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Gorham IK, Reid DM, Sun J, Zhou Z, Barber RC, Phillips NR. Blood-Based mtDNA Quantification Indicates Population-Specific Differences Associated with Alzheimer's Disease-Related Risk. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1407-1419. [PMID: 38250773 PMCID: PMC11315371 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age is known to be the biggest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Mexican Americans (MAs), who are one of the fastest-aging populations in the United States, are at a uniquely elevated risk. Mitochondrial stress and dysfunction are key players in the progression of AD and are also known to be impacted by lifestyle and environmental exposures/stressors. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify population-specific differences in indicators of mitochondrial stress and dysfunction associated with AD risk that are detectable in the blood. METHODS Examining blood from both non-Hispanic white (NHW) and MA participants (N = 527, MA n = 284, NHW n = 243), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) copy numbers were assessed through quantitative PCR. Data was stratified by population and sample type, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors that may influence this phenotype of mitochondrial dysfunction. RESULTS In the MA cohort, there was a significant relationship between cellular mtDNA:nDNA ratio and body mass index, CDR sum of boxes score, the APOEɛ2/ɛ3 genotype, and education. Further, there was a significant relationship between cell-free mtDNA copy number and both education and CDR sum score. In the NHW cohort, there was a significant relationship between cellular mtDNA:nDNA ratio and both age and CDR sum score. Age was associated with cell-free mtDNA in the NHW cohort. CONCLUSIONS This evidence supports the existence of population-based differences in the factors that are predictive of this blood-based phenotype of mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be indicative of cognitive decline and AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle K. Gorham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Danielle Marie Reid
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Robert C. Barber
- Department of Family Medicine, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Institute for Translational Research, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Nicole R. Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Institute for Translational Research, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Zueva IV, Vasilieva EA, Gaynanova GA, Moiseenko AV, Burtseva AD, Boyko KM, Zakharova LY, Petrov KA. Can Activation of Acetylcholinesterase by β-Amyloid Peptide Decrease the Effectiveness of Cholinesterase Inhibitors? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16395. [PMID: 38003588 PMCID: PMC10671303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A central event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of senile plaques composed of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. The main class of drugs currently used for the treatment of AD are the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. In this study, it has been shown that Aβ augmented AChE activity in vitro, maximum activation of 548 ± 5% was achieved following 48 h of incubation with 10 μM of Aβ1-40, leading to a 7.7-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. The observed non-competitive type of AChE activation by Aβ1-40 was associated with increased Vmax and unchanged Km. Although BChE activity also increased following incubation with Aβ1-40, this was less efficiently achieved as compared with AChE. Ex vivo electrophysiological experiments showed that 10 μM of Aβ1-40 significantly decreased the effect of the AChE inhibitor huperzine A on the synaptic potential parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Zueva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - Elmira A. Vasilieva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - Gulnara A. Gaynanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - Andrey V. Moiseenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1–12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D. Burtseva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.D.B.); (K.M.B.)
- Landau Phystech School of Physics and Research, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin M. Boyko
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.D.B.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Lucia Ya. Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - Konstantin A. Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (L.Y.Z.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
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Zhang H, Wei W, Zhao M, Ma L, Jiang X, Pei H, Cao Y, Li H. Interaction between Aβ and Tau in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2181-2192. [PMID: 34239348 PMCID: PMC8241728 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular neuritic plaques composed of amyloid‑β (Aβ) protein and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing phosphorylated tau protein are the two hallmark proteins of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the separate neurotoxicity of these proteins in AD has been extensively studied. However, interventions that target Aβ or tau individually have not yielded substantial breakthroughs. The interest in the interactions between Aβ and tau in AD is increasing, but related drug investigations are in their infancy. This review discusses how Aβ accelerates tau phosphorylation and the possible mechanisms and pathways by which tau mediates Aβ toxicity. This review also describes the possible synergistic effects between Aβ and tau on microglial cells and astrocytes. Studies suggest that the coexistence of Aβ plaques and phosphorylated tau is related to the mechanism by which Aβ facilitates the propagation of tau aggregation in neuritic plaques. The interactions between Aβ and tau mediate cognitive dysfunction in patients with AD. In summary, this review summarizes recent data on the interplay between Aβ and tau to promote a better understanding of the roles of these proteins in the pathological process of AD and provide new insights into interventions against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xuefan Jiang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
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Saccà SC, Vernazza S, Iorio EL, Tirendi S, Bassi AM, Gandolfi S, Izzotti A. Molecular changes in glaucomatous trabecular meshwork. Correlations with retinal ganglion cell death and novel strategies for neuroprotection. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:151-188. [PMID: 32958211 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss. Although significant advances in ophthalmologic knowledge and practice have been made, some glaucoma mechanisms are not yet understood, therefore, up to now there is no effective treatment able to ensure healing. Indeed, either pharmacological or surgical approaches to this disease aim in lowering intraocular pressure, which is considered the only modifiable risk factor. However, it is well known that several factors and metabolites are equally (if not more) involved in glaucoma. Oxidative stress, for instance, plays a pivotal role in both glaucoma onset and progression because it is responsible for the trabecular meshwork cell damage and, consequently, for intraocular pressure increase as well as for glaucomatous damage cascade. This review at first shows accurately the molecular-derived dysfunctions in antioxidant system and in mitochondria homeostasis which due to both oxidative stress and aging, lead to a chronic inflammation state, the trabecular meshwork damage as well as the glaucoma neurodegeneration. Therefore, the main molecular events triggered by oxidative stress up to the proapoptotic signals that promote the ganglion cell death have been highlighted. The second part of this review, instead, describes some of neuroprotective agents such as polyphenols or polyunsaturated fatty acids as possible therapeutic source against the propagation of glaucomatous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Saccà
- Policlinico San Martino University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience and sense organs, Ophthalmology Unit, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | | - Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Gandolfi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Biological, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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5
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Siegfried CJ, Shui YB. Intraocular Oxygen and Antioxidant Status: New Insights on the Effect of Vitrectomy and Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 203:12-25. [PMID: 30772349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate correlations of partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the ocular anterior segment of human eyes and aqueous humor antioxidant levels of ascorbate (AsA) and total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) with glaucoma and vitreous status. METHODS This prospective, cross-sectional study stratified patients (n = 288 eyes) by lens and vitreous status and the presence of primary open-angle glaucoma for statistical analyses. Intraocular pO2 concentrations were measured using a fiberoptic probe in patients at the beginning of planned glaucoma and/or cataract surgery. Aqueous humor specimens were obtained for antioxidant analysis of AsA and TRAP. RESULTS Following prior pars plana vitrectomy, pO2 levels were significantly higher than in the reference group of cataract surgery in the anterior chamber angle (16.2 ± 5.0 vs. 13.0 ± 3.9 mm Hg; P = .0171) and in the posterior chamber (7.6 ± 3.1 vs. 3.9 ± 2.7 mm Hg; P < .0001). AsA and TRAP levels were significantly lower (1.1 ± 0.4 vs. 1.4 ± 0.5 mM, respectively; 403.3 ±116.5 vs. 479.0 ± 146.7 Trolox units, respectively; P = .004 and P = .024, respectively) in patients after vitrectomy. In patients with an intact vitreous, neither pO2 nor antioxidant status correlated with lens status or glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS Increased pO2 and antioxidant depletion following vitrectomy suggests an alteration of the intraocular oxidant-antioxidant balance. Our study links physiologic factors such as increased pO2 in the anterior chamber angle and the posterior chamber to decreased antioxidant levels in aqueous humor following vitrectomy. Oxidative stress/damage to the trabecular meshwork in such post-vitrectomy cases may contribute to intraocular pressure elevation and increased risk of glaucoma. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Ying-Bo Shui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Lopez Sanchez MIG, van Wijngaarden P, Trounce IA. Amyloid precursor protein-mediated mitochondrial regulation and Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:3464-3474. [PMID: 30471088 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite clear evidence of a neuroprotective physiological role of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its non-amyloidogenic processing products, APP has been investigated mainly in animal and cellular models of amyloid pathology in the context of Alzheimer's disease. The rare familial mutations in APP and presenilin-1/2, which sometimes drive increased amyloid β (Aβ) production, may have unduly influenced Alzheimer's disease research. APP and its cleavage products play important roles in cellular and mitochondrial metabolism, but many studies focus solely on Aβ. Mitochondrial bioenergetic metabolism is essential for neuronal function, maintenance and survival, and multiple reports indicate mitochondrial abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we focus on mitochondrial abnormalities reported in sporadic Alzheimer's disease patients and the role of full-length APP and its non-amyloidogenic fragments, particularly soluble APPα, on mitochondrial bioenergetic metabolism. We do not review the plethora of animal and in vitro studies using mutant APP/presenilin constructs or experiments using exogenous Aβ. In doing so, we aim to invigorate research and discussion around non-amyloidogenic APP processing products and the mechanisms linking mitochondria and complex neurodegenerative disorders such as sporadic Alzheimer's disease. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel G Lopez Sanchez
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian A Trounce
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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7
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The Eye, Oxidative Damage and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060668. [PMID: 29795004 PMCID: PMC6024720 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are known to have numerous beneficial effects, owing to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. From a metabolic standpoint, the mitochondria play a fundamental role in cellular homeostasis, and oxidative stress can affect their functioning. Indeed, the mitochondria are the main source of ROS, and an imbalance between ROS and antioxidant defenses leads to oxidative stress. In addition, aging, the decline of cellular functions, and continual exposure to light underlie many diseases, particularly those of the eye. Long-term exposure to insults, such as UV light, visible light, ionizing radiation, chemotherapeutics, and environmental toxins, contribute to oxidative damage in ocular tissues and expose the aging eye to considerable risk of pathological consequences of oxidative stress. Ample antioxidant defenses responsible for scavenging free radicals are essential for redox homeostasis in the eye, indeed, eye tissues, starting from the tear film, which normally are exposed to high oxygen levels, have strong antioxidant defenses that are efficient for protecting against ROS-related injuries. On the contrary, instead, the trabecular meshwork is not directly exposed to light and its endothelial cells are poorly equipped with antioxidant defenses. All this makes the eye a target organ of oxidative damage. This review focuses on the role of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human eye, particularly in such pathologies as dry eye, glaucoma, and macular degeneration, in which dietary PUFA supplementation can be a valid therapeutic aid.
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Kamel K, Farrell M, O'Brien C. Mitochondrial dysfunction in ocular disease: Focus on glaucoma. Mitochondrion 2017; 35:44-53. [PMID: 28499981 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction commonly presents with ocular findings as a part of a systemic disorder. These ophthalmic manifestations can be the first sign of a mitochondrial abnormality, which highlights the key role of a comprehensive ophthalmic assessment. On the other hand, a number of visually disabling genetic and acquired eye diseases with no curative treatment show abnormal mitochondrial function. Recent advances in mitochondrial research have improved our understanding of previously unexplained ocular disorders utilising better diagnostic approaches. Further studies on mitochondrial dysfunction and novel modalities of treatment will help to improve outcomes of these conditions. In this review article we discuss the clinical picture of common mitochondrial-related eye diseases, diagnostic approaches and possible treatment options including a very recent interesting report about gene therapy, with a particular focus on glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Kamel
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Colm O'Brien
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Saccà SC, Gandolfi S, Bagnis A, Manni G, Damonte G, Traverso CE, Izzotti A. From DNA damage to functional changes of the trabecular meshwork in aging and glaucoma. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 29:26-41. [PMID: 27242026 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a degenerative disease of the eye. Both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye are affected, extensive damage being detectable in the trabecular meshwork and the inner retina-central visual pathway complex. Oxidative stress is claimed to be mainly responsible for molecular damage in the anterior chamber. Indeed, oxidation harms the trabecular meshwork, leading eventually to endothelial cell decay, tissue malfunction, subclinical inflammation, changes in the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, altered motility, reduced outflow facility and (ultimately) increased IOP. Moreover, free radicals are involved in aging and can be produced in the brain (as well as in the eye) as a result of ischemia, leading to oxidation of the surrounding neurons. Glaucoma-related cell death occurs by means of apoptosis, and apoptosis is triggered by oxidative stress via (a) mitochondrial damage, (b) inflammation, (c) endothelial dysregulation and dysfunction, and (d) hypoxia. The proteomics of the aqueous humor is significantly altered in glaucoma as a result of oxidation-induced trabecular damage. Those proteins whose aqueous humor levels are increased in glaucoma are biomarkers of trabecular meshwork impairment. Their diffusion from the anterior to the posterior segment of the eye may be relevant in the cascade of events triggering apoptosis in the inner retinal layers, including the ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- IRCCS San Martino University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, San Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Gandolfi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Biological, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bagnis
- University of Genoa, Eye Clinic, Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Viale Benedetto XV, 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Manni
- Dept. of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Enrico Traverso
- University of Genoa, Eye Clinic, Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Viale Benedetto XV, 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital, IST National Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, Genoa I-16132, Italy
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Mohanty K, Dada R, Dada T. Neurodegenerative Eye Disorders: Role of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Genomics. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2016; 5:293-9. [PMID: 27101384 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major source of cellular energy, mitochondria are critical for optimal ocular function. They are also essential for cell differentiation and survival. Mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage to the mitochondrial DNA are important factors underlying the pathology of many ocular disorders. With increasing age, mitochondrial DNA damage accumulates and results in several eye diseases. It is evident that the mitochondrial genome is more susceptible to stress and damage than the nuclear genome, as it lacks histone protection, a nucleotide excision repair system, and recombination repair, and it is the source and target of free radicals. Accumulation of mitochondrial mutations beyond a certain threshold explains the marked variations in phenotypes seen in mitochondrial diseases and the molecular mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of several chronic disorders in the eye. This review details the structure and function of mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome along with the mitochondrial involvement in various neurodegenerative ophthalmic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Mohanty
- From the *Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India; and †Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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11
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Redmann M, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. The Role of Autophagy, Mitophagy and Lysosomal Functions in Modulating Bioenergetics and Survival in the Context of Redox and Proteotoxic Damage: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2016; 7:150-62. [PMID: 27114848 PMCID: PMC4809607 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox and proteotoxic stress contributes to age-dependent accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and protein aggregates, and is associated with neurodegeneration. The free radical theory of aging inspired many studies using reactive species scavengers such as alpha-tocopherol, ascorbate and coenzyme Q to suppress the initiation of oxidative stress. However, clinical trials have had limited success in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. We ascribe this to the emerging literature which suggests that the oxidative stress hypothesis does not encompass the role of reactive species in cell signaling and therefore the interception with reactive species with antioxidant supplementation may result in disruption of redox signaling. In addition, the accumulation of redox modified proteins or organelles cannot be reversed by oxidant intercepting antioxidants and must then be removed by alternative mechanisms. We have proposed that autophagy serves this essential function in removing damaged or dysfunctional proteins and organelles thus preserving neuronal function and survival. In this review, we will highlight observations regarding the impact of autophagy regulation on cellular bioenergetics and survival in response to reactive species or reactive species generating compounds, and in response to proteotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Redmann
- Center for Free Radical Biology,; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology,; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology,; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,; Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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12
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Pyruvate prevents the development of age-dependent cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease without reducing amyloid and tau pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 81:214-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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13
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Brunst KJ, Baccarelli AA, Wright RJ. Integrating mitochondriomics in children's environmental health. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:976-91. [PMID: 26046650 PMCID: PMC4714560 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The amount of scientific research linking environmental exposures and childhood health outcomes continues to grow; yet few studies have teased out the mechanisms involved in environmentally-induced diseases. Cells can respond to environmental stressors in many ways: inducing oxidative stress/inflammation, changes in energy production and epigenetic alterations. Mitochondria, tiny organelles that each retains their own DNA, are exquisitely sensitive to environmental insults and are thought to be central players in these pathways. While it is intuitive that mitochondria play an important role in disease processes, given that every cell of our body is dependent on energy metabolism, it is less clear how environmental exposures impact mitochondrial mechanisms that may lead to enhanced risk of disease. Many of the effects of the environment are initiated in utero and integrating mitochondriomics into children's environmental health studies is a critical priority. This review will highlight (i) the importance of exploring environmental mitochondriomics in children's environmental health, (ii) why environmental mitochondriomics is well suited to biomarker development in this context, and (iii) how molecular and epigenetic changes in mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may reflect exposures linked to childhood health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Brunst
- Kravis Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Exposure Epidemiology and Risk Program, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Kravis Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Kulikova AA, Makarov AA, Kozin SA. Roles of zinc ions and structural polymorphism of β-amyloid in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Fiorini A, Sultana R, Förster S, Perluigi M, Cenini G, Cini C, Cai J, Klein JB, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Kumar VB, Butterfield DA. Antisense directed against PS-1 gene decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice (SAMP8) and reverses learning and memory impairment: a proteomics study. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1-14. [PMID: 23777706 PMCID: PMC3855183 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the induction of oxidative stress. This peptide is produced by proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of β- and γ-secretases. Previous studies demonstrated that reduction of Aβ, using an antisense oligonucleotide (AO) directed against the Aβ region of APP, reduced oxidative stress-mediated damage and prevented or reverted cognitive deficits in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8), a useful animal model for investigating the events related to Aβ pathology and possibly to the early phase of AD. In the current study, aged SAMP8 were treated by AO directed against PS-1, a component of the γ-secretase complex, and tested for learning and memory in T-maze foot shock avoidance and novel object recognition. Brain tissue was collected to identify the decrease of oxidative stress and to evaluate the proteins that are differently expressed and oxidized after the reduction in free radical levels induced by Aβ. We used both expression proteomics and redox proteomics approaches. In brain of AO-treated mice a decrease of oxidative stress markers was found, and the proteins identified by proteomics as expressed differently or nitrated are involved in processes known to be impaired in AD. Our results suggest that the treatment with AO directed against PS-1 in old SAMP8 mice reverses learning and memory deficits and reduces Aβ-mediated oxidative stress with restoration to the normal condition and identifies possible pharmacological targets to combat this devastating dementing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Fiorini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sarah Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenini
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chiara Cini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jon B Klein
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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16
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Rastogi M, Ojha RP, Sagar C, Agrawal A, Dubey GP. Protective effect of curcuminoids on age-related mitochondrial impairment in female Wistar rat brain. Biogerontology 2013; 15:21-31. [PMID: 24048922 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of curcuminoids, the active polyphenols of Curcuma longa (L.) rhizomes on mitochondrial dysfunctioning in middle aged and aged female Wistar rat brain. Rats were orally treated with curcuminoids (100 mg/kg) for 3 months and their brain was collected for evaluation of mitochondrial enzymes and complexes activity, ultra structural changes in mitochondria, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein expression, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and lipofuscin content. Significant alterations were observed in all the tested parameters in highly aged rat brain when compared with young control. Long term curcuminoids administration prevented this age associated loss of mitochondrial enzymes and complexes activity in middle aged rat brain except for malate dehydrogenase, Complex II and IV activity when compared with young control. Among aged rats, curcuminoids treatment specifically elevated isocitrate and NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, Complex I and total ATP content. A significant down-regulation of nNOS protein expression along with reduced lipofuscin content was also observed in curucminoids treated middle aged and aged rats. Thus, it was suggested that curcuminoids may act as a putative drug candidate for the prevention of deleterious effects of ageing and age associated neurodegenerative disorders through amelioration of aberrant mitochondrial functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Rastogi
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India,
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17
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Bomba M, Ciavardelli D, Silvestri E, Canzoniero LMT, Lattanzio R, Chiappini P, Piantelli M, Di Ilio C, Consoli A, Sensi SL. Exenatide promotes cognitive enhancement and positive brain metabolic changes in PS1-KI mice but has no effects in 3xTg-AD animals. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e612. [PMID: 23640454 PMCID: PMC3674348 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction or dementia. Insulin resistance is often associated with T2DM and can induce defective insulin signaling in the central nervous system as well as increase the risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Glucagone like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone and, like GLP-1 analogs, stimulates insulin secretion and has been employed in the treatment of T2DM. GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs also enhance synaptic plasticity and counteract cognitive deficits in mouse models of neuronal dysfunction and/or degeneration. In this study, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of long-term treatment with exenatide, a GLP-1 analog, in two animal models of neuronal dysfunction: the PS1-KI and 3xTg-AD mice. We found that exenatide promoted beneficial effects on short- and long-term memory performances in PS1-KI but not in 3xTg-AD animals. In PS1-KI mice, the drug increased brain lactate dehydrogenase activity leading to a net increase in lactate levels, while no effects were observed on mitochondrial respiration. On the contrary, exenatide had no effects on brain metabolism of 3xTg-AD mice. In summary, our data indicate that exenatide improves cognition in PS1-KI mice, an effect likely driven by increasing the brain anaerobic glycolysis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bomba
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), University Gd Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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18
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Meyer JN, Leung MCK, Rooney JP, Sendoel A, Hengartner MO, Kisby GE, Bess AS. Mitochondria as a target of environmental toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:1-17. [PMID: 23629515 PMCID: PMC3693132 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous strides have recently been made in our understanding of the biology and pathobiology of mitochondria. Many diseases have been identified as caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, and many pharmaceuticals have been identified as previously unrecognized mitochondrial toxicants. A much smaller but growing literature indicates that mitochondria are also targeted by environmental pollutants. We briefly review the importance of mitochondrial function and maintenance for health based on the genetics of mitochondrial diseases and the toxicities resulting from pharmaceutical exposure. We then discuss how the principles of mitochondrial vulnerability illustrated by those fields might apply to environmental contaminants, with particular attention to factors that may modulate vulnerability including genetic differences, epigenetic interactions, tissue characteristics, and developmental stage. Finally, we review the literature related to environmental mitochondrial toxicants, with a particular focus on those toxicants that target mitochondrial DNA. We conclude that the fields of environmental toxicology and environmental health should focus more strongly on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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19
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Ionic and Molecular Mechanisms of β-Amyloid-Induced Depolarization in Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-013-9758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Dowling ALS, Head E. Antioxidants in the canine model of human aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1822:685-9. [PMID: 22005070 PMCID: PMC3291812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage can lead to neuronal dysfunction in the brain due to modifications to proteins, lipids and DNA/RNA. In both human and canine brain, oxidative damage progressively increases with age. In the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, oxidative damage is further exacerbated, possibly due to increased deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in senile plaques. These observations have led to the hypothesis that antioxidants may be beneficial for brain aging and AD. Aged dogs naturally develop AD-like neuropathology (Aβ) and cognitive dysfunction and are a useful animal model in which to test antioxidants. In a longitudinal study of aging beagles, a diet rich in antioxidants improved cognition, maintained cognition and reduced oxidative damage and Aβ pathology in treated animals. These data suggest that antioxidants may be beneficial for human brain aging and for AD, particularly as a preventative intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L S Dowling
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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21
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Van Bergen NJ, Chakrabarti R, O’Neill EC, Crowston JG, Trounce IA. Mitochondrial disorders and the eye. Eye Brain 2011; 3:29-47. [PMID: 28539774 PMCID: PMC5436186 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s16192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of disturbed mitochondrial function in the eye has emerged since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation was described in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. The spectrum of mitochondrial dysfunction has become apparent through increased understanding of the contribution of nuclear and somatic mtDNA mutations to mitochondrial dynamics and function. Common ophthalmic manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction include optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy, and ophthalmoplegia. The majority of patients with ocular manifestations of mitochondrial disease also have variable central and peripheral nervous system involvement. Mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been associated with age-related retinal disease including macular degeneration and glaucoma. Therefore, therapeutic targets directed at promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function offer a potential to both preserve retinal function and attenuate neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Van Bergen
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rahul Chakrabarti
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evelyn C O’Neill
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian A Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:1161-80. [PMID: 21482442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications help orchestrate sweeping developmental, aging, and disease-causing changes in phenotype by altering transcriptional activity in multiple genes spanning multiple biologic pathways. Although previous epigenetic research has focused primarily on dividing cells, particularly in cancer, recent studies have shown rapid, dynamic, and persistent epigenetic modifications in neurons that have significant neuroendocrine, neurophysiologic, and neurodegenerative consequences. Here, we provide a review of the major mechanisms for epigenetic modification and how they are reportedly altered in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of their reach across the genome, epigenetic mechanisms may provide a unique integrative framework for the pathologic diversity and complexity of AD.
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23
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Corona C, Frazzini V, Silvestri E, Lattanzio R, La Sorda R, Piantelli M, Canzoniero LMT, Ciavardelli D, Rizzarelli E, Sensi SL. Effects of dietary supplementation of carnosine on mitochondrial dysfunction, amyloid pathology, and cognitive deficits in 3xTg-AD mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17971. [PMID: 21423579 PMCID: PMC3058055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic road map leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still not completely understood; however, a large body of studies in the last few years supports the idea that beside the classic hallmarks of the disease, namely the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles, other factors significantly contribute to the initiation and the progression of the disease. Among them, mitochondria failure, an unbalanced neuronal redox state, and the dyshomeostasis of endogenous metals like copper, iron, and zinc have all been reported to play an important role in exacerbating AD pathology. Given these factors, the endogenous peptide carnosine may be potentially beneficial in the treatment of AD because of its free-radical scavenger and metal chelating properties. Methodology In this study, we explored the effect of L-carnosine supplementation in the 3xTg-AD mouse, an animal model of AD that shows both Aβ- and tau-dependent pathology. Principal Findings We found that carnosine supplementation in 3xTg-AD mice promotes a strong reduction in the hippocampal intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ and completely rescues AD and aging-related mitochondrial dysfunctions. No effects were found on tau pathology and we only observed a trend toward the amelioration of cognitive deficits. Conclusions and Significance Our data indicate that carnosine can be part of a combined therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Corona
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Valerio Frazzini
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Department of Oncology and Neuroscience, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Rossana La Sorda
- Department of Oncology and Neuroscience, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Department of Oncology and Neuroscience, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Ciavardelli
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Bagh MB, Thakurta IG, Biswas M, Behera P, Chakrabarti S. Age-related oxidative decline of mitochondrial functions in rat brain is prevented by long term oral antioxidant supplementation. Biogerontology 2010; 12:119-31. [PMID: 20857196 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A combination of antioxidants (N-acetyl cysteine, α-lipoic acid, and α-tocopherol) was selected for long term oral supplementation study in rats for protective effects on age-related mitochondrial alterations in the brain. Four groups of rats were chosen: young control (6-7 months); aged rats (22-24 months); aged rats (22-24 months) on daily antioxidant supplementation from 18 month onwards and young rats (6-7 months) on daily antioxidant supplementation from 2 month onwards. The brain mitochondrial functional parameters, status of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of oxidative damage markers were measured in the four groups of rats. A significant decrease in complex IV activity and a loss of transmembrane potential and phosphorylation capacity along with an increased accumulation of oxidative damage markers and compromised antioxidant enzyme status were noticed in aged rat brain mitochondria as compared to that in young controls, but in aged rats supplemented with oral antioxidants the mitochondrial alterations were largely prevented. Antioxidant supplementation in young rats had no effect on mitochondrial parameters investigated in this study. The results have implications in biochemical and functional deficits of brain during aging as well as in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bindu Bagh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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25
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Lee S, Van Bergen NJ, Kong GY, Chrysostomou V, Waugh HS, O'Neill EC, Crowston JG, Trounce IA. Mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma and emerging bioenergetic therapies. Exp Eye Res 2010; 93:204-12. [PMID: 20691180 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The similarities between glaucoma and mitochondrial optic neuropathies have driven a growing interest in exploring mitochondrial function in glaucoma. The specific loss of retinal ganglion cells is a common feature of mitochondrial diseases - not only the classic mitochondrial optic neuropathies of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy - but also occurring together with more severe central nervous system involvement in many other syndromic mitochondrial diseases. The retinal ganglion cell, due to peculiar structural and energetic constraints, appears acutely susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial function is also well known to decline with aging in post-mitotic tissues including neurons. Because age is a risk factor for glaucoma this adds another impetus to investigating mitochondria in this common and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease. Mitochondrial function may be impaired by either nuclear gene or mitochondrial DNA genetic risk factors, by mechanical stress or chronic hypoperfusion consequent to the commonly raised intraocular pressure in glaucomatous eyes, or by toxic xenobiotic or even light-induced oxidative stress. If primary or secondary mitochondrial dysfunction is further established as contributing to glaucoma pathogenesis, emerging therapies aimed at optimizing mitochondrial function represent potentially exciting new clinical treatments that may slow retinal ganglion cell and vision loss in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjean Lee
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street East, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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26
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Tanaka N, Goto YI, Akanuma J, Kato M, Kinoshita T, Yamashita F, Tanaka M, Asada T. Mitochondrial DNA variants in a Japanese population of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Mitochondrion 2010; 10:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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A TOMM40 variable-length polymorphism predicts the age of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2009; 10:375-84. [PMID: 20029386 PMCID: PMC2946560 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2009.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is currently the strongest and most highly replicated genetic factor for risk and age of onset of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Using phylogenetic analysis, we have identified a polymorphic poly-T variant, rs10524523, in the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (TOMM40) gene that provides greatly increased precision in the estimation of age of LOAD onset for APOE ɛ3 carriers. In two independent clinical cohorts, longer lengths of rs10524523 are associated with a higher risk for LOAD. For APOE ɛ3/4 patients who developed LOAD after 60 years of age, individuals with long poly-T repeats linked to APOE ɛ3 develop LOAD on an average of 7 years earlier than individuals with shorter poly-T repeats linked to APOE ɛ3 (70.5 ± 1.2 years versus 77.6 ± 2.1 years, P=0.02, n=34). Independent mutation events at rs10524523 that occurred during Caucasian evolution have given rise to multiple categories of poly-T length variants at this locus. On replication, these results will have clinical utility for predictive risk estimates for LOAD and for enabling clinical disease prevention studies. In addition, these results show the effective use of a phylogenetic approach for analysis of haplotypes of polymorphisms, including structural polymorphisms, which contribute to complex diseases.
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28
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Sultana R, Butterfield DA. Oxidatively modified, mitochondria-relevant brain proteins in subjects with Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2009; 41:441-6. [PMID: 19777328 PMCID: PMC2920455 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-009-9241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized histopathologically by the presence of senile plaques (SP), neurofibrillary tangles and synapse loss in selected brain regions. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of glucose metabolism revealed decreased energetics in brain of subjects with AD and arguably its earliest form, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and this decrease correlated with brain structural studies using MRI. The main component of senile plaques is amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), a 40-42 amino acid peptide that as oligomers is capable of inducing oxidative stress under both in vitro and in vivo conditions and is neurotoxic. In the mitochondria isolated from AD brain, Abeta oligomers that correlated with the reported increased oxidative stress markers in AD have been reported. The markers of oxidative stress have been localized in the brain regions of AD and MCI that show pathological hallmarks of this disease, suggesting the possible role of Abeta in the initiation of the free-radical mediated process and consequently to the build up oxidative stress and AD pathogenesis. Using redox proteomics our laboratory found a number of oxidatively modified brain proteins that are directly in or are associated with the mitochondrial proteome, consistent with a possible involvement of the mitochondrial targeted oxidatively modified proteins in AD progression or pathogenesis. The precise mechanistic link between mitochondrial oxidative damage and role of oligomeric Abeta has not been explicated. In this review, we discuss the role of the oxidation of mitochondria-relevant brain proteins to the pathogenesis and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA, Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0059, USA, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA, Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0059, USA, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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29
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Tian F, Tong TJ, Zhang ZY, McNutt MA, Liu XW. Age-Dependent Down-Regulation of Mitochondrial 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase in SAM-P/8 Mouse Brain and Its Effect on Brain Aging. Rejuvenation Res 2009; 12:209-15. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University Research Center on Aging, Beijing, China
| | - Tan-Jun Tong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University Research Center on Aging, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University Research Center on Aging, Beijing, China
| | - Michael A McNutt
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Wen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University Research Center on Aging, Beijing, China
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30
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García N, Zazueta C, Martínez-Abundis E, Pavón N, Chávez E. Cyclosporin A is unable to inhibit carboxyatractyloside-induced permeability transition in aged mitochondria. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:374-81. [PMID: 18835371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of mitochondrial ageing on membrane permeability transition. The results obtained indicate that aged mitochondria are neither able to retain Ca2+ nor to maintain a high transmembrane electric gradient. In addition, aged mitochondria undergo a large amplitude swelling. These dysfunctions were circumvented by the addition of cyclosporin A. Furthermore, it is shown that ageing-induced permeability transition causes oxidative damage on the matrix enzyme aconitase. The observed damage in aged mitochondria requires Ca2+ addition; therefore, it was not seen when Sr2+ replaced Ca2+. Two important findings in this work were the fact that despite of the presence of cyclosporin A, carboxyatractyloside was still able to induce permeability transition, and that ageing induced mitochondrial DNA disruption and release of cytochrome c. It is likely that the membrane's increased permeability is due to the effect of fatty acids, since bovine serum albumin makes mitochondria able to retain Ca2+. However, the possibility that the damage might be the result of oxidative stress cannot be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, México, D.F. 014080, México
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Roychaudhuri R, Yang M, Hoshi MM, Teplow DB. Amyloid beta-protein assembly and Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:4749-53. [PMID: 18845536 PMCID: PMC3837440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r800036200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Roychaudhuri
- From the Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- From the Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Minako M. Hoshi
- the Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - David B. Teplow
- From the Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
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Liao WQ, Pang Y, Yu CA, Wen JY, Zhang YG, Li XH. Novel mutations of mitochondrial DNA associated with type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2008; 215:377-84. [PMID: 18679013 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.215.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs) have been reported to associate with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but mtSNPs appear to be considerably different among different populations and regions. To determine mtSNPs in Chinese Han patients with T2DM, the entire sequences of the mitochondrial genomes from 72 T2DM Chinese (59 +/- 4 years) and 50 age-matched healthy subjects (controls) in Chongqing region of Western China were directly sequenced and mtSNPs were analyzed. We found that M8, M9, D, G, R and A haplogroups exist in Chinese Han population and the frequency of haplogroup M9 was significantly higher in patients with T2DM than in the controls (p = 0.0006, OR 0.06 [95% CI 0.008-0.476]). MtSNPs T3394C in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), G4491A in ND2, T16189C and T16519C were found with significantly higher frequency in patients with T2DM than in the controls (T16189C, p = 0.0045; T16519C, p < 0.0001; T3394C, p = 0.0015; G4491A, p = 0.0015). In contrast, the frequency of C5178A in ND2 and A10398G in ND3 was higher in the controls than in patients with T2DM (C5178A, p = 0.014; A10398G, p = 0.0011). Our results indicate that mtSNPs T3394C, G4491A, T16189C and T16519C show susceptible tendency to T2DM and mtSNPs C5178A and A10398G seem to be genetic factors for against T2DM. These mtSNPs determined in our study is useful and could be used for early diagnosis and prevention of T2DM in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Liao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Integrative Medicine Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Drago D, Cavaliere A, Mascetra N, Ciavardelli D, Di Ilio C, Zatta P, Sensi SL. Aluminum Modulates Effects of βAmyloid1–42 on Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis and Mitochondria Functioning and Is Altered in a Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:861-71. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Drago
- CNR-Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Padua “Metalloproteins” Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cavaliere
- CNR-Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Padua “Metalloproteins” Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Mascetra
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Science, Molecular Neurology Unit, CeSI-Center for Excellence on Aging, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciavardelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biochemistry Unit, CeSI-Center for Excellence on Aging, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biochemistry Unit, CeSI-Center for Excellence on Aging, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Zatta
- CNR-Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Padua “Metalloproteins” Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Science, Molecular Neurology Unit, CeSI-Center for Excellence on Aging, University ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California
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Seibel P, Di Nunno C, Kukat C, Schäfer I, Del Bo R, Bordoni A, Comi GP, Schön A, Capuano F, Latorre D, Villani G. Cosegregation of novel mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene mutations with the age-associated T414G variant in human cybrids. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:5872-81. [PMID: 18796524 PMCID: PMC2566888 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever increasing evidence has been provided on the accumulation of mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) during the aging process. However, the lack of direct functional consequences of the mutant mtDNA load on the mitochondria-dependent cell metabolism has raised many questions on the physiological importance of the age-related mtDNA variations. In the present work, we have analyzed the bioenergetic properties associated with the age-related T414G mutation of the mtDNA control region in transmitochondrial cybrids. The results show that the T414G mutation does not cause per se any detectable bioenergetic change. Moreover, three mtDNA mutations clustered in the 16S ribosomal RNA gene cosegregated together with the T414G in the same cybrid cell line. Two of them, namely T1843C and A1940G, are novel and associate with a negative bioenergetic phenotype. The results are discussed in the more general context of the complex heterogeneity and the dramatic instability of the mitochondrial genome during cell culture of transmitochondrial cybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Seibel
- Department of Molecular Cell Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Head E. Oxidative damage and cognitive dysfunction: antioxidant treatments to promote healthy brain aging. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:670-8. [PMID: 18683046 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage in the brain may lead to cognitive impairments in aged humans. Further, in age-associated neurodegenerative disease, oxidative damage may be exacerbated and associated with additional neuropathology. Epidemiological studies in humans show both positive and negative effects of the use of antioxidant supplements on healthy cognitive aging and on the risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD). This contrasts with consistent behavioral improvements in aged rodent models. In a higher mammalian model system that naturally accumulates human-type pathology and cognitive decline (aged dogs), an antioxidant enriched diet leads to rapid learning improvements, memory improvements after prolonged treatment and cognitive maintenance. Cognitive benefits can be further enhanced by the addition of behavioral enrichment. In the brains of aged treated dogs, oxidative damage is reduced and there is some evidence of reduced AD-like neuropathology. In combination, antioxidants may be beneficial for promoting healthy brain aging and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Aging & Dementia, University of California, 1259 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA.
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