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Han M, Beon J, Lee JY, Oh SS. Systematic Combination of Oligonucleotides and Synthetic Polymers for Advanced Therapeutic Applications. Macromol Res 2021; 29:665-680. [PMID: 34754286 PMCID: PMC8568687 DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential of oligonucleotides is exceptional in therapeutics because of their high safety, potency, and specificity compared to conventional therapeutic agents. However, many obstacles, such as low in vivo stability and poor cellular uptake, have hampered their clinical success. Use of polymeric carriers can be an effective approach for overcoming the biological barriers and thereby maximizing the therapeutic efficacy of the oligonucleotides due to the availability of highly tunable synthesis and functional modification of various polymers. As loaded in the polymeric carriers, the therapeutic oligonucleotides, such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, and even messenger RNAs, become nuclease-resistant by bypassing renal filtration and can be efficiently internalized into disease cells. In this review, we introduced a variety of systematic combinations between the therapeutic oligonucleotides and the synthetic polymers, including the uses of highly functionalized polymers responding to a wide range of endogenous and exogenous stimuli for spatiotemporal control of oligonucleotide release. We also presented intriguing characteristics of oligonucleotides suitable for targeted therapy and immunotherapy, which can be fully supported by versatile polymeric carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moohyun Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673 Korea
| | - Jiyun Beon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673 Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429 Korea
| | - Seung Soo Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673 Korea
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Hussein Kamareddine M, Ghosn Y, Tawk A, Elia C, Alam W, Makdessi J, Farhat S. Organic Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems and Their Potential Role in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 18:1533033819879902. [PMID: 31865865 PMCID: PMC6928535 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819879902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that occurs more prominently in the older population, with a peak incidence at ages 45 to 85 years and a median age at diagnosis of 65 years. This disease comprises roughly 15% of all leukemias in adults. It is a clonal stem cell disorder of myeloid cells characterized by the presence of t(9;22) chromosomal translocation, also known as the Philadelphia chromosome, or its byproducts BCR-ABL fusion protein/messenger RNA, leading to the expression of a protein with enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. This fusion protein has become the main therapeutic target in chronic myeloid leukemia therapy, with imatinib displaying superior antileukemic effects, placing it at the forefront of current treatment protocols and displaying great efficacy. Alternatively, nanomedicine and employing nanoparticles as drug delivery systems may represent new approaches in future anticancer therapy. This review focuses primarily on the use of organic nanoparticles aimed at chronic myeloid leukemia therapy in both in vitro and in vivo settings, by going through a thorough survey of published literature. After a brief introduction on the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia, a description of conventional, first- and second-line, treatment modalities of chronic myeloid leukemia is presented. Finally, some of the general applications of nanostrategies in medicine are presented, with a detailed focus on organic nanocarriers and their constituents used in chronic myeloid leukemia treatment from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youssef Ghosn
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Antonios Tawk
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Carlos Elia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Walid Alam
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Makdessi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Said Farhat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Achrafieh-Beirut, Lebanon
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Batista-Duharte A, Sendra L, Herrero MJ, Téllez-Martínez D, Carlos IZ, Aliño SF. Progress in the Use of Antisense Oligonucleotides for Vaccine Improvement. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E316. [PMID: 32079263 PMCID: PMC7072586 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
: Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetically prepared short single-stranded deoxynucleotide sequences that have been validated as therapeutic agents and as a valuable tool in molecular driving biology. ASOs can block the expression of specific target genes via complementary hybridization to mRNA. Due to their high specificity and well-known mechanism of action, there has been a growing interest in using them for improving vaccine efficacy. Several studies have shown that ASOs can improve the efficacy of vaccines either by inducing antigen modification such as enhanced expression of immunogenic molecules or by targeting certain components of the host immune system to achieve the desired immune response. However, despite their extended use, some problems such as insufficient stability and low cellular delivery have not been sufficiently resolved to achieve effective and safe ASO-based vaccines. In this review, we analyze the molecular bases and the research that has been conducted to demonstrate the potential use of ASOs in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; (D.T.-M.); (I.Z.C.)
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Luis Sendra
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Maria José Herrero
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; (D.T.-M.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; (D.T.-M.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Salvador Francisco Aliño
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.S.); (S.F.A.)
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Mignani S, Shi X, Zablocka M, Majoral JP. Dendrimer-Enabled Therapeutic Antisense Delivery Systems as Innovation in Medicine. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1938-1950. [PMID: 31246431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-based therapies concern the treatment for genetic disorders or infections such as a range of neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases and have shown benefits in animal models and patients. Nevertheless, successes in the clinic are still strongly limited by unfavorable biodistribution and poor cellular uptake of AONs. Dendrimer macromolecules are synthetically accessible and consist of a core with repeated iterations (named branches) surrounding this core, and on the periphery functional groups which can be modified for ligand attachment. The generations of these branched nanoparticles are based on the number of branches emanating from the core with layered architectures. Dendrimers show promise in several biomedical applications based on their tunable surface modifications allowing the adjustment of their in vivo behavior related to biocompatibility and pharmacokinetic parameters. Dendrimers can be used as nanocarriers of various types of drugs including AONs or nanodrugs. As nanocarriers, polycationic dendrimers can complex multiple negatively charged DNA oligonucleotides on their surface and form stable complexes to promote internalization into the cells based on a good cell membrane affinity. These nanocarriers complexing antisense oligonucleotides must be stable enough to reach the cellular target, but with adequate in vivo global clearance, and have good pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles. This Review was designed to analyze the development of AONs carried by polycationic and polyanionic (few example) dendrimers. This Review strongly supports the idea that dendrimers, with adequate modulation of their terminal groups, could be used to carry AONs in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Mignani
- Department of Pharmacy , Zhengzhou Railway Vocational & Technical College , Zhengzhou 450018 , China.,Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 860 , Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique , 45, rue des Saints Peres , 75006 Paris , France.,CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG , Universidade da Madeira , Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal , Portugal.,Glycovax Pharma , 424 Guy Street, Suite 202 , Montreal , Quebec H3J 1S6 , Canada
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Maria Zablocka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies , Polish Academy of Sciences , Sienkiewicza 112 , 90-363 Lodz , Poland
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Department of Pharmacy , Zhengzhou Railway Vocational & Technical College , Zhengzhou 450018 , China.,Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS , 205 route de Narbonne , 31077 , Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université Toulouse , 118 route de Narbonne , 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Ubale RV, Shastri PN, Oettinger C, D’Souza MJ. Pulmonary Administration of Microparticulate Antisense Oligonucleotide (ASO) for the Treatment of Lung Inflammation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1908-1919. [PMID: 29663290 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery to the lung for controlling lung inflammation is an area that we have explored in this study. The purpose was to use microparticles containing an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to NF-κB to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Microparticles were prepared using the B-290 Buchi Spray Dryer using albumin as the microparticle matrix. Physicochemical characterization of the microparticles showed the size ranged from 2 to 5 μm, the charge was - 38.4 mV, and they had a sustained release profile over 72 h. Uptake of FITC-labeled ASO-loaded microparticles versus FITC-labeled ASO solution by RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells was 5-10-fold higher. After pulmonary delivery of microparticles to Sprague-Dawley rats, the microparticles were uniformly distributed throughout the lung and were retained in the lungs until 48 h. Serum cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) levels of rats after induction of lung inflammation by lipopolysaccharide were measured until 72 h. Animals receiving ASO-loaded microparticles were successful in significantly controlling lung inflammation during this period as compared to animals receiving no treatment. This study was successful in proving that microparticulate ASO therapy was capable of controlling lung inflammation.
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Zhang M, Hu J, Zou Y, Wu J, Yao Y, Fan H, Liu K, Wang J, Gao S. Modification of degradable nonviral delivery vehicle with a novel bifunctional peptide to enhance transfection in vivo. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 13:9-24. [PMID: 29094654 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To increase in vivo DNA transfection efficiency of a nonviral delivery vehicle, its tumor targeting and nuclear delivery ability was improved. MATERIALS & METHODS A novel bifunctional peptide tLyP-1-NLS (named K12) was prepared by coupling a tumor-targeting peptide (tLyP-1) with a nuclear localization signal (NLS), and then was used to modify a degradable polyethyleneimine (PEI) derivative called "N-octyl-N-quaternary chitosan (OTMCS)-PEI". The carrier OTMCS-PEI-K12 was characterized in terms of the physicochemical properties, in vitro gene transfection and antitumor effect in vivo. RESULTS OTMCS-PEI-K12 showed good suitability, stability and transfection capacity in vitro on the premise of noncytotoxicity. OTMCS-PEI-K12/pING4 complexes induced extensive apoptosis of tumor tissues and shrunk the tumor volume of mice noticeably in vivo. CONCLUSION This study offers a way to enhance in vivo transfection of a nonviral carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junwen Wu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yun Yao
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kehai Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jun Wang
- East Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Abstract
There are many classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), with wide-ranging functionalities (e.g., RNA editing, mediation of mRNA splicing, ribosomal function). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including the regulation of gene expression. Incorrect expression or mutation of lncRNAs has been reported to be associated with several disease conditions, such a malignant transformation in humans. Importantly, pivotal players in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, such as c-Myc, may be regulated by lncRNA at promoter level. The function of lncRNA can be reduced with antisense oligonucleotides that sequester or degrade mature lncRNAs. In alternative, lncRNA transcription can be blocked by small interference RNA (RNAi), which had acquired, recently, broad interested in clinical applications. In vivo-jetPEI™ is a linear polyethylenimine mediating nucleic acid (DNA, shRNA, siRNA, oligonucelotides) delivery with high efficiency. Different in vivo delivery routes have been validated: intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP), intratumoral, subcutaneous, topical, and intrathecal. High levels of nucleic acid delivery are achieved into a broad range of tissues, such as lung, salivary glands, heart, spleen, liver, and prostate upon systemic administration. In addition, in vivo-jetPEI™ is also an efficient carrier for local gene and siRNA delivery such as intratumoral or topical application on the skin. After systemic injection, siRNA can be detected and the levels can be validated in target tissues by qRT-PCR. Targeting promoter-associated lncRNAs with siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) in vivo is becoming an exciting breakthrough for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Civenni
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, IOR, Institute of Oncology Research, Via Vela 6, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland.
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Ni R, Zhou J, Hossain N, Chau Y. Virus-inspired nucleic acid delivery system: Linking virus and viral mimicry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:3-26. [PMID: 27473931 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nucleic acids into disease sites of human body has been attempted for decades, but both viral and non-viral vectors are yet to meet our expectations. Safety concerns and low delivery efficiency are the main limitations of viral and non-viral vectors, respectively. The structure of viruses is both ordered and dynamic, and is believed to be the key for effective transfection. Detailed understanding of the physical properties of viruses, their interaction with cellular components, and responses towards cellular environments leading to transfection would inspire the development of safe and effective non-viral vectors. To this goal, this review systematically summarizes distinctive features of viruses that are implied for efficient nucleic acid delivery but not yet fully explored in current non-viral vectors. The assembly and disassembly of viral structures, presentation of viral ligands, and the subcellular targeting of viruses are emphasized. Moreover, we describe the current development of cationic material-based viral mimicry (CVM) and structural viral mimicry (SVM) in these aspects. In light of the discrepancy, we identify future opportunities for rational design of viral mimics for the efficient delivery of DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naushad Hossain
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Hollins AJ, Benboubetra M, Omidi Y, Zinselmeyer BH, Schatzlein AG, Uchegbu IF, Akhtar S. Evaluation of generation 2 and 3 poly(propylenimine) dendrimers for the potential cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Pharm Res 2016; 21:458-66. [PMID: 15070097 DOI: 10.1023/b:pham.0000019300.04836.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate low generation, G2 and G3, poly(propylenimine) dendrimers for the potential cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. METHODS Cell cytotoxicity of the dendrimers was evaluated using trypan blue exclusion assays. Cellular uptake studies of fluorescently labeled ODNs were performed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Intracellular fate of dendrimer-delivered ODNs was assessed in both fixed and live cells using fluorescent microscopy. Antisense ODN activity was assessed in terms of cancer cell growth, inhibition of target EGFR protein, and reduction in mRNA levels. RESULTS G2 dendrimer (DAB-8) was less toxic than G3 (DAB-16) dendrimer in A431 cells, with IC50 of >175 and approximately 30 microg/ml, respectively. Uptake of fluorescently labeled ODN:dendrimer complexes was increased by up to 100-fold compared to a marker of fluid-phase endocytosis and up to 9-fold over free ODN at the optimal dendrimer:ODN (w/w) ratio of 5:1. Uptake of dendrimer:ODN complexes was significantly reduced at 4 degrees C (p < 0.05). Live cell fluorescent microscopy resulted in an intracellular distribution of dendrimer:ODN complexes that was suggestive of endocytic uptake; in contrast, cell fixation resulted in an artefactual nuclear localization. Treatment of A431 cells with anti-EGFR antisense ODN:dendrimer complexes inhibited cell growth, protein, and mRNA expression to levels comparable to Oligofectamine-mediated delivery. CONCLUSIONS G2 and G3 poly(propylenimine) dendrimers markedly improved the delivery and activity of ODNs and thus may represent general reagents for the delivery of ODNs to cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hollins
- Centre for Genome-based Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, Wales, UK
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The Comparative Utility of Viromer RED and Lipofectamine for Transient Gene Introduction into Glial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:458624. [PMID: 26539498 PMCID: PMC4619820 DOI: 10.1155/2015/458624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of genes into glial cells for mechanistic studies of cell function and as a therapeutic for gene delivery is an expanding field. Though viral vector based systems do exhibit good delivery efficiency and long-term production of the transgene, the need for transient gene expression, broad and rapid gene setup methodologies, and safety concerns regarding in vivo application still incentivize research into the use of nonviral gene delivery methods. In the current study, aviral gene delivery vectors based upon cationic lipid (Lipofectamine 3000) lipoplex or polyethylenimine (Viromer RED) polyplex technologies were examined in cell lines and primary glial cells for their transfection efficiencies, gene expression levels, and toxicity. The transfection efficiencies of polyplex and lipoplex agents were found to be comparable in a limited, yet similar, transfection setting, with or without serum across a number of cell types. However, differential effects on cell-specific transgene expression and reduced viability with cargo loaded polyplex were observed. Overall, our data suggests that polyplex technology could perform comparably to the market dominant lipoplex technology in transfecting various cells lines including glial cells but also stress a need for further refinement of polyplex reagents to minimize their effects on cell viability.
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Mohammadi S, Shahbazi Mojarrad J, Zakeri-Milani P, Shirani A, Mussa Farkhani S, Samadi N, Valizadeh H. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of amphiphilic peptides and their nanostructured conjugates. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:41-9. [PMID: 25789218 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2015.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer is the second leading cancer type among people of advanced countries. Various methods have been used for cancer treatment such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the present study we have designed and synthesized a new group of drug delivery systems (DDS) containing a new class of Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) named Peptide Amphiphiles (PAs). METHODS Two PAs and anionic peptides were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), namely [KW]4, [KW]5, E4 and E8. Then nano-peptides were synthesized by non-covalent binding between PAs and poly anions as [KW]4-E4, [KW]4-E8, [KW]5-E4 and [KW]5-E8. RESULTS Flow cytometry studies showed that increased chain length of PAs with a higher ratio between hydrophobicity and net charge results in increased intracellular uptake by MCF7 cells after 2h incubation. Moreover, nano-peptides showed greater intracellular uptake compared to PAs. Anti-proliferative assay revealed that by increasing chain length of PAs, the toxicity effect on MCF7 cells is reduced, however nano-peptides did not show significant toxicity on MCF7 cells even at high concentration levels. CONCLUSION These data suggest that due to the lack of toxicity effect at high concentration levels and also high cellular uptake, nano-peptides are more suitable carrier compared to PAs for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Mohammadi
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Shahbazi Mojarrad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shirani
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Mussa Farkhani
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Song H, Oh B, Choi M, Oh J, Lee M. Delivery of anti-microRNA-21 antisense-oligodeoxynucleotide using amphiphilic peptides for glioblastoma gene therapy. J Drug Target 2015; 23:360-70. [PMID: 25572456 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.1000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of microRNA-21 (miR-21) has been shown to promote apoptosis of cancer cells and to reduce tumor size in glioblastoma. However, efficient carriers for antisense-oligodeoxynucleotide (antisense-ODN) against miR-21 have not yet been developed. In this study, the R3V6 peptide (R3V6) was evaluated as a carrier of antisense-ODN. In a gel retardation assay, R3V6 formed a complex with an antisense-ODN. The serum stability assay showed that R3V6 protected it from nucleases more efficiently than polyethylenimine (PEI; 25 kDa, PEI25k). A Renilla luciferase gene with a 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) recognizable by miR-21 (psiCHECK2-miR-21-UTR) was constructed for the antisense-ODN assay. psiCHECK2-miR-21-UTR expressed less Renilla luciferase in the cells with a higher level of miR-21 due to the effect of miR-21. In an in vitro transfection assay, the R3V6 peptide delivered anti-miR-21 antisense-ODN into cells more efficiently than PEI (25 kDa, PEI25k) and lipofectamine. As a result, antisense-ODN/R3V6 complex inhibited miR-21 and increased Renilla luciferase expression more efficiently than antisense-ODN/PEI25k or antisense-ODN/Lipofectamine complexes in both C6 and A172 glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, the antisense-ODN/R3V6 complexes reduced the level of miR-21 and induced apoptosis of glioblastoma cells. These results suggest that the R3V6 peptide may be a useful carrier of antisense-ODN for glioblastoma gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojung Song
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul , Korea
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Gao L, Xie L, Long X, Wang Z, He CY, Chen ZY, Zhang L, Nan X, Lei H, Liu X, Liu G, Lu J, Qiu B. Efficacy of MRI visible iron oxide nanoparticles in delivering minicircle DNA into liver via intrabiliary infusion. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3688-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nasrolahi Shirazi A, Tiwari RK, Oh D, Banerjee A, Yadav A, Parang K. Efficient delivery of cell impermeable phosphopeptides by a cyclic peptide amphiphile containing tryptophan and arginine. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2008-20. [PMID: 23537165 DOI: 10.1021/mp400046u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphopeptides are valuable reagent probes for studying protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. The cellular delivery of phosphopeptides is challenging because of the presence of the negatively charged phosphate group. The cellular uptake of a number of fluorescent-labeled phosphopeptides, including F'-GpYLPQTV, F'-NEpYTARQ, F'-AEEEIYGEFEAKKKK, F'-PEpYLGLD, F'-pYVNVQN-NH2, and F'-GpYEEI (F' = fluorescein), was evaluated in the presence or absence of a [WR]4, a cyclic peptide containing alternative arginine (R) and tryptophan (W) residues, in human leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) after 2 h incubation using flow cytometry. [WR]4 improved significantly the cellular uptake of all phosphopeptides. PEpYLGLD is a sequence that mimics the pTyr1246 of ErbB2 that is responsible for binding to the Chk SH2 domain. The cellular uptake of F'-PEpYLGLD was enhanced dramatically by 27-fold in the presence of [WR]4 and was found to be time-dependent. Confocal microscopy of a mixture of F'-PEpYLGLD and [WR]4 in live cells exhibited intracellular localization and significantly higher cellular uptake compared to that of F'-PEpYLGLD alone. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and isothermal calorimetry (ITC) were used to study the interaction of PEpYLGLD and [WR]4. TEM results showed that the mixture of PEpYLGLD and [WR]4 formed noncircular nanosized structures with width and height of 125 and 60 nm, respectively. ITC binding studies confirmed the interaction between [WR]4 and PEpYLGLD. The binding isotherm curves, derived from sequential binding models, showed an exothermic interaction driven by entropy. These studies suggest that amphiphilic peptide [WR]4 can be used as a cellular delivery tool of cell-impermeable negatively charged phosphopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Aalinkeel R, Nair B, Reynolds JL, Sykes DE, Law WC, Mahajan SD, Prasad PN, Schwartz SA. Quantum rods as nanocarriers of gene therapy. Drug Deliv 2012; 19:220-31. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2012.690001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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16
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Gusachenko (Simonova) O, Kravchuk Y, Konevets D, Silnikov V, Vlassov VV, Zenkova MA. Transfection Efficiency of 25-kDa PEI–Cholesterol Conjugates with Different Levels of Modification. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:1091-110. [DOI: 10.1163/156856209x444448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Youlia Kravchuk
- b Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Konevets
- c Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir Silnikov
- d Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Valentin V. Vlassov
- e Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Marina A. Zenkova
- f Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Hillaireau H, Couvreur P. Nanocarriers' entry into the cell: relevance to drug delivery. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2873-96. [PMID: 19499185 PMCID: PMC11115599 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1047] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers offer unique possibilities to overcome cellular barriers in order to improve the delivery of various drugs and drug candidates, including the promising therapeutic biomacromolecules (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins). There are various mechanisms of nanocarrier cell internalization that are dramatically influenced by nanoparticles' physicochemical properties. Depending on the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking, different pharmacological applications may be considered. This review will discuss these opportunities, starting with the phagocytosis pathway, which, being increasingly well characterized and understood, has allowed several successes in the treatment of certain cancers and infectious diseases. On the other hand, the non-phagocytic pathways encompass various complicated mechanisms, such as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, which are more challenging to control for pharmaceutical drug delivery applications. Nevertheless, various strategies are being actively investigated in order to tailor nanocarriers able to deliver anticancer agents, nucleic acids, proteins and peptides for therapeutic applications by these non-phagocytic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Hillaireau
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 40 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud 11, IFR 141, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay Malabry, France
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Koh CG, Kang X, Xie Y, Fei Z, Guan J, Yu B, Zhang X, Lee LJ. Delivery of Polyethylenimine/DNA Complexes Assembled in a Microfluidics Device. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1333-42. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900016q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Guan Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 255 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, and Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida
| | - Xihai Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 255 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, and Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida
| | - Yubing Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 255 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, and Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida
| | - Zhengzheng Fei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 255 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, and Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida
| | - Jingjiao Guan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 255 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, and Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 255 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, and Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida
| | - Xulang Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 255 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, and Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida
| | - L. James Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymer Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, 255 Fuller Road, Albany, New York 12203, and Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida
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Fattal E, Barratt G. Nanotechnologies and controlled release systems for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:179-94. [PMID: 19366348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA have enormous potential for the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer. However, several impediments to their widespread use as drugs still have to be overcome: in particular their lack of stability in physiological fluids and their poor penetration into cells. Association with or encapsulation within nano- and microsized drug delivery systems could help to solve these problems. In this review, we describe the progress that has been made using delivery systems composed of natural or synthetic polymers in the form of complexes, nanoparticles or microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Fattal
- Univ Paris Sud 11, UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92290, France
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20
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Di Gioia S, Conese M. Polyethylenimine-mediated gene delivery to the lung and therapeutic applications. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2009; 2:163-88. [PMID: 19920904 PMCID: PMC2761186 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral gene delivery is now considered a promising alternative to viral vectors. Among nonviral gene delivery agents, polyethylenimine (PEI) has emerged as a potent candidate for gene delivery to the lung. PEI has some advantages over other polycations in that it combines strong DNA compaction capacity with an intrinsic endosomolytic activity. However, intracellular (mainly the nuclear membrane) and extracellular obstacles still hamper its efficiency in vitro and in vivo, depending on the route of administration and the type of PEI. Nuclear delivery has been increased by adding nuclear localization signals. To overcome nonspecific interactions with biological fluids, extracellular matrix components and nontarget cells, strategies have been developed to protect polyplexes from these interactions and to increase target specificity and gene expression. When gene delivery into airway epithelial cells of the conducting airways is necessary, aerosolization of complexes seems to be better suited to guarantee higher transgene expression in the airway epithelial cells with lower toxicity than observed with either intratracheal or intravenous administration. Aerosolization, indeed, is useful to target the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary endothelium. Proof-of-principle that PEI-mediated gene delivery has therapeutic application to some genetic and acquired lung disease is presented, using as genetic material either plasmidic DNA or small-interfering RNA, although optimization of formulation and delivery protocols and limitation of toxicity need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, Italy
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21
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Leaman DW. Recent progress in oligonucleotide therapeutics: antisense to aptamers. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:997-1009. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.9.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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State of the art and perspectives for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA by polymeric nanocarriers. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:237-48. [PMID: 18619528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knocking down gene expression using either antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) or small interfering RNA (siRNAs) has raised a lot of interest in designing new pathways for therapeutics. Despite their potentialities, these negatively charged and hydrophilic molecules request chemical modifications or a carrier that allows cell recognition, cell internalization and moreover subcellular penetration. Although chemical modifications were brought to the basic AS-ODNs and siRNAs, their sensitivity to degradation and poor intracellular penetration is still hampering their clinical applications. We present here the potentialities of polymeric carriers or the use of alternative administration route such as oral, ocular and skin delivery to improve their delivery and to circumvent the hurdles for their clinical applications.
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Boe S, Longva AS, Hovig E. Evaluation of Various Polyethylenimine Formulations for Light-Controlled Gene Silencing using Small Interfering RNA Molecules. Oligonucleotides 2008; 18:123-32. [DOI: 10.1089/oli.2008.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Boe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane S. Longva
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Sundaram S, Lee LK, Roth CM. Interplay of polyethyleneimine molecular weight and oligonucleotide backbone chemistry in the dynamics of antisense activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:4396-408. [PMID: 17576672 PMCID: PMC1935005 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread utilization of gene silencing techniques, such as antisense, is impeded by the poor cellular delivery of oligonucleotides (ONs). Rational design of carriers for enhanced ON delivery demands a better understanding of the role of the vector on the extent and time course of antisense effects. The aim of this study is to understand the effects of polymer molecular weight (MW) and ON backbone chemistry on antisense activity. Complexes were prepared between branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) of various MWs and ONs of phosphodiester and phosphorothioate chemistries. We measured their physico-chemical properties and evaluated their ability to deliver ONs to cells, leading to an antisense response. Our key finding is that the antisense activity is not determined solely by PEI MW or by ON chemistry, but rather by the interplay of both factors. While the extent of target mRNA down-regulation was determined primarily by the polymer MW, dynamics were determined principally by the ON chemistry. Of particular importance is the strength of interactions between the carrier and the ON, which determines the rate at which the ONs are delivered intracellularly. We also present a mathematical model of the antisense process to highlight the importance of ON delivery to antisense down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumati Sundaram
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Li Kim Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Charles M. Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +732-445-4500+732-445-3753
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25
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Yan H, Tram K. Glycotargeting to improve cellular delivery efficiency of nucleic acids. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:107-23. [PMID: 17268860 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-9023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids bearing glycans of various structures have been under vigorous investigation in the past decade. The carbohydrate moieties of such complexes can serve as recognition sites for carbohydrate-binding proteins-lectins-and initiate receptor-mediated endocytosis. Therefore, carbohydrates can enhance cell targeting and internalization of nucleic acids that are associated with them and thus improve the bioavailability of nucleic acids as therapeutic agents. This review summarizes nucleic acid glycosylation in nature and approaches for the preparation of both non-covalently associated and covalently-linked carbohydrate-nucleic acid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave., St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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26
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Grayson ACR, Doody AM, Putnam D. Biophysical and structural characterization of polyethylenimine-mediated siRNA delivery in vitro. Pharm Res 2007; 23:1868-76. [PMID: 16845585 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goals of this study were as follows: 1) to evaluate the efficacy of different polyethylenimine (PEI) structures for siRNA delivery in a model system, and 2) to determine the biophysical and structural characteristics of PEI that relate to siRNA delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biophysical characterization (effective diameter and zeta potential), cytotoxicities, relative binding affinities and in vitro transfection efficiencies were determined using nano-complexes formed from PEI's of 800, 25,000, (both branched) and 22,000 (linear) molecular weights at varying N:P ratios and siRNA concentrations. The HR5-CL11 cell line stably expressing luciferase was used as a model system in vitro. RESULTS Successful siRNA delivery was observed within a very narrow window of conditions, and only with the 25,000 branched PEI at an N:P ratio of 6:1 and 8:1 and with 200 nM siRNA. While the zeta potential and size of PEI:siRNA complexes correlated to transfection efficacy in some cases, complex stability may also affect transfection efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The ability of PEI to transfer functionally active siRNA to cells in culture is surprisingly dependent on its biophysical and structural characteristics when compared to its relative success and ease of use for DNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Richards Grayson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 270 Olin Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Paranjape JM, Xu D, Kushner DM, Okicki J, Lindner DJ, Cramer H, Silverman RH, Leaman DW. Human telomerase RNA degradation by 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylate antisense chimeras in a cell-free system, cultured tumor cells, and murine xenograft models. Oligonucleotides 2006; 16:225-38. [PMID: 16978086 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2006.16.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is a latent single-stranded RNA-directed endoribonuclease that is activated on binding to short 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), a feature that has led to its use in antisense therapeutic strategies. By attaching a 2-5A moiety to the 5' terminus of standard antisense oligonucleotides, it is possible to activate RNase L and guide it to specific RNAs for degradation. These 2-5A antisense chimeras have been used successfully to target a variety of cellular and viral RNAs. Telomerase is a nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex that elongates telomeric DNA and contributes to cellular immortalization. Telomerase is composed of a protein catalytic subunit and an RNA (hTR or TERC) component, both of which are critical for holoenzyme activity. We describe the characterization of 2-5A antisense chimeras targeting the hTR component of telomerase (2-5A antihTR). Newly designed 2-5A anti-hTR molecules were assayed for their abilities to selectively degrade hTR in a cell-free system. Of the five chimeras tested, one (RBI011) degraded hTR by 97%, and two others (RBI013 and RBI009) were also found to be highly active (73-76% degradation). The ability of transfected RBI011, and its homolog RBI254, to degrade hTR in cultured tumor cells was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. In these studies, RBI011 and RBI254 effectively degraded hTR in a variety of hTR-positive tumor cell lines. The hTR degradation studies were extended to growth assays to determine whether hTR ablation affected tumor cell viability or proliferation. RBI254 treatment resulted in reduced tumor cell viability over the course of 4-day growth assays, effects that were augmented by cotreatment with interferon-beta. To extend these results to an in vivo system, nude mice were implanted subcutaneously or orthotopically with hTR-positive prostate tumors and treated with RBI254. RBI254-treated mice exhibited enhanced tumor cell apoptosis and reduced tumor volume as compared with controls. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of highly active forms of 2-5A antisense against hTR, and also highlight the usefulness of the cell-free system in predicting chimera efficacy before to inception of cell-based and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree M Paranjape
- Department of Cancer Biology and Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Remaut K, Lucas B, Braeckmans K, Sanders NN, Demeester J, De Smedt SC. Delivery of phosphodiester oligonucleotides: can DOTAP/DOPE liposomes do the trick? Biochemistry 2006; 45:1755-64. [PMID: 16460022 DOI: 10.1021/bi0519755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Delivering phosphodiester ONs (PO-ONs) remains an attractive but challenging goal in antisense therapy. Both in the literature and in our experiments, most cationic liposomes fail in generating an antisense effect with PO-ONs, while they succeed with chemically modified ONs such as phosphothioate ONs (PS-ONs). This work aims to explain the biological activity of PO- and PS-ONs delivered by DOTAP/DOPE liposomes based on a detailed understanding of their cell biological behavior by means of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. We conclude that DOTAP/DOPE liposomes are not suited to deliver PO-ONs due to the release of naked PO-ONs in the cytosol at the time of the endosomal escape of the liposomes and the subsequent rapid degradation of the naked PO-ONs. Carriers that would not release the PO-ONs upon endosomal escape but would continue to carry the PO-ONs until they arrive at the target mRNA could therefore be better suited to delivering PO-ONs. In the case of PS-ONs, the ONs are not degraded upon release at the time of the endosomal escape of the liposomes, creating a pool of intact, biologically active PS-ONs and thus making DOTAP/DOPE liposomes mainly suitable for delivering nuclease resistant ONs. However, the cells seemed to display an export pathway for removing intact PS-ONs from the cells, limiting the presence of naked PS-ONs in the nucleus to approximately 8 h following the delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Remaut
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Remaut K, Lucas B, Braeckmans K, Sanders NN, Demeester J, De Smedt SC. Protection of oligonucleotides against nucleases by pegylated and non-pegylated liposomes as studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. J Control Release 2005; 110:212-26. [PMID: 16298008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotides (ONs), complexed to carriers such as cationic liposomes, inhibit the production of proteins. The biochemical and biophysical phenomena that govern the extent of this inhibition are still not fully understood. Major biological barriers limiting a pronounced antisense effect are the cellular entry and endosomal escape of the ONs containing liposomes, the release of the ONs from the liposomes and the extra- and intracellular degradation of the ONs. In this paper we focus on the latter barrier and evaluate, by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), to what extent phosphodiester ONs complexed to DOTAP/DOPE liposomes, are protected against degradation by nucleases. Liposomes studied were either with or without a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) moiety at the surface. Using non-pegylated liposomes the phosphodiester ONs were initially adequately protected when exposed to DNase I. Indeed, in the mechanism for lipoplex formation as suggested by others, the ONs become trapped between lipid bilayers and are therefore shielded from the environment. However, after a few hours the phosphodiester ONs no longer stayed intact. This was explained by a gradual fusion of the lipoplexes in time thereby spontaneously releasing phosphodiester ONs. Using pegylated liposomes, a substantial fraction of the phosphodiester ONs degraded immediately after exposing the complexes to DNase I. Based on experimental evidence we suggest that the presence of the PEG-chains influences lipoplex formation so that the ONs are not trapped between lipid bilayers and therefore remain accessible by the DNase I enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Remaut
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Belgium.
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30
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Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides present a powerful means to inhibit expression of specific genes, but their effectiveness is limited by factors including cellular delivery, biochemical attack, and poor binding to target. We have developed a systems model of the processes required for an antisense oligonucleotide to enter, gain access to its target mRNA, and exert activity in a cell. The model accurately mimics observed trends in antisense effectiveness with the stability of the oligonucleotide backbone and with the affinity/kinetics of binding to the mRNA over the time course of inhibition. By varying the model parameters within the physically realizable range, we note that the major molecular and cellular barriers to antisense effectiveness are intracellular trafficking, oligonucleotide-mRNA binding rate, and nuclease degradation of oligonucleotides, with a weaker dependence on total cellular uptake than might be expected. Furthermore, the model may serve as a predictive tool to design and test strategies for the cellular use of antisense oligonucleotides. The use of integrated mathematical modeling can play a significant role in the development of antisense and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058, USA.
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Urban-Klein B, Werth S, Abuharbeid S, Czubayko F, Aigner A. RNAi-mediated gene-targeting through systemic application of polyethylenimine (PEI)-complexed siRNA in vivo. Gene Ther 2005; 12:461-6. [PMID: 15616603 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) represents a powerful, naturally occurring biological strategy for inhibition of gene expression. It is mediated through small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which trigger specific mRNA degradation. In mammalian systems, however, the application of siRNAs is severely limited by the instability and poor delivery of unmodified siRNA molecules into the cells in vivo. In this study, we show that the noncovalent complexation of synthetic siRNAs with low molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI) efficiently stabilizes siRNAs and delivers siRNAs into cells where they display full bioactivity at completely nontoxic concentrations. More importantly, in a subcutaneous mouse tumor model, the systemic (intraperitoneal, i.p.) administration of complexed, but not of naked siRNAs, leads to the delivery of the intact siRNAs into the tumors. The i.p. injection of PEI-complexed, but not of naked siRNAs targeting the c-erbB2/neu (HER-2) receptor results in a marked reduction of tumor growth through siRNA-mediated HER-2 downregulation. Hence, we establish a novel and simple system for the systemic in vivo application of siRNAs through PEI complexation as a powerful tool for future therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Urban-Klein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University School of Medicine, Marburg, Germany
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32
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Complexation of well-controlled low-molecular weight polyelectrolytes with antisense oligonucleotides. Colloid Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-005-1311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lucas B, Van Rompaey E, Remaut K, Sanders N, De Smedt SC, Demeester J. On the biological activity of anti-ICAM-1 oligonucleotides complexed to non-viral carriers. J Control Release 2004; 96:207-19. [PMID: 15063042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An important challenge in antisense technology remains the adequate delivery of the oligonucleotides (ON) to individual cells. Understanding the subcellular distribution of ONs and their carrier is essential to explain the (lack of) biological activity. The ability of several cationic carriers to efficiently deliver anti-ICAM-1 oligonucleotides to their site of action was studied using a cell-based assay. In this assay we evaluated the ability of the ONs to downregulate the expression of the ICAM-1-protein in A549 cells. To understand why some carrier/ONs combinations showed biological activity while others failed, flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurements were used to study cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of the (fluorescently labeled) ONs. We showed that free ONs (both PS-ONs and PO-ONs) and ONs complexed to pEGpEI failed to decrease the ICAM-1 protein level. This was due to the inability of the (free or complexed) ONs to enter the cell, as shown by flow cytometry and CLSM. Flow cytometry and CLSM showed cellular uptake when PO-ONs and PS-ONs were complexed to graft-pDMAEMA and Lipofectin. However, while the uptake and intracellular localization seemed similar for ONs complexed to, respectively, graft-pDMAEMA and Lipofectin, the biological activity of the ONs was clearly dependent on their carrier: both PO-ONs and PS-ONs complexed to graft-pDMAEMA reduced the ICAM-1 expression; however, when complexed to Lipofectin only PS-ONs showed biological activity. Also, PS-ONs complexed to graft-pDMAEMA were more active than PO-ONs complexed to graft-pDMAEMA which could not be explained by the results from CLSM and flow cytometry. While the ICAM-1 assay proves whether a certain pharmaceutical carrier successfully delivers ONs or not, it does not answer the important question why one carrier is successful while another one fails. Also, our study shows that flow cytometry and CLSM, although useful techniques, failed to clearly explain the difference in transfection behavior between graft-pDMAEMA and Lipofectin. As ONs become susceptible to degradation by cytosolic DNase as soon as they are released from their carrier, one could argue that a better understanding of the time and (intracellular) place at which the dissociation of the complexes occurs could be crucial to fully explain our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Lucas
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Brus C, Kleemann E, Aigner A, Czubayko F, Kissel T. Stabilization of oligonucleotide-polyethylenimine complexes by freeze-drying: physicochemical and biological characterization. J Control Release 2004; 95:119-31. [PMID: 15013239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the lyophilization of oligodeoxynucleotide-polyethylenimine (ODN-PEI) complexes was investigated regarding the maintenance of physicochemical properties and influence on biological activity. To achieve this, we used PEI of different molecular weights, in the range of 800-0.8 kDa, as complexing agents for unmodified ODN and ribozymes. The hydrodynamic diameter was measured by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and the zeta potential was determined using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) of ODN complexes with PEI derivatives of different molecular weights both before and after lyophilization. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to visualize freshly prepared, stored and lyophilized complexes in solution. The biological activity of the ODN, as well as of plasmid DNA, in lyophilized PEI complexes was examined and compared to freshly prepared complexes using standard transfection assays. All PEI derivatives formed very small complexes with ODN displaying hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 15 to 30 nm. Marginal changes in size after lyophilization were observed for ODN-PEI complexes. In contrast, plasmid complexed with PEI was found to aggregate. In either cases minimal or no influence of the added amount of lyoprotectant was observed. The shape of the very small and highly condensed ODN complexes was not altered by lyophilization as seen in the AFM images. The transfection efficiency of lyophilized ribozyme-PEI complexes relative to freshly prepared complexes was approximately 100%, whereas a decrease was seen for lyophilized plasmid-PEI complexes. An additive of the lyoprotectants trehalose, mannitol or sucrose preserved biological activity. This study demonstrates the particular suitability of ODN-PEI complexes to be formulated as lyophilized systems with no loss in physical stability or biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Brus
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Jääskeläinen I, Lappalainen K, Honkakoski P, Urtti A. Requirements for delivery of active antisense oligonucleotides into cells with lipid carriers. Methods Enzymol 2004; 387:210-30. [PMID: 15172166 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)87013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
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Lee CH, Ni YH, Chen CC, Chou CK, Chang FH. Synergistic effect of polyethylenimine and cationic liposomes in nucleic acid delivery to human cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1611:55-62. [PMID: 12659945 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylenimine (PEI) and other polycations are good vehicles for transferring genes into the cells. In earlier reports, poly-L-lysine and protamine have been shown to improve gene delivery with cationic liposomes. In this study, PEI, combined with different cationic liposomes, was studied to determine the optimal conditions for gene delivery. The reporter genes, luciferase and green fluorescent protein, were used to transfect human HeLa, HepG2 and hepatoma 2.2.15 cells with various combinations of PEIs (0.8 and 25 kDa), poly-L-lysine (15-30 kDa), protamine and cationic liposomes. The highest expression level was achieved by using the combination of PEI 25 kDa (0.65 microg/microg of DNA, nitrogen-to-DNA phosphate (N/P) ratio=4.5) with 10 nmol of DOTAP-cholesterol (DOTAP-Chol, 1:1 w/w). This DNA complex formulation dramatically increased the luciferase expression 10- to 100-fold, which was much higher than those of other polycations alone, cationic liposomes alone or the combination. In addition, PEI/DOTAP-Chol combination had little cytotoxicity than DOTAP-Chol or other cationic liposomes alone. The effect of oligonucleotide (ODN) delivery facilitated by PEI and cationic liposomes was also studied in the hepatoma cell lines. We demonstrated an antisense ODN of p53 delivered by PEI/DOTAP-Chol combination effectively inhibited the biosynthesis of p53 protein in HepG2 (68% inhibiton) and 2.2.15 cells (43% inhibition). Thus, the large PEI could synergistically increase the transfection efficiency when combined with the cationic liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Room 911, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec 1, Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei, Taiwan
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Brigui I, Djavanbakht-Samani T, Jollès B, Pigaglio S, Laigle A. Minimally modified phosphodiester antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide directed against the multidrug resistance gene mdr1. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:747-54. [PMID: 12628488 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the perspective of reversing multidrug resistance through antisense strategy while avoiding non-antisense effects of all-phosphorothioate oligonucleotides which non-specifically bind to proteins, a minimally modified antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxyribonucleotide has been designed against mdr1, one of the multidrug resistance genes. Its stability in lysates prepared from NIH/3T3 cells transfected with the human mdr1 gene has already been demonstrated. Confocal microspectrofluorometry using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique allowed its stability inside living cells to be proven. Its internalization into the cells was achieved with different delivery agents (addition of a cholesteryl group, Superfect or an amphotericin B cationic derivative) and has been followed by fluorescence imaging. For each of the delivery systems, Western blotting allowed its antisense efficiency to be compared to that of an all-phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide. No antisense efficiency was demonstrated for the minimally modified ODN when internalized with Superfect. In both other cases, the best extinction of the P-glycoprotein expression has always been achieved with the all-phosphorothioate antisense. While the difference was significant in the case the amphotericin B derivative was used as delivery agent (20% remaining protein expression with the all-phosphorothioate vs. 40% with the minimally modified antisense), it was negligible for the cholesterol conjugates (2% vs. 6%). It is of great interest to prove that an almost all-phosphodiester oligonucleotide can be an efficient antisense against an overexpressed gene. The reduction of non-antisense effects as non-specific binding to proteins are of importance in the case relatively high ODN concentrations are used, which can prove to be necessary in the case of overexpressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Brigui
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Biomoléculaire et cellulaire, CNRS (URA 7033) et Université P. et M. Curie, 4 place Jussieu, case 138, 75005 Paris, France
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38
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Brus C, Santi P, Colombo P, Kissel T. Distribution and quantification of polyethylenimine oligodeoxynucleotide complexes in human skin after iontophoretic delivery using confocal scanning laser microscopy. J Control Release 2002; 84:171-81. [PMID: 12468220 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Iontophoresis may be a potentially useful technique for the delivery of oligonucleotides into the skin. To enhance intracellular uptake during iontophoresis, we investigated the dermal delivery of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) as a polyelectrolyte complex with polyethylenimine (PEI). Perpendicular cross-sectioning was performed to visualize and quantify the penetration properties of double labeled PEI/ODN complexes across full thickness human skin. Due to the net positive charge of the complexes, anodal iontophoresis was expected to enhance skin delivery by electrorepulsion compared to passive diffusion. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that non-complexed ODN could penetrate the skin after 1 h of cathodal iontophoresis but not by passive diffusion or anodal iontophoresis. However, extensive degradation occurred as documented by a dramatic decrease of fluorescence intensity within viable skin tissue after 10 h. Anodal iontophoresis of the complexes led to a deep penetration of both the TAMRA-labeled ODN and the Oregon Green-labeled PEI. A constant increase in fluorescence indicated a protective effect of the polymer against nuclease degradation. Co-localization of red and green fluorescence was noted within numerous nuclei of epidermal keratinocytes. In contrast, passive diffusion of the complexes did not lead to successful uptake into keratinocytes and was limited to the stratum corneum. Complexation of ODN by PEI, therefore, seems to be a promising method to enhance both the transport of charged complexes into the skin and to facilitate intracellular uptake, which may potentially be useful for the local treatment of skin diseases using ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Brus
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps University of Margburg, Ketzerbach 63, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Dass CR, Saravolac EG, Li Y, Sun LQ. Cellular uptake, distribution, and stability of 10-23 deoxyribozymes. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2002; 12:289-99. [PMID: 12477279 DOI: 10.1089/108729002761381276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The cellular uptake, intracellular distribution, and stability of 33-mer deoxyribozyme oligonucleotides (DNAzymes) were examined in several cell lines. PAGE analysis revealed that there was a weak association between the DNAzyme and DOTAP or Superfect transfection reagents at charge ratios that were minimally toxic to cultured cells. Cellular uptake was analyzed by cell fractionation of radiolabeled DNAzyme, by FACS, and by fluorescent microscopic analysis of FITC-labeled and TAMRA-labeled DNAzyme. Altering DNAzyme size and chemistry did not significantly affect uptake into cells. Inspection of paraformaldehyde-fixed cells by fluorescence microscopy revealed that DNAzyme was distributed primarily in punctate structures surrounding the nucleus and that substantial delivery to the nucleus was not observed up to 24 hours after initiation of transfection. Incubation in human serum or plasma demonstrated that a 3'-inversion modification greatly increased DNAzyme stability (t(1/2) approximately 22 hours) in comparison to the unmodified form (t(1/2) approximately 70 minute). The 3'-inversion-modified DNAzymes remained stable during cellular uptake, and catalytically active oligonucleotide could be extracted from the cells 24 hours posttransfection. In smooth muscle cell proliferation assay, the modified DNAzyme targeting the c-myc gene showed a much stronger inhibitory effect than did the unmodified version. The present study demonstrates that DNAzymes with a 3'-inversion are readily delivered into cultured cells and are functionally stable for several hours in serum and within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Johnson and Johnson Research Laboratories, Eveleigh, Australia
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40
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Merdan T, Kopecek J, Kissel T. Prospects for cationic polymers in gene and oligonucleotide therapy against cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54:715-58. [PMID: 12204600 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene and antisense/ribozyme therapy possesses tremendous potential for the successful treatment of genetically based diseases, such as cancer. Several cancer gene therapy strategies have already been realized in vitro, as well as in vivo. A few have even reached the stage of clinical trials, most of them phase I, while some antisense strategies have advanced to phase II and III studies. Despite this progress, a major problem in exploiting the full potential of cancer gene therapy is the lack of a safe and efficient delivery system for nucleic acids. As viral vectors possess toxicity and immunogenicity, non-viral strategies are becoming more and more attractive. They demonstrate adequate safety profiles, but their rather low transfection efficiency remains a major drawback. This review will introduce the most important cationic polymers used as non-viral vectors for gene and oligonucleotide delivery and will summarize strategies for the targeting of these agents to cancer tissues. Since the low efficiency of this group of vectors can be attributed to specific systemic and subcellular obstacles, these hurdles, as well as strategies to circumvent them, will be discussed. Local delivery approaches of vector/DNA complexes will be summarized and an overview of the principles of anticancer gene and antisense/ribozyme therapy as well as an outline of ongoing clinical trials will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Merdan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps University, Ketzerbach 63, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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41
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de Semir D, Avinyó A, Larriba S, Nunes V, Casals T, Estivill X, Aran JM. Quantitative assessment of chimeraplast stability in biological fluids by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and laser-assisted fluorescence analysis. Pharm Res 2002; 19:914-8. [PMID: 12134966 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016133722394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David de Semir
- Centre de Genètica Mèdica i Molecular, Institut de Recerca Oncològica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Abstract
The vasculature of a tumour provides the most effective route by which neoplastic cells may be reached and eradicated by drugs. The fact that a tumour's vasculature is relatively more permeable than healthy host tissue should enable selective delivery of drugs to tumour tissue. Such delivery is relevant to carrier-mediated delivery of genetic medicine to tumours. This review discusses the potential of delivering therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) to tumours using cationic liposomes and cyclodextrins (CyDs), and the major hindrances posed by the tumour itself on such delivery. Cationic liposomes are generally 100-200 nm in diameter, whereas CyDs typically span 1.5 nm across. Cationic liposomes have been used for the introduction of nucleic acids into mammalian cells for more than a decade. CyD molecules are routinely used as agents that engender cholesterol efflux from lipid-laden cells, thus having an efficacious potential in the management of atherosclerosis. A recent trend is to employ these oligosaccharide molecules for delivering nucleic acids in cells both in-vitro and in-vivo. Comparisons are made with other ON delivery agents, such as porphyrin derivatives (< 1 nm), branched chain dendrimers (approximately 10 nm), polyethylenimine polymers (approximately 10 nm), nanoparticles (20-1,000 nm) and microspheres (> 1 microm), in the context of delivery to solid tumours. A discourse on how the chemical and physical properties of these carriers may affect the uptake of ONs into cells, particularly in-vivo, forms a major basis of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Johnson & Johnson Research, Strawberry Hills, Australia.
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43
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Chirila TV, Rakoczy PE, Garrett KL, Lou X, Constable IJ. The use of synthetic polymers for delivery of therapeutic antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Biomaterials 2002; 23:321-42. [PMID: 11761152 PMCID: PMC7124374 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2000] [Accepted: 03/26/2001] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Developed over the past two decades, the antisense strategy has become a technology of recognised therapeutic potential, and many of the problems raised earlier in its application have been solved to varying extents. However, the adequate delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to individual cells remains an important and inordinately difficult challenge. Synthetic polymers appeared on this scene in the middle 1980s, and there is a surprisingly large variety used or proposed so far as agents for delivery of oligodeoxynucleotides. After discussing the principles of antisense strategy, certain aspects of the ingestion of macromolecules by cells, and the present situation of delivery procedures, this article analyses in detail the attempts to use synthetic polymers as carrier matrices and or cell membrane permeabilisation agents for delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Structural aspects of various polymers, as well as the results, promises and limitations of their use are critically evaluated.
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Key Words
- a, adenine
- as, antisense
- c, cytosine
- cd, cyclodextrin
- dna, deoxyribonucleic acid
- evac, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)
- g, guanine
- hart, hybrid-arrested translation
- help, high-efficiency liquid phase
- hema, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- hpma, n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
- ipec, interpolyelectrolyte complex
- odn, oligodeoxyribonucleotide, oligodeoxynucleotide
- pamam, polyamidoamines
- pca, polycyanoacrylates
- pdtema, n-[2-(2-pyridyldithio)]ethylmethacrylamide
- pedot, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- peg, poly(ethylene glycol)
- pei, polyethyleneimine
- peo, poly(ethylene oxide)
- pga, poly(glycolic acid)
- pl, polylysine
- pla, poly(lactic acid)
- pll, poly(l-lysine)
- por, polyornithine
- ps, polyspermine
- rme, receptor-mediated endocytosis
- rna, ribonucleic acid
- mrna, messenger ribonucleic acid
- rnase, ribonuclease
- snaige, synthetic or small nucleic acids interfering with gene expression
- t, thymine
- vp, 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
- antisense strategy
- antisense oligodeoxynucleotides
- endocytosis
- drug delivery
- charged polymers
- neutral polymers
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Affiliation(s)
- Traian V Chirila
- Centre for Ophthalmology & Visual Science and Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
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44
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Abstract
Nucleic acids transfer into mammalian cells requires devices to improve their escape from endocytic vesicles where they are mainly confined following cellular uptake. In this review, we describe histidine-rich molecules that enable the transfer of plasmid and oligonucleotides (ODN) in human and non-human cultured cells. An histidine-rich peptide which permeabilizes biological membrane at pH 6.4, favored the transfection mediated by lactosylated polylysine/pDNA complexes. Histidylated polylysine forms cationic particles of 100 nm with a plasmid and yielded a transfection of 3-4.5 orders of magnitude higher than polylysine. The biological activity of antisense ODN was increased more than 20-fold when it was complexed with highly histidylated oligolysine into small cationic spherical particles of 35 nm. Evidence that imidazole protonation mediates the effect of these molecules in endosomes are provided. We also describe a disulfide-containing polylysine conjugate capable of mediating DNA unpackaging in a reductive medium and to increase the transfection efficiency. Overall, these molecules constitute interesting devices for developing non-viral gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans cedex 02, France
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45
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Bettinger T, Carlisle RC, Read ML, Ogris M, Seymour LW. Peptide-mediated RNA delivery: a novel approach for enhanced transfection of primary and post-mitotic cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:3882-91. [PMID: 11557821 PMCID: PMC55922 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.18.3882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2001] [Revised: 07/30/2001] [Accepted: 07/30/2001] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic vectors were evaluated for their ability to mediate efficient mRNA transfection. Initial results indicated that lipoplexes, but not polyplexes based on polyethylenimine (PEI, 25 and 22 kDa), poly(L-lysine) (PLL, 54 kDa) or dendrimers, mediated efficient translation of mRNA in B16-F10 cells. Significant mRNA transfection was achieved by lipoplex delivery in quiescent (passage 0) human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and by passage 4, 10.7% of HUVEC were transfected compared to 0.84% with DNA. Lack of expression with PEI 25 kDa/mRNA or PLL 54 kDa/mRNA in a cell-free translation assay and following cytoplasmic injection into Rat1 cells indicated that these polyplexes were too stable to release mRNA. In contrast, polyplexes formed using smaller PEI 2 kDa and PLL 3.4 kDa gave 5-fold greater expression in B16-F10 cells compared to DOTAP, but were dependent on chloroquine for transfection activity. Endosomolytic activity was incorporated by conjugating PEI 2 kDa to melittin and resulting PEI 2 kDa-melittin/mRNA polyplexes mediated high transfection levels in HeLa cells (31.1 +/- 4.1%) and HUVEC (58.5 +/- 2.9%) in the absence of chloroquine, that was potentiated to 52.2 +/- 2.7 and 71.6 +/- 1.7%, respectively, in the presence of chloroquine. These results demonstrate that mRNA polyplexes based on peptide-modified low molecular weight polycations can possess versatile properties including endosomolysis that should enable efficient non-viral mRNA transfection of quiescent and post-mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bettinger
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TA, UK.
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46
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Abstract
The ability to specifically manipulate gene expression has wide-ranging applications in experimental biology and in gene-based therapeutics. The design of molecules that recognise specific sequences on the DNA double helix provides us with interesting tools to interfere with DNA information processing at an early stage of gene expression. Triplex-forming molecules specifically recognise oligopyrimidine-oligopurine sequences by hydrogen bonding interactions. Applications of such triplex-forming molecules (TFMs) are the subject of the present review. In cell cultures, TFMs have been successfully used to down- or up-regulate transcription in a gene-specific manner and to induce genomic DNA modifications at a selected site. The first evidence of a triplex-based activity in animals has been provided recently. In addition, TFMs are also powerful tools for gene-specific chemistry, in particular for gene transfer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faria
- Department of Microbiologia, Immunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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47
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Abstract
The delivery of genetic material into cells is a field that is expanding very rapidly. Non-viral delivery methods, especially ones that focus on the use of chemical agents complexed with genetic material, are the focus of this mini-review. More-recent uses of known transfection agents such as poly(ethylenimine), poly(L-lysine), and various liposomes are discussed, and some novel approaches (both chemical and methodical) are reviewed as well. A very brief look at how non-viral gene delivery research is being aimed at the clinic is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Godbey
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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48
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Meunier L, Monsigny M, Roche AC. Propynylated phosphodiester oligonucleotides inhibit ICAM-1 expression in A549 cells on electroporation. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2001; 11:117-23. [PMID: 11334140 DOI: 10.1089/108729001750171371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are used largely as either primers, antisense, or triplex-forming units. Phosphodiester ODN (PO-ODN), which are very rapidly degraded by exonucleases, must be protected at their ends. Even so, their life span inside cells is quite short. Phosphorothioate ODN (PS-ODN) are less sensitive to nucleases and are extensively used as antisense. Unfortunately, unlike PO-ODN, they interact with a number of molecules, including proteins, in addition to their specific nucleic acid targets. Their affinity for their target is lower than that of PO-ODN. PS-ODN containing propyne groups on C5 of pyrimidine have been shown to have a higher affinity toward their nucleic acid target. Here, we show that propynylated PO-ODN are more stable and much more efficient than their propyne-free counterparts. They are not efficient when they are used as lipoplexes, but they act as specific antisense on electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Meunier
- Glycobiologie, Vectorologie et Trafic Intracellulaire, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Orléans, France
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Faria M, Spiller DG, Dubertret C, Nelson JS, White MR, Scherman D, Hélène C, Giovannangeli C. Phosphoramidate oligonucleotides as potent antisense molecules in cells and in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19:40-4. [PMID: 11135550 DOI: 10.1038/83489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides are designed to specifically hybridize to a target messenger RNA (mRNA) and interfere with the synthesis of the encoded protein. Uniformly modified oligonucleotides containing N3'-P5' phosphoramidate linkages exhibit (NP) extremely high-affinity binding to single-stranded RNA, do not induce RNase H activity, and are resistant to cellular nucleases. In the present work, we demonstrate that phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are effective at inhibiting gene expression at the mRNA level, by binding to their complementary target present in the 5'-untranslated region. Their mechanism of action was demonstrated by comparative analysis of three expression systems that differ only by the composition of the oligonucleotide target sequence (HIV-1 polypurine tract or PPT sequence) present just upstream from the AUG codon of the firefly luciferase reporter gene: the experiments have been done on isolated cells using oligonucleotide delivery mediated by cationic molecules or streptolysin O (SLO), and in vivo by oligonucleotide electrotransfer to skeletal muscle. In our experimental system phosphoramidate oligonucleotides act as potent and specific antisense agents by steric blocking of translation initiation; they may prove useful to modulate RNA metabolism while maintaining RNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faria
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM U.201-CNRS UMR 8646, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Jen KY, Gewirtz AM. Suppression of gene expression by targeted disruption of messenger RNA: available options and current strategies. Stem Cells 2000; 18:307-19. [PMID: 11007915 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.18-5-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
At least three different approaches may be used for gene targeting including: A) gene knockout by homologous recombination; B) employment of synthetic oligonucleotides capable of hybridizing with DNA or RNA, and C) use of polyamides and other natural DNA-bonding molecules called lexitropsins. Targeting mRNA is attractive because mRNA is more accessible than the corresponding gene. Three basic strategies have emerged for this purpose, the most familiar being to introduce antisense nucleic acids into a cell in the hopes that they will form Watson-Crick base pairs with the targeted gene's mRNA. Duplexed mRNA cannot be translated, and almost certainly initiates processes which lead to its destruction. The antisense nucleic acid can take the form of RNA expressed from a vector which has been transfected into the cell, or take the form of a DNA or RNA oligonucleotide which can be introduced into cells through a variety of means. DNA and RNA oligonucleotides can be modified for stability as well as engineered to contain inherent cleaving activity. It has also been proven that because RNA and DNA are very similar chemical compounds, DNA molecules with enzymatic activity could also be developed. This assumption proved correct and led to the development of a "general-purpose" RNA-cleaving DNA enzyme. The attraction of DNAzymes over ribozymes is that they are very inexpensive to make and that because they are composed of DNA and not RNA, they are inherently more stable than ribozymes. Although mRNA targeting is impeccable in theory, many additional considerations must be taken into account in applying these strategies in living cells including mRNA site selection, drug delivery and intracellular localization of the antisense agent. Nevertheless, the ongoing revolution in cell and molecular biology, combined with advances in the emerging disciplines of genomics and informatics, has made the concept of nontoxic, cancer-specific therapies more viable then ever and continues to drive interest in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Jen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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