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Egilmezer E, Hamilton ST, Lauw G, Follett J, Sonntag E, Schütz M, Marschall M, Rawlinson WD. Human Cytomegalovirus Dysregulates Cellular Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinases and Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Proteins in Neural Astrocyte and Placental Models. Viruses 2024; 16:918. [PMID: 38932210 PMCID: PMC11209403 DOI: 10.3390/v16060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading non-genetic cause of congenital malformation in developed countries, causing significant fetal injury, and in some cases fetal death. The pathogenetic mechanisms through which this host-specific virus infects then damages both the placenta and the fetal brain are currently ill-defined. We investigated the CMV modulation of key signaling pathway proteins for these organs including dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRK) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway proteins using human first trimester placental trophoblast (TEV-1) cells, primary human astrocyte (NHA) brain cells, and CMV-infected human placental tissue. Immunofluorescence demonstrated the accumulation and re-localization of SHH proteins in CMV-infected TEV-1 cells with Gli2, Ulk3, and Shh re-localizing to the CMV cytoplasmic virion assembly complex (VAC). In CMV-infected NHA cells, DYRK1A re-localized to the VAC and DYRK1B re-localized to the CMV nuclear replication compartments, and the SHH proteins re-localized with a similar pattern as was observed in TEV-1 cells. Western blot analysis in CMV-infected TEV-1 cells showed the upregulated expression of Rb, Ulk3, and Shh, but not Gli2. In CMV-infected NHA cells, there was an upregulation of DYRK1A, DYRK1B, Gli2, Rb, Ulk3, and Shh. These in vitro monoculture findings are consistent with patterns of protein upregulation and re-localization observed in naturally infected placental tissue and CMV-infected ex vivo placental explant histocultures. This study reveals CMV-induced changes in proteins critical for fetal development, and identifies new potential targets for CMV therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Egilmezer
- Serology and Virology Division, Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia; (E.E.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart T. Hamilton
- Serology and Virology Division, Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia; (E.E.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Glen Lauw
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2033, Australia
| | - Jasmine Follett
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2033, Australia
| | - Eric Sonntag
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany (M.M.)
| | - Martin Schütz
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany (M.M.)
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany (M.M.)
| | - William D. Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division, Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia; (E.E.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2033, Australia
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Egilmezer E, Hamilton ST, Foster CSP, Marschall M, Rawlinson WD. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) dysregulates neurodevelopmental pathways in cerebral organoids. Commun Biol 2024; 7:340. [PMID: 38504123 PMCID: PMC10951402 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading non-genetic aetiology of congenital malformation in developed countries, causing significant fetal neurological injury. This study investigated potential CMV pathogenetic mechanisms of fetal neural malformation using in vitro human cerebral organoids. Cerebral organoids were permissive to CMV replication, and infection dysregulated cellular pluripotency and differentiation pathways. Aberrant expression of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRK), sonic hedgehog (SHH), pluripotency, neurodegeneration, axon guidance, hippo signalling and dopaminergic synapse pathways were observed in CMV-infected organoids using immunofluorescence and RNA-sequencing. Infection with CMV resulted in dysregulation of 236 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-related genes (p = 1.57E-05) and pathways. This notable observation suggests potential links between congenital CMV infection and ASD. Using DisGeNET databases, 103 diseases related to neural malformation or mental disorders were enriched in CMV-infected organoids. Cytomegalovirus infection-related dysregulation of key cerebral cellular pathways potentially provides important, modifiable pathogenetic mechanisms for congenital CMV-induced neural malformation and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Egilmezer
- Serology and Virology Division, Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart T Hamilton
- Serology and Virology Division, Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Charles S P Foster
- Serology and Virology Division, Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division, Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Mannan A, Dhiamn S, Garg N, Singh TG. Pharmacological modulation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathways in Angiogenesis: A mechanistic perspective. Dev Biol 2023; 504:58-74. [PMID: 37739118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling pathway is an imperative operating network that helps in regulates the critical events during the development processes like multicellular embryo growth and patterning. Disruptions in SHh pathway regulation can have severe consequences, including congenital disabilities, stem cell renewal, tissue regeneration, and cancer/tumor growth. Activation of the SHh signal occurs when SHh binds to the receptor complex of Patch (Ptc)-mediated Smoothened (Smo) (Ptc-smo), initiating downstream signaling. This review explores how pharmacological modulation of the SHh pathway affects angiogenesis through canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical pathway for angiogenesis involves the activation of angiogenic cytokines such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), stromal cell-derived factor 1α, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and angiopoietins (Ang-1 and Ang-2), which facilitate the process of angiogenesis. The Non-canonical pathway includes indirect activation of certain pathways like iNOS/Netrin-1/PKC, RhoA/Rock, ERK/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch signaling pathway, and so on. This review will provide a better grasp of the mechanistic approach of SHh in mediating angiogenesis, which can aid in the suppression of certain cancer and tumor growths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Sonia Dhiamn
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
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Yeap YJ, Teddy TJW, Lee MJ, Goh M, Lim KL. From 2D to 3D: Development of Monolayer Dopaminergic Neuronal and Midbrain Organoid Cultures for Parkinson's Disease Modeling and Regenerative Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032523. [PMID: 36768843 PMCID: PMC9917335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized pathologically by the loss of A9-specific dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the midbrain. Despite intensive research, the etiology of PD is currently unresolved, and the disease remains incurable. This, in part, is due to the lack of an experimental disease model that could faithfully recapitulate the features of human PD. However, the recent advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has allowed PD models to be created from patient-derived cells. Indeed, DA neurons from PD patients are now routinely established in many laboratories as monolayers as well as 3D organoid cultures that serve as useful toolboxes for understanding the mechanism underlying PD and also for drug discovery. At the same time, the iPSC technology also provides unprecedented opportunity for autologous cell-based therapy for the PD patient to be performed using the patient's own cells as starting materials. In this review, we provide an update on the molecular processes underpinning the development and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into midbrain DA neurons in both 2D and 3D cultures, as well as the latest advancements in using these cells for drug discovery and regenerative medicine. For the novice entering the field, the cornucopia of differentiation protocols reported for the generation of midbrain DA neurons may seem daunting. Here, we have distilled the essence of the different approaches and summarized the main factors driving DA neuronal differentiation, with the view to provide a useful guide to newcomers who are interested in developing iPSC-based models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jie Yeap
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Tng J. W. Teddy
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme (IGP-Neuroscience), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mok Jung Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Micaela Goh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Correspondence:
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Gupta R, Mehan S, Chhabra S, Giri A, Sherawat K. Role of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Activation in the Prevention of Neurological Abnormalities Associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1718-1738. [PMID: 36272053 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The smoothened sonic hedgehog (Smo-Shh) pathway is one mechanism that influences neurogenesis, including brain cell differentiation and development during childhood. Shh signaling dysregulation leads to decreased target gene transcription, which contributes to increased neuronal excitation, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration, eventually leading to neurological deficits. Neuropsychiatric disorders such as OCD and related neurological dysfunctions are characterized by neurotransmitter imbalance, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired neurogenesis, disturbing the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) link neuronal network. Despite the availability of several treatments, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, some individuals may not benefit much from them. Several trials on the use of antipsychotics in the treatment of OCD have also produced inadequate findings. This evidence-based review focuses on a potential pharmacological approach to alleviating OCD and associated neuronal deficits by preventing neurochemical alterations, in which sonic hedgehog activators are neuroprotective, lowering neuronal damage while increasing neuronal maintenance and survival. As a result, stimulating SMO-Shh via its potential activators may have neuroprotective effects on neurological impairment associated with OCD. This review investigates the link between SMO-Shh signaling and the neurochemical abnormalities associated with the progression of OCD and associated neurological dysfunctions. Role of Smo-Shh signaling in serotonergic neurogenesis and in maintaining their neuronal identity. The Shh ligand activates two main transcriptional factors known as Foxa2 and Nkx2.2, which again activates another transcriptional factor, GATA (GATA2 and GATA3), in post mitotic precursor cells of serotonergic neurons-following increased expression of Pet-1 and Lmx1b after GATA regulates the expression of many serotonergic enzymes such as TPH2, SERT, VMAT, slc6a4, Htr1a, Htr1b (Serotonin receptor enzymes), and MAO that regulate and control the release of serotonin and maintain their neuronal identity after their maturation. Abbreviation: Foxa2: Forkhead box; GATA: Globin transcription factor; Lmx1b: LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta; TPH2: Tryptophan hydroxylase 2; Htr1a: Serotonin receptor 1a; Htr1b: Serotonin receptor 1b; SERT: Serotonin transporter; VMAT: Vesicular monoamine transporter; MAO: Monoamine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Gupta
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Swesha Chhabra
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Giri
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Kajal Sherawat
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
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The crosstalk between the Notch, Wnt, and SHH signaling pathways in regulating the proliferation and regeneration of sensory progenitor cells in the mouse cochlea. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:281-296. [PMID: 34223978 PMCID: PMC8557196 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Sensory hair cells (HCs) are highly susceptible to damage by noise, ototoxic drugs, and aging. Although HCs cannot be spontaneously regenerated in adult mammals, previous studies have shown that signaling pathways are involved in HC regeneration in the damaged mouse cochlea. Here, we used a Notch antagonist (DAPT), a Wnt agonist (QS11), and recombinant Sonic hedgehog (SHH) protein to investigate their concerted actions underlying HC regeneration in the mouse cochlea after neomycin-induced damage both in vivo and in vitro. With DAPT, the numbers of HCs increased, and supporting cell (SC) proliferation was seen in both the intact and damaged cochlear sensory epithelia, while these numbers were unchanged in the presence of QS11. When simultaneously treated with DAPT and QS11, the number of HCs increased dramatically, and much greater SC proliferation was seen in the cochlear epithelium. In transgenic mice with both Notch1 conditional knockout and β-catenin over-expression, cochlear SC proliferation and HC regeneration were more obvious than in either Notch1 knockout or β-catenin over-expressing mice separately. When cochleae were treated with DAPT, QS11, and SHH together, SC proliferation was even greater, and this proliferation was seen in both the HC region and the greater epithelial ridge. High-throughput RNA sequencing was used to identify the differentially expressed genes between all groups, and the results showed that the SHH and Wnt signaling pathways are involved in SC proliferation. Our study suggests that co-regulation of the Notch, Wnt, and SHH signaling pathways promotes extensive cell proliferation and regeneration in the mouse cochlea.
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Rana T, Behl T, Sehgal A, Sachdeva M, Mehta V, Sharma N, Singh S, Bungau S. Exploring Sonic Hedgehog Cell Signaling in Neurogenesis: Its Potential Role in Depressive Behavior. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1589-1602. [PMID: 33786718 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most prevalent form of neuropsychiatric disorder affecting all age groups globally. As per the estimation of the World Health Organization (WHO), depression will develop into the foremost reason for disability globally by the year 2030. The primary neurobiological mechanism implicated in depression remains ambiguous; however, dysregulation of molecular and signaling transductions results in depressive disorders. Several theories have been developed to explain the pathogenesis of depression, however, none of them completely explained all aspects of depressive-pathogenesis. In the current review, we aimed to explore the role of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in the development of the depressive disorder and its potential as the therapeutic target. Shh signaling has a crucial function in neurogenesis and neural tube patterning during the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Shh signaling performs a basic function in embryogenesis and hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, antidepressants are also known to enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which further suggests the potential of Shh signaling. Furthermore, there is decreased expression of a glioma-associated oncogene (Gli1) and Smoothened (Smo) in depression. Moreover, antidepressants also regulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and wingless protein (Wnt) signaling, therefore, Shh may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the depressive disorder. Deregulation of Shh signaling in CNS results in neurological disorders such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Distt. Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Monika Sachdeva
- Fatimah College of Health Sciences, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Wu X, Xiao S, Zhang M, Yang L, Zhong J, Li B, Li F, Xia X, Li X, Zhou H, Liu D, Huang N, Yang X, Xiao F, Zhang N. A novel protein encoded by circular SMO RNA is essential for Hedgehog signaling activation and glioblastoma tumorigenicity. Genome Biol 2021; 22:33. [PMID: 33446260 PMCID: PMC7807754 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog pathway drives tumorigenesis of many cancers, including glioblastoma. However, the sensitization mechanism of the G protein-coupled-like receptor smoothened (SMO), a key component of Hedgehog signaling, remains largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, we describe a novel protein SMO-193a.a. that is essential for Hedgehog signaling activation in glioblastoma. Encoded by circular SMO (circ-SMO), SMO-193a.a. is required for sonic hedgehog (Shh) induced SMO activation, via interacting with SMO, enhancing SMO cholesterol modification, and releasing SMO from the inhibition of patched transmembrane receptors. Deprivation of SMO-193a.a. in brain cancer stem cells attenuates Hedgehog signaling intensity and suppresses self-renewal, proliferation in vitro, and tumorigenicity in vivo. Moreover, circ-SMO/SMO-193a.a. is positively regulated by FUS, a direct transcriptional target of Gli1. Shh/Gli1/FUS/SMO-193a.a. form a positive feedback loop to sustain Hedgehog signaling activation in glioblastoma. Clinically, SMO-193a.a. is more specifically expressed in glioblastoma than SMO and is relevant to Gli1 expression. Higher expression of SMO-193a.a. predicts worse overall survival of glioblastoma patients, indicating its prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that SMO-193a.a., a novel protein encoded by circular SMO, is critical for Hedgehog signaling, drives glioblastoma tumorigenesis and is a novel target for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujia Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Songhua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Maolei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Huangkai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Nunu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Feizhe Xiao
- Department of Scientific Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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New frontiers of developmental endocrinology opened by researchers connecting irreversible effects of sex hormones on developing organs. Differentiation 2020; 118:4-23. [PMID: 33189416 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the early 1960's, at Professor Bern's laboratory, University of California, Berkeley) in the US, Takasugi discovered ovary-independent, persistent vaginal changes in mice exposed neonatally to estrogen, which resulted in vaginal cancer later in life. Reproductive abnormalities in rodents were reported as a result of perinatal exposure to various estrogenic chemicals. Ten years later, vaginal cancers were reported in young women exposed in utero to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) and this has been called the "DES syndrome". The developing organism is particularly sensitive to developmental exposure to estrogens inducing long-term changes in various organs including the reproductive organs. The molecular mechanism underlying the persistent vaginal changes induced by perinatal estrogen exposure was partly demonstrated. Persistent phosphorylation and sustained expression of EGF-like growth factors, lead to estrogen receptor α (ESR1) activation, and then persistent vaginal epithelial cell proliferation. Agents which are weakly estrogenic by postnatal criteria may have major developmental effects, especially during a critical perinatal period. The present review outlines various studies conducted by four generations of investigators all under the influence of Prof. Bern. The studies include reports of persistent changes induced by neonatal androgen exposure, analyses of estrogen responsive genes, factors determining epithelial differentiation in the Müllerian duct, ESR and growth factor signaling, and polyovular follicles in mammals. This review is then expanded to the studies on the effects of environmental estrogens on wildlife and endocrine disruption in Daphnids.
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Terauchi KJ, Miyagawa S, Iguchi T, Sato T. Hedgehog signaling regulates the basement membrane remodeling during folliculogenesis in the neonatal mouse ovary. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:555-567. [PMID: 32542407 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse ovary, interactions between oocytes and somatic cells are essential for folliculogenesis and subsequent follicle development. The polyovular follicle (PF), which contains more than two oocytes in a follicle, can be induced in the neonatal mouse ovary when interactions between oocytes and somatic cells are disrupted by agents such as the potent synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) acting through estrogen receptor (ER) β. Hedgehog signaling is known to regulate granulosa cell proliferation, thecal cell differentiation, and follicle growth. To investigate the role of hedgehog signaling in the early folliculogenesis and in PF induction by DES, neonatal mouse ovaries were cultured with or without 10 μM cyclopamine (CPA), an inhibitor of hedgehog signaling, and grafted under the kidney capsule of adult ovariectomized host mice. The number and the incidence of PFs were significantly increased in organ-cultured ovaries post-grafting. Expression of procollagen type IV, alpha 1 (Col4a1) in organ-cultured ovaries was significantly reduced by CPA, but not by DES. The expression of two hedgehog ligands, Desert hedgehog (Dhh) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and a target gene, Hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip), was significantly increased by DES both in WT and ERβ KO mice. Therefore, we infer that DES can affect expression of those genes through ERα but not via suppression of hedgehog signaling. Thus, PFs are induced by DES or CPA, but the induction mechanism is different. Our results revealed an important role of hedgehog signaling in basement membrane remodeling during folliculogenesis even before thecal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Terauchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan.
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Niapour A, Ghasemi Hamidabadi H, Niapour N, Mohammadi P, Sharifi Pasandi M, Malekzadeh V. Pharmacological Notch pathway inhibition leads to cell cycle arrest and stimulates ascl1 and neurogenin2 genes expression in dental pulp stem cells-derived neurospheres. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:873-887. [PMID: 31073804 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) are becoming an attractive source for cell-based neurorestorative therapies. As such, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of hDPSCs toward the neuronal fate. Notch signaling plays key roles in neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) maintenance and prevention of their differentiation. The aim of this study was to address the effects of Notch signaling inhibition on neurosphere formation of hDPSCs and neuronal differentiation of hDPSCs-neurospheres. RESULTS hDPSCs were isolated from third molar teeth. The cultivated hDPSCs highly expressed CD90 and CD44 and minimally presented CD34 and CD45 surface markers. The osteo/adipogenic differentiation of hDPSCs was documented. hDPSCs were cultured in neural induction medium and N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-Sphenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) was applied to impede Notch signaling during transformation into spheres or on the formed neurospheres. Our results showed that the size and number of neurospheres decreased and the expression profile of nestin, sox1 and pax6 genes reduced provided DAPT. Treatment of the formed neurospheres with DAPT resulted in the cleaved Notch1 reduction, G0/G1 arrest and a decline in L-lactate production. DAPT significantly reduced hes1 and hey1 genes, while ascl1 and neurogenin2 expressions augmented. The number of MAP2 positive cells improved in the DAPT-treated group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated the Notch activity in hDPSCs-neurospheres. DAPT treatment positively regulated proneural genes expression and increased neuronal-like differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Niapour
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Hatef Ghasemi Hamidabadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nazila Niapour
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Perham Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sharifi Pasandi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vadoud Malekzadeh
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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12
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Dumont CM, Piselli J, Temple S, Dai G, Thompson DM. Endothelial Cells Exposed to Fluid Shear Stress Support Diffusion Based Maturation of Adult Neural Progenitor Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2017; 11:117-130. [PMID: 31719881 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-017-0516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The neural stem cell (NSC) niche is a highly complex cellular and biochemical milieu supporting proliferating NSCs and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) with close apposition to the vasculature, primarily comprised of endothelial cells (ECs). Current in vitro models of the niche incorporate EC-derived factors, but do not reflect the physiologically relevant hemodynamic state of the ECs or the spatial resolution observed between cells within the niche. Methods In this work, we developed a novel in vitro model of the niche that (1) incorporates ECs cultured with fluid shear stress and (2) fosters paracrine cytokine gradients between ECs and NSCs in a spatiotemporal configuration mimicking the cytoarchitecture of the subventricular niche. A modified cone and plate viscometer was used to generate a shear stress of 10 dynes cm-2 for ECs cultured on a membrane, while statically cultured NPCs are 10 or 1000 μm below the ECs. Results NPCs cultured within 10 μm of dynamic ECs exhibit increased PSA-NCAM+ and OLIG2+ cells compared to progenitors in all other culture regimes and the hemodynamic EC phenotype results in distinct progeny phenotypes. This co-culture regime yields greater release of pro-neurogenic factors, suggesting a potential mechanism for the observed progenitor maturation. Conclusions Based on these results, models incorporating ECs exposed to shear stress allow for paracrine signaling gradients and regulate NPC lineage progression with appropriate niche spatial resolution occurring at 10 μm. This model could be used to evaluate cellular or pharmacological interactions within the healthy, diseased, or aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - J Piselli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - S Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144 USA
| | - G Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - D M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
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13
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Qiu L, Liao MC, Chen AK, Wei S, Xie S, Reuveny S, Zhou ZD, Hunziker W, Tan EK, Oh SKW, Zeng L. Immature Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Derived from Floor-Plate Method Improve Cell Transplantation Therapy Efficacy for Parkinson's Disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017. [PMID: 28650520 PMCID: PMC5689771 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have indicated human embryonic stem cells-derived midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons as proper cell resources for use in Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy. Nevertheless, no detailed and systematic study has been conducted to identify which differentiation stages of mDA cells are most suitable for transplantation in PD therapy. Here, we transplanted three types of mDA cells, DA progenitors (differentiated in vitro for 16 days [D16]), immature DA neurons (D25), and DA neurons (D35), into PD mice and found that all three types of cells showed high viability and strong neuronal differentiation in vivo. Both D25 and D35 cells showed neuronal maturation and differentiation toward TH+ cells and, accordingly, satisfactory behavioral functional recovery. However, transplanted D16 cells were less capable of producing functional recovery. These findings provide a valuable guideline for standardizing the differentiation stage of the transplantable cells used in clinical cell therapy for PD. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1803-1814.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Qiu
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Mei-Chih Liao
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Allen K Chen
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Shunhui Wei
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Shaoping Xie
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Zhi Dong Zhou
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Steve K W Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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14
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Higuchi A, Suresh Kumar S, Ling QD, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Murugan K, Hsu ST, Benelli G, Umezawa A. Polymeric design of cell culture materials that guide the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Yao PJ, Petralia RS, Mattson MP. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Hippocampal Neuroplasticity. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:840-850. [PMID: 27865563 PMCID: PMC5148655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein that controls the patterning of neural progenitor cells, and their neuronal and glial progeny, during development. Emerging findings suggest that Shh also has important roles in the formation and plasticity of neuronal circuits in the hippocampus, a brain region of fundamental importance in learning and memory. Shh mediates activity-dependent and injury-induced hippocampal neurogenesis. Activation of Shh receptors in the dendrites of hippocampal neurons engages a trans-neuronal signaling pathway that accelerates axon outgrowth and enhances glutamate release from presynaptic terminals. Impaired Shh signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of several developmental and adult-onset neurological disorders that affect the hippocampus, suggesting a potential for therapeutic interventions that target Shh pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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16
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Zhou X, Pace J, Filichia E, Lv T, Davis B, Hoffer B, Selman W, Luo Y. Effect of the sonic hedgehog receptor smoothened on the survival and function of dopaminergic neurons. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:235-45. [PMID: 27317298 PMCID: PMC5479305 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of the sonic hedgehog (shh) pathway and its receptor smoothened (smo), on the survival and functionality of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. BACKGROUND During early development, shh induces the differentiation of DA neurons. However, it is unknown whether shh signaling is required in the maturation or maintenance of DA neurons during later development and adulthood due to the lethality of traditional shh knockout models. METHODS We utilized the cre-loxP system to achieve late developmental stage and cell type-specific deletion of the shh receptor, smo, in DA neurons by crossing DATcre (dopamine transporter) mice with Smo(loxP/loxP) mice. We assessed for differences between knockout (ko) and wildtype (wt) mice using combined histochemistry, gene expression analysis, and behavioral evaluation. Number and size of DA neurons in ventral midbrain and the DA neural terminal density in striatum were measured using unbiased stereological quantification. The survival of DA neurons under neurotoxin challenge was examined in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) Parkinson's disease animal model and the more subtle function under challenge of the dopaminergic system was examined by methamphetamine single- and repeated challenge in wt and ko mice. RESULTS Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neuronal counts and neuronal size in substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) showed no difference between wt and DAT-Smo ko mice in young (5months) or aged (22months) mice. There was also no difference in the striatal DA projections between wt and ko mice in both age groups. In unilateral striatal 6-OHDA lesions modeling Parkinson's disease, using stereotaxic injection of 6-OHDA intrastriatally led to loss of dopaminergic neurons in SN and diminished TH positive projections in striatum. However, there was no differences in survival of DA neurons between wt and ko mice. DAT-Smo ko mice demonstrated hyperactivity compared to wt mice at 5months, but showed no difference in activity at 22months. When injected with a one-time bolus of methamphetamine (METH), despite the higher basal locomotion activity, DAT-Smo ko mice showed a diminished response to a single METH challenge. In METH sensitization testing, ko mice showed decreased sensitization compared to wt mice without evidence of a delayed shift in dynamics of sensitization. Gene expression analysis showed decreased gene expression of smo, Gli 1 (known target gene of smo) and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in the SN. Gene expression was not altered in striatum for the genes examined in this study including dopamine receptor genes, neurotropic genes such as Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). CONCLUSION Our study showed the smo receptor function is not required for the maturation and survival of DA neurons during late development, aging or under stress challenge. However, smo function has an influence on behavior in young adult mice and in responses of mice to a drug that modulates DA neurochemistry through regulation of gene expression in DA neurons. Since young adult DAT-smo ko mice show hyperactivity and altered response to a psychostimulant drug (METH), this may indicate the involvement of the shh pathway in the development of functional changes that manifest as alterations in DA pathway dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Jonathan Pace
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Emily Filichia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Brandon Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Barry Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Warren Selman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
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17
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Liu A, Zhang D, Liu L, Gong J, Liu C. A simple method for differentiation of H9 cells into neuroectoderm. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:471-7. [PMID: 26253416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Neural Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells as an Origin of Dopaminergic Neurons. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:647437. [PMID: 26064138 PMCID: PMC4430666 DOI: 10.1155/2015/647437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are able to proliferate in vitro indefinitely without losing their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types upon exposure to appropriate signals. Particularly, the ability of hESCs to differentiate into neuronal subtypes is fundamental to develop cell-based therapies for several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we differentiated hESCs to dopaminergic neurons via an intermediate stage, neural progenitor cells (NPCs). hESCs were induced to neural progenitor cells by Dorsomorphin, a small molecule that inhibits BMP signalling. The resulting neural progenitor cells exhibited neural bipolarity with high expression of neural progenitor genes and possessed multipotential differentiation ability. CBF1 and bFGF responsiveness of these hES-NP cells suggested their similarity to embryonic neural progenitor cells. A substantial number of dopaminergic neurons were derived from hES-NP cells upon supplementation of FGF8 and SHH, key dopaminergic neuron inducers. Importantly, multiple markers of midbrain neurons were detected, including NURR1, PITX3, and EN1, suggesting that hESC-derived dopaminergic neurons attained the midbrain identity. Altogether, this work underscored the generation of neural progenitor cells that retain the properties of embryonic neural progenitor cells. These cells will serve as an unlimited source for the derivation of dopaminergic neurons, which might be applicable for treating patients with Parkinson's disease.
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19
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Higuchi A, Ling QD, Kumar SS, Chang Y, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Murugan K, Hsu ST, Umezawa A. Physical cues of cell culture materials lead the direction of differentiation lineages of pluripotent stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8032-8058. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01276g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation methods of hPSCs into specific cell lineages. Differentiation of hPSCsviaEB formation (types AB, A–D) or without EB formation (types E–H).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University
- Taoyuan 32001
- Taiwan
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
- Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute
- Cathay General Hospital
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics
| | - S. Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Selangor
- Malaysia
| | - Yung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology
- Chung Yuan Christian University
- Taoyuan
- Taiwan
| | - Abdullah A. Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Murugan A. Munusamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology
- Department of Zoology
- School of Life Sciences
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore 641046
| | - Shih-Tien Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Taiwan Landseed Hospital
- Taoyuan
- Taiwan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
- Center for Regenerative Medicine
- Tokyo 157-8535
- Japan
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20
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Hey1 and Hey2 control the spatial and temporal pattern of mammalian auditory hair cell differentiation downstream of Hedgehog signaling. J Neurosci 2014; 34:12865-76. [PMID: 25232121 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1494-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechano-sensory hair cells (HCs), housed in the inner ear cochlea, are critical for the perception of sound. In the mammalian cochlea, differentiation of HCs occurs in a striking basal-to-apical and medial-to-lateral gradient, which is thought to ensure correct patterning and proper function of the auditory sensory epithelium. Recent studies have revealed that Hedgehog signaling opposes HC differentiation and is critical for the establishment of the graded pattern of auditory HC differentiation. However, how Hedgehog signaling interferes with HC differentiation is unknown. Here, we provide evidence that in the murine cochlea, Hey1 and Hey2 control the spatiotemporal pattern of HC differentiation downstream of Hedgehog signaling. It has been recently shown that HEY1 and HEY2, two highly redundant HES-related transcriptional repressors, are highly expressed in supporting cell (SC) and HC progenitors (prosensory cells), but their prosensory function remained untested. Using a conditional double knock-out strategy, we demonstrate that prosensory cells form and proliferate properly in the absence of Hey1 and Hey2 but differentiate prematurely because of precocious upregulation of the pro-HC factor Atoh1. Moreover, we demonstrate that prosensory-specific expression of Hey1 and Hey2 and its subsequent graded downregulation is controlled by Hedgehog signaling in a largely FGFR-dependent manner. In summary, our study reveals a critical role for Hey1 and Hey2 in prosensory cell maintenance and identifies Hedgehog signaling as a novel upstream regulator of their prosensory function in the mammalian cochlea. The regulatory mechanism described here might be a broadly applied mechanism for controlling progenitor behavior in the central and peripheral nervous system.
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21
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Kwon YR, Jeong MH, Leem YE, Lee SJ, Kim HJ, Bae GU, Kang JS. The Shh coreceptor Cdo is required for differentiation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:262-74. [PMID: 25117422 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is required for numerous developmental processes including specification of ventral cell types in the central nervous system such as midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The multifunctional coreceptor Cdo increases the signaling activity of Shh which is crucial for development of forebrain and neural tube. In this study, we investigated the role of Cdo in midbrain DA neurogenesis. Cdo and Shh signaling components are induced during neurogenesis of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Cdo(-/-) ES cells show reduced neuronal differentiation accompanied by increased cell death upon neuronal induction. In addition, Cdo(-/-) ES cells form fewer tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2)-positive DA neurons correlating with the decreased expression of key regulators of DA neurogenesis, such as Shh, Neurogenin2, Mash1, Foxa2, Lmx1a, Nurr1 and Pitx3, relative to the Cdo(+/+) ES cells. Consistently, the Cdo(-/-) embryonic midbrain displays a reduction in expression of TH and Nurr1. Furthermore, activation of Shh signaling by treatment with Purmorphamine (Pur) restores the DA neurogenesis of Cdo(-/-) ES cells, suggesting that Cdo is required for the full Shh signaling activation to induce efficient DA neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rim Kwon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Myong-Ho Jeong
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Leem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Forrest C, Khalil O, Pisar M, McNair K, Kornisiuk E, Snitcofsky M, Gonzalez N, Jerusalinsky D, Darlington L, Stone T. Changes in synaptic transmission and protein expression in the brains of adult offspring after prenatal inhibition of the kynurenine pathway. Neuroscience 2013; 254:241-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Liu F, Wang S. Molecular cues for development and regeneration of salivary glands. Histol Histopathol 2013; 29:305-12. [PMID: 24189993 DOI: 10.14670/hh-29.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypofunction of salivary glands caused by Sjögren's Syndrome or radiotherapy for head and neck cancer significantly compromises the quality of life of millions patients. Currently no curative treatment is available for the irreversible hyposalivation, whereas regenerative strategies targeting salivary stem/progenitor cells are promising. However, the success of these strategies is constrained by the lack of insights on the molecular cues of salivary gland regeneration. Recent advances in the molecular controls of salivary gland morphogenesis provided valuable clues for identifying potential regenerative cues. A complicated network of signaling molecules between epithelia, mesenchyme, endothelia, extracellular matrix and innervating nerves orchestrate the salivary gland organogenesis. Here we discuss the roles of several cross-talking intercellular signaling pathways, i.e., FGF, Wnt, Hedgehog, Eda, Notch, Chrm1/HB-EGF and Laminin/Integrin pathways, in the development of salivary glands and their potentials to promote salivary regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott and White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA.
| | - Songlin Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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24
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Liu N, Ouyang A, Li Y, Yang ST. Three-dimensional neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells with ACM induction in microfibrous matrices in bioreactors. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1013-22. [PMID: 23657995 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived neural cells requires an efficient differentiation process for mass production in a bioreactor. Toward this goal, neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in three-dimensional (3D) polyethylene terephthalate microfibrous matrices was investigated in this study. To streamline the process and provide a platform for process integration, the neural differentiation of ESCs was induced with astrocyte-conditioned medium without the formation of embryoid bodies, starting from undifferentiated ESC aggregates expanded in a suspension bioreactor. The 3D neural differentiation was able to generate a complex neural network in the matrices. When compared to 2D differentiation, 3D differentiation in microfibrous matrices resulted in a higher percentage of nestin-positive cells (68% vs. 54%) and upregulated gene expressions of nestin, Nurr1, and tyrosine hydroxylase. High purity of neural differentiation in 3D microfibrous matrix was also demonstrated in a spinner bioreactor with 74% nestin + cells. This study demonstrated the feasibility of a scalable process based on 3D differentiation in microfibrous matrices for the production of ESC-derived neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- William G. Lowrie Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Maury JJP, Chan KKK, Zheng L, Bardor M, Choo ABH. Excess of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modifies human pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:926-37. [PMID: 23859804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a post translational modification, has emerged as an important cue in controlling key cell mechanisms. Here, we investigate O-GlcNAc's role in the maintenance and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC). We reveal that protein expression of O-GlcNAc transferase and hydrolase both decreases during hPSC differentiation. Upregulating O-GlcNAc with O-GlcNAc hydrolase inhibitors has no significant effect on either the maintenance of pluripotency in hPSC culture, or the loss of pluripotency in differentiating hPSC. However, in spontaneously differentiating hPSC, excess O-GlcNAc alters the expression of specific lineage markers: decrease of ectoderm markers (PAX6 by 53-88%, MSX1 by 26-49%) and increase of adipose-related mesoderm markers (PPARγ by 28-100%, C/EBPα by 46-135%). All other lineage markers tested (cardiac, visceral-endoderm, trophectoderm) remain minimally affected by upregulated O-GlcNAc. Interestingly, we also show that excess O-GlcNAc triggers a feedback mechanism that increases O-GlcNAc hydrolase expression by 29-91%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that excess O-GlcNAc does not affect hPSC pluripotency in undifferentiated maintenance cultures; instead, it restricts the hPSC differentiation towards specific cell lineages. These data will be useful for developing targeted differentiation protocols and aid in understanding the effects of O-GlcNAc on hPSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Jean Pierre Maury
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
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26
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Bardy J, Chen AK, Lim YM, Wu S, Wei S, Weiping H, Chan K, Reuveny S, Oh SK. Microcarrier Suspension Cultures for High-Density Expansion and Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Neural Progenitor Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:166-80. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jo'an Bardy
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Allen K. Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Ming Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Selena Wu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shunhui Wei
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Weiping
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ken Chan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steve K.W. Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Chan LY, Birch WR, Yim EK, Choo AB. Temporal application of topography to increase the rate of neural differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:382-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Chan LY, Yim EKF, Choo ABH. Normalized median fluorescence: an alternative flow cytometry analysis method for tracking human embryonic stem cell states during differentiation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 19:156-65. [PMID: 22838642 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a promising cell source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but before they can be used in therapies, we must be able to accurately identify the state and progeny of hESCs. One of the most commonly used methods for identification is flow cytometry. Many flow cytometry applications use antibodies to detect the amount of antigen present on/in a cell. This allows for the identification of unique cell populations or the tracking of expression changes within a population during differentiation. The results are typically presented as a percentage of positively expressing cells (%Pos) for a marker of choice, relative to a negative control. However, this reporting term is vulnerable to distortion from outliers and inaccuracy from loss of information about the population's fluorescence intensity. In this article, we describe an alternate strategy that uses the normalized median fluorescence intensity (nMFI), in which the MFI of the stained sample is normalized to the MFI of the negative control, as the reporting term to more accurately describe a population of cells in culture. We observed that nMFI provides a more accurate representation for the quality of a starting population and comparing data of different experimental runs. In addition, we demonstrated that the nMFI is a more sensitive measure of pluripotent and differentiation markers expression changes during hESC differentiation into three germ layer lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Y Chan
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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