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Hidalgo-Vico S, Casas J, García C, Lillo MP, Alonso-Monge R, Román E, Pla J. Overexpression of the White Opaque Switching Master Regulator Wor1 Alters Lipid Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function in Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1028. [PMID: 36294593 PMCID: PMC9604646 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans; increased colonization of this yeast in this niche has implicated the master regulator of the white-opaque transition, Wor1, by mechanisms not completely understood. We have addressed the role that this transcription factor has on commensalism by the characterization of strains overexpressing this gene. We show that WOR1 overexpression causes an alteration of the total lipid content of the fungal cell and significantly alters the composition of structural and reserve molecular species lipids as determined by lipidomic analysis. These cells are hypersensitive to membrane-disturbing agents such as SDS, have increased tolerance to azoles, an augmented number of peroxisomes, and increased phospholipase activity. WOR1 overexpression also decreases mitochondrial activity and results in altered susceptibility to certain oxidants. All together, these changes reflect drastic alterations in the cellular physiology that facilitate adaptation to the gastrointestinal tract environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hidalgo-Vico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina García
- Departamento de Química Física Biológica, Instituto Química Física “Rocasolano”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Pilar Lillo
- Departamento de Química Física Biológica, Instituto Química Física “Rocasolano”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Monge
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Román
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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A Proteomic Landscape of Candida albicans in the Stepwise Evolution to Fluconazole Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0210521. [PMID: 35343782 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02105-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As an opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans is a major cause of superficial and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. The increasing rate of azole resistance in C. albicans has brought further challenges to clinical therapy. In this study, we collected five isogenic C. albicans strains recovered over discrete intervals from an HIV-infected patient who suffered 2-year recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis. Azole resistance was known from the clinical history to have developed gradually in this patient, and this was confirmed by MIC assays of each strain. Proteomic techniques can be used to investigate more comprehensively how resistance develops in pathogenic fungi over time. Our study is the first to use tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology to investigate the acquired resistance mechanisms of serial C. albicans isolates at the proteomic level. A total of 4,029 proteins have been identified, of which 3,766 have been quantified. Compared with Ca1, bioinformatics analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins were mainly associated with aspects such as the downregulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and oxidative stress response proteins in all four subsequent strains but, remarkably, the activation of amino acid metabolism in Ca8 and Ca14 and increased protection against osmotic stress or excessive copper toxicity, upregulation of respiratory chain activity, and suppression of iron transport in Ca17. By tracing proteomic alterations in this set of isogenic resistance isolates, we acquire mechanistic insight into the steps involved in the acquisition of azole resistance in C. albicans.
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Song J, Shi L, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Jiang J, Li R. Acidic/Alkaline Stress Mediates Responses to Azole Drugs and Oxidative Stress in Aspergillus fumigatus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0199921. [PMID: 35196814 PMCID: PMC8865478 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01999-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A human host exploits stresses such as acidic/alkaline pH, antifungal drugs, and reactive oxygen species to kill microbial pathogens such as the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. However, A. fumigatus is resistant to these stresses in vitro. Therefore, what accounts for the potent antifungal activity of the human host? In this observation, we show that simultaneous exposure to acidic pH and oxidative stresses is much more potent than the individual stresses themselves and that this combinatorial stress kills A. fumigatus synergistically in vitro. Interestingly, A. fumigatus is resistant to the combination of alkaline pH and oxidative stress. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that acidic/alkaline pH stress can mediate oxidative stress responses in A. fumigatus by regulating the expression of catalase-encoding genes. We further show that A. fumigatus is sensitive to the combination of acidic/alkaline stress and azole drug stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the sensitivity of A. fumigatus to azole drugs under acidic/alkaline conditions may be related to changes in genetic stability, sphingolipid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Collectively, our findings suggest that combinatorial stress represents a powerful fungicidal mechanism employed by hosts against pathogens, which suggests novel approaches to potentiate antifungal therapy. IMPORTANCE The human host combats fungal infections via phagocytic cells that recognize and kill fungal pathogens. Immune cells combat Aspergillus fumigatus infections with a potent mixture of chemicals, including reactive oxygen species, acidic/alkaline stress, and antifungal drugs. However, A. fumigatus is relatively resistant to these stresses in vitro. In this observation, we show that it is the combination of acidic/alkaline pH and oxidative or azole stress that kills A. fumigatus so effectively, and we define the molecular mechanisms that underlie this potency. Our findings suggest that combinatorial stress is a powerful fungicidal mechanism employed by hosts, which suggests novel approaches to potentiate antifungal therapy. This study provides a platform for future studies that will address the combinatorial impacts of various environmental stresses on A. fumigatus and other pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Song
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Landan Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunqiu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Staniszewska M, Zdrojewski T, Gizińska M, Rogalska M, Kuryk Ł, Kowalkowska A, Łukowska-Chojnacka E. Tetrazole derivatives bearing benzodiazepine moiety—synthesis and action mode against virulence of Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hans S, Fatima Z, Hameed S. Mass spectrometry-based untargeted lipidomics reveals new compositional insights into membrane dynamics of Candida albicans under magnesium deprivation. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:978-993. [PMID: 34424599 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There is growing appreciation in adopting new approaches to disrupt multidrug resistance in human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. The plasma membrane of C. albicans comprises potential lipid moieties that contribute towards the survival of pathogen and could be utilized as antifungal targets. Considering promising applications of developments in mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics technology, the aim of the study was to analyse lipidome profile and expose lipid-dependent changes in response to Mg deprivation. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that both phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) were decreased. Increased flip (inward translocation) in the fluorophore labelled NBD-PC was ascribed to enhanced PC-specific flippase activity. Furthermore, a decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) leading to altered membrane fluidity and loss of cellular material was prominent. Additionally, we observed decreased phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) leading to genotoxic stress. Besides, we could detect enhanced levels of phosphatidylserine (PS), diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerides (TAG). The altered gene expressions of lipid biosynthetic pathway by RT-PCR correlated with the lipidome profile. Lastly, we explored abrogated ionic (Na+ and K+ ) transport across the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS We propose that C. albicans exposed to Mg deprivation could reorganize plasma membrane (lipid species, membrane fluidity and ionic transport), and possibly redirected carbon flux to store energy in TAGs as an adaptive stress response. This work unravels several vulnerable targets governing lipid metabolism in C. albicans and pave way for better antifungal strategies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates that magnesium availability is important when one considers dissecting drug resistance mechanisms in Candida albicans. Through mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics technology, the study analyses lipidome profile and exposes lipid-dependent changes that are vulnerable to magnesium availability and presents an opportunity to employ this new information in improving treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Hans
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
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Barreiro-Costa O, Morales-Noboa G, Rojas-Silva P, Lara-Barba E, Santamaría-Aguirre J, Bailón-Moscoso N, Romero-Benavides JC, Herrera A, Cueva C, Ron-Garrido L, Poveda A, Heredia-Moya J. Synthesis and Evaluation of Biological Activities of Bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes: A Potential Application against Leishmaniasis. Molecules 2021; 26:4960. [PMID: 34443548 PMCID: PMC8398714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the search and development of drugs that may become new alternatives to the commercial drugs currently available for treatment of leishmaniasis. We have designed and synthesized 12 derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes. We then characterized their potential application in therapeutic use. For this, the in vitro biological activities against three eukaryotic models-S. cerevisiae, five cancer cell lines, and the parasite L. mexicana-were evaluated. In addition, cytotoxicity against non-cancerous mammalian cells has been evaluated and other properties of interest have been characterized, such as genotoxicity, antioxidant properties and, in silico predictive adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The results that we present here represent a first screening, indicating two derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes as good candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis. They have good specificity against parasites with respect to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Barreiro-Costa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (O.B.-C.); (P.R.-S.)
| | - Gabriela Morales-Noboa
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (O.B.-C.); (P.R.-S.)
| | - Eliana Lara-Barba
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Javier Santamaría-Aguirre
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Natalia Bailón-Moscoso
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (N.B.-M.); (A.H.); (C.C.)
| | | | - Ana Herrera
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (N.B.-M.); (A.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Cueva
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (N.B.-M.); (A.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Lenin Ron-Garrido
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Ana Poveda
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Jorge Heredia-Moya
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (O.B.-C.); (P.R.-S.)
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Shahi G, Kumar M, Kumari S, Rudramurthy SM, Chakrabarti A, Gaur NA, Singh A, Prasad R. A detailed lipidomic study of human pathogenic fungi Candida auris. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:foaa045. [PMID: 32756963 PMCID: PMC8189018 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is an attempt to determine the lipid composition of Candida auris and to highlight if the changes in lipids can be correlated to high drug resistance encountered in C. auris. For this, the comparative lipidomics landscape between drug-susceptible (CBS10913T) and a resistant hospital isolate (NCCPF_470033) of C. auris was determined by employing high throughput mass spectrometry. All major groups of phosphoglycerides (PGL), sphingolipids, sterols, diacylglycerols (DAG) and triacylglycerols (TAG), were quantitated along with their molecular lipid species. Our analyses highlighted several key changes where the NCCPF_470033 showed an increase in PGL content, specifically phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine; odd chain containing lipids and accumulation of 16:1-DAG and 16:0-DAG; depletion of 18:1-TAG and 18:0-TAG. The landscape of molecular species displayed a distinct imprint between isolates. For example, the levels of unsaturated PGLs, contributed by both odd and even-chain fatty acyls were higher in resistant NCCPF_470033 isolate, resulting in a higher unsaturation index. Notwithstanding, several commonalities of lipid compositional changes between resistant C. auris and other Candida spp., the study could also identify distinguishable changes in specific lipid species in C. auris. Together, the data highlights the modulation of membrane lipid homeostasis associated with drug-resistant phenotype of C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Shahi
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurugram,, Haryana, 122413, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurugram,, Haryana, 122413, India
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sonam Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Naseem A Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurugram,, Haryana, 122413, India
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Suchodolski J, Muraszko J, Korba A, Bernat P, Krasowska A. Lipid composition and cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida albicans influence the efficacy of fluconazole-gentamicin treatment. Yeast 2020; 37:117-129. [PMID: 31826306 PMCID: PMC7004182 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence of the fungus, Candida albicans, to biotic (e.g. human tissues) and abiotic (e.g. catheters) surfaces can lead to emergence of opportunistic infections in humans. The process of adhesion and further biofilm development depends, in part, on cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH). In this study, we compared the resistance of C. albicans strains with different CSH to the most commonly prescribed antifungal drug, fluconazole, and the newly described synergistic combination, fluconazole and gentamicin. The hydrophobic strain was more resistant to fluconazole due to, among others, overexpression of the ERG11 gene encoding the fluconazole target protein (CYP51A1, Erg11p), which leads to overproduction of ergosterol in this strain. Additionally, the hydrophobic strain displayed high efflux activity of the multidrug resistance Cdr1 pump due to high expression of the CDR1 gene. On the other hand, the hydrophobic C. albicans strain was more susceptible to fluconazole-gentamicin combination because of its different effect on lipid content in the two strains. The combination resulted in ergosterol depletion with subsequent Cdr1p mislocalization and loss of activity in the hydrophobic strain. We propose that C. albicans strains with different CSH may possess altered lipid metabolism and consequently may differ in their response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Suchodolski
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Muraszko
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Korba
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Krasowska
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Zamith-Miranda D, Heyman HM, Cleare LG, Couvillion SP, Clair GC, Bredeweg EL, Gacser A, Nimrichter L, Nakayasu ES, Nosanchuk JD. Multi-omics Signature of Candida auris, an Emerging and Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen. mSystems 2019; 4:e00257-19. [PMID: 31186339 PMCID: PMC6561322 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00257-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a recently described pathogenic fungus that is causing invasive outbreaks on all continents. The fungus is of high concern given the numbers of multidrug-resistant strains that have been isolated in distinct sites across the globe. The fact that its diagnosis is still problematic suggests that the spreading of the pathogen remains underestimated. Notably, the molecular mechanisms of virulence and antifungal resistance employed by this new species are largely unknown. In the present work, we compared two clinical isolates of C. auris with distinct drug susceptibility profiles and a Candida albicans reference strain using a multi-omics approach. Our results show that, despite the distinct drug resistance profile, both C. auris isolates appear to be very similar, albeit with a few notable differences. However, compared to C. albicans both C. auris isolates have major differences regarding their carbon utilization and downstream lipid and protein content, suggesting a multifactorial mechanism of drug resistance. The molecular profile displayed by C. auris helps to explain the antifungal resistance and virulence phenotypes of this new emerging pathogen.IMPORTANCE Candida auris was first described in Japan in 2009 and has now been the cause of significant outbreaks across the globe. The high number of isolates that are resistant to one or more antifungals, as well as the high mortality rates from patients with bloodstream infections, has attracted the attention of the medical mycology, infectious disease, and public health communities to this pathogenic fungus. In the current work, we performed a broad multi-omics approach on two clinical isolates isolated in New York, the most affected area in the United States and found that the omic profile of C. auris differs significantly from C. albicans In addition to our insights into C. auris carbon utilization and lipid and protein content, we believe that the availability of these data will enhance our ability to combat this rapidly emerging pathogenic yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Heino M Heyman
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Levi G Cleare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sneha P Couvillion
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Geremy C Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Erin L Bredeweg
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Attila Gacser
- Department of Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Kundu D, Hameed S, Fatima Z, Pasrija R. Phospholipid biosynthesis disruption renders the yeast cells sensitive to antifungals. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:121-131. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Hokken MWJ, Zoll J, Coolen JPM, Zwaan BJ, Verweij PE, Melchers WJG. Phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus; an expression profile of clinical isolates upon exposure to itraconazole. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:28. [PMID: 30626317 PMCID: PMC6327609 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of azole resistance in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates is rising over the past decades, but the molecular basis of the development of antifungal drug resistance is not well understood. This study focuses on the role of phenotypic plasticity in the evolution of azole resistance in A. fumigatus. When A. fumigatus is challenged with a new stressful environment, phenotypic plasticity may allow A. fumigatus to adjust their physiology to still enable growth and reproduction, therefore allowing the establishment of genetic adaptations through natural selection on the available variation in the mutational and recombinational gene pool. To investigate these short-term physiological adaptations, we conducted time series transcriptome analyses on three clinical A. fumigatus isolates, during incubation with itraconazole. Results After analysis of expression patterns, we identified 3955, 3430, 1207, and 1101 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), after 30, 60, 120 and 240 min of incubation with itraconazole, respectively. We explored the general functions in these gene groups and we identified 186 genes that were differentially expressed during the whole time series. Additionally, we investigated expression patterns of potential novel drug-efflux transporters, genes involved in ergosterol and phospholipid biosynthesis, and the known MAPK proteins of A. fumigatus. Conclusions Our data suggests that A. fumigatus adjusts its transcriptome quickly within 60 min of exposure to itraconazole. Further investigation of these short-term adaptive phenotypic plasticity mechanisms might enable us to understand how the direct response of A. fumigatus to itraconazole promotes survival of the fungus in the patient, before any “hard-wired” genetic mutations arise. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5255-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet W J Hokken
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. .,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Zoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy P M Coolen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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12
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Singh A, MacKenzie A, Girnun G, Del Poeta M. Analysis of sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids in human pathogenic Cryptococcus strains. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2017-2036. [PMID: 28811322 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m078600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species cause invasive infections in humans. Lipids play an important role in the progression of these infections. Independent studies done by our group and others provide some detail about the functions of these lipids in Cryptococcus infections. However, the pathways of biosynthesis and the metabolism of these lipids are not completely understood. To thoroughly understand the physiological role of these Cryptococcus lipids, a proper structure and composition analysis of Cryptococcus lipids is demanded. In this study, a detailed spectroscopic analysis of lipid extracts from Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus grubii strains is presented. Sphingolipid profiling by LC-ESI-MS/MS was used to analyze sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramide, dihydroceramide, glucosylceramide, phytosphingosine, phytosphingosine-1-phosphate, phytoceramide, α-hydroxy phytoceramide, and inositolphosphorylceramide species. A total of 13 sterol species were identified using GC-MS, where ergosterol is the most abundant species. The 31P-NMR-based phospholipid analysis identified phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. A comparison of lipid profiles among different Cryptococcus strains illustrates a marked change in the metabolic flux of these organisms, especially sphingolipid metabolism. These data improve our understanding of the structure, biosynthesis, and metabolism of common lipid groups of Cryptococcus and should be useful while studying their functional significance and designing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | | | - Geoffrey Girnun
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 .,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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13
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Kim JH, Singh A, Del Poeta M, Brown DA, London E. The effect of sterol structure upon clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2682-2695. [PMID: 28655854 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ordered lipid domains (rafts) in plasma membranes have been hypothesized to participate in endocytosis based on inhibition of endocytosis by removal or sequestration of cholesterol. To more carefully investigate the role of the sterol in endocytosis, we used a substitution strategy to replace cholesterol with sterols that show various raft-forming abilities and chemical structures. Both clathrin-mediated endocytosis of transferrin and clathrin-independent endocytosis of clustered placental alkaline phosphatase were measured. A subset of sterols reversibly inhibited both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis. The ability of a sterol to support lipid raft formation was necessary for endocytosis. However, it was not sufficient, because a sterol lacking a 3β-OH group did not support endocytosis even though it had the ability to support ordered domain formation. Double bonds in the sterol rings and an aliphatic tail structure identical to that of cholesterol were neither necessary nor sufficient to support endocytosis. This study shows that substitution using a large number of sterols can define the role of sterol structure in cellular functions. Hypotheses for how sterol structure can similarly alter clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Deborah A Brown
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Erwin London
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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14
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Mourembou G, Yasir M, Azhar EI, Lagier JC, Bibi F, Jiman-Fatani AA, Helmy N, Robert C, Rathored J, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Million M. Rise of Microbial Culturomics: Noncontiguous Finished Genome Sequence and Description of Beduini massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:766-76. [PMID: 26669711 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbial culturomics is a new field of omics sciences that examines the bacterial diversity of human gut coupled with a taxono-genomic strategy. Using microbial culturomics, we report here for the first time a novel Gram negative, catalase- and oxidase-negative, strict anaerobic bacilli named Beduini massiliensis gen. nov., sp nov. strain GM1 (= CSUR P1440 = DSM 100188), isolated from the stools of a female nomadic Bedouin from Saudi Arabia. With a length of 2,850,586 bp, the Beduini massiliensis genome exhibits a G + C content of 35.9%, and contains 2819 genes (2744 protein-coding and 75 RNA genes including 57 tRNA and 18 rRNA genes). It is composed of 6 scaffolds (composed of 6 contigs). A total of 1859 genes (67.75%) were assigned a putative function (by COGs or by NR blast). At least 1457 (53%) orthologous proteins were not shared with the closest phylogenetic species. 274 genes (10.0%) were identified as ORFans. These results show that microbial culturomics can dramatically improve the characterization of the human microbiota repertoire, deciphering new bacterial species and new genes. Further studies will clarify the geographic specificity and the putative role of these new microbes and their related functional genetic content in health and disease. Microbial culturomics is an emerging frontier of omics systems sciences and integrative biology and thus, warrants further consideration as part of the postgenomics methodology toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Mourembou
- 1 Aix Marseille University , URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France .,2 Regional Doctoral School of Central Africa , Franceville, Gabon
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- 3 Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- 3 Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia .,4 Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Christophe Lagier
- 1 Aix Marseille University , URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Fehmida Bibi
- 3 Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asif Ahmad Jiman-Fatani
- 5 Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayel Helmy
- 6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Suliman Fageeh Hospital , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine Robert
- 1 Aix Marseille University , URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Jaishriram Rathored
- 1 Aix Marseille University , URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- 1 Aix Marseille University , URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- 1 Aix Marseille University , URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France .,3 Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthieu Million
- 1 Aix Marseille University , URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
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15
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Checa A, Bedia C, Jaumot J. Lipidomic data analysis: Tutorial, practical guidelines and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 885:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Dühring S, Germerodt S, Skerka C, Zipfel PF, Dandekar T, Schuster S. Host-pathogen interactions between the human innate immune system and Candida albicans-understanding and modeling defense and evasion strategies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:625. [PMID: 26175718 PMCID: PMC4485224 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diploid, polymorphic yeast Candida albicans is one of the most important human pathogenic fungi. C. albicans can grow, proliferate and coexist as a commensal on or within the human host for a long time. However, alterations in the host environment can render C. albicans virulent. In this review, we describe the immunological cross-talk between C. albicans and the human innate immune system. We give an overview in form of pairs of human defense strategies including immunological mechanisms as well as general stressors such as nutrient limitation, pH, fever etc. and the corresponding fungal response and evasion mechanisms. Furthermore, Computational Systems Biology approaches to model and investigate these complex interactions are highlighted with a special focus on game-theoretical methods and agent-based models. An outlook on interesting questions to be tackled by Systems Biology regarding entangled defense and evasion mechanisms is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Dühring
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Germerodt
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll InstituteJena, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, Universitaet WuerzburgWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaJena, Germany
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17
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Mahto KK, Singh A, Khandelwal NK, Bhardwaj N, Jha J, Prasad R. An assessment of growth media enrichment on lipid metabolome and the concurrent phenotypic properties of Candida albicans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113664. [PMID: 25423360 PMCID: PMC4244132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical question among the researchers working on fungal lipid biology is whether the use of an enriched growth medium can affect the lipid composition of a cell and, therefore, contribute to the observed phenotypes. One presumption is that enriched medias, such as YPD (yeast extract, peptone and dextrose), are likely to contain lipids, which may homogenize with the yeast lipids and play a role in masking the actual differences in the observed phenotypes or lead to an altered phenotype altogether. To address this issue, we compared the lipids of Candida albicans, our fungus of interest, grown in YPD or in a defined media such as YNB (yeast nitrogen base). Mass spectrometry-based lipid analyses showed differences in the levels of phospholipids, including phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, lyso-phospholipids; sphingolipids, such as mannosyldiinositolphosphorylceramide; and sterols, such as ergostatetraenol. Significant differences were observed in 70 lipid species between the cells grown in the two media, but the two growth conditions did not affect the morphological characteristics of C. albicans. The lipid profiles of the YNB- and YPD-grown C. albicans cells did vary, but these differences did not influence their response to the majority of the tested agents. Rather, the observed differences could be attributed to the slow growth rate of the Candida cells in YNB compared to YPD. Notably, the altered lipid changes between the two media did impact the susceptibility to some drugs. This data provided evidence that changes in media can lead to certain lipid alterations, which may affect specific pathways but, in general, do not affect the majority of the phenotypic properties of C. albicans. It was determined that either YNB or YPD may be suitable for the growth and lipid analysis of C. albicans, depending upon the experimental requirements, but additional precautions are necessary when correlating the phenotypes with the lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Kumar Mahto
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Kameshwarnagar, Darbhanga, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Khandelwal
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Bhardwaj
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaykar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Kameshwarnagar, Darbhanga, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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18
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Pili FMG, Erriu M, Piras A, Garau V. Application of the novel method in the diagnosis and treatment of median rhomboid glossitis Candida-associated. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:129-131. [PMID: 24966760 PMCID: PMC4054025 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.126268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to demonstrate how current molecular techniques should be integrated in the diagnostic process and can have a crucial role in the management of oral fungal infections. A case of median rhomboid glossitis Candida-associated and its resolution will be described step by step. At the time of the first observation, the lesion on the surface of the tongue did not respond to the previous administration of topical antifungal agent, such a nystatin. Firstly, in order to identify the causative agent and confirm Candida albicans infection, a brushing of the lesion was performed and polymerase chain reaction analysis was carried out. In addition, deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing method, known as Pyrosequencing®, was used in the detection of point mutations commonly associated with fluconazole resistance and consequently, in the prediction of susceptibility to azole agents. According to molecular findings, the administration of fluconazole has therefore led to resolution of the case in 2 weeks. This case highlights how the use of molecular techniques, now-a-days, can assist the clinicians to quickly obtain the report with highly accurate and precise results and appropriately support them in the diagnosis and therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Erriu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piras
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentino Garau
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
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19
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Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Fungi and Their Significance in Biofilms. SPRINGER SERIES ON BIOFILMS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-53833-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Novel Regulatory Mechanisms of Pathogenicity and Virulence to Combat MDR in Candida albicans. Int J Microbiol 2013; 2013:240209. [PMID: 24163696 PMCID: PMC3791847 DOI: 10.1155/2013/240209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous deployment of antifungals in treating infections caused by dimorphic opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans has led to the emergence of drug resistance resulting in cross-resistance to many unrelated drugs, a phenomenon termed multidrug resistance (MDR). Despite the current understanding of major factors which contribute to MDR mechanisms, there are many lines of evidence suggesting that it is a complex interplay of multiple factors which may be contributed by still unknown mechanisms. Coincidentally with the increased usage of antifungal drugs, the number of reports for antifungal drug resistance has also increased which further highlights the need for understanding novel molecular mechanisms which can be explored to combat MDR, namely, ROS, iron, hypoxia, lipids, morphogenesis, and transcriptional and signaling networks. Considering the worrying evolution of MDR and significance of C. albicans being the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, this review summarizes these new regulatory mechanisms which could be exploited to prevent MDR development in C. albicans as established from recent studies.
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21
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Prasad R, Singh A. Lipids of Candida albicans and their role in multidrug resistance. Curr Genet 2013; 59:243-50. [PMID: 23974286 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, lipids of non-pathogenic yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been characterized to some details; however, a comparable situation does not exist for the human pathogenic fungi. This review is an attempt to bring in recent advances made in lipid research by employing high throughput lipidomic methods in terms of lipid analysis of pathogenic yeasts. Several pathogenic fungi exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) which they acquire during the course of a treatment. Among the several causal factors, lipids by far have emerged as one of the critical contributors in the MDR acquisition in human pathogenic Candida. In this article, we have particularly focused on the role of lipids involved in cross talks between different cellular circuits that impact the acquisition of MDR in Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India,
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