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Sivandzade F, Alqahtani F, Dhaibar H, Cruz-Topete D, Cucullo L. Antidiabetic Drugs Can Reduce the Harmful Impact of Chronic Smoking on Post-Traumatic Brain Injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6219. [PMID: 37047198 PMCID: PMC10093862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a primary cause of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders worldwide. The current scientific researchers believe that premorbid conditions such as tobacco smoking (TS) can exacerbate post-TBI brain injury and negatively affect recovery. This is related to vascular endothelial dysfunction resulting from the exposure to TS-released reactive oxygen species (ROS), nicotine, and oxidative stress (OS) stimuli impacting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelium. Interestingly, these pathogenic modulators of BBB impairment are similar to those associated with hyperglycemia. Antidiabetic drugs such as metformin (MF) and rosiglitazone (RSG) were shown to prevent/reduce BBB damage promoted by chronic TS exposure. Thus, using in vivo approaches, we evaluated the effectiveness of post-TBI treatment with MF or RSG to reduce the TS-enhancement of BBB damage and brain injury after TBI. For this purpose, we employed an in vivo weight-drop TBI model using male C57BL/6J mice chronically exposed to TS with and without post-traumatic treatment with MF or RSG. Our results revealed that these antidiabetic drugs counteracted TS-promoted downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression and concomitantly dampened TS-enhanced OS, inflammation, and loss of BBB integrity following TBI. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MF and RSG could reduce the harmful impact of chronic smoking on post-traumatic brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hemangini Dhaibar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Diana Cruz-Topete
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Wu K, Khan O, Bazley K, Bussinger B, Kukulka K, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Govindarajan R, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Real-Time Noninvasive Bioluminescence, Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging in NFκB-RE-Luc Transgenic Mice Reveal Glia Maturation Factor-Mediated Immediate and Sustained Spatio-Temporal Activation of NFκB Signaling Post-Traumatic Brain Injury in a Gender-Specific Manner. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1687-1706. [PMID: 32785863 PMCID: PMC8188847 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma especially traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. To improve upon the early diagnosis and develop precision-targeted therapies for TBI, it is critical to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. The transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), which is ubiquitously expressed, plays a crucial role in the normal cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, function, as well as in disease states like neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we hypothesized that real-time noninvasive bioluminescence molecular imaging allows rapid and precise monitoring of TBI-induced immediate and rapid spatio-temporal activation of NFκB signaling pathway in response to Glia maturation factor (GMF) upregulation which in turn leads to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration post-TBI. To test and validate our hypothesis and to gain novel mechanistic insights, we subjected NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic male and female mice to TBI and performed real-time noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as well as photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging (PAI). Our BLI data revealed that TBI leads to an immediate and sustained activation of NFκB signaling. Further, our BLI data suggest that especially in male NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice subjected to TBI, in addition to brain, there is widespread activation of NFκB signaling in multiple organs. However, in the case of the female NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice, TBI induces a very specific and localized activation of NFκB signaling in the brain. Further, our microRNA data suggest that TBI induces significant upregulation of mir-9-5p, mir-21a-5p, mir-34a-5p, mir-16-3p, as well as mir-155-5p within 24 h and these microRNAs can be successfully used as TBI-specific biomarkers. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first and unique study of its kind to report immediate and sustained activation of NFκB signaling post-TBI in a gender-specific manner by utilizing real-time non-invasive BLI and PAI in NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice. Our study will prove immensely beneficial to gain novel mechanistic insights underlying TBI, unravel novel therapeutic targets, as well as enable us to monitor in real-time the response to innovative TBI-specific precision-targeted gene and stem cell-based precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kristopher Wu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Osaid Khan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kieran Bazley
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bret Bussinger
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Klaudia Kukulka
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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3
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Doust YV, Rowe RK, Adelson PD, Lifshitz J, Ziebell JM. Age-at-Injury Determines the Extent of Long-Term Neuropathology and Microgliosis After a Diffuse Brain Injury in Male Rats. Front Neurol 2021; 12:722526. [PMID: 34566867 PMCID: PMC8455817 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.722526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can occur at any age, from youth to the elderly, and its contribution to age-related neuropathology remains unknown. Few studies have investigated the relationship between age-at-injury and pathophysiology at a discrete biological age. In this study, we report the immunohistochemical analysis of naïve rat brains compared to those subjected to diffuse TBI by midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI) at post-natal day (PND) 17, PND35, 2-, 4-, or 6-months of age. All brains were collected when rats were 10-months of age (n = 6–7/group). Generalized linear mixed models were fitted to analyze binomial proportion and count data with R Studio. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and neurofilament (SMI34, SMI32) neuronal pathology were counted in the corpus callosum (CC) and primary sensory barrel field (S1BF). Phosphorylated TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (pTDP-43) neuropathology was counted in the S1BF and hippocampus. There was a significantly greater extent of APP and SMI34 axonal pathology and pTDP-43 neuropathology following a TBI compared with naïves regardless of brain region or age-at-injury. However, age-at-injury did determine the extent of dendritic neurofilament (SMI32) pathology in the CC and S1BF where all brain-injured rats exhibited a greater extent of pathology compared with naïve. No significant differences were detected in the extent of astrocyte activation between brain-injured and naïve rats. Microglia counts were conducted in the S1BF, hippocampus, ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus, zona incerta, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus. There was a significantly greater proportion of deramified microglia, regardless of whether the TBI was recent or remote, but this only occurred in the S1BF and hippocampus. The proportion of microglia with colocalized CD68 and TREM2 in the S1BF was greater in all brain-injured rats compared with naïve, regardless of whether the TBI was recent or remote. Only rats with recent TBI exhibited a greater proportion of CD68-positive microglia compared with naive in the hippocampus and posterior hypothalamic nucleus. Whilst, only rats with a remote brain-injury displayed a greater proportion of microglia colocalized with TREM2 in the hippocampus. Thus, chronic alterations in neuronal and microglial characteristics are evident in the injured brain despite the recency of a diffuse brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine V Doust
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology at University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States.,BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - P David Adelson
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jenna M Ziebell
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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4
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Zafar A, Farooqui M, Ikram A, Suriya S, Kempuraj D, Khan M, Tasneem N, Qaryouti D, Quadri S, Adams HP, Ortega-Gutierrez S, Leira E, Zaheer A. Cytokines, brain proteins, and growth factors in acute stroke patients: A pilot study. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:366. [PMID: 34513133 PMCID: PMC8422456 DOI: 10.25259/sni_569_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunomodulation and cell signaling involve several cytokines, proteins, and other mediators released in response to the trauma, inflammation, or other insults to the central nervous system. This pilot study is part of the registry designed to evaluate the temporal trends among these molecules after an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients. METHODS Twelve AIS patients were enrolled within 24 hours of the symptoms onset. Two sets of plasma samples were collected: First at admission and second at 24 hours after admission. Cytokines/chemokines and other inflammatory molecules were measured using multiplex assay kit. RESULTS An increased trend in IL-6 (22 vs. 34 pg/ml), IL-8/CXCL8 (87 vs. 98 pg/ml), MMP-9 (16225 vs. 18450 pg/ml), and GMF-β (999 vs. 3739 pg/ml) levels was observed overtime after an AIS. Patients ≤60 years had lower levels of plasma MCP-1/CCL2 (50-647 vs. 150-1159 pg/ml), IL-6 (9-25 vs. 20-68 pg/ml), and IL-8 (30- 143 vs. 72-630 pg/ml), when compared with patients >60 years old. CONCLUSION Cytokines/chemokines and other inflammatory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of stroke in addition to mediating poststroke inflammation. Further research is needed to evaluate and characterize the cumulative trends of these mediators for the clinical prognosis or as surrogate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Asad Ikram
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sajid Suriya
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Mohammad Khan
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Nudrat Tasneem
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Dania Qaryouti
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Syed Quadri
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Harold P. Adams
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Enrique Leira
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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5
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Rayaprolu S, Higginbotham L, Bagchi P, Watson CM, Zhang T, Levey AI, Rangaraju S, Seyfried NT. Systems-based proteomics to resolve the biology of Alzheimer's disease beyond amyloid and tau. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:98-115. [PMID: 32898852 PMCID: PMC7689445 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The repeated failures of amyloid-targeting therapies have challenged our narrow understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and inspired wide-ranging investigations into the underlying mechanisms of disease. Increasing evidence indicates that AD develops from an intricate web of biochemical and cellular processes that extend far beyond amyloid and tau accumulation. This growing recognition surrounding the diversity of AD pathophysiology underscores the need for holistic systems-based approaches to explore AD pathogenesis. Here we describe how network-based proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool and how its application to the AD brain has provided an informative framework for the complex protein pathophysiology underlying the disease. Furthermore, we outline how the AD brain network proteome can be leveraged to advance additional scientific and translational efforts, including the discovery of novel protein biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Rayaprolu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lenora Higginbotham
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pritha Bagchi
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Caroline M Watson
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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6
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Cui W, Wu X, Shi Y, Guo W, Luo J, Liu H, Zheng L, Du Y, Wang P, Wang Q, Feng D, Ge S, Qu Y. 20-HETE synthesis inhibition attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis via the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway: A translational study. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12964. [PMID: 33314534 PMCID: PMC7848954 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives 20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20‐HETE) is a metabolite of arachidonic acid catalysed by cytochrome P450 enzymes and plays an important role in cell death and proliferation. We hypothesized that 20‐HETE synthesis inhibition may have protective effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and investigated possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Materials and methods Neurologic deficits, and lesion volume, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and cell death as assessed using immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting were used to determine post‐TBI effects of HET0016, an inhibitor of 20‐HETE synthesis, and their underlying mechanisms. Results The level of 20‐HETE was found to be increased significantly after TBI in mice. 20‐HETE synthesis inhibition reduced neuronal apoptosis, ROS production and damage to mitochondrial structures after TBI. Mechanistically, HET0016 decreased the Drp1 level and increased the expression of Mfn1 and Mfn2 after TBI, indicating a reversal of the abnormal post‐TBI mitochondrial dynamics. HET0016 also promoted the restoration of SIRT1 and PGC‐1α in vivo, and a SIRT1 activator (SRT1720) reversed the downregulation of SIRT1 and PGC‐1α and the abnormal mitochondrial dynamics induced by 20‐HETE in vitro. Furthermore, plasma 20‐HETE levels were found to be higher in TBI patients with unfavourable neurological outcomes and were correlated with the GOS score. Conclusions The inhibition of 20‐HETE synthesis represents a novel strategy to mitigate TBI‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis by regulating the SIRT1/PGC‐1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingwu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianing Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haixiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Longlong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shunnan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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7
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Kempuraj D, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Raikwar SP, Zaheer SA, Iyer SS, Govindarajan R, Nattanmai Chandrasekaran P, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Acute Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neuroinflammatory Response and Neurovascular Disorders in the Brain. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:359-368. [PMID: 32955722 PMCID: PMC7502806 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, psychological disorders, increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and microvascular damage in the brain. Inflammatory mediators secreted from activated glial cells, neurons, and mast cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of TBI through secondary brain damage. Abnormalities or damage to the neurovascular unit is the indication of secondary injuries in the brain after TBI. However, the precise mechanisms of molecular and ultrastructural neurovascular alterations involved in the pathogenesis of acute TBI are not yet clearly understood. Moreover, currently, there are no precision-targeted effective treatment options to prevent the sequelae of TBI. In this study, mice were subjected to closed head weight-drop-induced acute TBI and evaluated neuroinflammatory and neurovascular alterations in the brain by immunofluorescence staining or quantitation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure. Mast cell stabilizer drug cromolyn was administered to inhibit the neuroinflammatory response of TBI. Results indicate decreased level of pericyte marker platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-β) and BBB-associated tight junction proteins junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the brains 7 days after weight-drop-induced acute TBI as compared with the brains from sham control mice indicating acute TBI-associated BBB/tight junction protein disruption. Further, the administration of cromolyn drug significantly inhibited acute TBI-associated decrease of PDGFR-β, JAM-A, and ZO-1 in the brain. These findings suggest that acute TBI causes BBB/tight junction damage and that cromolyn administration could protect this acute TBI-induced brain damage as well as its long-time consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
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8
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Mast Cell Activation, Neuroinflammation, and Tight Junction Protein Derangement in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4243953. [PMID: 32684835 PMCID: PMC7333064 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4243953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major health problems worldwide that causes death or permanent disability through primary and secondary damages in the brain. TBI causes primary brain damage and activates glial cells and immune and inflammatory cells, including mast cells in the brain associated with neuroinflammatory responses that cause secondary brain damage. Though the survival rate and the neurological deficiencies have shown significant improvement in many TBI patients with newer therapeutic options, the underlying pathophysiology of TBI-mediated neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive dysfunctions is understudied. In this study, we analyzed mast cells and neuroinflammation in weight drop-induced TBI. We analyzed mast cell activation by toluidine blue staining, serum chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), a mast cell and inflammation-associated protein, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and blood-brain barrier tight junction-associated claudin 5 and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein expression in the brains of TBI mice. Mast cell activation and its numbers increased in the brains of 24 h and 72 h TBI when compared with sham control brains without TBI. Mouse brains after TBI show increased CCL2, PAR-2, and VEGFR2 expression and derangement of claudin 5 and ZO-1 expression as compared with sham control brains. TBI can cause mast cell activation, neuroinflammation, and derangement of tight junction proteins associated with increased BBB permeability. We suggest that inhibition of mast cell activation can suppress neuroimmune responses and glial cell activation-associated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in TBI.
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