, Razmpour R, Lutton E, Raghupathi R, Rawls SM, Ramirez SH. Factors affecting increased risk for substance use disorders following traumatic brain injury: What we can learn from animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:209-218. [PMID: 28359860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have helped identify multiple factors affecting increased risk for substance use disorders (SUDs) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). These factors include age at the time of injury, repetitive injury and TBI severity, neurocircuits, neurotransmitter systems, neuroinflammation, and sex differences. This review will address each of these factors by discussing 1) the clinical and preclinical data identifying patient populations at greatest risk for SUDs post-TBI, 2) TBI-related neuropathology in discrete brain regions heavily implicated in SUDs, and 3) the effects of TBI on molecular mechanisms that may drive substance abuse behavior, like dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission or neuroimmune signaling in mesolimbic regions of the brain. Although these studies have laid the groundwork for identifying factors that affect risk of SUDs post-TBI, additional studies are required. Notably, preclinical models have been shown to recapitulate many of the behavioral, cellular, and neurochemical features of SUDs and TBI. Therefore, these models are well suited for answering important questions that remain in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Merkel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lee Anne Cannella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Roshanak Razmpour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Evan Lutton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ramesh Raghupathi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Carlson SW, Yan H, Dixon CE. Lithium increases hippocampal SNARE protein abundance after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 289:55-63. [PMID: 28011122 PMCID: PMC6206433 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) reproduce secondary injury sequela and cognitive impairments observed in patients afflicted by a TBI. Impaired neurotransmission has been reported in the weeks following experimental TBI, and may be a contributor to behavioral dysfunction. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex, the machinery facilitating vesicular docking and fusion, is a highly-conserved mechanism important for neurotransmission. Following TBI, there is a reduction in both the formation of the SNARE complex and the abundance of multiple SNARE proteins, including the chaperone protein cysteine string protein α (CSPα). Treatment with lithium in naïve rats reportedly increases the expression of CSPα. In the context of TBI, brain-injured rats treated with lithium exhibit improved outcome in published reports, but the mechanisms underlying the improvement are poorly understood. The current study evaluated the effect of lithium administration on the abundance of SNARE proteins and SNARE complex formation, hemispheric tissue loss, and neurobehavioral performance following controlled cortical impact (CCI). Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to CCI or sham injury, and treated daily with lithium chloride or vehicle for up to 14days. Administration of lithium after TBI modestly improved spatial memory at 14days post-injury. Semi-quantitative immunoblot analysis of hippocampal lysates revealed that treatment with lithium attenuated reductions in key SNARE proteins and SNARE complex formation at multiple time points post-injury. These findings highlight that treatment with lithium increased the abundance of synaptic proteins that facilitate neurotransmission and may contribute to improved cognitive function after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Picroside II Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect by Inhibiting the Mitochondria Cytochrome C Signal Pathway Following Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 61:267-278. [PMID: 28054226 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a common neurodegenerative disease in the wide world, and mitochondrial defects underlie the pathogenesis of ischemia, especially during reperfusion. Picroside II, the principal active component of Picrorhiza, is a traditional Chinese medicine. Our previous study demonstrated that the best therapeutic dose and time window were injection of picroside II at a dose of 10-20 mg/kg body weight following cerebral ischemia by 1.5-2.0 h. In this paper, the neuroprotective effect and the mechanism of picroside II were investigated, as well as its involvement in antioxidant and mitochondria cytochrome C (CytC) signal pathway following ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. After 24 h of cerebral I/R, the neurobehavioral function was measured by modified neurological severity score test; the content of reactive oxygen species in brain tissue was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; the cerebral infarction volume was detected by TTC staining; the morphology of brain tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin; the apoptotic cells were counted by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay; the ultrastructure of the cortical brain tissues was observation by transmission electron microscopy; the expressions of CytC and Caspase-3 were determined by immunohistochemical assay and Western blot. The results indicated that picroside II could scavenge ROS contents, decrease the cerebral infarction volume and apoptotic cells, protect the structure of mitochondria, down-regulate the expression of CytC and Caspase-3 in cerebral I/R rats. It can be concluded that picroside II exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the mitochondria CytC signal pathway following ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.
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Dekmak A, Mantash S, Shaito A, Toutonji A, Ramadan N, Ghazale H, Kassem N, Darwish H, Zibara K. Stem cells and combination therapy for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2016; 340:49-62. [PMID: 28043902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TBI is a nondegenerative, noncongenital insult to the brain from an external mechanical force; for instance a violent blow in a car accident. It is a complex injury with a broad spectrum of symptoms and has become a major cause of death and disability in addition to being a burden on public health and societies worldwide. As such, finding a therapy for TBI has become a major health concern for many countries, which has led to the emergence of many monotherapies that have shown promising effects in animal models of TBI, but have not yet proven any significant efficacy in clinical trials. In this paper, we will review existing and novel TBI treatment options. We will first shed light on the complex pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms of this disorder, understanding of which is a necessity for launching any treatment option. We will then review most of the currently available treatments for TBI including the recent approaches in the field of stem cell therapy as an optimal solution to treat TBI. Therapy using endogenous stem cells will be reviewed, followed by therapies utilizing exogenous stem cells from embryonic, induced pluripotent, mesenchymal, and neural origin. Combination therapy is also discussed as an emergent novel approach to treat TBI. Two approaches are highlighted, an approach concerning growth factors and another using ROCK inhibitors. These approaches are highlighted with regard to their benefits in minimizing the outcomes of TBI. Finally, we focus on the consequent improvements in motor and cognitive functions after stem cell therapy. Overall, this review will cover existing treatment options and recent advancements in TBI therapy, with a focus on the potential application of these strategies as a solution to improve the functional outcomes of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- AmiraSan Dekmak
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Faculty of Sciences, DSST, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Mantash
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Faculty of Sciences, DSST, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amer Toutonji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Naify Ramadan
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Faculty of Sciences, DSST, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Ghazale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nouhad Kassem
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Faculty of Sciences, DSST, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Darwish
- Faculty of Medicine, Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Faculty of Sciences, DSST, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Stem Cells, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Dorsett CR, McGuire JL, DePasquale EAK, Gardner AE, Floyd CL, McCullumsmith RE. Glutamate Neurotransmission in Rodent Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:263-272. [PMID: 27256113 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in people younger than 45 and is a significant public health concern. In addition to primary mechanical damage to cells and tissue, TBI involves additional molecular mechanisms of injury, termed secondary injury, that continue to evolve over hours, days, weeks, and beyond. The trajectory of recovery after TBI is highly unpredictable and in many cases results in chronic cognitive and behavioral changes. Acutely after TBI, there is an unregulated release of glutamate that cannot be buffered or cleared effectively, resulting in damaging levels of glutamate in the extracellular space. This initial loss of glutamate homeostasis may initiate additional changes in glutamate regulation. The excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are expressed on both neurons and glia and are the principal mechanism for maintaining extracellular glutamate levels. Diffusion of glutamate outside the synapse due to impaired uptake may lead to increased extrasynaptic glutamate signaling, secondary injury through activation of cell death pathways, and loss of fidelity and specificity of synaptic transmission. Coordination of glutamate release and uptake is critical to regulating synaptic strength, long-term potentiation and depression, and cognitive processes. In this review, we will discuss dysregulation of extracellular glutamate and glutamate uptake in the acute stage of TBI and how failure to resolve acute disruptions in glutamate homeostatic mechanisms may play a causal role in chronic cognitive symptoms after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Dorsett
- 1 Biological and Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer L McGuire
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Erica A K DePasquale
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amanda E Gardner
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Candace L Floyd
- 3 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
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Gong HY, Zheng F, Zhang C, Chen XY, Liu JJ, Yue XQ. Propofol protects hippocampal neurons from apoptosis in ischemic brain injury by increasing GLT-1 expression and inhibiting the activation of NMDAR via the JNK/Akt signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:943-50. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Merkel SF, Razmpour R, Lutton EM, Tallarida CS, Heldt NA, Cannella LA, Persidsky Y, Rawls SM, Ramirez SH. Adolescent Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Chronic Mesolimbic Neuroinflammation with Concurrent Enhancement in the Rewarding Effects of Cocaine in Mice during Adulthood. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:165-181. [PMID: 27026056 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical psychiatric disorders of depression, anxiety, and substance abuse are most prevalent after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pre-clinical research has focused on depression and anxiety post-injury; however, virtually no data exist examining whether the preference for illicit drugs is affected by traumatic injury in the developing adolescent brain. Using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI and the conditioned place preference (CPP) assay, we tested the underlying hypothesis that brain injury during adolescence exacerbates the rewarding properties of cocaine in adulthood possibly through an active inflammatory status in the mesolimbic pathway. Six-week old, C57BL/6 mice sustained a single CCI-TBI to the right somatosensory cortex. CPP experiments with cocaine began 2 weeks post-TBI. Animals receiving cocaine displayed significant place preference shifts compared to saline controls. Further, within the cocaine-experienced cohort, moderate CCI-TBI during adolescence significantly increased the preference shift in adulthood when compared to naïve controls. Additionally, persistent neuroinflammatory responses were observed in the cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc), and ventral tegmental area post-CCI-TBI. Significant increases in both astrocytic, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and microglial, ionization basic acid 1, markers were observed in the NAc at the end of CPP testing. Moreover, analysis using focused array gene expression panels identified the upregulation of numerous inflammatory genes in moderate CCI-TBI animals, compared to naïve controls, both in the cortex and NAc at 2 weeks post-TBI, before onset of cocaine administration. These results suggest that sustaining moderate TBI during adolescence may augment the rewarding effects of psychostimulants in adulthood, possibly by induction of chronic mesolimbic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Merkel
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roshanak Razmpour
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evan M Lutton
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- 2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathan A Heldt
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lee Anne Cannella
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott M Rawls
- 2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,3 The Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kline AE, Leary JB, Radabaugh HL, Cheng JP, Bondi CO. Combination therapies for neurobehavioral and cognitive recovery after experimental traumatic brain injury: Is more better? Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:45-67. [PMID: 27166858 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant health care crisis that affects two million individuals in the United Sates alone and over ten million worldwide each year. While numerous monotherapies have been evaluated and shown to be beneficial at the bench, similar results have not translated to the clinic. One reason for the lack of successful translation may be due to the fact that TBI is a heterogeneous disease that affects multiple mechanisms, thus requiring a therapeutic approach that can act on complementary, rather than single, targets. Hence, the use of combination therapies (i.e., polytherapy) has emerged as a viable approach. Stringent criteria, such as verification of each individual treatment plus the combination, a focus on behavioral outcome, and post-injury vs. pre-injury treatments, were employed to determine which studies were appropriate for review. The selection process resulted in 37 papers that fit the specifications. The review, which is the first to comprehensively assess the effects of combination therapies on behavioral outcomes after TBI, encompasses five broad categories (inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter dysregulation, neurotrophins, and stem cells, with and without rehabilitative therapies). Overall, the findings suggest that combination therapies can be more beneficial than monotherapies as indicated by 46% of the studies exhibiting an additive or synergistic positive effect versus on 19% reporting a negative interaction. These encouraging findings serve as an impetus for continued combination studies after TBI and ultimately for the development of successful clinically relevant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States, United States; Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Jacob B Leary
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Hannah L Radabaugh
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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Hinzman JM, Gibson JL, Tackla RD, Costello MS, Burmeister JJ, Quintero JE, Gerhardt GA, Hartings JA. Real-time monitoring of extracellular adenosine using enzyme-linked microelectrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 74:512-7. [PMID: 26183072 PMCID: PMC7032657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the central nervous system extracellular adenosine serves important neuroprotective and neuromodulatory functions. However, current understanding of the in vivo regulation and effects of adenosine is limited by the spatial and temporal resolution of available measurement techniques. Here, we describe an enzyme-linked microelectrode array (MEA) with high spatial (7500 µm(2)) and temporal (4 Hz) resolution that can selectively measure extracellular adenosine through the use of self-referenced coating scheme that accounts for interfering substances and the enzymatic breakdown products of adenosine. In vitro, the MEAs selectively measured adenosine in a linear fashion (r(2)=0.98±0.01, concentration range=0-15 µM, limit of detection =0.96±0.5 µM). In vivo the limit of detection was 0.04±0.02 µM, which permitted real-time monitoring of the basal extracellular concentration in rat cerebral cortex (4.3±1.5 µM). Local cortical injection of adenosine through a micropipette produced dose-dependent transient increases in the measured extracellular concentration (200 nL: 6.8±1.8 µM; 400 nL: 19.4±5.3 µM) [P<0.001]. Lastly, local injection of dipyridamole, which inhibits transport of adenosine through equilibrative nucleoside transporter, raised the measured extracellular concentration of adenosine by 120% (5.6→12.3 µM) [P<0.001]. These studies demonstrate that MEAs can selectively measure adenosine on temporal and spatial scales relevant to adenosine signaling and regulation in normal and pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Hinzman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati (UC) College of Medicine, Neurotrauma Center at UC Neuroscience Institute and Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Justin L Gibson
- University of Cincinnati (UC) College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ryan D Tackla
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati (UC) College of Medicine, Neurotrauma Center at UC Neuroscience Institute and Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mark S Costello
- University of Cincinnati (UC) College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason J Burmeister
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky (UK), Center for Microelectrode Technology, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jorge E Quintero
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky (UK), Center for Microelectrode Technology, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky (UK), Center for Microelectrode Technology, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jed A Hartings
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati (UC) College of Medicine, Neurotrauma Center at UC Neuroscience Institute and Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Carlson SW, Yan H, Ma M, Li Y, Henchir J, Dixon CE. Traumatic Brain Injury Impairs Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor Complex Formation and Alters Synaptic Vesicle Distribution in the Hippocampus. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:113-21. [PMID: 25923735 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impairs neuronal function and can culminate in lasting cognitive impairment. While impaired neurotransmitter release has been well established after experimental TBI, little is understood about the mechanisms underlying this consequence. In the synapse, vesicular docking and neurotransmitter release requires the formation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex. Impairments in vesicle docking, and alterations in SNARE complex formation are associated with impaired neurotransmitter release. We hypothesized that TBI reduces SNARE complex formation and disrupts synaptic vesicle distribution in the hippocampus. To examine the effect of TBI on the SNARE complex, rats were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham injury, and the brains were assessed at 6 h, 1 d, one week, two weeks, or four weeks post-injury. Immunoblotting of hippocampal homogenates revealed significantly reduced SNARE complex formation at one week and two weeks post-injury. To assess synaptic vesicles distribution, rats received CCI or sham injury and the brains were processed for transmission electron microscopy at one week post-injury. Synapses in the hippocampus were imaged at 100k magnification, and vesicle distribution was assessed in pre-synaptic terminals at the active zone. CCI resulted in a significant reduction in vesicle number within 150 nm of the active zone. These findings provide the first evidence of TBI-induced impairments in synaptic vesicle docking, and suggest that reductions in the pool of readily releasable vesicles and impaired SNARE complex formation are two novel mechanisms contributing to impaired neurotransmission after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeremy Henchir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Hunsberger HC, Weitzner DS, Rudy CC, Hickman JE, Libell EM, Speer RR, Gerhardt GA, Reed MN. Riluzole rescues glutamate alterations, cognitive deficits, and tau pathology associated with P301L tau expression. J Neurochem 2015; 135:381-94. [PMID: 26146790 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperexcitability of the hippocampus is a commonly observed phenomenon in the years preceding a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous work suggests a dysregulation in glutamate neurotransmission may mediate this hyperexcitability, and glutamate dysregulation correlates with cognitive deficits in the rTg(TauP301L)4510 mouse model of AD. To determine whether improving glutamate regulation would attenuate cognitive deficits and AD-related pathology, TauP301L mice were treated with riluzole (~ 12.5 mg/kg/day p.o.), an FDA-approved drug for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that lowers extracellular glutamate levels. Riluzole-treated TauP301L mice exhibited improved performance in the water radial arm maze and the Morris water maze, associated with a decrease in glutamate release and an increase in glutamate uptake in the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis 3 (CA3), and cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) regions of the hippocampus. Riluzole also attenuated the TauP301L-mediated increase in hippocampal vesicular glutamate transporter 1, which packages glutamate into vesicles and influences glutamate release; and the TauP301L-mediated decrease in hippocampal glutamate transporter 1, the major transporter responsible for removing glutamate from the extracellular space. The TauP301L-mediated reduction in PSD-95 expression, a marker of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus, was also rescued by riluzole. Riluzole treatment reduced total levels of tau, as well as the pathological phosphorylation and conformational changes in tau associated with the P301L mutation. These findings open new opportunities for the development of clinically applicable therapeutic approaches to regulate glutamate in vulnerable circuits for those at risk for the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Hunsberger
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel S Weitzner
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Carolyn C Rudy
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - James E Hickman
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Eric M Libell
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Rebecca R Speer
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- Center for Microelectrode Technology (CenMeT), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Health Sciences Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Miranda N Reed
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Drug Discovery & Development Department, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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The Possible Damaged Mechanism and the Preventive Effect of Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:1471-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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