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Hu J, Li H, Wang X, Cheng H, Zhu G, Yang S. Novel mechanisms of Anshen Dingzhi prescription against PTSD: Inhibiting DCC to modulate synaptic function and inflammatory responses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118425. [PMID: 38848974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Anshen Dingzhi prescription (ADP), documented in "Yi Xue Xin Wu", is a famous prescription for treating panic-related mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which ADP intervened in PTSD-like behaviors. METHODS A mouse model of single prolonged stress (SPS) was established to evaluate the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of ADP on PTSD. Behavioral tests were used to assess PTSD-like behaviors in mice; transmission electron microscopy was used to observe changes in the ultrastructure of hippocampal synapses, and western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA were used to detect the expression of hippocampal deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and downstream Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) - P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) signal, as well as levels of synaptic proteins and inflammatory factors. Molecular docking technology simulated the binding of potential brain-penetrating components of ADP to DCC. RESULTS SPS induced PTSD-like behaviors in mice and increased expression of hippocampal netrin-1 (NT-1) and DCC on the 14th day post-modeling, with concurrent elevation in serum NT-1 levels. Simultaneously, SPS also decreased p-Rac1 level and increased p-PAK1 level, the down-stream molecules of DCC. Lentiviral overexpression of DCC induced or exacerbated PTSD-like behaviors in control and SPS mice, respectively, whereas neutralization antibody against NT-1 reduced DCC activation and ameliorated PTSD-like behaviors in SPS mice. Interestingly, downstream Rac1-PAK1 signal was altered according to DCC expression. Moreover, DCC overexpression down-regulated N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2A (GluN2A) and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), up-regulated NMDA receptor 2B (GluN2B) and increased neuroinflammatory responses. Administration of ADP (36.8 mg/kg) improved PTSD-like behaviors in the SPS mice, suppressed hippocampal DCC, and downstream Rac1-PAK1 signal, upregulated GluN2A and PSD95, downregulated GluN2B, and reduced levels of inflammatory factors NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Importantly, DCC overexpression could also reduce the ameliorative effect of ADP on PTSD. Additionally, DCC demonstrated a favorable molecular docking pattern with the potential brain-penetrating components of ADP, further suggesting DCC as a potential target of ADP. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that DCC is a key target for the regulation of synaptic function and inflammatory response in the onset of PTSD, and ADP likely reduces DCC to prevent PTSD via modulating downstream Rac1-PAK1 pathway. This study provides a novel mechanism for the onset of PTSD and warrants the clinical application of ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Hu
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, The Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.
| | - Haipeng Li
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, The Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.
| | - Xuncui Wang
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, The Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.
| | - Hongliang Cheng
- The Second Affiliation Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230061, China.
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, The Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China.
| | - Shaojie Yang
- The Second Affiliation Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230061, China.
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Liu S(S, Pickens S, Barta Z, Rice M, Dagher M, Lebens R, Nguyen TV, Cummings BJ, Cahill CM. Neuroinflammation drives sex-dependent effects on pain and negative affect in a murine model of repeated mild traumatic brain injury. Pain 2024; 165:848-865. [PMID: 37943063 PMCID: PMC10949215 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 75% of reported cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are mild, where chronic pain and depression are 2 of the most common symptoms. In this study, we used a murine model of repeated mild TBI to characterize the associated pain hypersensitivity and affective-like behavior and to what extent microglial reactivity contributes to these behavioral phenotypes. Male and female C57BL/6J mice underwent sham or repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) and were tested for up to 9 weeks postinjury, where an anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective drug (minocycline) was introduced at 5 weeks postinjury in the drinking water. Repeated mild traumatic brain injury mice developed cold nociceptive hypersensitivity and negative affective states, as well as increased locomotor activity and risk-taking behavior. Minocycline reversed negative affect and pain hypersensitivities in male but not female mice. Repeated mild traumatic brain injury also produced an increase in microglial and brain-derived neurotropic factor mRNA transcripts in limbic structures known to be involved in nociception and affect, but many of these changes were sex dependent. Finally, we show that the antiepileptic drug, gabapentin, produced negative reinforcement in male rmTBI mice that was prevented by minocycline treatment, whereas rmTBI female mice showed a place aversion to gabapentin. Collectively, pain hypersensitivity, increased tonic-aversive pain components, and negative affective states were evident in both male and female rmTBI mice, but suppression of microglial reactivity was only sufficient to reverse behavioral changes in male mice. Neuroinflammation in limbic structures seems to be a contributing factor in behavioral changes resulting from rmTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei (Steve) Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Pickens
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zack Barta
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Myra Rice
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Merel Dagher
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Lebens
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodore V. Nguyen
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Brian J. Cummings
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Catherine M. Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Reiners JC, Leopold L, Hallebach V, Sinske D, Meier P, Amoroso M, Langgartner D, Reber SO, Knöll B. Acute stress modulates the outcome of traumatic brain injury-associated gene expression and behavioral responses. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23218. [PMID: 37779443 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301035r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress and traumatic brain injury (TBI) result in long-lasting emotional and behavioral impairments in patients. So far, the interaction of psychological stress with TBI not only in the brain but also in peripheral organs is poorly understood. Herein, the impact of acute stress (AS) occurring immediately before TBI is investigated. For this, a mouse model of restraint stress and TBI was employed, and their influence on behavior and gene expression in brain regions, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and peripheral organs was analyzed. Results demonstrate that, compared to single AS or TBI exposure, mice treated with AS prior to TBI showed sex-specific alterations in body weight, memory function, and locomotion. The induction of immediate early genes (IEGs, e.g., c-Fos) by TBI was modulated by previous AS in several brain regions. Furthermore, IEG upregulation along the HPA axis (e.g., pituitary, adrenal glands) and other peripheral organs (e.g., heart) was modulated by AS-TBI interaction. Proteomics of plasma samples revealed proteins potentially mediating this interaction. Finally, the deletion of Atf3 diminished the TBI-induced induction of IEGs in peripheral organs but left them largely unaltered in the brain. In summary, AS immediately before brain injury affects the brain and, to a strong degree, also responses in peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Leopold
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vera Hallebach
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Sinske
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philip Meier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Amoroso
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Knöll
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Portillo E, Zi X, Kim Y, Tucker LB, Fu A, Miller LA, Valenzuela KS, Sullivan GM, Gauff AK, Yu F, Radomski KL, McCabe JT, Armstrong RC. Persistent hypersomnia following repetitive mild experimental traumatic brain injury: Roles of chronic stress and sex differences. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:843-865. [PMID: 36624699 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often more complicated than a single head injury. An extreme example of this point may be military service members who experience a spectrum of exposures over a prolonged period under stressful conditions. Understanding the effects of complex exposures can inform evaluation and care to prevent persistent symptoms. We designed a longitudinal series of non-invasive procedures in adult mice to evaluate the effects of prolonged mild stress and head injury exposures. We assessed anxiety, depression, and sleep-wake dysfunction as symptoms that impact long-term outcomes after mild TBI. Unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) was generated from a varied sequence of environmental stressors distributed within each of 21 days. Subsequently, mice received a mild blast combined with closed-head mild TBI on 5 days at 24-h intervals. In males and females, UCMS induced anxiety without depressive behavior. A major finding was reproducible sleep-wake dysfunction through 6- to 12-month time points in male mice that received UCMS with repetitive blast plus TBI events, or surprisingly after just UCMS alone. Specifically, male mice exhibited hypersomnia with increased sleep during the active/dark phase and fragmentation of longer wake bouts. Sleep-wake dysfunction was not found with TBI events alone, and hypersomnia was not found in females under any conditions. These results identify prolonged stress and sex differences as important considerations for sleep-wake dysfunction. Furthermore, this reproducible hypersomnia with impaired wakefulness is similar to the excessive daytime sleepiness reported in patients, including patients with TBI, which warrants further clinical screening, care, and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Portillo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaomei Zi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yeonho Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Preclinical Behavior and Modeling Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura B Tucker
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Preclinical Behavior and Modeling Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Fu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Preclinical Behavior and Modeling Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren A Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Krystal S Valenzuela
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Genevieve M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amina K Gauff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fengshan Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kryslaine L Radomski
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Preclinical Behavior and Modeling Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Regina C Armstrong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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Zheng L, Pang Q, Xu H, Guo H, Liu R, Wang T. The Neurobiological Links between Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Research to Date. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179519. [PMID: 36076917 PMCID: PMC9455169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological dysfunctions commonly occur after mild or moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although most TBI patients recover from such a dysfunction in a short period of time, some present with persistent neurological deficits. Stress is a potential factor that is involved in recovery from neurological dysfunction after TBI. However, there has been limited research on the effects and mechanisms of stress on neurological dysfunctions due to TBI. In this review, we first investigate the effects of TBI and stress on neurological dysfunctions and different brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. We then explore the neurobiological links and mechanisms between stress and TBI. Finally, we summarize the findings related to stress biomarkers and probe the possible diagnostic and therapeutic significance of stress combined with mild or moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexin Zheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiuyu Pang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hanmu Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai 200063, China
- Correspondence:
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Yang S, Qu Y, Wang J, Gao F, Ji M, Xie P, Zhu A, Tan B, Wang X, Zhu G. Anshen Dingzhi prescription in the treatment of PTSD in mice: Investigation of the underlying mechanism from the perspective of hippocampal synaptic function. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 101:154139. [PMID: 35523115 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anshen Dingzhi prescription (ADP) is an important prescription for the treatment of mental diseases in traditional Chinese medicine and is widely used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. PURPOSE To explore the ameliorative effect of ADP on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like behaviors in mice and determine the underlying mechanism. METHODS The constituents of ADP were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The PTSD-like behaviors of mice subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS) were evaluated using behavioral tests. Potential pathological changes in the hippocampus were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were employed to detect the expression of proteins involved in relevant signaling pathways. RESULTS Five quality control markers (ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, tenuifolin, poricoic acid B, and α-asarone) were detected in the ADP solution. The ginsenoside Rg1 content in ADP was found to be 0.114 mg/g. Mice subjected to SPS showed obvious fear generalization and anxiety-like behaviors. ADP treatment prevented the behavioral changes caused by exposure to SPS. Compared with control animals, the number of normal pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of mice exposed to SPS was decreased and the number of degenerating pyramidal cells was increased; however, ADP administration could counteract these effects. Furthermore, the protein expression of BDNF, p-TrkB, μ-calpain, PSD95, GluN2A, GluA1, p-AKT, p-mTOR, and ARC was decreased, while that of PTEN and GluN2B was increased in the hippocampus of mice subjected to SPS compared with that in control animals; however, these changes in protein expression were reversed following ADP treatment. Importantly, the ameliorative effect of ADP on PTSD-like behaviors and synaptic protein expression were inhibited by rapamycin administration. CONCLUSIONS ADP administration improves PTSD-like behaviors in mice and this effect may be mediated through an mTOR-dependent improvement in synaptic function in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Manman Ji
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Pan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Aisong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Bei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Xuncui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China.
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China.
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7
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Neurobiological Links between Stress, Brain Injury, and Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8111022. [PMID: 35663199 PMCID: PMC9159819 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress, which refers to a combination of physiological, neuroendocrine, behavioral, and emotional responses to novel or threatening stimuli, is essentially a defensive adaptation under physiological conditions. However, strong and long-lasting stress can lead to psychological and pathological damage. Growing evidence suggests that patients suffering from mild and moderate brain injuries and diseases often show severe neurological dysfunction and experience severe and persistent stressful events or environmental stimuli, whether in the acute, subacute, or recovery stage. Previous studies have shown that stress has a remarkable influence on key brain regions and brain diseases. The mechanisms through which stress affects the brain are diverse, including activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, oxidative stress, and excitatory/inhibitory neuron imbalance, and may lead to behavioral and cognitive deficits. The impact of stress on brain diseases is complex and involves impediment of recovery, aggravation of cognitive impairment, and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes various stress models and their applications and then discusses the effects and mechanisms of stress on key brain regions—including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex—and in brain injuries and diseases—including Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy. Lastly, this review highlights psychological interventions and potential therapeutic targets for patients with brain injuries and diseases who experience severe and persistent stressful events.
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8
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Tucker LB, McCabe JT. Measuring Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rodent Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:682935. [PMID: 34776887 PMCID: PMC8586518 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.682935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is a common complaint following acquired traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the measurement of dysfunctional anxiety behavioral states following experimental TBI in rodents is complex. Some studies report increased anxiety after TBI, whereas others find a decreased anxiety-like state, often described as increased risk-taking behavior or impulsivity. These inconsistencies may reflect a lack of standardization of experimental injury models or of behavioral testing techniques. Here, we review the most commonly employed unconditioned tests of anxiety and discuss them in a context of experimental TBI. Special attention is given to the effects of repeated testing, and consideration of potential sensory and motor confounds in injured rodents. The use of multiple tests and alternative data analysis methods are discussed, as well as the potential for the application of common data elements (CDEs) as a means of providing a format for documentation of experimental details and procedures of each published research report. CDEs may improve the rigor, reproducibility, as well as endpoint for better relating findings with clinical TBI phenotypes and the final goal of translation. While this may not resolve all incongruities in findings across laboratories, it is seen as a way forward for standardized and universal data collection for improvement of data quality and sharing, and advance therapies for neuropsychiatric symptoms that often present for decades following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Tucker
- Preclinical Behavior and Models Core, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Preclinical Behavior and Models Core, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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9
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Smith DH, Kochanek PM, Rosi S, Meyer R, Ferland-Beckham C, Prager EM, Ahlers ST, Crawford F. Roadmap for Advancing Pre-Clinical Science in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3204-3221. [PMID: 34210174 PMCID: PMC8820284 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical models of disease have long played important roles in the advancement of new treatments. However, in traumatic brain injury (TBI), despite the availability of numerous model systems, translation from bench to bedside remains elusive. Integrating clinical relevance into pre-clinical model development is a critical step toward advancing therapies for TBI patients across the spectrum of injury severity. Pre-clinical models include in vivo and ex vivo animal work-both small and large-and in vitro modeling. The wide range of pre-clinical models reflect substantial attempts to replicate multiple aspects of TBI sequelae in humans. Although these models reveal multiple putative mechanisms underlying TBI pathophysiology, failures to translate these findings into successful clinical trials call into question the clinical relevance and applicability of the models. Here, we address the promises and pitfalls of pre-clinical models with the goal of evolving frameworks that will advance translational TBI research across models, injury types, and the heterogenous etiology of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Smith
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Retsina Meyer
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, New York, USA.,Delix Therapeutics, Inc, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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10
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Catale C, Bisicchia E, Carola V, Viscomi MT. Early life stress exposure worsens adult remote microglia activation, neuronal death, and functional recovery after focal brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:89-103. [PMID: 33677027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) is a devastating condition resulting in severe functional impairments that strongly vary among patients. Patients' features, such as age, social and cultural environment, and pre-existing psychiatric conditions may be particularly relevant for determining prognosis after CNS trauma. Although several studies demonstrated the impact of adult psycho-social stress exposure on functional recovery after CNS damage, no data exist regarding the long-term effects of the exposure to such experience at an early age. Here, we assessed whether early life stress (ELS) hampers the neuroinflammatory milieuand the functional recovery after focal brain injury in adulthood by using a murine model of ELS exposure combined with hemicerebellectomy (HCb), a model of remote damage. We found that ELS permanently altered microglia responses such that, once experienced HCb, they produced an exaggerated remote inflammatory response - consistent with a primed phenotype - associated with increased cell death and worse functional recovery. Notably, prevention of microglia/macrophages activation by GW2580 treatment during ELS exposure significantly reduced microglia responses, cell death and improved functional recovery. Conversely, GW2580 treatment administered in adulthood after HCb was ineffective in reducing inflammation and cell death or improving functional recovery. Our findings highlight that ELS impacts the immune system maturation producing permanent changes, and that it is a relevant factor modulating the response to a CNS damage. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the interaction between ELS and brain injury with the aim of developing targeted treatments to improve functional recovery after CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Catale
- Department of Psychology, Ph.D. Program in "Behavioral Neuroscience", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Carola
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Section of Histology and Embryology, University "Cattolica Del S. Cuore", Rome, Italy.
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11
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The Role of BDNF in Experimental and Clinical Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073582. [PMID: 33808272 PMCID: PMC8037220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world with no current pharmacological treatment. The role of BDNF in neural repair and regeneration is well established and has also been the focus of TBI research. Here, we review experimental animal models assessing BDNF expression following injury as well as clinical studies in humans including the role of BDNF polymorphism in TBI. There is a large heterogeneity in experimental setups and hence the results with different regional and temporal changes in BDNF expression. Several studies have also assessed different interventions to affect the BDNF expression following injury. Clinical studies highlight the importance of BDNF polymorphism in the outcome and indicate a protective role of BDNF polymorphism following injury. Considering the possibility of affecting the BDNF pathway with available substances, we discuss future studies using transgenic mice as well as iPSC in order to understand the underlying mechanism of BDNF polymorphism in TBI and develop a possible pharmacological treatment.
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12
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Algamal M, Pearson AJ, Hahn-Townsend C, Burca I, Mullan M, Crawford F, Ojo JO. Repeated unpredictable stress and social isolation induce chronic HPA axis dysfunction and persistent abnormal fear memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110035. [PMID: 32682873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lack of progress in the psychopharmacological treatment of stress-related disorders such as PTSD is an ongoing crisis due to its negative socioeconomic implications. Current PTSD pharmacotherapy relies on a few FDA approved medications used primarily for depression which offer only symptomatic relief and show limited efficacy. As the population of PTSD patients is growing, the identification of effective etiology-based treatments for the condition is a high priority. This requires an in-depth understanding of the neurobiological and behavioral outcomes of stress in translationally relevant animal models. In this study, we use neuroendocrine, biochemical and behavioral measures to assess the HPA axis function and fear-memory deficits in a mouse model of chronic stress. The chronic stress procedures involved exposure to 21 days of repeated unpredictable stress (RUS), including predator stress, restraint and foot shock, followed by chronic social isolation. We show that mice exposed to our stress paradigm demonstrate exaggerated fear memory recall and blunted HPA axis functionality at one month after RUS. Our neuroendocrinal testing suggests that the attenuated stress response in our model may be related to an alteration in the adrenal MC2 receptor reactivity. While there was no noticeable change in pituitary negative feedback regulation mechanisms, CRH and phosphorylated Glucocorticoid receptors levels were altered in the hypothalamus. We also show that chronic supplementation with a peripheral glucocorticoid receptor agonist (low-dose dexamethasone) after RUS partially restores a number of stress-related behavioral deficits in the RUS model. This suggests a direct relationship between HPA axis function and behavior in our model. Our findings emphasize the importance of the adrenal receptors as a target for HPA axis dysfunction in stress and fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Algamal
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States.
| | - Andrew J Pearson
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States.
| | | | - Ioana Burca
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA.
| | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States.
| | - Joseph O Ojo
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States.
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13
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Vu PA, McNamara EH, Liu J, Tucker LB, Fu AH, McCabe JT. Behavioral responses following repeated bilateral frontal region closed head impacts and fear conditioning in male and female mice. Brain Res 2020; 1750:147147. [PMID: 33091394 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The frontal lobes are among the most vulnerable sites in traumatic brain injuries. In the current study, a balanced 2 × 2 × 2 design (n = 18 mice/group), female and male C57Bl/6J mice received repeated bilateral frontal concussive brain injury (frCBI) and underwent fear conditioning (FC) to assess how injured mice respond to adverse conditions. Shocks received during FC impacted behavior on all subsequent tests except the tail suspension test. FC resulted in more freezing behavior in all mice that received foot shocks when evaluated in subsequent context and cue tests and induced hypoactivity in the open field (OF) and elevated zero maze (EZM). Mice that sustained frCBI learned the FC association between tone and shock. Injured mice froze less than sham controls during context and cue tests, which could indicate memory impairment, but could also suggest that frCBI resulted in hyperactivity that overrode the rodent's natural freezing response to threat, as injured mice were also more active in the OF and EZM. There were notable sex differences, where female mice exhibited more freezing behavior than male mice during FC context and cue tests. The findings suggest frCBI impaired, but did not eliminate, FC retention and resulted in an overall increase in general activity. The injury was characterized pathologically by increased inflammation (CD11b staining) in cortical regions underlying the injury site and in the optic tracts. The performance of male and female mice after injury suggested the complexity of possible sex differences for neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Vu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eileen H McNamara
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura B Tucker
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States; Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amanda H Fu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States; Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States; Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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14
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Zhao W, Hu Y, Sun Q, Li S, Gao Z, Lin M, Ding Z, Sun J, Li C. Chronic restraint stress increases social interaction in C57BL/6J mice monitoring through MiceProfiler analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:2402-2414. [PMID: 32478467 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The social deficit is a prevailing symptom in stress-induced depression. Although social interaction behavior has been widely studied in humans and rodents, it is imprecise to record the social behavior between two free-moving mice via perusal. In the present study, we applied an approach to analyze the social behavior in mice using a software named "MiceProfiler." C57BL/6J mice were stressed via chronic restraint stress (CRS) and housed in three populations of different sizes as follows: single, three in a cage, and six in a cage. The MiceProfiler was used to analyze the video of behavioral repertoire and, the result showed that stressed and single housed mice exhibited more social interaction both in the contact time and contact activities. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of CRS on social behavior when the mice were housed in larger populations size (three or six in a cage) and found that, the CRS procedure promoted social interaction. However, the larger population size resulted in the less total contact time, less time of head-tail, and moving in an opposite way. Besides, the CRS mice showed less social avoidance while the mice from a larger population presented less active contact. And the CRS mice also exhibited a higher social hierarchy compared with the control. Our data indicated that mild restraint stress might increase the intercommunication between mice. Collectively, our findings provided a new evidence for social behavior study and the MiceProfiler could be a new tool to measure the social behaviors of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanlai Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiyun Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Shangzhi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zijie Gao
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Minjuan Lin
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoxi Ding
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuangang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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15
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Diaz-Chávez A, Lajud N, Roque A, Cheng JP, Meléndez-Herrera E, Valdéz-Alarcón JJ, Bondi CO, Kline AE. Early life stress increases vulnerability to the sequelae of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113318. [PMID: 32305419 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for many psychopathologies that happen later in life. Although stress can occur in cases of child abuse, studies on non-accidental brain injuries in pediatric populations do not consider the possible increase in vulnerability caused by ELS. Hence, we sought to determine whether ELS increases the effects of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) on cognition, hippocampal inflammation, and plasticity. Male rats were subjected to maternal separation for 180 min per day (MS180) or used as controls (CONT) during the first 21 post-natal (P) days. At P21 the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to a mild controlled cortical impact or sham injury. At P32 the rats were injected with the cell proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 500 mg/kg), then evaluated for spatial learning and memory in a water maze (P35-40) and sacrificed for quantification of Ki67+, BrdU+ and Iba1+ (P42). Neither MS180 nor mTBI impacted cognitive outcome when provided alone but their combination (MS180 + mTBI) decreased spatial learning and memory relative to Sham controls (p < .01). mTBI increased microglial activation and affected BrdU+ cell survival in the ipsilateral hippocampus without affecting proliferation rates. However, only MS180 + mTBI increased microglial activation in the area adjacent to the injury and the contralateral CA1 hippocampal subfield, and decreased cell proliferation in the ipsilateral neurogenic niche. Overall, the data show that ELS increases the vulnerability to the sequelae of pediatric mTBI and may be mediated by increased neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Diaz-Chávez
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales - Benemérita y Centenaria Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Naima Lajud
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Angélica Roque
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Esperanza Meléndez-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales - Benemérita y Centenaria Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Juan José Valdéz-Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Benemérita y Centenaria Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
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