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Román-Écija M, Navas-Cortés JA, Velasco-Amo MP, Arias-Giraldo LF, Gómez LM, Fuente LDL, Landa BB. Two Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex Strains Isolated from Almond in Spain Differ in Plasmid Content and Virulence Traits. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:960-974. [PMID: 36576402 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-22-0234-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is a major threat to agriculture and the environment worldwide. Recent devastating outbreaks in Europe highlight the potential of this pathogen to cause emergent diseases. X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex ESVL and IVIA5901 strains that belong to sequence type 6 were isolated from almond orchards within the outbreak area in Alicante province (Spain). Both strains share more than 99% of the chromosomal sequences (average nucleotide identity), but the ESVL strain harbors two plasmids (pXF64-Hb_ESVL and pUCLA-ESVL). Here, virulence phenotypes and genome content were compared between both strains, using three strains from the United States as a reference for the phenotypic analyses. Experiments in microfluidic chambers, used as a simulation of xylem vessels, showed that twitching motility was absent in the IVIA5901 strain, whereas the ESVL strain had reduced twitching motility. In general, both Spanish strains had less biofilm formation, less cell aggregation, and lower virulence in tobacco compared with U.S. reference strains. Genome analysis of the two plasmids from ESVL revealed 51 unique coding sequences that were absent in the chromosome of IVIA5901. Comparison of the chromosomes of both strains showed some unique coding sequences and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in each strain, with potential deleterious mutations. Genomic differences found in genes previously associated with adhesion and motility might explain the differences in the phenotypic traits studied. Although additional studies are necessary to infer the potential role of X. fastidiosa plasmids, our results indicate that the presence of plasmids should be considered in the study of the mechanisms of pathogenicity and adaptation in X. fastidiosa to new environments. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Román-Écija
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J A Navas-Cortés
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M P Velasco-Amo
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - L F Arias-Giraldo
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - L M Gómez
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| | - L De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| | - B B Landa
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
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Erkes A, Grove RP, Žarković M, Krautwurst S, Koebnik R, Morgan RD, Wilson GG, Hölzer M, Marz M, Boch J, Grau J. Assembling highly repetitive Xanthomonas TALomes using Oxford Nanopore sequencing. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:151. [PMID: 36973643 PMCID: PMC10045945 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most plant-pathogenic Xanthomonas bacteria harbor transcription activator-like effector (TALE) genes, which function as transcriptional activators of host plant genes and support infection. The entire repertoire of up to 29 TALE genes of a Xanthomonas strain is also referred to as TALome. The DNA-binding domain of TALEs is comprised of highly conserved repeats and TALE genes often occur in gene clusters, which precludes the assembly of TALE-carrying Xanthomonas genomes based on standard sequencing approaches. RESULTS Here, we report the successful assembly of the 5 Mbp genomes of five Xanthomonas strains from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing data. For one of these strains, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) PXO35, we illustrate why Illumina short reads and longer PacBio reads are insufficient to fully resolve the genome. While ONT reads are perfectly suited to yield highly contiguous genomes, they suffer from a specific error profile within homopolymers. To still yield complete and correct TALomes from ONT assemblies, we present a computational correction pipeline specifically tailored to TALE genes, which yields at least comparable accuracy as Illumina-based polishing. We further systematically assess the ONT-based pipeline for its multiplexing capacity and find that, combined with computational correction, the complete TALome of Xoo PXO35 could have been reconstructed from less than 20,000 ONT reads. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that multiplexed ONT sequencing combined with a computational correction of TALE genes constitutes a highly capable tool for characterizing the TALomes of huge collections of Xanthomonas strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Erkes
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - René P Grove
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Milena Žarković
- Bioinformatics/High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Krautwurst
- Bioinformatics/High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Martin Hölzer
- Methodology and Research Infrastructure, MF1 Bioinformatics, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- Bioinformatics/High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jens Boch
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Grau
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany.
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Ramnarine SDBJ, Jayaraman J, Ramsubhag A. Comparative genomics of the black rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and non-pathogenic co-inhabitant Xanthomonas melonis from Trinidad reveal unique pathogenicity determinants and secretion system profiles. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12632. [PMID: 35036136 PMCID: PMC8734464 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Black-rot disease caused by the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) continues to have considerable impacts on the productivity of cruciferous crops in Trinidad and Tobago and the wider Caribbean region. While the widespread occurrence of resistance of Xcc against bactericidal agrochemicals can contribute to the high disease burdens, the role of virulence and pathogenicity features of local strains on disease prevalence and severity has not been investigated yet. In the present study, a comparative genomic analysis was performed on 6 pathogenic Xcc and 4 co-isolated non-pathogenic Xanthomonas melonis (Xmel) strains from diseased crucifer plants grown in fields with heavy chemical use in Trinidad. Native isolates were grouped into two known and four newly assigned ribosomal sequence types (rST). Mobile genetic elements were identified which belonged to the IS3, IS5 family, Tn3 transposon, resolvases, and tra T4SS gene clusters. Additionally, exogenous plasmid derived sequences with origins from other bacterial species were characterised. Although several instances of genomic rearrangements were observed, native Xcc and Xmel isolates shared a significant level of structural homology with reference genomes, Xcc ATCC 33913 and Xmel CFBP4644, respectively. Complete T1SS hlyDB, T2SS, T4SS vir and T5SS xadA, yapH and estA gene clusters were identified in both species. Only Xmel strains contained a complete T6SS but no T3SS. Both species contained a complex repertoire of extracellular cell wall degrading enzymes. Native Xcc strains contained 37 T3SS and effector genes but a variable and unique profile of 8 avr, 4 xop and 1 hpa genes. Interestingly, Xmel strains contained several T3SS effectors with low similarity to references including avrXccA1 (~89%), hrpG (~73%), hrpX (~90%) and xopAZ (~87%). Furthermore, only Xmel genomes contained a CRISPR-Cas I-F array, but no lipopolysaccharide wxc gene cluster. Xmel strains were confirmed to be non-pathogenic by pathogenicity assays. The results of this study will be useful to guide future research into virulence mechanisms, agrochemical resistance, pathogenomics and the potential role of the co-isolated non-pathogenic Xanthomonas strains on Xcc infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D B Jr Ramnarine
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jayaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Adesh Ramsubhag
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Te Molder D, Poncheewin W, Schaap PJ, Koehorst JJ. Machine learning approaches to predict the Plant-associated phenotype of Xanthomonas strains. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:848. [PMID: 34814827 PMCID: PMC8612006 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Xanthomonas has long been considered to consist predominantly of plant pathogens, but over the last decade there has been an increasing number of reports on non-pathogenic and endophytic members. As Xanthomonas species are prevalent pathogens on a wide variety of important crops around the world, there is a need to distinguish between these plant-associated phenotypes. To date a large number of Xanthomonas genomes have been sequenced, which enables the application of machine learning (ML) approaches on the genome content to predict this phenotype. Until now such approaches to the pathogenomics of Xanthomonas strains have been hampered by the fragmentation of information regarding pathogenicity of individual strains over many studies. Unification of this information into a single resource was therefore considered to be an essential step. RESULTS Mining of 39 papers considering both plant-associated phenotypes, allowed for a phenotypic classification of 578 Xanthomonas strains. For 65 plant-pathogenic and 53 non-pathogenic strains the corresponding genomes were available and de novo annotated for the presence of Pfam protein domains used as features to train and compare three ML classification algorithms; CART, Lasso and Random Forest. CONCLUSION The literature resource in combination with recursive feature extraction used in the ML classification algorithms provided further insights into the virulence enabling factors, but also highlighted domains linked to traits not present in pathogenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennie Te Molder
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wasin Poncheewin
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- UNLOCK, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Koehorst
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- UNLOCK, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Bansal K, Kumar S, Kaur A, Singh A, Patil PB. Deep phylo-taxono genomics reveals Xylella as a variant lineage of plant associated Xanthomonas and supports their taxonomic reunification along with Stenotrophomonas and Pseudoxanthomonas. Genomics 2021; 113:3989-4003. [PMID: 34610367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Genus Xanthomonas is a group of phytopathogens that is phylogenetically related to Xylella, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudoxanthomonas, having diverse lifestyles. Xylella is a lethal plant pathogen with a highly reduced genome, atypical GC content and is taxonomically related to these three genera. Deep phylo-taxono genomics reveals that Xylella is a variant Xanthomonas lineage that is sandwiched between Xanthomonas clades. Comparative studies suggest the role of unique pigment and exopolysaccharide gene clusters in the emergence of Xanthomonas and Xylella clades. Pan-genome analysis identified a set of unique genes associated with sub-lineages representing plant-associated Xanthomonas clade and nosocomial origin Stenotrophomonas clade. Overall, our study reveals the importance of reconciling classical phenotypic data and genomic findings in reconstituting the taxonomic status of these four genera. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xylella fastidiosa is a devastating pathogen of perennial dicots such as grapes, citrus, coffee, and olives. An insect vector transmits the pathogen to its specific host wherein the infection leads to complete wilting of the plants. The genome of X. fastidiosa is significantly reduced both in terms of size (2 Mb) and GC content (50%) when compared with its relatives such as Xanthomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudoxanthomonas that have higher GC content (65%) and larger genomes (5 Mb). In this study, using systematic and in-depth genome-based taxonomic and phylogenetic criteria and comparative studies, we assert the need to unify Xanthomonas with its relatives (Xylella, Stenotrophomonas and Pseudoxanthomonas). Interestingly, Xylella revealed itself as a minor variant lineage embedded within two major Xanthomonas lineages comprising member species of different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Bansal
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anu Singh
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.
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Abstract
The Xanthomonas genus includes many Gram-negative plant-associated bacteria. Here, we report a virulent Xanthomonas siphophage called Samson. A siphophage isolated from sewage, Samson contains a 43,314-bp genome with 58 predicted genes. Samson has high nucleotide identity with Pseudomonas phage PaMx42.
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Abstract
The T7-like podophage Pagan infects Xanthomonas sp. strain ATCC PTA-13101, which was isolated from rice. The 44-kbp Pagan genome contains direct terminal repeats and contains 59 genes, 27 of which have a predicted function. Pagan is most closely related to Xanthomonas phage phi Xc10 and Xylella phage Prado. The T7-like podophage Pagan infects Xanthomonas sp. strain ATCC PTA-13101, which was isolated from rice. The 44-kbp Pagan genome contains direct terminal repeats and contains 59 genes, 27 of which have a predicted function. Pagan is most closely related to Xanthomonas phage phi Xc10 and Xylella phage Prado.
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Barros-Carvalho GA, Hungria M, Lopes FM, Van Sluys MA. Brazilian-adapted soybean Bradyrhizobium strains uncover IS elements with potential impact on biological nitrogen fixation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:fnz046. [PMID: 30860585 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens CPAC 7 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum CPAC 15 are broadly used in commercial inoculants in Brazil, contributing to most of the nitrogen required by the soybean crop. These strains differ in their symbiotic properties: CPAC 7 is more efficient in fixing nitrogen, whereas CPAC 15 is more competitive. Comparative genomics revealed many transposases close to genes associated with symbiosis in the symbiotic island of these strains. Given the importance that insertion sequences (IS) elements have to bacterial genomes, we focused on identifying the local impact of these elements in the genomes of these and other related Bradyrhizobium strains to further understand their phenotypic differences. Analyses were performed using bioinformatics approaches. We found IS elements disrupting and inserted at regulatory regions of genes involved in symbiosis. Further comparative analyses with 21 Bradyrhizobium genomes revealed insertional polymorphism with distinguishing patterns between B. diazoefficiens and B. japonicum lineages. Finally, 13 of these potentially impacted genes are differentially expressed under symbiotic conditions in B. diazoefficiens USDA 110. Thus, IS elements are associated with the diversity of Bradyrhizobium, possibly by providing mechanisms for natural variation of symbiotic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesiele Almeida Barros-Carvalho
- GaTE Lab; Departamento de Botânica - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 277 Matão Street, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, 1010 Matão Street, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Martins Lopes
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 1640 Alberto Carazzai Avenue, 86300-000, Cornélio Procópio, Pr, Brazil
| | - Marie-Anne Van Sluys
- GaTE Lab; Departamento de Botânica - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 277 Matão Street, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Puopolo G, Tomada S, Pertot I. The impact of the omics era on the knowledge and use of Lysobacter species to control phytopathogenic micro-organisms. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:15-27. [PMID: 28992371 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Omics technologies have had a tremendous impact on underinvestigated genera of plant disease biocontrol agents such as Lysobacter. Strong evidence of the association between Lysobacter spp. and the rhizosphere has been obtained through culture-independent methods, which has also contributed towards highlighting the relationship between Lysobacter abundance and soil suppressiveness. It is conceivable that the role played by Lysobacter spp. in soil suppressiveness is related to their ability to produce an impressive array of lytic enzymes and antibiotics. Indeed, genomics has revealed that biocontrol Lysobacter strains share a vast number of genes involved in antagonism activities, and the molecular pathways underlying how Lysobacter spp. interact with the environment and other micro-organisms have been depicted through transcriptomic analysis. Furthermore, omics technologies shed light on the regulatory pathways governing cell motility and the biosynthesis of antibiotics. Overall, the results achieved so far through omics technologies confirm that the genus Lysobacter is a valuable source of novel biocontrol agents, paving the way for studies aimed at making their application in field conditions more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - S Tomada
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, PhD School in Agricultural Science and Biotechnology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - I Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Schatschneider S, Schneider J, Blom J, Létisse F, Niehaus K, Goesmann A, Vorhölter FJ. Systems and synthetic biology perspective of the versatile plant-pathogenic and polysaccharide-producing bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:1117-1144. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schatschneider
- Abteilung für Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Present address: Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Kantstr. 2, 33790 Halle-Künsebeck, Germany
| | - Jessica Schneider
- Bioinformatics Resource Facility, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Germany
- Present address: Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Kantstr. 2, 33790 Halle-Künsebeck, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Fabien Létisse
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Abteilung für Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Frank-Jörg Vorhölter
- Institut für Genomforschung und Systembiologie, Centrum für Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Present address: MVZ Dr. Eberhard & Partner Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Barros-Carvalho GA, Van Sluys MA, Lopes FM. An Efficient Approach to Explore and Discriminate Anomalous Regions in Bacterial Genomes Based on Maximum Entropy. J Comput Biol 2017; 24:1125-1133. [PMID: 28570142 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2017.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase in the number of whole bacterial genomes sequenced, mainly due to the advancing of next-generation sequencing technologies. In face of this, there is a need to provide new analytical alternatives that can follow this advance. Given our current knowledge about the genomic plasticity of bacteria and that those genomic regions can uncover important features about this microorganism, our goal was to develop a fast methodology based on maximum entropy (ME) to guide the researcher to regions that could be prioritized during the analysis. This methodology was compared with other available methods. In addition, ME was applied to eight different bacterial genera. The methodology consists of two main steps: processing the nucleotide sequence and ME calculation. We applied ME to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri 306 (XAC) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ATCC 33913 (XCC), both of which have their anomalous regions well documented. We then compared our results against those from Alien Hunter, HGT-DB, Islander, IslandPath, and SIGI-HMM. ME was shown to be superior in terms of efficiency and analysis duration. Besides, ME only needs the genome sequence in FASTA format as input. The proposed strategy based on ME is able to help in bacterial genome exploration. This is a simple and fast strategy for individual genomes in comparison with other available methods, without relying on previous annotation and alignments. This methodology can also be a new option in the early stages of analysis of newly sequenced bacterial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesiele Almeida Barros-Carvalho
- 1 Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .,2 GaTE Lab, Department of Botany, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie-Anne Van Sluys
- 2 GaTE Lab, Department of Botany, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
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A TALE of transposition: Tn3-like transposons play a major role in the spread of pathogenicity determinants of Xanthomonas citri and other xanthomonads. mBio 2015; 6:e02505-14. [PMID: 25691597 PMCID: PMC4337579 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02505-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Xanthomonas are among the most important phytopathogens. A key feature of Xanthomonas pathogenesis is the translocation of type III secretion system (T3SS) effector proteins (T3SEs) into the plant target cells via a T3SS. Several T3SEs and a murein lytic transglycosylase gene (mlt, required for citrus canker symptoms) are found associated with three transposition-related genes in Xanthomonas citri plasmid pXAC64. These are flanked by short inverted repeats (IRs). The region was identified as a transposon, TnXax1, with typical Tn3 family features, including a transposase and two recombination genes. Two 14-bp palindromic sequences within a 193-bp potential resolution site occur between the recombination genes. Additional derivatives carrying different T3SEs and other passenger genes occur in different Xanthomonas species. The T3SEs include transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). Certain TALEs are flanked by the same IRs as found in TnXax1 to form mobile insertion cassettes (MICs), suggesting that they may be transmitted horizontally. A significant number of MICs carrying other passenger genes (including a number of TALE genes) were also identified, flanked by the same TnXax1 IRs and delimited by 5-bp target site duplications. We conclude that a large fraction of T3SEs, including individual TALEs and potential pathogenicity determinants, have spread by transposition and that TnXax1, which exhibits all of the essential characteristics of a functional transposon, may be involved in driving MIC transposition. We also propose that TALE genes may diversify by fork slippage during the replicative Tn3 family transposition. These mechanisms may play a crucial role in the emergence of Xanthomonas pathogenicity. Xanthomonas genomes carry many insertion sequences (IS) and transposons, which play an important role in their evolution and architecture. This study reveals a key relationship between transposons and pathogenicity determinants in Xanthomonas. We propose that several transposition events mediated by a Tn3-like element carrying different sets of passenger genes, such as different type III secretion system effectors (including transcription activation-like effectors [TALEs]), were determinant in the evolution and emergence of Xanthomonas pathogenicity. TALE genes are DNA-binding effectors that modulate plant transcription. We also present a model for generating TALE gene diversity based on fork slippage associated with the replicative transposition mechanism of Tn3-like transposons. This may provide a mechanism for niche adaptation, specialization, host-switching, and other lifestyle changes. These results will also certainly lead to novel insights into the evolution and emergence of the various diseases caused by different Xanthomonas species and pathovars.
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Characterization of novel virulent broad-host-range phages of Xylella fastidiosa and Xanthomonas. J Bacteriol 2013; 196:459-71. [PMID: 24214944 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01080-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of several plant diseases, most notably Pierce's disease of grape and citrus variegated chlorosis. We report the isolation and characterization of the first virulent phages for X. fastidiosa, siphophages Sano and Salvo and podophages Prado and Paz, with a host range that includes Xanthomonas spp. Phages propagated on homologous hosts had observed adsorption rate constants of ~4 × 10(-12) ml cell(-1) min(-1) for X. fastidiosa strain Temecula 1 and ~5 × 10(-10) to 7 × 10(-10) ml cell(-1) min(-1) for Xanthomonas strain EC-12. Sano and Salvo exhibit >80% nucleotide identity to each other in aligned regions and are syntenic to phage BcepNazgul. We propose that phage BcepNazgul is the founding member of a novel phage type, to which Sano and Salvo belong. The lysis genes of the Nazgul-like phage type include a gene that encodes an outer membrane lipoprotein endolysin and also spanin gene families that provide insight into the evolution of the lysis pathway for phages of Gram-negative hosts. Prado and Paz, although exhibiting no significant DNA homology to each other, are new members of the phiKMV-like phage type, based on the position of the single-subunit RNA polymerase gene. The four phages are type IV pilus dependent for infection of both X. fastidiosa and Xanthomonas. The phages may be useful as agents for an effective and environmentally responsible strategy for the control of diseases caused by X. fastidiosa.
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Darrasse A, Carrère S, Barbe V, Boureau T, Arrieta-Ortiz ML, Bonneau S, Briand M, Brin C, Cociancich S, Durand K, Fouteau S, Gagnevin L, Guérin F, Guy E, Indiana A, Koebnik R, Lauber E, Munoz A, Noël LD, Pieretti I, Poussier S, Pruvost O, Robène-Soustrade I, Rott P, Royer M, Serres-Giardi L, Szurek B, van Sluys MA, Verdier V, Vernière C, Arlat M, Manceau C, Jacques MA. Genome sequence of Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans strain 4834-R reveals that flagellar motility is not a general feature of xanthomonads. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:761. [PMID: 24195767 PMCID: PMC3826837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonads are plant-associated bacteria responsible for diseases on economically important crops. Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans (Xff) is one of the causal agents of common bacterial blight of bean. In this study, the complete genome sequence of strain Xff 4834-R was determined and compared to other Xanthomonas genome sequences. RESULTS Comparative genomics analyses revealed core characteristics shared between Xff 4834-R and other xanthomonads including chemotaxis elements, two-component systems, TonB-dependent transporters, secretion systems (from T1SS to T6SS) and multiple effectors. For instance a repertoire of 29 Type 3 Effectors (T3Es) with two Transcription Activator-Like Effectors was predicted. Mobile elements were associated with major modifications in the genome structure and gene content in comparison to other Xanthomonas genomes. Notably, a deletion of 33 kbp affects flagellum biosynthesis in Xff 4834-R. The presence of a complete flagellar cluster was assessed in a collection of more than 300 strains representing different species and pathovars of Xanthomonas. Five percent of the tested strains presented a deletion in the flagellar cluster and were non-motile. Moreover, half of the Xff strains isolated from the same epidemic than 4834-R was non-motile and this ratio was conserved in the strains colonizing the next bean seed generations. CONCLUSIONS This work describes the first genome of a Xanthomonas strain pathogenic on bean and reports the existence of non-motile xanthomonads belonging to different species and pathovars. Isolation of such Xff variants from a natural epidemic may suggest that flagellar motility is not a key function for in planta fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Darrasse
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- CEA, Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Tristan Boureau
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Mario L Arrieta-Ortiz
- Universidad de Los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes, Bogotá, Colombia
- current address: Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, 10003, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Bonneau
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Martial Briand
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Chrystelle Brin
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | | | - Karine Durand
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Stéphanie Fouteau
- CEA, Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Gagnevin
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Fabien Guérin
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Endrick Guy
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Arnaud Indiana
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- IRD, UMR RPB, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alejandra Munoz
- Universidad de Los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología Uniandes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laurent D Noël
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Stéphane Poussier
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Pruvost
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Isabelle Robène-Soustrade
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Rott
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Monique Royer
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurana Serres-Giardi
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Boris Szurek
- IRD, UMR RPB, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Christian Vernière
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- INRA, LIPM UMR 441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, LIPM UMR 2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR LIPM, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Charles Manceau
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
- current address: ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé des végétaux, F-49044, Angers, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071, Beaucouzé, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L’UNAM, F-49045, Angers, France
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Varani AM, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Nakaya HI, Van Sluys MA. The role of prophage in plant-pathogenic bacteria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:429-451. [PMID: 23725471 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A diverse set of phage lineages is associated with the bacterial plant-pathogen genomes sequenced to date. Analysis of 37 genomes revealed 5,169 potential genes (approximately 4.3 Mbp) of phage origin, and at least 50% had no function assigned or are nonessential to phage biology. Some phytopathogens have transcriptionally active prophage genes under conditions that mimic plant infection, suggesting an association between plant disease and prophage transcriptional modulation. The role of prophages within genomes for cell biology varies. For pathogens such as Pectobacterium, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Streptomyces, involvement of prophage in disease symptoms has been demonstrated. In Xylella and Xanthomonas, prophage activity is associated with genome rearrangements and strain differentiation. For other pathogens, prophage roles are yet to be established. This review integrates available information in a unique interface ( http://propnav.esalq.usp.br ) that may be assessed to improve research in prophage biology and its association with genome evolution and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro M Varani
- Departamento de Genética (LGN), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
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16
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Naushad HS, Gupta RS. Phylogenomics and molecular signatures for species from the plant pathogen-containing order xanthomonadales. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55216. [PMID: 23408961 PMCID: PMC3568101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The species from the order Xanthomonadales, which harbors many important plant pathogens and some human pathogens, are currently distinguished primarily on the basis of their branching in the 16S rRNA tree. No molecular or biochemical characteristic is known that is specific for these bacteria. Phylogenetic and comparative analyses were conducted on 26 sequenced Xanthomonadales genomes to delineate their branching order and to identify molecular signatures consisting of conserved signature indels (CSIs) in protein sequences that are specific for these bacteria. In a phylogenetic tree based upon sequences for 28 proteins, Xanthomonadales species formed a strongly supported clade with Rhodanobacter sp. 2APBS1 as its deepest branch. Comparative analyses of protein sequences have identified 13 CSIs in widely distributed proteins such as GlnRS, TypA, MscL, LysRS, LipA, Tgt, LpxA, TolQ, ParE, PolA and TyrB that are unique to all species/strains from this order, but not found in any other bacteria. Fifteen additional CSIs in proteins (viz. CoxD, DnaE, PolA, SucA, AsnB, RecA, PyrG, LigA, MutS and TrmD) are uniquely shared by different Xanthomonadales except Rhodanobacter and in a few cases by Pseudoxanthomonas species, providing further support for the deep branching of these two genera. Five other CSIs are commonly shared by Xanthomonadales and 1–3 species from the orders Chromatiales, Methylococcales and Cardiobacteriales suggesting that these deep branching orders of Gammaproteobacteria might be specifically related. Lastly, 7 CSIs in ValRS, CarB, PyrE, GlyS, RnhB, MinD and X001065 are commonly shared by Xanthomonadales and a limited number of Beta- or Gamma-proteobacteria. Our analysis indicates that these CSIs have likely originated independently and they are not due to lateral gene transfers. The Xanthomonadales-specific CSIs reported here provide novel molecular markers for the identification of these important plant and human pathogens and also as potential targets for development of drugs/agents that specifically target these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Sohail Naushad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Radhey S. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Rodriguez-R LM, Grajales A, Arrieta-Ortiz ML, Salazar C, Restrepo S, Bernal A. Genomes-based phylogeny of the genus Xanthomonas. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:43. [PMID: 22443110 PMCID: PMC3359215 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Xanthomonas comprises several plant pathogenic bacteria affecting a wide range of hosts. Despite the economic, industrial and biological importance of Xanthomonas, the classification and phylogenetic relationships within the genus are still under active debate. Some of the relationships between pathovars and species have not been thoroughly clarified, with old pathovars becoming new species. A change in the genus name has been recently suggested for Xanthomonas albilineans, an early branching species currently located in this genus, but a thorough phylogenomic reconstruction would aid in solving these and other discrepancies in this genus. Results Here we report the results of the genome-wide analysis of DNA sequences from 989 orthologous groups from 17 Xanthomonas spp. genomes available to date, representing all major lineages within the genus. The phylogenetic and computational analyses used in this study have been automated in a Perl package designated Unus, which provides a framework for phylogenomic analyses which can be applied to other datasets at the genomic level. Unus can also be easily incorporated into other phylogenomic pipelines. Conclusions Our phylogeny agrees with previous phylogenetic topologies on the genus, but revealed that the genomes of Xanthomonas citri and Xanthomonas fuscans belong to the same species, and that of Xanthomonas albilineans is basal to the joint clade of Xanthomonas and Xylella fastidiosa. Genome reduction was identified in the species Xanthomonas vasicola in addition to the previously identified reduction in Xanthomonas albilineans. Lateral gene transfer was also observed in two gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Rodriguez-R
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No 18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
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18
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Varani AM, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, de Almeida LGP, Souza RC, Cunha OL, Lima WC, Civerolo E, Van Sluys MA, Vasconcelos ATR. Xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is an information resource to explore the annotation, genomic features, and biology of different strains. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:149-52. [PMID: 22481888 PMCID: PMC3313504 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is a scientific resource with the aim to provide a user-friendly interface for accessing high-quality manually curated genomic annotation and comparative sequence analysis, as well as for identifying and mapping prophage-like elements, a marked feature of Xylella genomes. Here we describe a database and tools for exploring the biology of this important plant pathogen. The hallmarks of this database are the high quality genomic annotation, the functional and comparative genomic analysis and the identification and mapping of prophage-like elements. It is available from web site http://www.xylella.lncc.br.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro M Varani
- Genome and Transposable Elements Laboratory, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Bogdanove AJ, Koebnik R, Lu H, Furutani A, Angiuoli SV, Patil PB, Van Sluys MA, Ryan RP, Meyer DF, Han SW, Aparna G, Rajaram M, Delcher AL, Phillippy AM, Puiu D, Schatz MC, Shumway M, Sommer DD, Trapnell C, Benahmed F, Dimitrov G, Madupu R, Radune D, Sullivan S, Jha G, Ishihara H, Lee SW, Pandey A, Sharma V, Sriariyanun M, Szurek B, Vera-Cruz CM, Dorman KS, Ronald PC, Verdier V, Dow JM, Sonti RV, Tsuge S, Brendel VP, Rabinowicz PD, Leach JE, White FF, Salzberg SL. Two new complete genome sequences offer insight into host and tissue specificity of plant pathogenic Xanthomonas spp. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:5450-64. [PMID: 21784931 PMCID: PMC3187462 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05262-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas is a large genus of bacteria that collectively cause disease on more than 300 plant species. The broad host range of the genus contrasts with stringent host and tissue specificity for individual species and pathovars. Whole-genome sequences of Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani strain 756C and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strain BLS256, pathogens that infect the mesophyll tissue of the leading models for plant biology, Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, respectively, were determined and provided insight into the genetic determinants of host and tissue specificity. Comparisons were made with genomes of closely related strains that infect the vascular tissue of the same hosts and across a larger collection of complete Xanthomonas genomes. The results suggest a model in which complex sets of adaptations at the level of gene content account for host specificity and subtler adaptations at the level of amino acid or noncoding regulatory nucleotide sequence determine tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bogdanove
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, 351 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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20
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Wu DQ, Ye J, Ou HY, Wei X, Huang X, He YW, Xu Y. Genomic analysis and temperature-dependent transcriptome profiles of the rhizosphere originating strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa M18. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:438. [PMID: 21884571 PMCID: PMC3189399 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previously published reports have described an effective biocontrol agent named Pseudomonas sp. M18 as its 16S rDNA sequence and several regulator genes share homologous sequences with those of P. aeruginosa, but there are several unusual phenotypic features. This study aims to explore its strain specific genomic features and gene expression patterns at different temperatures. Results The complete M18 genome is composed of a single chromosome of 6,327,754 base pairs containing 5684 open reading frames. Seven genomic islands, including two novel prophages and five specific non-phage islands were identified besides the conserved P. aeruginosa core genome. Each prophage contains a putative chitinase coding gene, and the prophage II contains a capB gene encoding a putative cold stress protein. The non-phage genomic islands contain genes responsible for pyoluteorin biosynthesis, environmental substance degradation and type I and III restriction-modification systems. Compared with other P. aeruginosa strains, the fewest number (3) of insertion sequences and the most number (3) of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats in M18 genome may contribute to the relative genome stability. Although the M18 genome is most closely related to that of P. aeruginosa strain LESB58, the strain M18 is more susceptible to several antimicrobial agents and easier to be erased in a mouse acute lung infection model than the strain LESB58. The whole M18 transcriptomic analysis indicated that 10.6% of the expressed genes are temperature-dependent, with 22 genes up-regulated at 28°C in three non-phage genomic islands and one prophage but none at 37°C. Conclusions The P. aeruginosa strain M18 has evolved its specific genomic structures and temperature dependent expression patterns to meet the requirement of its fitness and competitiveness under selective pressures imposed on the strain in rhizosphere niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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21
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Soto-Suárez M, Bernal D, González C, Szurek B, Guyot R, Tohme J, Verdier V. In planta gene expression analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae, African strain MAI1. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:170. [PMID: 20540733 PMCID: PMC2893596 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial leaf blight causes significant yield losses in rice crops throughout Asia and Africa. Although both the Asian and African strains of the pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), induce similar symptoms, they are nevertheless genetically different, with the African strains being more closely related to the Asian X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). RESULTS Changes in gene expression of the African Xoo strain MAI1 in the susceptible rice cultivar Nipponbare were profiled, using an SSH Xoo DNA microarray. Microarray hybridization was performed comparing bacteria recovered from plant tissues at 1, 3, and 6 days after inoculation (dai) with bacteria grown in vitro. A total of 710 bacterial genes were found to be differentially expressed, with 407 up-regulated and 303 down-regulated. Expression profiling indicated that less than 20% of the 710 bacterial transcripts were induced in the first 24 h after inoculation, whereas 63% were differentially expressed at 6 dai. The 710 differentially expressed genes were one-end sequenced. 535 sequences were obtained from which 147 non-redundant sequences were identified. Differentially expressed genes were related to metabolism, secretion and transport, pathogen adherence to plant tissues, plant cell-wall degradation, IS elements, and virulence. In addition, various other genes encoding proteins with unknown function or showing no similarity to other proteins were also induced. The Xoo MAI1 non-redundant set of sequences was compared against several X. oryzae genomes, revealing a specific group of genes that was present only in MAI1. Numerous IS elements were also found to be differentially expressed. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed 86% of the identified profile on a set of 14 genes selected according to the microarray analysis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to compare the expression of Xoo genes in planta across different time points during infection. This work shows that as-yet-unidentified and potentially new virulence factors are appearing in an emerging African pathogen. It also confirms that African Xoo strains do differ from their Asian counterparts, even at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Soto-Suárez
- UMR 5096 IRD-CNRS-Université de Perpignan, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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22
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Soto-Suárez M, González C, Piégu B, Tohme J, Verdier V. Genomic comparison between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, using suppression-subtractive hybridization. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 308:16-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Perry SC, Beiko RG. Distinguishing microbial genome fragments based on their composition: evolutionary and comparative genomic perspectives. Genome Biol Evol 2010; 2:117-31. [PMID: 20333228 PMCID: PMC2839357 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evq004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that patterns of nucleotide composition vary within and among
genomes, although the reasons why these variations exist are not completely
understood. Between-genome compositional variation has been exploited to assign
environmental shotgun sequences to their most likely originating genomes,
whereas within-genome variation has been used to identify recently acquired
genetic material such as pathogenicity islands. Recent sequence assignment
techniques have achieved high levels of accuracy on artificial data sets, but
the relative difficulty of distinguishing lineages with varying degrees of
relatedness, and different types of genomic sequence, has not been examined in
depth. We investigated the compositional differences in a set of 774 sequenced
microbial genomes, finding rapid divergence among closely related genomes, but
also convergence of compositional patterns among genomes with similar habitats.
Support vector machines were then used to distinguish all pairs of genomes based
on genome fragments 500 nucleotides in length. The nearly 300,000 accuracy
scores obtained from these trials were used to construct general models of
distinguishability versus taxonomic and compositional indices of genomic
divergence. Unusual genome pairs were evident from their large residuals
relative to the fitted model, and we identified several factors including genome
reduction, putative lateral genetic transfer, and habitat convergence that
influence the distinguishability of genomes. The positional, compositional, and
functional context of a fragment within a genome has a strong influence on its
likelihood of correct classification, but in a way that depends on the taxonomic
and ecological similarity of the comparator genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Perry
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Summer EJ, Enderle CJ, Ahern SJ, Gill JJ, Torres CP, Appel DN, Black MC, Young R, Gonzalez CF. Genomic and biological analysis of phage Xfas53 and related prophages of Xylella fastidiosa. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:179-90. [PMID: 19897657 PMCID: PMC2798268 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01174-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the plaque propagation and genomic analysis of Xfas53, a temperate phage of Xylella fastidiosa. Xfas53 was isolated from supernatants of X. fastidiosa strain 53 and forms plaques on the sequenced strain Temecula. Xfas53 forms short-tailed virions, morphologically similar to podophage P22. The 36.7-kb genome is predicted to encode 45 proteins. The Xfas53 terminase and structural genes are related at a protein and gene order level to P22. The left arm of the Xfas53 genome has over 90% nucleotide identity to multiple prophage elements of the sequenced X. fastidiosa strains. This arm encodes proteins involved in DNA metabolism, integration, and lysogenic control. In contrast to Xfas53, each of these prophages encodes head and DNA packaging proteins related to the siphophage lambda and tail morphogenesis proteins related to those of myophage P2. Therefore, it appears that Xfas53 was formed by recombination between a widespread family of X. fastidiosa P2-related prophage elements and a podophage distantly related to phage P22. The lysis cassette of Xfas53 is predicted to encode a pinholin, a signal anchor and release (SAR) endolysin, and Rz and Rz1 equivalents. The holin gene encodes a pinholin and appears to be subject to an unprecedented degree of negative regulation at both the level of expression, with rho-independent transcriptional termination and RNA structure-dependent translational repression, and the level of holin function, with two upstream translational starts predicted to encode antiholin products. A notable feature of Xfas53 and related prophages is the presence of 220- to 390-nucleotide degenerate tandem direct repeats encoding putative DNA binding proteins. Additionally, each phage encodes at least two BroN domain-containing proteins possibly involved in lysogenic control. Xfas53 exhibits unusually slow adsorption kinetics, possibly an adaptation to the confined niche of its slow-growing host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Summer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College, Station, Texas 77843-2132, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas 78801-6205
| | - Christopher J. Enderle
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College, Station, Texas 77843-2132, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas 78801-6205
| | - Stephen J. Ahern
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College, Station, Texas 77843-2132, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas 78801-6205
| | - Jason J. Gill
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College, Station, Texas 77843-2132, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas 78801-6205
| | - Cruz P. Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College, Station, Texas 77843-2132, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas 78801-6205
| | - David N. Appel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College, Station, Texas 77843-2132, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas 78801-6205
| | - Mark C. Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College, Station, Texas 77843-2132, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas 78801-6205
| | - Ry Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College, Station, Texas 77843-2132, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas 78801-6205
| | - Carlos F. Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College, Station, Texas 77843-2132, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas 78801-6205
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Lima WC, Varani AM, Menck CFM. NAD biosynthesis evolution in bacteria: lateral gene transfer of kynurenine pathway in Xanthomonadales and Flavobacteriales. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 26:399-406. [PMID: 19005186 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of quinolinate, the de novo precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), may be performed by two distinct pathways, namely, the bacterial aspartate (aspartate-to-quinolinate) and the eukaryotic kynurenine (tryptophan-to-quinolinate). Even though the separation into eukaryotic and bacterial routes is long established, recent genomic surveys have challenged this view, because certain bacterial species also carry the genes for the kynurenine pathway. In this work, both quinolinate biosynthetic pathways were investigated in the Bacteria clade and with special attention to Xanthomonadales and Bacteroidetes, from an evolutionary viewpoint. Genomic screening has revealed that a small number of bacterial species possess some of the genes for the kynurenine pathway, which is complete in the genus Xanthomonas and in the order Flavobacteriales, where the aspartate pathway is absent. The opposite pattern (presence of the aspartate pathway and absence of the kynurenine pathway) in close relatives (Xylella ssp. and the order Bacteroidales, respectively) points to the idea of a recent acquisition of the kynurenine pathway through lateral gene transfer in these bacterial groups. In fact, sequence similarity comparison and phylogenetic reconstruction both suggest that at least part of the genes of the kynurenine pathway in Xanthomonas and Flavobacteriales is shared by eukaryotes. These results reinforce the idea of the role that lateral gene transfer plays in the configuration of bacterial genomes, thereby providing alternative metabolic pathways, even with the replacement of primary and essential cell functions, as exemplified by NAD biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa C Lima
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Zerillo MM, Van Sluys MA, Camargo LEA, Monteiro-Vitorello CB. Characterization of new IS elements and studies of their dispersion in two subspecies of Leifsonia xyli. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:127. [PMID: 18655699 PMCID: PMC2516522 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leifsonia xyli is a xylem-inhabiting bacterial species comprised of two subspecies: L. xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx) and L. xyli subsp. cynodontis (Lxc). Lxx is the causal agent of ratoon stunting disease in sugarcane commercial fields and Lxc colonizes the xylem of several grasses causing either mild or no symptoms of disease. The completely sequenced genome of Lxx provided insights into its biology and pathogenicity. Since IS elements are largely reported as an important source of bacterial genome diversification and nothing is known about their role in chromosome architecture of L. xyli, a comparative analysis of Lxc and Lxx elements was performed. Results Sample sequencing of Lxc genome and comparative analysis with Lxx complete DNA sequence revealed a variable number of IS transposable elements acting upon genomic diversity. A detailed characterization of Lxc IS elements and a comparative review with IS elements of Lxx are presented. Each genome showed a unique set of elements although related to same IS families when considering features such as similarity among transposases, inverted and direct repeats, and element size. Most of the Lxc and Lxx IS families assigned were reported to maintain transposition at low levels using translation regulatory mechanisms, consistent with our in silico analysis. Some of the IS elements were found associated with rearrangements and specific regions of each genome. Differences were also found in the effect of IS elements upon insertion, although none of the elements were preferentially associated with gene disruption. A survey of transposases among genomes of Actinobacteria showed no correlation between phylogenetic relatedness and distribution of IS families. By using Southern hybridization, we suggested that diversification of Lxc isolates is also mediated by insertion sequences in probably recent events. Conclusion Collectively our data indicate that transposable elements are involved in genome diversification of Lxc and Lxx. The IS elements were probably acquired after the divergence of the two subspecies and are associated with genome organization and gene contents. In addition to enhancing understanding of IS element dynamics in general, these data will contribute to our ongoing comparative analyses aimed at understanding the biological differences of the Lxc and Lxx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M Zerillo
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Salzberg SL, Sommer DD, Schatz MC, Phillippy AM, Rabinowicz PD, Tsuge S, Furutani A, Ochiai H, Delcher AL, Kelley D, Madupu R, Puiu D, Radune D, Shumway M, Trapnell C, Aparna G, Jha G, Pandey A, Patil PB, Ishihara H, Meyer DF, Szurek B, Verdier V, Koebnik R, Dow JM, Ryan RP, Hirata H, Tsuyumu S, Won Lee S, Seo YS, Sriariyanum M, Ronald PC, Sonti RV, Van Sluys MA, Leach JE, White FF, Bogdanove AJ. Genome sequence and rapid evolution of the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99A. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:204. [PMID: 18452608 PMCID: PMC2432079 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a major disease that constrains production of this staple crop in many parts of the world. We report here on the complete genome sequence of strain PXO99A and its comparison to two previously sequenced strains, KACC10331 and MAFF311018, which are highly similar to one another. Results The PXO99A genome is a single circular chromosome of 5,240,075 bp, considerably longer than the genomes of the other strains (4,941,439 bp and 4,940,217 bp, respectively), and it contains 5083 protein-coding genes, including 87 not found in KACC10331 or MAFF311018. PXO99A contains a greater number of virulence-associated transcription activator-like effector genes and has at least ten major chromosomal rearrangements relative to KACC10331 and MAFF311018. PXO99A contains numerous copies of diverse insertion sequence elements, members of which are associated with 7 out of 10 of the major rearrangements. A rapidly-evolving CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats) region contains evidence of dozens of phage infections unique to the PXO99A lineage. PXO99A also contains a unique, near-perfect tandem repeat of 212 kilobases close to the replication terminus. Conclusion Our results provide striking evidence of genome plasticity and rapid evolution within Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The comparisons point to sources of genomic variation and candidates for strain-specific adaptations of this pathogen that help to explain the extraordinary diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae genotypes and races that have been isolated from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Salzberg
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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28
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Salzberg SL, Sommer DD, Schatz MC, Phillippy AM, Rabinowicz PD, Tsuge S, Furutani A, Ochiai H, Delcher AL, Kelley D, Madupu R, Puiu D, Radune D, Shumway M, Trapnell C, Aparna G, Jha G, Pandey A, Patil PB, Ishihara H, Meyer DF, Szurek B, Verdier V, Koebnik R, Dow JM, Ryan RP, Hirata H, Tsuyumu S, Won Lee S, Seo YS, Sriariyanum M, Ronald PC, Sonti RV, Van Sluys MA, Leach JE, White FF, Bogdanove AJ. Genome sequence and rapid evolution of the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99A. BMC Genomics 2008. [PMID: 18452608 DOI: 10.1186/1471–2164-9–204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a major disease that constrains production of this staple crop in many parts of the world. We report here on the complete genome sequence of strain PXO99A and its comparison to two previously sequenced strains, KACC10331 and MAFF311018, which are highly similar to one another. RESULTS The PXO99A genome is a single circular chromosome of 5,240,075 bp, considerably longer than the genomes of the other strains (4,941,439 bp and 4,940,217 bp, respectively), and it contains 5083 protein-coding genes, including 87 not found in KACC10331 or MAFF311018. PXO99A contains a greater number of virulence-associated transcription activator-like effector genes and has at least ten major chromosomal rearrangements relative to KACC10331 and MAFF311018. PXO99A contains numerous copies of diverse insertion sequence elements, members of which are associated with 7 out of 10 of the major rearrangements. A rapidly-evolving CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats) region contains evidence of dozens of phage infections unique to the PXO99A lineage. PXO99A also contains a unique, near-perfect tandem repeat of 212 kilobases close to the replication terminus. CONCLUSION Our results provide striking evidence of genome plasticity and rapid evolution within Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The comparisons point to sources of genomic variation and candidates for strain-specific adaptations of this pathogen that help to explain the extraordinary diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae genotypes and races that have been isolated from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Salzberg
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Lima WC, Paquola AC, Varani AM, Van Sluys MA, Menck CF. Laterally transferred genomic islands in Xanthomonadales related to pathogenicity and primary metabolism. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 281:87-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Alavi SM, Poussier S, Manceau C. Characterization of ISXax1, a novel insertion sequence restricted to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (variants fuscans and non-fuscans) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1678-82. [PMID: 17209062 PMCID: PMC1828756 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02031-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ISXax1 is a novel insertion sequence belonging to the IS256 and Mutator families. Dot blot, Southern blot, and PCR analyses revealed that ISXax1 is restricted to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (variants fuscans and non-fuscans) and X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria strains. Directed AFLP also showed that a high degree of polymorphism is associated with ISXax1 insertion in these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mehdi Alavi
- UMR PaVé, centre INRA, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex 1, France
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Sundin GW. Genomic insights into the contribution of phytopathogenic bacterial plasmids to the evolutionary history of their hosts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 45:129-51. [PMID: 17367270 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmids are common residents of phytopathogenic bacteria and contribute significantly to host evolution in a multi-faceted manner. Plasmids tend to encode determinants of virulence and ecological fitness that can enhance adaptation to a specific niche or can influence niche expansion. Many of these determinants appear to have been acquired from other bacteria via horizontal transfer, illustrating an important function of plasmids in the acquisition of sequences that enable rapid evolution. These genes can ultimately be delivered to the host chromosome through plasmid integration events, thus stabilizing important acquired determinants within the genome. Most plasmids characterized in phytopathogenic bacteria are self-transmissible and possess suites of genes encoding type IV secretion systems. In addition, the phytopathogenic bacterial plasmid "mobilome" includes insertion sequence and other transposable elements that contribute to the movement of sequences within and between genomes. Possession of mosaic and ever-changing plasmids allows phytopathogenic bacteria to maintain a dynamic, flexible genome and possible advantage in host-pathogen and other environmental interactions that belies the concept of plasmids as apparently selfish genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Sundin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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