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Ke L, Cao Y, Lu Z, Hallajzadeh J. Advances in different adult stem cell-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs for the treatment of neurological disorders: a narrative review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1459246. [PMID: 39450275 PMCID: PMC11500198 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1459246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are being increasingly recognized as major causes of death and disability around the world. Neurological disorders refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the brain and spinal cord. These disorders can have various causes, including genetic factors, infections, trauma, autoimmune reactions, or neurodegenerative processes. Each disorder has its own unique symptoms, progression, and treatment options. Optimal communication between interneurons and neuron-glia cells within the homeostatic microenvironment is of paramount importance. Within this microenvironment, exosomes play a significant role in promoting intercellular communication by transferring a diverse cargo of contents, including proteins, lipids, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Partially, nervous system homeostasis is preserved by various stem cell-derived exosomal ncRNAs, which include circular RNAs (circRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). The diversity of these exosomal ncRNAs suggests their potential to influence multiple pathways and cellular processes within the nervous system. Stem cell-derived exosomes and their ncRNA contents have been investigated for potential therapeutic uses in neurological disorders, owing to their demonstrated capabilities in neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and modulation of disease-related pathways. The ability of stem cell-derived exosomes to cross the blood-brain barrier makes them a promising delivery vehicle for therapeutic ncRNAs. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of different stem cell-derived exosomal ncRNAs and their therapeutic potential and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebin Ke
- Department of Health Examination, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou No. 3 Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- Department of Neurology, Tiantai People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Lu
- Hangzhou Heyunjia Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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Zhu S, Liu X, Lu X, Liao Q, Luo H, Tian Y, Cheng X, Jiang Y, Liu G, Chen J. Biomaterials and tissue engineering in traumatic brain injury: novel perspectives on promoting neural regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2157-2174. [PMID: 38488550 PMCID: PMC11034597 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a serious medical condition that can be attributed to falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries and acts of violence, causing a series of neural injuries and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, limited accessibility to the injury sites, complicated histological and anatomical structure, intricate cellular and extracellular milieu, lack of regenerative capacity in the native cells, vast variety of damage routes, and the insufficient time available for treatment have restricted the widespread application of several therapeutic methods in cases of central nervous system injury. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have emerged as innovative approaches in the field of nerve regeneration. By combining biomaterials, stem cells, and growth factors, these approaches have provided a platform for developing effective treatments for neural injuries, which can offer the potential to restore neural function, improve patient outcomes, and reduce the need for drugs and invasive surgical procedures. Biomaterials have shown advantages in promoting neural development, inhibiting glial scar formation, and providing a suitable biomimetic neural microenvironment, which makes their application promising in the field of neural regeneration. For instance, bioactive scaffolds loaded with stem cells can provide a biocompatible and biodegradable milieu. Furthermore, stem cells-derived exosomes combine the advantages of stem cells, avoid the risk of immune rejection, cooperate with biomaterials to enhance their biological functions, and exert stable functions, thereby inducing angiogenesis and neural regeneration in patients with traumatic brain injury and promoting the recovery of brain function. Unfortunately, biomaterials have shown positive effects in the laboratory, but when similar materials are used in clinical studies of human central nervous system regeneration, their efficacy is unsatisfactory. Here, we review the characteristics and properties of various bioactive materials, followed by the introduction of applications based on biochemistry and cell molecules, and discuss the emerging role of biomaterials in promoting neural regeneration. Further, we summarize the adaptive biomaterials infused with exosomes produced from stem cells and stem cells themselves for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Finally, we present the main limitations of biomaterials for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and offer insights into their future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiyue Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huiyang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yaxin Jiang
- Out-patient Department, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Guangdi Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Fang X, Zhou D, Wang X, Ma Y, Zhong G, Jing S, Huang S, Wang Q. Exosomes: A Cellular Communication Medium That Has Multiple Effects On Brain Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6864-6892. [PMID: 38356095 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, as membranous vesicles generated by multiple cell types and secreted to extracellular space, play a crucial role in a range of brain injury-related brain disorders by transporting diverse proteins, RNA, DNA fragments, and other functional substances. The nervous system's pathogenic mechanisms are complicated, involving pathological processes like as inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy, all of which result in blood-brain barrier damage, cognitive impairment, and even loss of normal motor function. Exosomes have been linked to the incidence and progression of brain disorders in recent research. As a result, a thorough knowledge of the interaction between exosomes and brain diseases may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic techniques that may be implemented in the clinic. The potential role of exosomes in brain diseases and the crosstalk between exosomes and other pathogenic processes were discussed in this paper. Simultaneously, we noted the delicate events in which exosomes as a media allow the brain to communicate with other tissues and organs in physiology and disease, and compiled a list of natural compounds that modulate exosomes, in order to further improve our understanding of exosomes and propose new ideas for treating brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dishu Zhou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510405, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shangwen Jing
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuiqing Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong Province, China.
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Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Sun J, Xu S, Wei Y, Ding X, Ding G. The application of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms, results, and problems. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:1109-1131. [PMID: 38353136 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that can be derived from a wide variety of human tissues and organs. They can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes, and thus show great potential in regenerative medicine. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an organic injury to brain tissue with a high rate of disability and death caused by an external impact or concussive force acting directly or indirectly on the head. The current treatment of TBI mainly includes symptomatic, pharmacological, and rehabilitation treatment. Although some efficacy has been achieved, the definitive recovery effect on neural tissue is still limited. Recent studies have shown that MSC therapies are more effective than traditional treatment strategies due to their strong multi-directional differentiation potential, self-renewal capacity, and low immunogenicity and homing properties, thus MSCs are considered to play an important role and are an ideal cell for the treatment of injurious diseases, including TBI. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the role and mechanisms of MSCs and MSC-derived exosomes in the treatment of TBI, thereby providing new insights into the clinical applications of MSCs and MSC-derived exosomes in the treatment of central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zejun Zheng
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinmeng Sun
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xu
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Ding
- Clinical Competency Training Center, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Gang Ding
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China.
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Bao H, Mao S, Hu X, Li L, Tao H, Zhou J, Xu L, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Chu L. Exosomal miR-486 derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes angiogenesis following cerebral ischemic injury by regulating the PTEN/Akt pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18086. [PMID: 39103424 PMCID: PMC11300871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) have been shown to promote angiogenesis after ischemic stroke, in which microRNAs (miRs) are believed to play an important role in exosome-mediated therapeutic effects, though the mechanism is still not clear. In this study, a series of molecular biological and cellular assays, both in vitro and in vivo, were performed to elucidate the role of exosomal miR-486 in angiogenesis following cerebral ischemic and its molecular mechanisms. Our results revealed that BMSC-Exos significantly improved neurological function and increased microvessel density in ischemic stroke rats. In vitro assays showed that BMSC-Exos promoted the proliferation, migration, and tube formation ability of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs). Importantly, BMSC-Exos increased the expression of miR-486 and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) and down-regulated the protein level of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that transfection with miR-486 mimic enhanced RBMECs angiogenesis and increased p-Akt expression, while inhibited PTEN expression. On the other hand, the miR-486 inhibitor induced an opposite effect, which could be blocked by PTEN siRNA. It was thus concluded that exosomal miR-486 from BMSCs may enhance the functional recovery by promoting angiogenesis following cerebral ischemic injury, which might be related to its regulation of the PTEN/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyang Bao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Shihui Mao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Blood-Stasis-Toxin Syndrome, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Hongmiao Tao
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, 321017, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Lanxi Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Blood-Stasis-Toxin Syndrome, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Lisheng Chu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Blood-Stasis-Toxin Syndrome, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Tang X, Ren Y, Zeng W, Feng X, He M, Lv Y, Li Y, He Y. MicroRNA-based interventions in aberrant cell cycle diseases: Therapeutic strategies for cancers, central nervous system disorders and comorbidities. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116979. [PMID: 38906026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors and central nervous system (CNS) disorders are intricately linked to a process known as "aberrant cell cycle re-entry," which plays a critical role in the progression of these diseases. Addressing the dysregulation in cell cycles offers a promising therapeutic approach for cancers and CNS disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role as regulators of gene expression in cell cycle transitions, presenting a promising therapeutic avenue for treating these disorders and their comorbidities. This review consolidates the progress made in the last three years regarding miRNA-based treatments for diseases associated with aberrant cell cycle re-entry. It encompasses exploring fundamental mechanisms and signaling pathways influenced by miRNAs in cancers and CNS disorders, particularly focusing on the therapeutic effects of exosome-derived miRNAs. The review also identifies specific miRNAs implicated in comorbidity of cancers and CNS disorders, discusses the future potential of miRNA reagents in managing cell cycle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China; School of Biomedical Sciences Hunan University, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China.
| | - Yuan Ren
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Xiaoting Feng
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China
| | - Min He
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China
| | - Yongmin Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China
| | - Yongheng He
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China; Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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Wang W, Yao F, Xing H, Yang F, Yan L. Exosomal miR-17-92 Cluster from BMSCs Alleviates Apoptosis and Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10876-5. [PMID: 38961001 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves neuronal apoptosis and axonal disruption, leading to severe motor dysfunction. Studies indicate that exosomes transport microRNAs (miRNAs) and play a crucial role in intercellular communication. This study aimed to explore whether the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs)-exosomal miR-17-92 cluster can protect against SCI and to explain the underlying mechanisms. In vivo and in vitro SCI models were established and treated with control exosomes (con-exo) or exosomes derived from BMSCs transfected with miR-17-92 cluster plasmid (miR-17-92-exo). Rat BMSCs were isolated and positive markers were identified by flow cytometry. BMSC-derived exosomes were extracted and verified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting. The expression of the miR-17-92 cluster was validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Spinal cord function, histopathological changes, apoptotic cells, and inflammatory cytokines release in spinal cord tissues were assessed using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and qRT-PCR. In PC12 cells, cell proliferation, apoptosis, apoptosis-related proteins cleaved-Caspase3 expression, and inflammatory factors secretion were analyzed using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and ELISA. Our data revealed that the exosomes were successfully isolated from rat BMSCs. The BMSC-exosomal miR-17-92 cluster improved neural functional recovery after SCI, as evidenced by an increased BBB score, improved pathological damage, reduced neuronal apoptosis, and decreased inflammatory factors release. Additionally, miR-17-92-exo treatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reduction in cell viability, increase in cell apoptosis, and upregulation of inflammatory factors in PC12 cells. The exosomal miR-17-92 cluster derived from BMSCs improved functional recovery and exhibited neuroprotective effects in SCI by alleviating apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, No. 473 Hanzheng Street, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Haiyuan Xing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, No. 473 Hanzheng Street, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, No. 473 Hanzheng Street, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, No. 473 Hanzheng Street, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430033, China.
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Yang Y, Li Z, Fan X, Jiang C, Wang J, Rastegar-Kashkooli Y, Wang TJ, Wang J, Wang M, Cheng N, Yuan X, Chen X, Jiang B, Wang J. Nanozymes: Potential Therapies for Reactive Oxygen Species Overproduction and Inflammation in Ischemic Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16450-16467. [PMID: 38897929 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Nanozymes, which can selectively scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), have recently emerged as promising candidates for treating ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) in preclinical models. ROS overproduction during the early phase of these diseases leads to oxidative brain damage, which has been a major cause of mortality worldwide. However, the clinical application of ROS-scavenging enzymes is limited by their short in vivo half-life and inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Nanozymes, which mimic the catalytic function of natural enzymes, have several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, high stability, and easy storage. These advantages render them superior to natural enzymes for disease diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. This review highlights recent advancements in nanozyme applications for ischemic stroke and TBI, emphasizing their potential to mitigate the detrimental effect of ROS overproduction, oxidative brain damage, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier compromise. Therefore, nanozymes represent a promising treatment modality for ROS overproduction conditions in future medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Li
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochong Fan
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yousef Rastegar-Kashkooli
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
- School of International Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Tom J Wang
- Program in Behavioral Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Junyang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Menglu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiqian Yuan
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Nanozyme Laboratory in Zhongyuan, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
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Cabrera-Pastor A. Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Neuroinflammation in Intercellular and Inter-Organ Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7041. [PMID: 39000150 PMCID: PMC11241119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, crucial in neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and hepatic encephalopathy, involves complex immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in intercellular and inter-organ communication, influencing disease progression. EVs serve as key mediators in the immune system, containing molecules capable of activating molecular pathways that exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes in neurological disorders. However, EVs from mesenchymal stem cells show promise in reducing neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. EVs can cross CNS barriers, and peripheral immune signals can influence brain function via EV-mediated communication, impacting barrier function and neuroinflammatory responses. Understanding EV interactions within the brain and other organs could unveil novel therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; or
- Fundación de Investigación del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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10
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Fallahi S, Zangbar HS, Farajdokht F, Rahbarghazi R, Mohaddes G, Ghiasi F. Exosomes as a therapeutic tool to promote neurorestoration and cognitive function in neurological conditions: Achieve two ends with a single effort. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14752. [PMID: 38775149 PMCID: PMC11110007 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes possess a significant role in intercellular communications. In the nervous system, various neural cells release exosomes that not only own a role in intercellular communications but also eliminate the waste of cells, maintain the myelin sheath, facilitate neurogenesis, and specifically assist in normal cognitive function. In neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke, exosomal cargo like miRNAs take part in the sequela of conditions and serve as a diagnostic tool of neurological disorders, too. Exosomes are not only a diagnostic tool but also their inhibition or administration from various sources like mesenchymal stem cells and serum, which have shown a worthy potential to treat multiple neurological disorders. In addition to neurodegenerative manifestations, cognitive deficiencies are an integral part of neurological diseases, and applying exosomes in improving both aspects of these diseases has been promising. This review discusses the status of exosome therapy in improving neurorestorative and cognitive function following neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Fallahi
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of PhysiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of PhysiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Neurosciences Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of PhysiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Neurosciences Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Biomedical EducationCalifornia Health Sciences University, College of Osteopathic MedicineClovisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fariba Ghiasi
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of PhysiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Rong J, Sun S, Xu SX, Xie XH, Wang C, Chen G, Kang L, Xiang D, Liu Z. The Neuroprotective Effects of BMSC-Derived Exosomes against Glutamate-Induced HT22 Cell Cytotoxicity. Neuroscience 2024; 542:1-10. [PMID: 38342336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Many central nervous system diseases are closely related to nerve damage caused by dysregulation of the endogenous neurotransmitter glutamate. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) play an important role in improving injury and regeneration functions. However, its mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate whether and how BMSC-Exos improve neurotoxicity caused by glutamate and to fill the gap in the literature. In this study, glutamate-treated HT22 cells were first exposed to mouse-derived BMSC-Exos at different concentrations to observe their effects on HT22 apoptosis. Next, we treated glutamate-treated HT22 cells with mouse-derived BMSC-Exos. We then inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways using the PI3K/Akt inhibitor and the mTOR inhibitor, respectively, and observed the protective effect of mouse-derived BMSC-Exos on HT22 cells treated with glutamate. Our results show that BMSC-Exos reduced apoptosis triggered by glutamate stimulation, increased cell vitality, and decreased the levels of proapoptotic proteins while increasing the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins. The protective effect of BMSC-Exos was weakened when PI3K/Akt inhibitor and mTOR inhibitor were added. To sum up, we draw the following conclusions: BMSC-Exos can reduce neuronal apoptosis and apoptosis-related protein expression after glutamate stimulation by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtong Rong
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Siqi Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Shu-Xian Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Xin-Hui Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Guopeng Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Lijun Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Dan Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China.
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12
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Chen L, Xiong Y, Chopp M, Zhang Y. Engineered exosomes enriched with select microRNAs amplify their therapeutic efficacy for traumatic brain injury and stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1376601. [PMID: 38566841 PMCID: PMC10985177 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1376601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke stand as prominent causes of global disability and mortality. Treatment strategies for stroke and TBI are shifting from targeting neuroprotection toward cell-based neurorestorative strategy, aiming to augment endogenous brain remodeling, which holds considerable promise for the treatment of TBI and stroke. Compelling evidence underscores that the therapeutic effects of cell-based therapy are mediated by the active generation and release of exosomes from administered cells. Exosomes, endosomal derived and nano-sized extracellular vesicles, play a pivotal role in intercellular communication. Thus, we may independently employ exosomes to treat stroke and TBI. Systemic administration of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derived exosomes promotes neuroplasticity and neurological functional recovery in preclinical animal models of TBI and stroke. In this mini review, we describe the properties of exosomes and recent exosome-based therapies of TBI and stroke. It is noteworthy that the microRNA cargo within exosomes contributes to their therapeutic effects. Thus, we provide a brief introduction to microRNAs and insight into their key roles in mediating therapeutic effects. With the increasing knowledge of exosomes, researchers have "engineered" exosome microRNA content to amplify their therapeutic benefits. We therefore focus our discussion on the therapeutic benefits of recently employed microRNA-enriched engineered exosomes. We also discuss the current opportunities and challenges in translating exosome-based therapy to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Yanlu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States
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13
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Ge Y, Wu J, Zhang L, Huang N, Luo Y. A New Strategy for the Regulation of Neuroinflammation: Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:24. [PMID: 38372822 PMCID: PMC10876823 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important pathogenesis of neurological diseases and causes a series of physiopathological changes, such as abnormal activation of glial cells, neuronal degeneration and death, and disruption of the blood‒brain barrier. Therefore, modulating inflammation may be an important therapeutic tool for treating neurological diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as pluripotent stem cells, have great therapeutic potential for neurological diseases due to their regenerative ability, immunity, and ability to regulate inflammation. However, recent studies have shown that MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) play a major role in this process and play a key role in neuroprotection by regulating neuroglia. This review summarizes the recent progress made in regulating neuroinflammation by focusing on the mechanisms by which MSC-Exos are involved in the regulation of glial cells through signaling pathways such as the TLR, NF-κB, MAPK, STAT, and NLRP3 pathways to provide some references for subsequent research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ge
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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14
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Chen C, Peng C, Hu Z, Ge L. Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells-derived therapies for experimental traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25050. [PMID: 38322864 PMCID: PMC10844131 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells [also called MSC(M)] and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered a potentially innovative form of therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Nevertheless, their application to TBI particularly remains preclinical, and the effects of these cells remain unclear and controversial. Therefore, an updated meta-analysis of preclinical studies is necessary to assess the effectiveness of MSC(M) and MSC(M) derived EVs in clinical trials. Methods The following databases were searched (to December 2022): PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. In this study, we measured functional outcomes based on the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), cognitive outcomes based on the Morris water maze (MWM), and histopathological outcomes based on lesion volume. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of mNSS, MWM, and lesion volume. Results A total of 2163 unique records were identified from our search, with Fifty-five full-text articles satisfying inclusion criteria. A mean score of 5.75 was assigned to the studies' quality scores, ranging from 4 to 7. MSC(M) and MSC(M) derived EVs had an overall positive effect on the mNSS score and MWM with SMDs -2.57 (95 % CI -3.26; -1.88; p < 0.01) and - 2.98 (95 % CI -4.21; -1.70; p < 0.01), respectively. As well, MSC(M) derived EVs were effective in reducing lesion volume by an SMD of - 0.80 (95 % CI -1.20; -0.40; p < 0.01). It was observed that there was significant variation among the studies, but further analyses could not determine the cause of this heterogeneity. Conclusions MSC(M) and MSC(M) derived EVs are promising treatments for TBI in pre-clinical studies, and translation to the clinical domain appears warranted. Besides, large-scale trials in animals and humans are required to support further research due to the limited sample size of MSC(M) derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Stroke Prevention and Treatment of Hunan Province, Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Cuiying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Stroke Prevention and Treatment of Hunan Province, Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Stroke Prevention and Treatment of Hunan Province, Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lite Ge
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Stroke Prevention and Treatment of Hunan Province, Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan provincial key laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, China
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15
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Li S, Qiu N, Ni A, Hamblin MH, Yin KJ. Role of regulatory non-coding RNAs in traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2024; 172:105643. [PMID: 38007071 PMCID: PMC10872636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a potentially fatal health event that cannot be predicted in advance. After TBI occurs, it can have enduring consequences within both familial and social spheres. Yet, despite extensive efforts to improve medical interventions and tailor healthcare services, TBI still remains a major contributor to global disability and mortality rates. The prompt and accurate diagnosis of TBI in clinical contexts, coupled with the implementation of effective therapeutic strategies, remains an arduous challenge. However, a deeper understanding of changes in gene expression and the underlying molecular regulatory processes may alleviate this pressing issue. In recent years, the study of regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a diverse class of RNA molecules with regulatory functions, has been a potential game changer in TBI research. Notably, the identification of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and other ncRNAs has revealed their potential as novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for TBI, owing to their ability to regulate the expression of numerous genes. In this review, we seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the functions of regulatory ncRNAs in TBI. We also summarize regulatory ncRNAs used for treatment in animal models, as well as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs that served as biomarkers for TBI diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we discuss future challenges and prospects in diagnosing and treating TBI patients in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, S514 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Na Qiu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, S514 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Andrew Ni
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 1212 Webber Hall, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, S514 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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16
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a cell-free therapy for traumatic brain injury via neuroprotection and neurorestoration. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:49-54. [PMID: 37488843 PMCID: PMC10479856 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.374143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a serious and complex neurological condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite significant advancements in the field of medicine, effective treatments for traumatic brain injury remain limited. Recently, extracellular vesicles released from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells have emerged as a promising novel therapy for traumatic brain injury. Extracellular vesicles are small membrane-bound vesicles that are naturally released by cells, including those in the brain, and can be engineered to contain therapeutic cargo, such as anti-inflammatory molecules, growth factors, and microRNAs. When administered intravenously, extracellular vesicles can cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver their cargos to the site of injury, where they can be taken up by recipient cells and modulate the inflammatory response, promote neuroregeneration, and improve functional outcomes. In preclinical studies, extracellular vesicle-based therapies have shown promising results in promoting recovery after traumatic brain injury, including reducing neuronal damage, improving cognitive function, and enhancing motor recovery. While further research is needed to establish the safety and efficacy of extracellular vesicle-based therapies in humans, extracellular vesicles represent a promising novel approach for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. In this review, we summarize mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a cell-free therapy for traumatic brain injury via neuroprotection and neurorestoration and brain-derived extracellular vesicles as potential biofluid biomarkers in small and large animal models of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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17
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Han W, Zhang H, Feng L, Dang R, Wang J, Cui C, Jiang P. The emerging role of exosomes in communication between the periphery and the central nervous system. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e410. [PMID: 37916034 PMCID: PMC10616655 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, membrane-enclosed vesicles, are secreted by all types of cells. Exosomes can transport various molecules, including proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs, and microRNAs, and can be circulated to various recipient cells, leading to the production of local paracrine or distal systemic effects. Numerous studies have proved that exosomes can pass through the blood-brain barrier, thus, enabling the transfer of peripheral substances into the central nervous system (CNS). Consequently, exosomes may be a vital factor in the exchange of information between the periphery and CNS. This review will discuss the structure, biogenesis, and functional characterization of exosomes and summarize the role of peripheral exosomes deriving from tissues like the lung, gut, skeletal muscle, and various stem cell types in communicating with the CNS and influencing the brain's function. Then, we further discuss the potential therapeutic effects of exosomes in brain diseases and the clinical opportunities and challenges. Gaining a clearer insight into the communication between the CNS and the external areas of the body will help us to ascertain the role of the peripheral elements in the maintenance of brain health and illness and will facilitate the design of minimally invasive techniques for diagnosing and treating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Han
- Translational Pharmaceutical LaboratoryJining First People's HospitalShandong First Medical UniversityJiningP. R. China
- Institute of Translational PharmacyJining Medical Research AcademyJiningP. R. China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Translational Pharmaceutical LaboratoryJining First People's HospitalShandong First Medical UniversityJiningP. R. China
- Institute of Translational PharmacyJining Medical Research AcademyJiningP. R. China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of NeurosurgeryJining First People's HospitalShandong First Medical UniversityJiningP. R. China
| | - Ruili Dang
- Translational Pharmaceutical LaboratoryJining First People's HospitalShandong First Medical UniversityJiningP. R. China
- Institute of Translational PharmacyJining Medical Research AcademyJiningP. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Translational Pharmaceutical LaboratoryJining First People's HospitalShandong First Medical UniversityJiningP. R. China
- Institute of Translational PharmacyJining Medical Research AcademyJiningP. R. China
| | - Changmeng Cui
- Department of NeurosurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningP. R. China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Translational Pharmaceutical LaboratoryJining First People's HospitalShandong First Medical UniversityJiningP. R. China
- Institute of Translational PharmacyJining Medical Research AcademyJiningP. R. China
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18
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Chen Y, Zhang H, Hu X, Cai W, Jiang L, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Ni W, Zhou K. Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Potential in Central Nervous System Trauma by Regulating Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6789-6813. [PMID: 37482599 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
CNS (central nervous system) trauma, which is classified as SCI (spinal cord injury) and TBI (traumatic brain injury), is gradually becoming a major cause of accidental death and disability worldwide. Many previous studies have verified that the pathophysiological mechanism underlying cell death and the subsequent neuroinflammation caused by cell death are pivotal factors in the progression of CNS trauma. Simultaneously, EVs (extracellular vesicles), membrane-enclosed particles produced by almost all cell types, have been proven to mediate cell-to-cell communication, and cell death involves complex interactions among molecules. EVs have also been proven to be effective carriers of loaded bioactive components to areas of CNS trauma. Therefore, EVs are promising therapeutic targets to cure CNS trauma. However, the link between EVs and various types of cell death in the context of CNS trauma remains unknown. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the mechanism underlying EV effects, the relationship between EVs and cell death and the pathophysiology underlying EV effects on the CNS trauma based on information in published papers. In addition, we discuss the prospects of applying EVs to the CNS as feasible therapeutic strategies for CNS trauma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yituo Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xinli Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanta Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Liting Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, 313099, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Basic and Clinical Translation of Orthopaedics Key Laboratory, Huzhou, 313099, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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Peng J, He J, Lin L, Li Y, Xia Y. Neural Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles Carrying YBX1 Inhibited Neuronal Pyroptosis Through Increasing m6A-modified GPR30 Stability and Expression in Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01210-z. [PMID: 37966628 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC-derived EVs) alleviated ischemic stroke (IS) by suppressing the activation of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeats family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and neuronal pyroptosis. However, the specific mechanism needs further investigation. qRT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence detected related gene expression. Immunofluorescent analyzed the expression of Ki-67, βIII-Tubulin (Tuj1), and GFAP. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and IL-1β and IL-18 levels were analyzed by LDH and ELISA kits. TTC staining evaluated the infarction of brain tissues. Flow cytometric analysis measured caspase-1 activity. M6A methylated RNA immunoprecipitation PCR (MeRIP-PCR) measured methylation levels of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30). RIP and Co-IP analyzed the interactions of Y box binding protein (YBX1)/GPR30, YBX1/IGF2BP1 and NLRP3/speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP), as well as the ubiquitination levels of NLRP3. NSC-derived EVs inhibited the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of rats and the neuronal pyroptosis induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Knockdown of EVs carrying YBX1 or GPR30 silencing abolished these inhibiting effects. GPR30 mRNA and IGF2BP1 protein were enriched by YBX1 antibody. YBX1 enhanced the stability of m6A-modified GPR30 by interacting with IGF2BP1 and thus promoting GPR30 expression. Knockdown of IGF2BP1 suppressed the binding between YBX1 and GPR30 mRNA. GPR30 promoted NLRP3 ubiquitination by interacting with SPOP. EVs carrying YBX1 could reduce the infarction of brain tissues and inhibit neuronal pyroptosis in rats with I/R injury. NSC-derived EVs carrying YBX1 increased the stability of m6A-modified GPR30 by interacting with IGF2BP1; the upregulation of GPR30 inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through promoting NLRP3 ubiquitination by SPOP, ultimately suppressing the neuronal pyroptosis in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Hainan Province, Haikou, 570208, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Hainan Province, Haikou, 570208, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Hainan Province, Haikou, 570208, People's Republic of China
| | - You Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Hainan Province, Haikou, 570208, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Hainan Province, Haikou, 570208, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Yang Z, Liang Z, Rao J, Lin F, Lin Y, Xu X, Wang C, Chen C. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy in traumatic central nervous system diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2406-2412. [PMID: 37282470 PMCID: PMC10360088 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are challenges in treating traumatic central nervous system diseases, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have recently proven to be a promising non-cellular therapy. We comprehensively evaluated the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in traumatic central nervous system diseases in this meta-analysis based on preclinical studies. Our meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022327904, May 24, 2022). To fully retrieve the most relevant articles, the following databases were thoroughly searched: PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Ovid-Embase (up to April 1, 2022). The included studies were preclinical studies of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for traumatic central nervous system diseases. The Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE)'s risk of bias tool was used to examine the risk of publication bias in animal studies. After screening 2347 studies, 60 studies were included in this study. A meta-analysis was conducted for spinal cord injury (n = 52) and traumatic brain injury (n = 8). The results indicated that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment prominently promoted motor function recovery in spinal cord injury animals, including rat Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.96-2.76, P < 0.01, I2 = 71%) and mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores (SMD = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.57-3.04, P = 0.01, I2 = 60%) compared with controls. Further, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment significantly promoted neurological recovery in traumatic brain injury animals, including the modified Neurological Severity Score (SMD = -4.48, 95% CI: -6.12 to -2.84, P < 0.01, I2 = 79%) and Foot Fault Test (SMD = -3.26, 95% CI: -4.09 to -2.42, P = 0.28, I2 = 21%) compared with controls. Subgroup analyses showed that characteristics may be related to the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. For Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores, the efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles was higher than that of xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (allogeneic: SMD = 2.54, 95% CI: 2.05-3.02, P = 0.0116, I2 = 65.5%; xenogeneic: SMD: 1.78, 95%CI: 1.1-2.45, P = 0.0116, I2 = 74.6%). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles separated by ultrafiltration centrifugation combined with density gradient ultracentrifugation (SMD = 3.58, 95% CI: 2.62-4.53, P < 0.0001, I2 = 31%) may be more effective than other EV isolation methods. For mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores, placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles worked better than bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (placenta: SMD = 5.25, 95% CI: 2.45-8.06, P = 0.0421, I2 = 0%; bone marrow: SMD = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.23-2.41, P = 0.0421, I2 = 0%). For modified Neurological Severity Score, bone marrow-derived MSC-EVs worked better than adipose-derived MSC-EVs (bone marrow: SMD = -4.86, 95% CI: -6.66 to -3.06, P = 0.0306, I2 = 81%; adipose: SMD = -2.37, 95% CI: -3.73 to -1.01, P = 0.0306, I2 = 0%). Intravenous administration (SMD = -5.47, 95% CI: -6.98 to -3.97, P = 0.0002, I2 = 53.3%) and dose of administration equal to 100 μg (SMD = -5.47, 95% CI: -6.98 to -3.97, P < 0.0001, I2 = 53.3%) showed better results than other administration routes and doses. The heterogeneity of studies was small, and sensitivity analysis also indicated stable results. Last, the methodological quality of all trials was mostly satisfactory. In conclusion, in the treatment of traumatic central nervous system diseases, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles may play a crucial role in promoting motor function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhelun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeyan Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fabin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yike Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiongjie Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Shelash Al-Hawary SI, Yahya Ali A, Mustafa YF, Margiana R, Maksuda Ilyasovna S, Ramadan MF, Almalki SG, Alwave M, Alkhayyat S, Alsalamy A. The microRNAs (miRs) overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy in neurological disorders; hope or hype. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3383. [PMID: 37642165 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Altered expression of multiple miRNAs was found to be extensively involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. One of the biggest concerns within gene-based therapy is the delivery of the therapeutic microRNAs to the intended place, which is obligated to surpass the biological barriers without undergoing degradation in the bloodstream or renal excretion. Hence, the delivery of modified and unmodified miRNA molecules using excellent vehicles is required. In this light, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. The MSCs can be genetically modified to express or overexpress a particular microRNA aimed with promote neurogenesis and neuroprotection. The current review has focused on the therapeutic capabilities of microRNAs-overexpressing MSCs to ameliorate functional deficits in neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anas Yahya Ali
- Department of Nursing, Al-maarif University College, Ramadi, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Andrology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Sami G Almalki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marim Alwave
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Safa Alkhayyat
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
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Al-Dhalimy AMB, Salim HM, Shather AH, Naser IH, Hizam MM, Alshujery MK. The pathological and therapeutically role of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosome in degenerative diseases; Particular focus on LncRNA and microRNA. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 250:154778. [PMID: 37683391 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
By releasing exosomes, which create the ideal milieu for the resolution of inflammation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhance tissue healing and have strong immunomodulatory capabilities. MSCs-derived exosome also can affect tumor progress by a myriad of mechanisms. Exosomes function as a cell-cell communication tool to affect cellular activity in recipient cells and include an array of efficient bioactive chemicals. Understanding the fundamental biology of inflammation ablation, tissue homeostasis, and the creation of therapeutic strategies is particularly interested in the horizontal transfer of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and microRNAs (miRNAs) to recipient cells, where they affect target gene expression. Herein, we propose an exosomal lncRNA and microRNA profile in neurological, renal, cardiac, lung, and liver diseases as well as skin wounds and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haitham Mukhlif Salim
- Ministry of Health, Directorat of the Public Health, Health Promotion Departments, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - A H Shather
- Department of Computer Engineering Technology, Al Kitab University, Altun Kopru, Kirkuk 00964, Iraq
| | - Israa Habeeb Naser
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University, 51001 Hillah, Babil, Iraq
| | - Manar Mohammed Hizam
- Collage of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
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Zhou W, Zhao L, Mao Z, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Li M. Bidirectional Communication Between the Brain and Other Organs: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01345-5. [PMID: 37067749 PMCID: PMC10106324 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of substances released by the brain under physiological and pathological conditions exert effects on other organs. In turn, substances produced primarily by organs such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, or the heart may have an impact on the metabolism and function and metabolism of the healthy and diseased brain. Despite a mounting amount of evidence supports such bidirectional communication between the brain and other organs, research on the function of molecular mediators carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) is in the early stages. In addition to being able to target or reach practically any organ, EVs have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier to transport a range of substances (lipids, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids) to recipient cells, exerting biological effects. Here, we review the function of EVs in bidirectional communication between the brain and other organs. In a small number of cases, the role has been explicitly proven; yet, in most cases, it relies on indirect evidence from EVs in cell culture or animal models. There is a dearth of research currently available on the function of EVs-carrying mediators in the bidirectional communication between the brain and bone marrow, adipose tissue, liver, heart, lungs, and gut. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine how EVs facilitate communication between the brain and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jilin Cancer Hospital, 1018 Huguang Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Zelu Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Liu X, Wu C, Zhang Y, Chen S, Ding J, Chen Z, Wu K, Wu X, Zhou T, Zeng M, Wei D, Sun J, Fan H, Zhou L. Hyaluronan-based hydrogel integrating exosomes for traumatic brain injury repair by promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 306:120578. [PMID: 36746568 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With wide clinical demands, therapies for traumatic brain injury (TBI) are far from satisfactory. Combining the merits of stem cells but avoiding the risk of immunologic rejection, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BME) attract increasing interests and have been proved effective for TBI repair by intravenous or in situ injection. However, difficulties in sustained delivery or aggregation in lesion sites remain obstacle to using BME for TBI. Inspired by that hydrogels are promising to bridge the destroyed neural gap and provide neural niches, we raised a novel strategy of incorporating BME into hyaluronan-collagen hydrogel (DHC-BME) to achieve both mimicking of brain matrix and steady release of exosomes, and thus realizing TBI repair. External characterizations proved that the BME and DHC synergistically promoted neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes while inhibited astrocytes differentiation. DHC-BME induced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, from endogenous NSC recruitment to neuronal differentiation and vascularization to synergistically promote axonal regeneration, remyelination, synapse formation and even brain structural remodeling, and lastly, neurological functional recovery of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China; Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Suping Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingze Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongsong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Feng Q, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Kong X, He Z, Ji J, Yang X, Zhai G. Research progress of exosomes as drug carriers in cancer and inflammation. J Drug Target 2023; 31:335-353. [PMID: 36543743 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2162059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) could be produced by most cells and play an important role in disease development. As a subtype of EVs, exosomes exhibit suitable size, rich surface markers and diverse contents, making them more appealing as potential drug carriers. Compared with traditional synthetic nanoparticles, exosomes possess superior biocompatibility and much lower immunogenicity. This work reviewed the most up-to-date research progress of exosomes as carriers for nucleic acids, proteins and small molecule drugs for cancer and inflammation management. The drug loading strategies and potential cellular uptake behaviour of exosomes are highlighted, trying to provide reference for future exosome design and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuelin Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinru Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhijing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Yang ZL, Liang ZY, Lin YK, Lin FB, Rao J, Xu XJ, Wang CH, Chen CM. Efficacy of extracellular vesicles of different cell origins in traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1147194. [PMID: 37065922 PMCID: PMC10090410 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1147194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThere was still no effective treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recently, many preclinical studies had shown promising efficacy of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from various cell sources. Our aim was to compare which cell-derived EVs were most effective in treating TBI through a network meta-analysis.MethodsWe searched four databases and screened various cell-derived EVs for use in preclinical studies of TBI treatment. A systematic review and network meta-analysis were conducted for two outcome indicators, modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) and Morris Water Maze (MWM), and they were ranked by the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA). Bias risk assessment was performed with SYRCLE. R software (version 4.1.3, Boston, MA, USA) was used for data analysis.ResultsA total of 20 studies were included in this study, involving 383 animals. Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (AEVs) ranked first in response to mNSS at day 1 (SUCRA: 0.26%), day 3 (SUCRA: 16.32%), and day 7 (SUCRA: 9.64%) post-TBI. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCEVs) were most effective in mNSS assessment on day 14 (SUCRA: 21.94%) and day 28 (SUCRA: 6.26%), as well as MWM’s escape latency (SUCRA: 6.16%) and time spent in the target quadrant (SUCRA: 86.52%). The result of mNSS analysis on day 21 showed that neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (NSCEVs) had the best curative effect (SUCRA: 6.76%).ConclusionAEVs may be the best choice to improve early mNSS recovery after TBI. The efficacy of MSCEVs may be the best in the late mNSS and MWM after TBI.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023377350.
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Mot YY, Moses EJ, Mohd Yusoff N, Ling KH, Yong YK, Tan JJ. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-Derived Exosome and the Roles in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:469-489. [PMID: 35103872 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) could result in life-long disabilities and death. Though the mechanical insult causes primary injury, the secondary injury due to dysregulated responses following neuronal apoptosis and inflammation is often the cause for more detrimental consequences. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) has been extensively investigated as the emerging therapeutic for TBI, and the functional properties are chiefly attributed to their secretome, especially the exosomes. Delivering these nanosize exosomes have shown to ameliorate post-traumatic injury and restore brain functions. Recent technology advances also allow engineering MSC-derived exosomes to carry specific biomolecules of interest to augment their therapeutic outcome. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of TBI and summarize the recent progress in the applications of MSCs-derived exosomes, the roles and the signalling mechanisms underlying the protective effects in the treatment of the TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Yik Mot
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, BertamKepala Batas, 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Emmanuel Jairaj Moses
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, BertamKepala Batas, 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Narazah Mohd Yusoff
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, BertamKepala Batas, 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Keong Yong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jun Jie Tan
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, BertamKepala Batas, 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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28
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Morris DC, Zhang ZG, Jaehne AK, Zhang J, Rivers EP. CLINICAL, MOLECULAR, AND EXOSOMAL MECHANISMS OF CARDIAC AND BRAIN DYSFUNCTION IN SEPSIS. Shock 2023; 59:173-179. [PMID: 36731014 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis is a complex disease resulting from a dysregulated inflammatory response to an infection. Initiation of sepsis occurs from a localized infection that disseminates to the bloodstream placing all organ systems at risk. Septic shock is classically observed to manifest itself as systemic hypotension with hyporesponsiveness to vasopressor agents. Myocardial dysfunction occurs resulting in an inability to perfuse major organ systems throughout the body. Most importantly, the brain is hypoperfused creating an ischemic and inflammatory state resulting in the clinical observation of acute mental status changes and cognitive dysfunction commonly known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy. This short review describes the inflammatory molecular mechanisms of myocardial dysfunction, discusses the evidence of the dual roles of the microglia resulting in blood-brain barrier disruption, and suggests that septic-derived exosomes, endosome-derived lipid bilayer spheroids released from living cells, influence cardiac and neurological cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Morris
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurological Research, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Anja K Jaehne
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurological Research, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
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Wyczechowska D, Harch PG, Mullenix S, Fannin ES, Chiappinelli BB, Jeansonne D, Lassak A, Bazan NG, Peruzzi F. Serum microRNAs associated with concussion in football players. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1155479. [PMID: 37144000 PMCID: PMC10151480 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1155479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mild TBI)/concussion is a common sports injury, especially common in football players. Repeated concussions are thought to lead to long-term brain damage including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). With the worldwide growing interest in studying sport-related concussion the search for biomarkers for early diagnosis and progression of neuronal injury has also became priority. MicroRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Due to their high stability in biological fluids, microRNAs can serve as biomarkers in a variety of diseases including pathologies of the nervous system. In this exploratory study, we have evaluated changes in the expression of selected serum miRNAs in collegiate football players obtained during a full practice and game season. We found a miRNA signature that can distinguish with good specificity and sensitivity players with concussions from non-concussed players. Furthermore, we found miRNAs associated with the acute phase (let-7c-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-181c-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-154-5p, miR-431-5p, miR-151a-5p, miR-181d-5p, miR-487b-3p, miR-377-3p, miR-17-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-126-5p) and those whose changes persist up to 4 months after concussion (miR-17-5p and miR-22-3p).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wyczechowska
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Paul G. Harch
- Department of Medicine, Section of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Shelly Mullenix
- LSU Athletics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Erin S. Fannin
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Brenda B. Chiappinelli
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Duane Jeansonne
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Adam Lassak
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Nicolas G. Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Francesca Peruzzi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Francesca Peruzzi
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Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote neurological function recovery in rat after traumatic brain injury by inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocyte. Regen Ther 2022; 21:282-287. [PMID: 36092501 PMCID: PMC9440059 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Naseer S, Abelleira-Hervas L, Savani D, de Burgh R, Aleksynas R, Donat CK, Syed N, Sastre M. Traumatic Brain Injury Leads to Alterations in Contusional Cortical miRNAs Involved in Dementia. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1457. [PMID: 36291666 PMCID: PMC9599474 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that head injury is a significant environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and that a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) accelerates the onset of AD. Amyloid-β plaques and tau aggregates have been observed in the post-mortem brains of TBI patients; however, the mechanisms leading to AD neuropathology in TBI are still unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that focal TBI induces changes in miRNA expression in and around affected areas, resulting in the altered expression of genes involved in neurodegeneration and AD pathology. For this purpose, we performed a miRNA array in extracts from rats subjected to experimental TBI, using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model. In and around the contusion, we observed alterations of miRNAs associated with dementia/AD, compared to the contralateral side. Specifically, the expression of miR-9 was significantly upregulated, while miR-29b, miR-34a, miR-106b, miR-181a and miR-107 were downregulated. Via qPCR, we confirmed these results in an additional group of injured rats when compared to naïve animals. Interestingly, the changes in those miRNAs were concomitant with alterations in the gene expression of mRNAs involved in amyloid generation and tau pathology, such as β-APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and Glycogen synthase-3-β (GSK3β). In addition increased levels of neuroinflammatory markers (TNF-α), glial activation, neuronal loss, and tau phosphorylation were observed in pericontusional areas. Therefore, our results suggest that the secondary injury cascade in TBI affects miRNAs regulating the expression of genes involved in AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Magdalena Sastre
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Khan NA, Asim M, El-Menyar A, Biswas KH, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. The evolving role of extracellular vesicles (exosomes) as biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: Clinical perspectives and therapeutic implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:933434. [PMID: 36275010 PMCID: PMC9584168 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.933434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing effective disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) requires reliable diagnostic, disease activity, and progression indicators. While desirable, identifying biomarkers for NDs can be difficult because of the complex cytoarchitecture of the brain and the distinct cell subsets seen in different parts of the central nervous system (CNS). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, cell-derived, membrane-bound vesicles involved in the intercellular communication and transport of cell-specific cargos, such as proteins, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), and lipids. The types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies based on their size and origin of biogenesis. A growing body of evidence suggests that intercellular communication mediated through EVs is responsible for disseminating important proteins implicated in the progression of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other NDs. Some studies showed that TBI is a risk factor for different NDs. In terms of therapeutic potential, EVs outperform the alternative synthetic drug delivery methods because they can transverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB) without inducing immunogenicity, impacting neuroinflammation, immunological responses, and prolonged bio-distribution. Furthermore, EV production varies across different cell types and represents intracellular processes. Moreover, proteomic markers, which can represent a variety of pathological processes, such as cellular damage or neuroinflammation, have been frequently studied in neurotrauma research. However, proteomic blood-based biomarkers have short half-lives as they are easily susceptible to degradation. EV-based biomarkers for TBI may represent the complex genetic and neurometabolic abnormalities that occur post-TBI. These biomarkers are not caught by proteomics, less susceptible to degradation and hence more reflective of these modifications (cellular damage and neuroinflammation). In the current narrative and comprehensive review, we sought to discuss the contemporary knowledge and better understanding the EV-based research in TBI, and thus its applications in modern medicine. These applications include the utilization of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis, developments of EV-based therapies, and managing their associated challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Ayman El-Menyar
| | - Kabir H. Biswas
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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33
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The Neuroprotection Effects of Exosome in Central Nervous System Injuries: a New Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7152-7169. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Paro MR, Chakraborty AR, Angelo S, Nambiar S, Bulsara KR, Verma R. Molecular mediators of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. Rev Neurosci 2022; 34:425-442. [PMID: 36073599 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms governing neurological and functional recovery after ischemic stroke are incompletely understood. Recent advances in knowledge of intrinsic repair processes of the CNS have so far translated into minimal improvement in outcomes for stroke victims. Better understanding of the processes underlying neurological recovery after stroke is necessary for development of novel therapeutic approaches. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis have emerged as central mechanisms of post-stroke recovery and potential targets for therapeutics. Frameworks have been developed for conceptualizing cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis at the tissue and cellular levels. These models highlight that angiogenesis and neurogenesis are linked to each other and to functional recovery. However, knowledge of the molecular framework linking angiogenesis and neurogenesis after stroke is limited. Studies of potential therapeutics typically focus on one mediator or pathway with minimal discussion of its role within these multifaceted biochemical processes. In this article, we briefly review the current understanding of the coupled processes of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after stroke. We then identify the molecular mediators and signaling pathways found in pre-clinical studies to upregulate both processes after stroke and contextualizes them within the current framework. This report thus contributes to a more-unified understanding of the molecular mediators governing angiogenesis and neurogenesis after stroke, which we hope will help guide the development of novel therapeutic approaches for stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch R Paro
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Arijit R Chakraborty
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Sophia Angelo
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Shyam Nambiar
- University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ketan R Bulsara
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, University of Connecticut Health, 135 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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35
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Pischiutta F, Caruso E, Cavaleiro H, Salgado AJ, Loane DJ, Zanier ER. Mesenchymal stromal cell secretome for traumatic brain injury: Focus on immunomodulatory action. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114199. [PMID: 35952763 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The severity and long-term consequences of brain damage in traumatic brain injured (TBI) patients urgently calls for better neuroprotective/neuroreparative strategies for this devastating disorder. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise and have been shown to confer neuroprotection in experimental TBI, mainly through paracrine mechanisms via secreted bioactive factors (i.e. secretome), which indicates significant potential for a cell-free neuroprotective approach. The secretome is composed of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles; it may offer advantages over MSCs in terms of delivery, safety, and variability of therapeutic response for brain injury. Immunomodulation by molecular factors secreted by MSCs is considered to be a key mechanism involved in their multi-potential therapeutic effects. Regulated neuroinflammation is required for healthy remodeling of central nervous system during development and adulthood. Moreover, immune cells and their secreted factors can also contribute to tissue repair and neurological recovery following acute brain injury. However, a chronic and maladaptive neuroinflammatory response can exacerbate TBI and contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and long-term neurological impairments. Here, we review the evidence for MSC-derived secretome as a therapy for TBI. Our framework incorporates a detailed analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the effects of the secretome on clinically relevant neurological and histopathological outcomes. We also describe the activation of immune cells after TBI and the immunomodulatory properties exerted by mediators released in the secretome. We then describe how ageing modifies central and systemic immune responses to TBI and discuss challenges and opportunities of developing secretome based neuroprotective therapies for elderly TBI populations. Finally, strategies aimed at modulating the secretome in order to boost its efficacy for TBI will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischiutta
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Helena Cavaleiro
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; Stemmatters, Biotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Antonio J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - David J Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
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36
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Soares MBP, Gonçalves RGJ, Vasques JF, da Silva-Junior AJ, Gubert F, Santos GC, de Santana TA, Almeida Sampaio GL, Silva DN, Dominici M, Mendez-Otero R. Current Status of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:883378. [PMID: 35782379 PMCID: PMC9244712 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.883378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders include a wide spectrum of clinical conditions affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems. For these conditions, which affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, generally limited or no treatments are available, and cell-based therapies have been intensively investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. Among the available cell types, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been widely studied but as yet no cell-based treatment exists for neurological disease. We review current knowledge of the therapeutic potential of MSC-based therapies for neurological diseases, as well as possible mechanisms of action that may be explored to hasten the development of new and effective treatments. We also discuss the challenges for culture conditions, quality control, and the development of potency tests, aiming to generate more efficient cell therapy products for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B. P. Soares
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto SENAI de Sistemas Avançados de Saúde (CIMATEC ISI-SAS), Centro Universitário SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Renata G. J. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa Redes de Pesquisa em Saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana F. Vasques
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Almir J. da Silva-Junior
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa Redes de Pesquisa em Nanotecnologia no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gubert
- Programa Redes de Pesquisa em Saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Girlaine Café Santos
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto SENAI de Sistemas Avançados de Saúde (CIMATEC ISI-SAS), Centro Universitário SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thaís Alves de Santana
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto SENAI de Sistemas Avançados de Saúde (CIMATEC ISI-SAS), Centro Universitário SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Louise Almeida Sampaio
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto SENAI de Sistemas Avançados de Saúde (CIMATEC ISI-SAS), Centro Universitário SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Modena, Italy
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa Redes de Pesquisa em Saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa Redes de Pesquisa em Nanotecnologia no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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37
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Cell-Derived Exosomes as Therapeutic Strategies and Exosome-Derived microRNAs as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113223. [PMID: 35683610 PMCID: PMC9181755 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex, life-threatening condition that causes mortality and disability worldwide. No effective treatment has been clinically verified to date. Achieving effective drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) presents a major challenge to therapeutic drug development for TBI. Furthermore, the field of TBI biomarkers is rapidly developing to cope with the many aspects of TBI pathology and enhance clinical management of TBI. Exosomes (Exos) are endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various biological materials, including lipids, proteins, microRNAs, and other nucleic acids. Compelling evidence exists that Exos, such as stem cell-derived Exos and even neuron or glial cell-derived Exos, are promising TBI treatment strategies because they pass through the BBB and have the potential to deliver molecules to target lesions. Meanwhile, Exos have decreased safety risks from intravenous injection or orthotopic transplantation of viable cells, such as microvascular occlusion or imbalanced growth of transplanted cells. These unique characteristics also create Exos contents, especially Exos-derived microRNAs, as appealing biomarkers in TBI. In this review, we explore the potential impact of cell-derived Exos and exosome-derived microRNAs on the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis prediction of TBI. The associated challenges and opportunities are also discussed.
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38
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Ghosh S, Ghosh S. Exosome: The “Off-the-Shelf” Cellular Nanocomponent as a Potential Pathogenic Agent, a Disease Biomarker, and Neurotherapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:878058. [PMID: 35685643 PMCID: PMC9170956 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.878058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized “off-the-shelf” lipid vesicles released by almost all cell types and play a significant role in cell–cell communication. Exosomes have already been proven to carry cell-specific cargos of proteins, lipids, miRNA, and noncoding RNA (ribonucleic acid). These vesicles can be selectively taken up by the neighboring cell and can regulate cellular functions. Herein, we have discussed three different roles of exosomes in neuroscience. First, we have discussed how exosomes play the role of a pathogenic agent as a part of cell–cell communication and transmit pathogens such as amyloid-beta (Aβ), further helping in the propagation of neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. In the next section, the review talks about the role of exosomes in biomarker discovery in neurological disorders. Toward the end, we have reviewed how exosomes can be harnessed and engineered for therapeutic purposes in different brain diseases. This review is based on the current knowledge generated in this field and our comprehension of this domain.
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Gabisonia K, Khan M, Recchia FA. Extracellular vesicle-mediated bidirectional communication between heart and other organs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H769-H784. [PMID: 35179973 PMCID: PMC8993522 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00659.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a wealth of studies has identified various molecular species released by cardiac muscle under physiological and pathological conditions that exert local paracrine and/or remote endocrine effects. Conversely, humoral factors, principally produced by organs such as skeletal muscle, kidney, or adipose tissue, may affect the function and metabolism of normal and diseased hearts. Although this cross communication within cardiac tissue and between the heart and other organs is supported by mounting evidence, research on the role of molecular mediators carried by exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, collectively defined as extracellular vesicles (EVs), is at an early stage of investigation. Once released in the circulation, EVs can potentially reach any organ where they transfer their cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that exert potent biological effects on recipient cells. Although there are a few cases where such signaling was clearly demonstrated, the results from many other studies can only be tentatively inferred based on indirect evidence obtained by infusing exogenous EVs in experimental animals or by adding them to cell cultures. This area of research is in rapid expansion and most mechanistic interpretations may change in the near future; hence, the present review on the role played by EV-carried mediators in the two-way communication between heart and skeletal muscle, kidneys, bone marrow, lungs, liver, adipose tissue, and brain is necessarily limited. Nonetheless, the available data are already unveiling new, intriguing, and ample scenarios in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatia Gabisonia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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40
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Zhang J, Buller BA, Zhang ZG, Zhang Y, Lu M, Rosene DL, Medalla M, Moore TL, Chopp M. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells promote remyelination and reduce neuroinflammation in the demyelinating central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2022; 347:113895. [PMID: 34653510 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Injury of oligodendrocytes (OLs) induces demyelination, and patients with neurodegenerative diseases exhibit demyelination concomitantly with neurological deficit and cognitive impairment. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are present in the adult central nervous system (CNS), and they can proliferate, differentiate, and remyelinate axons after damage. However, remyelination therapies are not in clinical use. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major demyelinating disease in the CNS. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic promise in animal models and in clinical trials of MS. Exosomes are nanoparticles generated by nearly all cells and they mediate cell-cell communication by transferring cargo biomaterials. Here, we hypothesize that exosomes harvested from MSCs have a similar therapeutic effect on enhancement of remyelination as that of MSCs. In the present study we employed exosomes derived from rhesus monkey MSCs (MSC-Exo). Two mouse models of demyelination were employed: 1) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS; and 2) cuprizone (CPZ) diet model, a toxic demyelination model. MSC-Exo or PBS were intravenously injected twice a week for 4 weeks, starting on day 10 post immunization in EAE mice, or once a week for 2 weeks starting on the day of CPZ diet withdrawal. Neurological and cognitive function were tested, OPC differentiation and remyelination, neuroinflammation and the potential underlying mechanisms were investigated using immunofluorescent staining, transmission electron microscopy and Western blot. Data generated from the EAE model revealed that MSC-Exo cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and target neural cells. Compared with the controls (p < 0.05), treatment with MSC-Exo: 1) significantly improved neurological outcome; 2) significantly increased the numbers of newly generated OLs (BrdU+/APC+) and mature OLs (APC+), and the level of myelin basic protein (MBP); 3) decreased amyloid-β precursor protein (APP)+ density; 4) decreased neuroinflammation by increasing the M2 phenotype and decreasing the M1 phenotype of microglia, as well as their related cytokines; 5) inhibited the TLR2/IRAK1/NFκB pathway. Furthermore, we confirmed that the MSC-Exo treatment significantly improved cognitive function, promoted remyelination, increased polarization of M2 phenotype and blocked TLR2 signaling in the CPZ model. Collectively, MSC-Exo treatment promotes remyelination by both directly acting on OPCs and indirectly by acting on microglia in the demyelinating CNS. This study provides the cellular and molecular basis for this cell-free exosome therapy on remyelination and modulation of neuroinflammation in the CNS, with great potential for treatment of demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America.
| | - Benjamin A Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mei Lu
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
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41
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Cui L, Saeed Y, Li H, Yang J. Regenerative medicine and traumatic brain injury: from stem cell to cell-free therapeutic strategies. Regen Med 2021; 17:37-53. [PMID: 34905963 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health concern, yet there is a lack of standardized treatment to combat its long-lasting effects. The objective of the present study was to provide an overview of the limitation of conventional stem-cell therapy in the treatment of TBI and to discuss the application of novel acellular therapies and their advanced strategies to enhance the efficacy of stem cells derived therapies in the light of published study data. Moreover, we also discussed the factor to optimize the therapeutic efficiency of stem cell-derived acellular therapy by overcoming the challenges for its clinical translation. Hence, we concluded that acellular therapy possesses the potential to bring a breakthrough in the field of regenerative medicine to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxu Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 North Lingnan Road, Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, PR China
| | - Yasmeen Saeed
- Guangdong VitaLife Biotechnology Co., LTD, 61 Xiannan Road, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, PR China
| | - Haomin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 North Lingnan Road, Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, PR China
| | - Jingli Yang
- School of medicine, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Road, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, PR China
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42
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Zhang N, He F, Li T, Chen J, Jiang L, Ouyang XP, Zuo L. Role of Exosomes in Brain Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:743353. [PMID: 34588957 PMCID: PMC8473913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.743353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles that act as messengers to facilitate communication between cells. Non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and microRNAs are delivered by the exosomes to target molecules (such as proteins, mRNAs, or DNA) of host cells, thereby playing a key role in the maintenance of normal brain function. However, exosomes are also involved in the occurrence, prognosis, and clinical treatment of brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. In this review, we have summarized novel findings that elucidate the role of exosomes in the occurrence, prognosis, and treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Fengling He
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ting Li
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jinzhi Chen
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Taihe Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lielian Zuo
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Neuroscience Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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