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Ansari AS, Santerre PJ, Uludağ H. Biomaterials for polynucleotide delivery to anchorage-independent cells. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7238-7261. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of various chemical vectors used for polynucleotide delivery to mammalian anchorage-independent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha S. Ansari
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Paul J. Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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2
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Abstract
Numerous oligonucleotide-based biopharmaceuticals have been tested to suppress disease progression. These potent therapeutics include plasmids containing transgenes, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, DNAzymes, decoys, aptamers and small interfering RNAs. This perspective discusses the mechanisms and clinical applications of such oligonucleotidic therapeutics. In addition, the most promising oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs, are discussed with regard to future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Isaka
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Departments of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Suite 565-0871, Japan +81 6 6879 3746; +81 6 6879 3749 ;
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3
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Huang Y, Jin HW, Qiao RP, Xing L, Zhang LR, Yang ZJ, Zhang LH. Synthesis and properties of novel L-isonucleoside modified oligonucleotides and siRNAs. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 10:7566-77. [PMID: 22895883 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs are potential therapeutic agents and their chemical modifications play an important role to improve the properties and activities of oligonucleotides. Isonucleoside is a type of nucleoside analogue, in which the nucleobase is moved from C-1 to other positions of ribose. In this report, a novel isonucleoside 5 containing a 5'-CH(2)-extended chain at the sugar moiety was synthesized, thus isoadenosine 5a and isothymidine 5b were incorporated into a DNA single strand and siRNA. It was found that isonucleoside 5 modified oligonucleotides can form stable double helical structures with their complementary DNA and RNA and the stability towards nuclease and ability to activate RNase H are more promising compared with the unmodified, natural analogues. In siRNA, passenger strand modified with isonucleoside (5a/b) at 3' or 5' terminal can retain the silencing activity and minimize the passenger strand specific off-target effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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4
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Guo P, Shu Y, Binzel D, Cinier M. Synthesis, conjugation, and labeling of multifunctional pRNA nanoparticles for specific delivery of siRNA, drugs, and other therapeutics to target cells. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2013; 928:197-219. [PMID: 22956144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-008-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
RNA is unique in nanoscale fabrication due to its amazing diversity of function and structure. RNA nanoparticles can be fabricated with a level of simplicity characteristic of DNA while possessing versatile tertiary structure and catalytic function similar to that of proteins. A large variety of single stranded loops are suitable for inter- and intramolecular interactions, serving as mounting dovetails in self-assembly without the need for external linking dowels. Novel properties of RNA nanoparticles have been explored for treatment and detection of diseases and various other realms. The higher thermodynamic stability, holding of noncanonical base pairing, stronger folding due to base stacking properties, and distinctive in vivo attributes make RNA unique in comparison to DNA. Indeed, the potential application of RNA nanotechnology in therapeutics is an exciting area of research. The use of RNAi in biomedical research has opened up new possibilities to silence or regulate the biological function of individual genes. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been extensively explored to genetically manipulate the expression in vitro and in vivo of particular genes identified to play a key role in cancerous or viral diseases. However, the efficient silencing of the desired gene depends upon efficient delivery of siRNA to targeted cells, as well as in vivo stability. In this chapter, we use the bacteriophage phi29 motor pRNA-derived nanocarrier as a polyvalent targeted delivery system, introduce the potential of RNA-based therapeutics using nanobiotechnology or nanotechnology methods with the fabrication and modification of pRNA nanoparticles, and highlight its potential to become a valuable research tool and viable clinical approach for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixuan Guo
- Nanobiomedical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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5
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Toth PP. Antisense therapy and emerging applications for the management of dyslipidemia. J Clin Lipidol 2011; 5:441-9. [PMID: 22108147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because a significant percentage of patients who require high-dose statin therapy for dyslipidemia experience treatment-related muscle symptoms and an inconsistent clinical response, alternative or adjunctive approaches to the management of dyslipidemia are needed. One alternative approach, antisense therapy, may offer an effective and well-tolerated option for patients not satisfactorily responsive to or intolerant to standard pharmacologic dyslipidemia therapies. OBJECTIVE This review provides an overview of antisense technology and its potential role in the management of dyslipidemia. METHODS Source material was obtained primarily from the published literature identified through a search of the PubMed database. RESULTS Antisense technology is an evolving approach to therapy that has gone through a series of refinements to enhance molecular stability, potency, and tolerability. Mipomersen is an antisense molecule capable of producing clinically meaningful reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with severe familial hypercholesterolemia. Further long-term clinical studies are required to more clearly quantify its impact on risk for cardiovascular events and establish whether it increases risk for hepatosteatosis. CONCLUSION Antisense therapy represents a potentially effective and well-tolerated emerging treatment modality for numerous diseases. In the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, the antisense therapy mipomersen may provide a possible treatment option for patients with treatment-resistant dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Toth
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA.
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6
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Bhagat L, Putta MR, Wang D, Yu D, Lan T, Jiang W, Sun Z, Wang H, Tang JX, La Monica N, Kandimalla ER, Agrawal S. Novel oligonucleotides containing two 3'-ends complementary to target mRNA show optimal gene-silencing activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3027-36. [PMID: 21466154 DOI: 10.1021/jm200113t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides are being employed for gene-silencing activity by a variety of mechanisms, including antisense, ribozyme, and siRNA. In the present studies, we designed novel oligonucleotides complementary to targeted mRNAs and studied the effect of 3'-end exposure and oligonucleotide length on gene-silencing activity. We synthesized both oligoribonucleotides (RNAs) and oligodeoxynucleotides (DNAs) with phosphorothioate backbones, consisting of two identical segments complementary to the targeted mRNA attached through their 5'-ends, thereby containing two accessible 3'-ends; these compounds are referred to as gene-silencing oligonucleotides (GSOs). RNA and/or DNA GSOs targeted to MyD88, VEGF, and TLR9 mRNAs had more potent gene-silencing activity than did antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-oligos) in cell-based assays and in vivo. Of the different lengths of GSOs evaluated, 19-mer long RNA and DNA GSOs had the best gene-silencing activity both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that GSOs are novel agents for gene silencing that can be delivered systemically with broader applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Bhagat
- Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Liu J, Guo S, Cinier M, Shu Y, Chen C, Shen G, Guo P. Fabrication of stable and RNase-resistant RNA nanoparticles active in gearing the nanomotors for viral DNA packaging. ACS NANO 2011; 5:237-46. [PMID: 21155596 PMCID: PMC3026857 DOI: 10.1021/nn1024658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Both DNA and RNA can serve as powerful building blocks for bottom-up fabrication of nanostructures. A pioneering concept proposed by Ned Seeman 30 years ago has led to an explosion of knowledge in DNA nanotechnology. RNA can be manipulated with simplicity characteristic of DNA, while possessing noncanonical base-pairing, versatile function, and catalytic activity similar to proteins. However, standing in awe of the sensitivity of RNA to RNase degradation has made many scientists flinch away from RNA nanotechnology. Here we report the construction of stable RNA nanoparticles resistant to RNase digestion. The 2'-F (2'-fluoro) RNA retained its property for correct folding in dimer formation, appropriate structure in procapsid binding, and biological activity in gearing the phi29 nanomotor to package viral DNA and producing infectious viral particles. Our results demonstrate that it is practical to produce RNase-resistant, biologically active, and stable RNA for application in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering & College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | | | - Mathieu Cinier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering & College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Yi Shu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering & College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Chaoping Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Guanxin Shen
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering & College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Address correspondence to: Peixuan Guo, 3125 Eden Ave. Rm#1436, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, Phone: (513)558-0041, Fax: (513)558-6079,
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8
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Guo P, Coban O, Snead NM, Trebley J, Hoeprich S, Guo S, Shu Y. Engineering RNA for targeted siRNA delivery and medical application. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:650-66. [PMID: 20230868 PMCID: PMC2906696 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA engineering for nanotechnology and medical applications is an exciting emerging research field. RNA has intrinsically defined features on the nanometre scale and is a particularly interesting candidate for such applications due to its amazing diversity, flexibility and versatility in structure and function. Specifically, the current use of siRNA to silence target genes involved in disease has generated much excitement in the scientific community. The intrinsic ability to sequence-specifically downregulate gene expression in a temporally- and spatially controlled fashion has led to heightened interest and rapid development of siRNA-based therapeutics. Although methods for gene silencing have been achieved with high efficacy and specificity in vitro, the effective delivery of nucleic acids to specific cells in vivo has been a hurdle for RNA therapeutics. This article covers different RNA-based approaches for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of human disease, with a focus on the latest developments of non-viral carriers of siRNA for delivery in vivo. The applications and challenges of siRNA therapy, as well as potential solutions to these problems, the approaches for using phi29 pRNA-based vectors as polyvalent vehicles for specific delivery of siRNA, ribozymes, drugs or other therapeutic agents to specific cells for therapy will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering/College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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9
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Efficient siRNA delivery with non-viral polymeric vehicles. Pharm Res 2008; 26:657-66. [PMID: 19015957 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-specific gene silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides a potent and specific method for gene expression, thus is now being evaluated in clinical trials as a novel therapeutic strategy. As a results, there has been a significant surge of interest in the application of siRNA in therapeutics as a means of silencing the specific gene function. However, for siRNA technology to be valuable and effective, the development of efficient siRNA delivery strategy is essential for improving biological activities such as stability, cellular uptake, sequence-specificity, devoid of nonspecific knockdown and toxic side effects. Accordingly, a number of delivery systems, both viral and nonviral, have been reported and some of them successfully used for the introduction of siRNA into cells both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we discuss the current understanding of synthetic siRNA delivery mechanism and strategies of siRNA delivery by non-viral polymeric vehicles which are currently used in vitro and in vivo.
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10
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Corey DR. Chemical modification: the key to clinical application of RNA interference? J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3615-22. [PMID: 18060019 DOI: 10.1172/jci33483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference provides a potent and specific method for controlling gene expression in human cells. To translate this potential into a broad new family of therapeutics, it is necessary to optimize the efficacy of the RNA-based drugs. As discussed in this Review, it might be possible to achieve this optimization using chemical modifications that improve their in vivo stability, cellular delivery, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, potency, and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Corey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in our understanding of fibrogenesis, injury stimuli process, inflammation, and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, there is still no standard treatment for liver fibrosis. Delivery of small molecular weight drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids to specific liver cell types remains a challenge due to the overexpression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and consequent closure of sinusoidal gaps. In addition, activation of HSCs and subsequent release of inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of immune cells are other major obstacles to the treatment of liver fibrosis. To overcome these barriers, different therapeutic approaches are being investigated. Among them, the modulation of certain aberrant protein production is quite promising for treating liver fibrosis. In this review, we describe the mechanism of antisense, antigene, and RNA interference (RNAi) therapies and discuss how the backbone modification of oligonucleotides affects their in vivo stability, biodistribution, and bioactivity. Strategies for delivering these nucleic acids to specific cell types are discussed. This review critically addresses various insights developed with each individual strategy and for multipronged approaches, which will be helpful in achieving more effective outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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12
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Zhu L, Ye Z, Cheng K, Miller DD, Mahato RI. Site-specific delivery of oligonucleotides to hepatocytes after systemic administration. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 19:290-8. [PMID: 17850109 PMCID: PMC2533433 DOI: 10.1021/bc070126m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously complexed ODN with galactosylated poly( l-lysine) (Gal-PLL) to enhance its site-specific delivery to hepatocytes. To avoid the use of polycations, in this study we conjugated galactosylated poly(ethylene glycol) (Gal-PEG (MW of PEG: 3486 +/- 500 Da)) to ODN via an acid-labile ester linkage of beta-thiopropionate. Following tail vein injection into rats, Gal-PEG- 33P-ODN rapidly cleared from the circulation and 60.2% of the injected dose accumulated in the liver at 30 min postinjection, which was significantly higher than that deposited after injection of 33P-ODNs. The plasma concentration versus time profile of Gal-PEG- 33P-ODN was biphasic, with 4.38 +/- 0.36 min as t1/2 of distribution and 118.61 +/- 22.06 min as t1/2 of elimination. Prior administration of excess Gal-BSA decreased the hepatic uptake of Gal-PEG- 33P-ODN from 60.2% to 35.9%, suggesting galactose triggers the asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated endocytosis of Gal-PEG- 33P-ODN by hepatocytes. A large proportion of the injected Gal-PEG- 33P-ODN was taken up by the hepatocytes as evidenced by determination of radioactivity in the digested liver cells upon liver perfusion and separation by centrifugation on a Nycodenz gradient. In conclusion, Gal-PEG-ODN conjugate may be used for treating a variety of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ram I. Mahato
- * Corresponding authors: Ram I. Mahato, Ph.D. 19 Manassas, Room 224, Memphis, TN 38163, USA, Tel: (901) 448-6929, Fax: (901) 448-6092, E-mail: , http://cop.utmem.edu/rmahato
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13
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Abstract
RNA interference provides powerful tools for controlling gene expression in cultured cells. Whether RNAi will provide similarly powerful drugs is unknown. Lessons from development of antisense oligonucleotide drugs may provide some clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Corey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, USA.
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14
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Mahato RI, Cheng K, Guntaka RV. Modulation of gene expression by antisense and antigene oligodeoxynucleotides and small interfering RNA. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 2:3-28. [PMID: 16296732 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, triplex-forming oligodeoxynucleotides and double-stranded small interfering RNAs have great potential for the treatment of many severe and debilitating diseases. Concerted efforts from both industry and academia have made significant progress in turning these nucleic acid drugs into therapeutics, and there is already one FDA-approved antisense drug in the clinic. Despite the success of one product and several other ongoing clinical trials, challenges still exist in their stability, cellular uptake, disposition, site-specific delivery and therapeutic efficacy. The principles, strategies and delivery consideration of these nucleic acids are reviewed. Furthermore, the ways to overcome the biological barriers are also discussed so that therapeutic concentrations at their target sites can be maintained for a desired period.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- Drug Carriers
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Silencing
- Gene Targeting/methods
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Nucleic Acid Conformation/drug effects
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects
- RNA Interference
- RNA Splicing/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram I Mahato
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 26 South Dunlap Street, Feurt Bldg RM 406, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides have been evaluated as antineoplastic agents in a series of clinical trials, with mixed results. However, phase III trials incorporating G3139, a phosphorothioate oligomer targeted to the initiation codon region of the bcl-2 mRNA, have recently been completed in advanced melanoma, myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This article discusses the mechanism of the antisense effect and its dependence on the cellular internalization of oligonucleotides and the activity of RNase H. It also describes the properties, specific and nonspecific, of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, the predominant species in current clinical trials, and discusses pharmacokinetic data obtained from earlier phase I and II trials employing these molecules. While the application of antisense technology to the treatment of human cancer is conceptually straightforward, in practice there are many complicated, mechanistically based questions that must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stein
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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