1
|
Bujko K, Ciechanowicz AK, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Molecular analysis and comparison of CD34 + and CD133 + very small embryonic-like stem cells purified from umbilical cord blood. Cytometry A 2023; 103:703-711. [PMID: 37246957 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Very small embryonic like stem cells (VSELs) are a dormant population of stem cells that, as proposed, are deposited during embryogenesis in various tissues, including bone marrow (BM). These cells are released under steady state conditions from their tissue locations and circulate at a low level in peripheral blood (PB). Their number increases in response to stressors as well as tissue/organ damage. This increase is evident during neonatal delivery, as delivery stress prompts enrichment of umbilical cord blood (UCB) with VSELs. These cells could be purified from BM, PB, and UCB by multiparameter sorting as a population of very small CXCR4+ Lin- CD45- cells that express the CD34 or CD133 antigen. In this report, we evaluated a number of CD34+ Lin- CD45- and CD133+ Lin- CD45- UCB-derived VSELs. We also performed initial molecular characterization of both cell populations for expression of selected pluripotency markers and compared these cells at the proteomic level. We noticed that CD133+ Lin- CD45- population is more rare and express, at a higher level, mRNA for pluripotency markers Oct-4 and Nanog as well as the stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) CXCR4 receptor that regulates trafficking of these cells, however both cells population did not significantly differ in the expression of proteins assigned to main biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Bujko
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Kucia
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Panagiotou N, McGuinness D, Jaminon AMG, Mees B, Selman C, Schurgers L, Shiels PG. Microvesicle-Mediated Tissue Regeneration Mitigates the Effects of Cellular Ageing. Cells 2023; 12:1707. [PMID: 37443741 PMCID: PMC10340655 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), comprising microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (Exos), are membranous vesicles secreted by cells which mediate the repair of cellular and tissue damage via paracrine mechanisms. The action of EVs under normative and morbid conditions in the context of ageing remains largely unexplored. We demonstrate that MVs, but not Exos, from Pathfinder cells (PCs), a putative stem cell regulatory cell type, enhance the repair of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) co-cultures, following both mechanical and genotoxic stress. Critically, this effect was found to be both cellular age and stress specific. Notably, MV treatment was unable to repair mechanical injury in older co-cultures but remained therapeutic following genotoxic stress. These observations were further confirmed in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) co-cultures of increasing cellular age. In a model of comorbidity comprising co-cultures of HDFs and highly senescent abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) VSMCs, MV administration appeared to be senotherapeutic, following both mechanical and genotoxic stress. Our data provide insights into EVs and the specific roles they play during tissue repair and ageing. These data will potentiate the development of novel cell-free therapeutic interventions capable of attenuating age-associated morbidities and avoiding undesired effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Panagiotou
- Davidson Building, School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (N.P.)
| | - Dagmara McGuinness
- School of Infection & Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (D.M.)
| | - Armand M. G. Jaminon
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University,
Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, NetherlandsThe Netherlands
| | - Barend Mees
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC),
Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Colin Selman
- Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Leon Schurgers
- School of Infection & Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (D.M.)
- Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Paul G. Shiels
- Davidson Building, School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (N.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang B, Burley G, Lin S, Shi YC. Osteoporosis pathogenesis and treatment: existing and emerging avenues. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:72. [PMID: 36058940 PMCID: PMC9441049 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOsteoporotic fractures lead to increased disability and mortality in the elderly population. With the rapid increase in the aging population around the globe, more effective treatments for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are urgently required. The underlying molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis are believed to be due to the increased activity of osteoclasts, decreased activity of osteoblasts, or both, which leads to an imbalance in the bone remodeling process with accelerated bone resorption and attenuated bone formation. Currently, the available clinical treatments for osteoporosis have mostly focused on factors influencing bone remodeling; however, they have their own limitations and side effects. Recently, cytokine immunotherapy, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy have become new approaches for the treatment of various diseases. This article reviews the latest research on bone remodeling mechanisms, as well as how this underpins current and potential novel treatments for osteoporosis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tahmasbpour Marzouni E, Stern C, Henrik Sinclair A, Tucker EJ. Stem Cells and Organs-on-chips: New Promising Technologies for Human Infertility Treatment. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:878-906. [PMID: 34967858 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Having biological children remains an unattainable dream for most couples with reproductive failure or gonadal dysgenesis. The combination of stem cells with gene editing technology and organ-on-a-chip models provides a unique opportunity for infertile patients with impaired gametogenesis caused by congenital disorders in sex development or cancer survivors. But how will these technologies overcome human infertility? This review discusses the regenerative mechanisms, applications, and advantages of different types of stem cells for restoring gametogenesis in infertile patients, as well as major challenges that must be overcome before clinical application. The importance and limitations of in vitro generation of gametes from patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) will be discussed in the context of human reproduction. The potential role of organ-on-a-chip models that can direct differentiation of hiPSC-derived primordial germ cell-like cells to gametes and other reproductive organoids is also explored. These rapidly evolving technologies provide prospects for improving fertility to individuals and couples who experience reproductive failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eisa Tahmasbpour Marzouni
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Catharyn Stern
- Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville and Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Henrik Sinclair
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena Jane Tucker
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang P, Deng Z, Li A, Li R, Huang W, Cui J, Chen S, Li B, Zhang S. β-Catenin promotes long-term survival and angiogenesis of peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells via the Oct4 signaling pathway. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1434-1449. [PMID: 36050404 PMCID: PMC9535028 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has been extensively studied to improve heart function following myocardial infarction; however, its therapeutic potency is limited by low rates of engraftment, survival, and differentiation. Here, we aimed to determine the roles of the β-catenin/Oct4 signaling axis in the regulation of long-term survival and angiogenesis of peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells (PBMSCs). These cells were obtained from rat abdominal aortic blood. We showed that β-catenin promotes the self-renewal, antiapoptotic effects, and long-term survival of PBMSCs by activating the Oct4 pathway through upregulation of the expression of the antiapoptotic factors Bcl2 and survivin and the proangiogenic cytokine bFGF and suppression of the levels of the proapoptotic factors Bax and cleaved caspase-3. β-Catenin overexpression increased Oct4 expression. β-Catenin knockdown suppressed Oct4 expression in PBMSCs. However, β-catenin levels were not affected by Oct4 overexpression or knockdown. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays proved that β-catenin directly regulates Oct4 transcription in PBMSCs. In vivo, PBMSCs overexpressing β-catenin showed high survival in infarcted hearts and resulted in better myocardial repair. Further functional analysis identified Oct4 as the direct upstream regulator of Ang1, bFGF, HGF, VEGF, Bcl2, and survivin, which cooperatively drive antiapoptosis and angiogenesis of engrafted PBMSCs. These findings revealed the regulation of β-catenin in PBMSCs by the Oct4-mediated antiapoptotic/proangiogenic signaling axis and provide a breakthrough point for improving the long-term survival and therapeutic effects of PBMSCs. Boosting expression of a specific gene has allowed researchers to generate stem cells with increased capacity for tissue repair after a heart attack. Several studies have shown that treatment with a population of circulating cells known as ‘peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells’ (PBMSCs) can regenerate cardiac tissue. These cells generally have a short lifespan when used therapeutically, but researchers led by Shaoheng Zhang at Jinan University in Guangzhou China have increased long-term survival and performance by boosting expression of the gene encoding β-catenin, a protein that promotes cell survival and proliferation. PBMSCs expressing increased levels of β-catenin preserved heart function in a rat model of heart attack, stimulating blood vessel growth and improving animal survival. This study also reveals proteins regulated by β-catenin, which could potentially be exploited for finer control of PBMSC function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China.,Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Zhanyu Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Aiguo Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Rongsen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Weiguang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Songsheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Shaoheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510220, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ratajczak MZ, Bujko K, Ciechanowicz A, Sielatycka K, Cymer M, Marlicz W, Kucia M. SARS-CoV-2 Entry Receptor ACE2 Is Expressed on Very Small CD45 - Precursors of Hematopoietic and Endothelial Cells and in Response to Virus Spike Protein Activates the Nlrp3 Inflammasome. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:266-277. [PMID: 32691370 PMCID: PMC7370872 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays an important role as a member of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating the conversion of angiotensin II (Ang II) into angiotensin (1–7) (Ang [1–7]). But at the same time, while expressed on the surface of human cells, ACE2 is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Expression of this receptor has been described in several types of cells, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which raises a concern that the virus may infect and damage the stem cell compartment. We demonstrate for the first time that ACE2 and the entry-facilitating transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 are expressed on very small CD133+CD34+Lin−CD45− cells in human umbilical cord blood (UCB), which can be specified into functional HSCs and EPCs. The existence of these cells known as very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) has been confirmed by several laboratories, and some of them may correspond to putative postnatal hemangioblasts. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that, in human VSELs and HSCs, the interaction of the ACE2 receptor with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein activates the Nlrp3 inflammasome, which if hyperactivated may lead to cell death by pyroptosis. Based on this finding, there is a possibility that human VSELs residing in adult tissues could be damaged by SARS-CoV-2, with remote effects on tissue/organ regeneration. We also report that ACE2 is expressed on the surface of murine bone marrow-derived VSELs and HSCs, although it is known that murine cells are not infected by SARS-CoV-2. Finally, human and murine VSELs express several RAAS genes, which sheds new light on the role of these genes in the specification of early-development stem cells. •Human VSELs and HSCs express ACE2 receptor for SARS-CoV2 entry. •Interaction of viral spike protein with ACE2 receptor may hyperactivate Nlrp3 inflammasome which induces cell death by pyroptosis. •SARS-CoV2 may also enter cells and eliminate them by cell lysis. •What is not shown since these cells express also Ang II receptor they may hyperactivate Nlrp3 inflammasome in response to Ang II which may induce pyroptosis. Our data indicates that Ang 1–7 may have a protective effect. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamila Bujko
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kasia Sielatycka
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.,Research and Developmental Center Sanprobi, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Cymer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ventura-Carmenate Y, Alkaabi FM, Castillo-Aleman YM, Villegas-Valverde CA, Ahmed YM, Sanna P, Almarzooqi AA, Abdelrazik A, Torres-Zambrano GM, Wade-Mateo M, Quesada-Saliba D, Abdel Hadi L, Bencomo-Hernandez AA, Rivero-Jimenez RA. Safety and efficacy of autologous non-hematopoietic enriched stem cell nebulization in COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial, Abu Dhabi 2020. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 6:25. [PMID: 34746417 PMCID: PMC8563822 DOI: 10.1186/s41231-021-00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel SARS-CoV-2 has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently, with insufficient worldwide vaccination rates, identifying treatment solutions to reduce the impact of the virus is urgently needed. METHOD An adaptive, multicentric, open-label, and randomized controlled phase I/II clinical trial entitled the "SENTAD-COVID Study" was conducted by the Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center under exceptional conditional approval by the Emirates Institutional Review Board (IRB) for COVID-19 Research Committee from April 4th to July 31st, 2020, using an autologous peripheral blood non-hematopoietic enriched stem cell cocktail (PB-NHESC-C) administered by compressor (jet) nebulization as a complement to standard care therapy. The primary endpoints include safety and efficacy assessments, adverse events, the mortality rate within 28 days, and the time to clinical improvement as measured by a 2-point reduction on a seven-category ordinal scale or discharge from the hospital whichever occurred first. RESULTS The study included a total of 139 randomized COVID-19 patients, with 69 in the experimental group and 70 in the control group (standard care). Overall survival was 94.20% for the cocktail-treated group vs. 90.27% for the control group. Adverse events were reported in 50 (72.46%) patients receiving PB-NHESC-C and 51 (72.85%) in the control group (p = 0.9590), with signs and symptoms commonly found in COVID-19. After the first 9 days of the intervention, 67.3% of cocktail-treated patients recovered and were released from hospitals compared to 53.1% (RR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.56-1.28) in the control group. Improvement, i.e., at least a 2-point reduction in the severity scale, was more frequently observed in cocktail-treated patients (42.0%) than in controls (17.0%) (RR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.56-0.88). CONCLUSIONS Cocktail treatment improved clinical outcomes without increasing adverse events. Thus, the nebulization of PB-NHESC-C was safe and effective for treatment in most of these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04473170. It was retrospectively registered on July 16th, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yendry Ventura-Carmenate
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misahah Street, Villa No. 25, Rowdhat, Zone-1, POB 4600, Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Yandy Marx Castillo-Aleman
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misahah Street, Villa No. 25, Rowdhat, Zone-1, POB 4600, Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Yasmine Maher Ahmed
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misahah Street, Villa No. 25, Rowdhat, Zone-1, POB 4600, Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pierdanilo Sanna
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misahah Street, Villa No. 25, Rowdhat, Zone-1, POB 4600, Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Abeer Abdelrazik
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misahah Street, Villa No. 25, Rowdhat, Zone-1, POB 4600, Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gina Marcela Torres-Zambrano
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misahah Street, Villa No. 25, Rowdhat, Zone-1, POB 4600, Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - David Quesada-Saliba
- Miami Dade College, Mathematics Department Chair, Wolfson Campus, Miami, FL 33132 USA
| | - Loubna Abdel Hadi
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misahah Street, Villa No. 25, Rowdhat, Zone-1, POB 4600, Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Rene Antonio Rivero-Jimenez
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misahah Street, Villa No. 25, Rowdhat, Zone-1, POB 4600, Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leppik L, Sielatycka K, Henrich D, Han Z, Wang H, Eischen-Loges MJ, Oliveira KMC, Bhavsar MB, Ratajczak MZ, Barker JH. Role of Adult Tissue-Derived Pluripotent Stem Cells in Bone Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019; 16:198-211. [PMID: 31828580 PMCID: PMC6987071 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) consist of a heterogeneous mix of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), monocytes, lymphocytes and pluripotent stem cells. Whereas the importance of MSC and EPC has been well documented in bone healing and regeneration studies, the role of pluripotent stem cells is still poorly understood. In the present study we evaluated if and how Very Small Embryonic Like cells (VSEL), isolated from rat BM-MNC, contribute to bone healing. Methods Large bone defects were made in the femurs of 38 Sprague Dawley female rats and treated with β-TCP scaffold granules seeded with male VSEL; BM-MNC, VSEL-depleted BM-MNC or scaffold alone, and bone healing was evaluated at 8 weeks post-surgery. Results Bone healing was significantly increased in defects treated with VSEL and BM-MNC, compared to defects treated with VSEL-depleted BM-MNC. Donor cells were detected in new bone tissue, in all the defects treated with cells, and in fibrous tissue only in defects treated with VSEL-depleted BM-MNC. The number of CD68+ cells was the highest in the VSEL-depleted group, whereas the number of TRAP positive cells was the lowest in this group. Conclusions Based on the results, we can conclude that VSEL play a role in BM-MNC induced bone formation. In our rat femur defect model, in defects treated with VSEL-depleted BM-MNC, osteoclastogenesis and bone formation were decreased, and foreign body reaction was increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Leppik
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - K Sielatycka
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Science, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Henrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand & Reconstructive Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Z Han
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H Wang
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M J Eischen-Loges
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - K M C Oliveira
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M B Bhavsar
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J H Barker
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sills ES, Wood SH. Autologous activated platelet-rich plasma injection into adult human ovary tissue: molecular mechanism, analysis, and discussion of reproductive response. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190805. [PMID: 31092698 PMCID: PMC6549090 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical infertility practice, one intractable problem is low (or absent) ovarian reserve which in turn reflects the natural oocyte depletion associated with advancing maternal age. The number of available eggs has been generally thought to be finite and strictly limited, an entrenched and largely unchallenged tenet dating back more than 50 years. In the past decade, it has been suggested that renewable ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs) exist in adults, and that such cells may be utilized as an oocyte source for women seeking to extend fertility. Currently, the issue of whether mammalian females possess such a population of renewable GSCs remains unsettled. The topic is complex and even agreement on a definitive approach to verify the process of 'ovarian rescue' or 're-potentiation' has been elusive. Similarities have been noted between wound healing and ovarian tissue repair following capsule rupture at ovulation. In addition, molecular signaling events which might be necessary to reverse the effects of reproductive ageing seem congruent with changes occurring in tissue injury responses elsewhere. Recently, clinical experience with such a technique based on autologous activated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment of the adult human ovary has been reported. This review summarizes the present state of understanding of the interaction of platelet-derived growth factors with adult ovarian tissue, and the outcome of human reproductive potential following PRP treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Scott Sills
- Gen 5 Fertility Center, Office for Reproductive Research, Center for Advanced Genetics; San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
- Applied Biotechnology Research Group, University of Westminster; London W1B 2HW, U.K
| | - Samuel H Wood
- Gen 5 Fertility Center, Office for Reproductive Research, Center for Advanced Genetics; San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ratajczak MZ, Domingues A, Suman S, Straughn AR, Kakar SS, Suszynska M. Novel view of the adult stem cell compartment - a developmental story of germline and parental imprinting. PROCEEDINGS OF STEM CELL RESEARCH AND ONCOGENESIS 2019; 7:e1001. [PMID: 32699838 PMCID: PMC7375353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that postnatal tissues contain developmentally early stem cells that remain in a dormant state as well as stem cells that are more proliferative, supplying tissue-specific progenitor cells and thus playing a more active role in the turnover of adult tissues. The most primitive, dormant, postnatal tissue-derived stem cells, called very small embryonic like stem cells (VSELs), are regulated by epigenetic changes in the expression of certain parentally imprinted genes, a molecular phenomenon previously described for maintaining primordial germ cells (PGCs) in a quiescent state. Specifically, they show erasure of parental imprinting at the Igf2-H19 locus, which keeps them in a quiescent state in a similar manner as migrating PGCs. To date, the presence of these cells in adult postnatal tissues have been demonstrated by at least 25 independent laboratories. We envision that similar changes in expression of parentally imprinted genes may also play a role in the quiescence of dormant VSELs present in other non-hematopoietic tissues. Recent data indicate that VSELs expand in vivo and in vitro after reestablishment of somatic imprinting at the Igf2-H19 locus by nicotinamide treatment in response to stimulation by pituitary gonadotrophins (follicle stimulating factor, luteinizing hormone and prolactin) and gonadal androgens and estrogens. These cells could be also successfully expanded ex vivo in the presence of the small molecule UM177.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alison Domingues
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Suman Suman
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alex R. Straughn
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sham S. Kakar
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stem cells in Osteoporosis: From Biology to New Therapeutic Approaches. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1730978. [PMID: 31281368 PMCID: PMC6589256 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1730978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease that affects the skeleton, causing reduction of bone density and mass, resulting in destruction of bone microstructure and increased risk of bone fractures. Since osteoporosis is a disease affecting the elderly and the aging of the world's population is constantly increasing, it is expected that the incidence of osteoporosis and its financial burden on the insurance systems will increase continuously and there is a need for more understanding this condition in order to prevent and/or treat it. At present, available drug therapy for osteoporosis primarily targets the inhibition of bone resorption and agents that promote bone mineralization, designed to slow disease progression. Safe and predictable pharmaceutical means to increase bone formation have been elusive. Stem cell therapy of osteoporosis, as a therapeutic strategy, offers the promise of an increase in osteoblast differentiation and thus reversing the shift towards bone resorption in osteoporosis. This review is focused on the current views regarding the implication of the stem cells in the cellular and physiologic mechanisms of osteoporosis and discusses data obtained from stem cell-based therapies of osteoporosis in experimental animal models and the possibility of their future application in clinical trials.
Collapse
|
12
|
Prolonged Growth Hormone/Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor Nutrient Response Signaling Pathway as a Silent Killer of Stem Cells and a Culprit in Aging. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:443-453. [PMID: 28229284 PMCID: PMC5493720 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dream of slowing down the aging process has always inspired mankind. Since stem cells are responsible for tissue and organ rejuvenation, it is logical that we should search for encoded mechanisms affecting life span in these cells. However, in adult life the hierarchy within the stem cell compartment is still not very well defined, and evidence has accumulated that adult tissues contain rare stem cells that possess a broad trans-germ layer differentiation potential. These most-primitive stem cells-those endowed with pluripotent or multipotent differentiation ability and that give rise to other cells more restricted in differentiation, known as tissue-committed stem cells (TCSCs) - are of particular interest. In this review we present the concept supported by accumulating evidence that a population of so-called very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) residing in adult tissues positively impacts the overall survival of mammals, including humans. These unique cells are prevented in vertebrates from premature depletion by decreased sensitivity to growth hormone (GH), insulin (INS), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling, due to epigenetic changes in paternally imprinted genes that regulate their resistance to these factors. In this context, we can envision nutrient response GH/INS/IGF signaling pathway as a lethal factor for these most primitive stem cells and an important culprit in aging.
Collapse
|
13
|
Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells Are Mobilized in Human Peripheral Blood during Hypoxemic COPD Exacerbations and Pulmonary Hypertension. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:561-566. [PMID: 28285391 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) are major pluripotent stem cells involved in vascular and tissue regeneration and constitute a recruitable pool of stem/progenitor cells with putative instrumental role in organ repair. Here, we hypothesized that VSELs might be mobilized from the bone marrow (BM) to peripheral blood (PB) in patients with hypoxic lung disease or pulmonary hypertension (PH). The objective of the present study was then to investigate the changes in VSELs number in peripheral blood of patients with hypoxic lung disease and PH. We enrolled 26 patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) with or without hypoxemia, 13 patients with PH and 20 controls without any respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. In PH patients, VSELs levels have been determined during right heart catheterization in pulmonary blood and PB. For this purpose, mononuclear cells were separated by density gradient and VSELs have been quantified by using a multiparametric flow cytometry approach. The number of PB-VSELs in hypoxic COPD patients was significantly increased compared with non-hypoxic COPD patients or controls (p = 0.0055). In patients with PH, we did not find any difference in VSELs numbers between arterial pulmonary blood and venous PB (p = 0.93). However, we found an increase in VSELs in the peripheral blood of patients with PH (p = 0.03). In conclusion, we unraveled that circulating VSELs were increased in peripheral blood of patients with hypoxic COPD or with PH. Thus, VSELs may serve as a reservoir of pluripotent stem cells that can be recruited into PB and may play an important role in promoting lung repair.
Collapse
|
14
|
Westhauser F, Senger AS, Reible B, Moghaddam A. * In Vivo Models for the Evaluation of the Osteogenic Potency of Bone Substitutes Seeded with Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Human Origin: A Concise Review. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:881-888. [PMID: 28747099 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Research concerning bone substitutes is one of the most challenging fields in orthopedic research and has a high clinical relevance, especially since the currently available bone substitutes are limited in their osteostimulative capabilities. In vitro models for the evaluation of the properties of bone substitutes allow the use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) seeded onto scaffolds, but suffer from the lack of a physiological environment for those cells. Most in vivo models include the use of non-hMSC and are therefore lacking in clinical relevance. To overcome these issues, in vivo models were created that allow the evaluation of hMSC-seeded bone substitutes, combining the advantages of the use of human cells with the physiological conditions of an organism in vivo. In brief, models usually aim for bone formation in immunocompromised rodents. The subcutaneous implantation of scaffolds is most widely performed, showing low complication rates along with good results, but suffering from inferior vascularization of the implants and the absence of the realistic structural and mechanical conditions of bone. Orthotopic implantation, for example in calvarian or long bone defects, provides the most appropriate surrounding for hMSC-seeded scaffolds. However, parallel host-induced bone formation is a major limitation. This review summarizes in vivo models for the evaluation of the osteogenic potency of bone substitutes seeded with mesenchymal stem cells of human origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Westhauser
- 1 HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Senger
- 1 HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Reible
- 1 HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- 2 Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Trauma Surgery, and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Aschaffenburg-Alzenau , Aschaffenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ratajczak MZ. Why are hematopoietic stem cells so 'sexy'? on a search for developmental explanation. Leukemia 2017; 31:1671-1677. [PMID: 28502982 PMCID: PMC5540746 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that normal human and murine hematopoietic stem cells express several functional pituitary and gonadal sex hormones, and that, in fact, some sex hormones, such as androgens, have been employed for many years to stimulate hematopoiesis in patients with bone marrow aplasia. Interestingly, sex hormone receptors are also expressed by leukemic cell lines and blasts. In this review, I will discuss the emerging question of why hematopoietic cells express these receptors. A tempting hypothetical explanation for this phenomenon is that hematopoietic stem cells are related to subpopulation of migrating primordial germ cells. To support of this notion, the anatomical sites of origin of primitive and definitive hematopoiesis during embryonic development are tightly connected with the migratory route of primordial germ cells: from the proximal epiblast to the extraembryonic endoderm at the bottom of the yolk sac and then back to the embryo proper via the primitive streak to the aorta-gonado-mesonephros (AGM) region on the way to the genital ridges. The migration of these cells overlaps with the emergence of primitive hematopoiesis in the blood islands at the bottom of the yolk sac, and definitive hematopoiesis that occurs in hemogenic endothelium in the embryonic dorsal aorta in AGM region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ratajczak MZ, Ratajczak J, Suszynska M, Miller DM, Kucia M, Shin DM. A Novel View of the Adult Stem Cell Compartment From the Perspective of a Quiescent Population of Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells. Circ Res 2017; 120:166-178. [PMID: 28057792 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that adult hematopoietic tissues and other organs contain a population of dormant stem cells (SCs) that are more primitive than other, already restricted, monopotent tissue-committed SCs (TCSCs). These observations raise several questions, such as the developmental origin of these cells, their true pluripotent or multipotent nature, which surface markers they express, how they can be efficiently isolated from adult tissues, and what role they play in the adult organism. The phenotype of these cells and expression of some genes characteristic of embryonic SCs, epiblast SCs, and primordial germ cells suggests their early-embryonic deposition in developing tissues as precursors of adult SCs. In this review, we will critically discuss all these questions and the concept that small dormant SCs related to migratory primordial germ cells, described as very small embryonic-like SCs, are deposited during embryogenesis in bone marrow and other organs as a backup population for adult tissue-committed SCs and are involved in several processes related to tissue or organ rejuvenation, aging, and cancerogenesis. The most recent results on successful ex vivo expansion of human very small embryonic-like SC in chemically defined media free from feeder-layer cells open up new and exciting possibilities for their application in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.).
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
| | - Malwina Suszynska
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
| | - Donald M Miller
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
| | - Magda Kucia
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- From the Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY (M.Z.R., J.R., M.S., D.M.M., M.K.); Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland (M.Z.R., M.K.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (D.-M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang S, Zhao L, Wang J, Chen N, Yan J, Pan X. HIF-2α and Oct4 have synergistic effects on survival and myocardial repair of very small embryonic-like mesenchymal stem cells in infarcted hearts. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2548. [PMID: 28079892 PMCID: PMC5386383 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Poor cell survival and limited functional benefits have restricted mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) efficacy for treating myocardial infarction (MI), suggesting that a better understanding of stem cell biology is needed. The transcription factor HIF-2α is an essential regulator of the transcriptional response to hypoxia, which can interact with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) transcription factor Oct4 and modulate its signaling. Here, we obtained very small embryonic-like mesenchymal stem cells (vselMSCs) from MI patients, which possessed the very small embryonic-like stem cells' (VSELs) morphology as well as ESCs' pluripotency. Using microarray analysis, we compared HIF-2α-regulated gene profiles in vselMSCs with ESC profiles and determined that HIF-2α coexpressed Oct4 in vselMSCs similarly to ESCs. However, this coexpression was absent in unpurified MSCs (uMSCs). Under hypoxic condition, vselMSCs exhibited stronger survival, proliferation and differentiation than uMSCs. Transplantation of vselMSCs caused greater improvement in cardiac function and heart remodeling in the infarcted rats. We further demonstrated that HIF-2α and Oct4 jointly regulate their relative downstream gene expressions, including Bcl2 and Survivin; the important pluripotent markers Nanog, Klf4, and Sox2; and Ang-1, bFGF, and VEGF, promoting angiogenesis and engraftment. Importantly, these effects were generally magnified by upregulation of HIF-2α and Oct4 induced by HIF-2α or Oct4 overexpression, and the greatest improvements were elicited after co-overexpressing HIF-2α and Oct4; overexpressing one transcription factor while silencing the other canceled this increase, and HIF-2α or Oct4 silencing abolished these effects. Together, these findings demonstrated that HIF-2α in vselMSCs cooperated with Oct4 in survival and function. The identification of the cooperation between HIF-2α and Oct4 will lead to deeper characterization of the downstream targets of this interaction in vselMSCs and will have novel pathophysiological implications for the repair of infarcted myocardium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Dahua Hospital, 901 Laohumin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiahong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji Univercity School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Rd, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Nannan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji Univercity School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Rd, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Dahua Hospital, 901 Laohumin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Pan
- Central Laboratory, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji Univercity School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Rd, Shanghai 200090, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Armakolas N, Armakolas A, Antonopoulos A, Dimakakos A, Stathaki M, Koutsilieris M. The role of the IGF-1 Ec in myoskeletal system and osteosarcoma pathophysiology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 108:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
19
|
McGuinness D, Anthony DF, Moulisova V, MacDonald AI, MacIntyre A, Thomson J, Nag A, Davies RW, Shiels PG. Microvesicles but Not Exosomes from Pathfinder Cells Stimulate Functional Recovery of the Pancreas in a Mouse Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Model. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 19:223-32. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara McGuinness
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diana F. Anthony
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimira Moulisova
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair I. MacDonald
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan MacIntyre
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Thomson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - R. Wayne Davies
- University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shaikh A, Bhartiya D, Kapoor S, Nimkar H. Delineating the effects of 5-fluorouracil and follicle-stimulating hormone on mouse bone marrow stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:59. [PMID: 27095238 PMCID: PMC4837595 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pluripotent, Lin–/CD45–/Sca-1+ very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in mouse bone marrow (BM) are resistant to total body radiation because of their quiescent nature, whereas Lin–/CD45+/Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) get eliminated. In the present study, we provide further evidence for the existence of VSELs in mouse BM and have also examined the effects of a chemotherapeutic agent (5-fluorouracil (5-FU)) and gonadotropin hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)) on BM stem/progenitor cells. Methods VSELs and HSCs were characterized in intact BM. Swiss mice were injected with 5-FU (150 mg/kg) and sacrificed on 2, 4, and 10 days (D2, D4, and D10) post treatment to examine changes in BM histology and effects on VSELs and HSCs by a multiparametric approach. The effect of FSH (5 IU) administered 48 h after 5-FU treatment was also studied. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, cell cycle analysis, and colony-forming unit (CFU) assay were carried out to understand the functional potential of stem/progenitor cells towards regeneration of chemoablated marrow. Results Nuclear OCT-4, SCA-1, and SSEA-1 coexpressing LIN–/CD45– VSELs and slightly larger LIN–/CD45+ HSCs expressing cytoplasmic OCT-4 were identified and comprised 0.022 ± 0.002 % and 0.081 ± 0.004 % respectively of the total cells in BM. 5-FU treatment resulted in depletion of cells with a 7-fold reduction by D4 and normal hematopoiesis was re-established by D10. Nuclear OCT-4 and PCNA-positive VSELs were detected in chemoablated bone sections near the endosteal region. VSELs remained unaffected by 5-FU on D2 and increased on D4, whereas HSCs showed a marked reduction in numbers on D2 and later increased along with the corresponding increase in BrdU uptake and upregulation of specific transcripts (Oct-4A, Oct-4, Sca-1, Nanog, Stella, Fragilis, Pcna). Cells that survived 5-FU formed colonies in vitro. Both VSELs and HSCs expressed FSH receptors and FSH treatment enhanced hematopoietic recovery by 72 h. Conclusion Both VSELs and HSCs were activated in response to the stress created by 5-FU and FSH enhanced hematopoietic recovery by at least 72 h in 5-FU-treated mice. VSELs are the most primitive pluripotent stem cells in BM that self-renew and give rise to HSCs under stress, and HSCs further divide rapidly and differentiate to maintain homeostasis. The study provides a novel insight into basic hematopoiesis and has clinical relevance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0311-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Shaikh
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
| | - Sona Kapoor
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Harshada Nimkar
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Pedziwiatr D, Suszyńska E, Sluczanowska-Glabowska S, Schneider G, Kakar SS, Ratajczak MZ. Vitamin D3 stimulates embryonic stem cells but inhibits migration and growth of ovarian cancer and teratocarcinoma cell lines. J Ovarian Res 2016; 9:26. [PMID: 27091127 PMCID: PMC4835879 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-016-0235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deficiency in Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) may predispose to some malignancies, including gonadal tumors and in experimental models vitamin D3 has been proven to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. To learn more about the potential role of vitamin D3 in cancerogenesis, we evaluated the expression and functionality of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its role in metastasis of ovarian cancer cells and of murine and human teratocarcinoma cell lines. Methods In our studies we employed murine embrynic stem cells (ESD3), murine (P19) and human (NTERA-2) teratocarcimona cells lines, human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) as well as purified murine and human purified very small embryonic like stem cells (VSELs). We evaluated expression of Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) in these cells as well as effect of vitamin D3 exposure on cell proliferation and migration. Results We here provide also more evidence for the role of vitamin D3 in germline-derived malignancies, and this evidence supports the proposal that vitamin D3 treatment inhibits growth and metastatic potential of several germline-derived malignancies. We also found that the ESD3 murine immortalized embryonic stem cell line and normal, pluripotent, germline-marker-positive very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) isolated from adult tissues are stimulated by vitamin D3, which suggests that vitamin D3 affects the earliest stages of embryogenesis. Conclusions We found that however all normal and malignant germ-line derived cells express functional VDR, Vitamin D3 differently affects their proliferation and migration. We postulate that while Vitamin D3 as anticancer drug inhibits proliferation of malignant cells, it may protect normal stem cells that play an important role in development and tissue/organ regeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13048-016-0235-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelbaset-Ismail
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Daniel Pedziwiatr
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ewa Suszyńska
- Department of Physiology Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Gabriela Schneider
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
RUSU E, NECULA LG, NEAGU AI, ALECU M, STAN C, ALBULESCU R, TANASE CP. Current status of stem cell therapy: opportunities and limitations. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1506-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
23
|
Identification of New Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Population of Very Small Stem Cell with Oct-4A and Nanog Expression by Flow Cytometric Platforms. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5069857. [PMID: 26633976 PMCID: PMC4655074 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5069857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) represent a unique rare population of adult stem cells (SCs) sharing several structural, genetic, biochemical, and functional properties with embryonic SCs and have been identified in several adult murine and human tissues. However, rat bone marrow- (BM-) derived SCs closely resembling murine or human VSELs have not been described. Thus, we employed multi-instrumental flow cytometric approach including classical and imaging cytometry and we established that newly identified population of nonhematopoietic cells expressing CD106 (VCAM-I) antigen contains SCs with very small size, expressing markers of pluripotency (Oct-4A and Nanog) on both mRNA and protein levels that indicate VSEL population. Based on our experience in both murine and human VSEL isolation procedures by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we also optimized sorting protocol for separation of CD45−/Lin−/CD106+ rat BM-derived VSELs from wild type and eGFP-expressing rats, which are often used as donor animals for cell transplantations in regenerative studies in vivo. Thus, this is a first study identifying multiantigenic phenotype and providing sorting protocols for isolation VSELs from rat BM tissue for further examining of their functional properties in vitro as well as regenerative capacity in distinct in vivo rat models of tissue injury.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Suszynska M, Borkowska S, Adamiak M, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Human haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells express several functional sex hormone receptors. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:134-46. [PMID: 26515267 PMCID: PMC4717849 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that murine haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) share several markers with the germline, a connection supported by recent reports that pituitary and gonadal sex hormones (SexHs) regulate development of murine HSPCs. It has also been reported that human HSPCs, like their murine counterparts, respond to certain SexHs (e.g. androgens). However, to better address the effects of SexHs, particularly pituitary SexHs, on human haematopoiesis, we tested for expression of receptors for pituitary SexHs, including follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL), as well as the receptors for gonadal SexHs, including progesterone, oestrogens, and androgen, on HSPCs purified from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) and peripheral blood (PB). We then tested the functionality of these receptors in ex vivo signal transduction studies and in vitro clonogenic assays. In parallel, we tested the effect of SexHs on human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Finally, based on our observation that at least some of the UCB‐derived, CD45− very small embryonic‐like stem cells (VSELs) become specified into CD45+HSPCs, we also evaluated the expression of pituitary and gonadal SexH receptors on these cells. We report for the first time that human HSPCs and VSELs, like their murine counterparts, express pituitary and gonadal SexH receptors at the mRNA and protein levels. Most importantly, SexH if added to suboptimal doses of haematopoietic cytokines and growth factors enhance clonogenic growth of human HSPCs as well as directly stimulate proliferation of MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelbaset-Ismail
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Borkowska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mateusz Adamiak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.,Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Goldenberg-Cohen N, Iskovich S, Askenasy N. Bone Marrow Homing Enriches Stem Cells Responsible for Neogenesis of Insulin-Producing Cells, While Radiation Decreases Homing Efficiency. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2297-306. [PMID: 26067874 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-sized adult bone marrow cells isolated by counterflow centrifugal elutriation and depleted of lineage markers (Fr25lin(-)) have the capacity to differentiate into insulin-producing cells and stabilize glycemic control. This study assessed competitive migration of syngeneic stem cells to the bone marrow and islets in a murine model of chemical diabetes. VLA-4 is expressed in ∼ 25% of these cells, whereas CXCR4 is not detected, however, it is transcriptionally upregulated (6-fold). The possibility to enrich stem cells by a bone marrow homing (BM-H) functional assay was assessed in sequential transplants. Fr25lin(-) cells labeled with PKH26 were grafted into primary myeloablated recipients, and mitotically quiescent Fr25lin(-)PKH(bright) cells were sorted from the bone marrow after 2 days. The contribution of bone marrow-homed stem cells was remarkably higher in secondary recipients compared to freshly elutriated cells. The therapeutic efficacy was further increased by omission of irradiation in the secondary recipients, showing a 25-fold enrichment of islet-reconstituting cells by the bone marrow homing assay. Donor cells identified by the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a genomic marker in sex-mismatched transplants upregulated PDX-1 and produced proinsulin, affirming the capacity of BM-H cells to convert in the injured islets. There was no evidence of transcriptional priming of freshly elutriated subsets to express PDX-1, insulin, and other markers of endocrine progenitors, indicating that the bone marrow harbors stem cells with versatile differentiation capacity. Affinity to the bone marrow can be used to enrich stem cells for pancreatic regeneration, and reciprocally, conditioning reduces the competitive incorporation in the injured islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen
- 1 Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Svetlana Iskovich
- 2 Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Nadir Askenasy
- 2 Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mierzejewska K, Borkowska S, Suszynska E, Suszynska M, Poniewierska-Baran A, Maj M, Pedziwiatr D, Adamiak M, Abdel-Latif A, Kakar SS, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells express several functional sex hormone receptors-novel evidence for a potential developmental link between hematopoiesis and primordial germ cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:927-37. [PMID: 25607657 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) share several markers with the germline, a connection supported by reports that prolactin, androgens, and estrogens stimulate hematopoiesis. To address this issue more directly, we tested the expression of receptors for pituitary-derived hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), on purified murine bone marrow (BM) cells enriched for HSPCs and tested the functionality of these receptors in ex vivo signal transduction studies and in vitro clonogenic assays. We also tested whether administration of pituitary- and gonad-derived sex hormones (SexHs) increases incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into HSPCs and expansion of hematopoietic clonogenic progenitors in mice and promotes recovery of blood counts in sublethally irradiated animals. We report for the first time that HSPCs express functional FSH and LH receptors and that both proliferate in vivo and in vitro in response to stimulation by pituitary SexHs. Furthermore, based on our observations that at least some of CD45(-) very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) may become specified into CD45(+) HSPCs, we also evaluated the expression of pituitary and gonadal SexHs receptors on these cells and tested whether these quiescent cells may expand in vivo in response to SexHs administration. We found that VSELs express SexHs receptors and respond in vivo to SexHs stimulation, as evidenced by BrdU accumulation. Since at least some VSELs share several markers characteristic of migrating primordial germ cells and can be specified into HSPCs, this observation sheds new light on the BM stem cell hierarchy.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kassmer SH, Jin H, Zhang PX, Bruscia EM, Heydari K, Lee JH, Kim CF, Kassmer SH, Krause DS, Krouse D. Very small embryonic-like stem cells from the murine bone marrow differentiate into epithelial cells of the lung. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2759-66. [PMID: 23681901 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The view that adult stem cells are lineage restricted has been challenged by numerous reports of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells giving rise to epithelial cells. Previously, we demonstrated that nonhematopoietic BM cells are the primary source of BM-derived lung epithelial cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that very small embryonic like cells (VSELs) are responsible for this engraftment. We directly compared the level of BM-derived epithelial cells after transplantation of VSELs, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, or other nonhematopoietic cells. VSELs clearly had the highest rate of forming epithelial cells in the lung. By transplanting VSELs from donor mice expressing H2B-GFP under a type 2 pneumocyte-specific promoter, we demonstrate that this engraftment occurs by differentiation and not fusion. This is the first report of VSELs differentiating into an endodermal lineage in vivo, thereby potentially crossing germ layer lineages. Our data suggest that Oct4+ VSELs in the adult BM exhibit broad differentiation potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah H Kassmer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Yale Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kartner N, Manolson MF. Novel techniques in the development of osteoporosis drug therapy: the osteoclast ruffled-border vacuolar H(+)-ATPase as an emerging target. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:505-22. [PMID: 24749538 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.902155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone loss occurs in many diseases, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. For osteoporosis alone, it is estimated that 75 million people are afflicted worldwide, with high risks of fractures and increased morbidity and mortality. The demand for treatment consumes an ever-increasing share of healthcare resources. Successive generations of antiresorptive bisphosphonate drugs have reduced side effects, minimized frequency of dosing, and increased efficacy in halting osteoporotic bone loss, but their shortcomings have remained significant to the extent that a monoclonal antibody antiresorptive has recently taken a significant market share. Yet this latter, paradigm-shifting approach has its own drawbacks. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes recent literature on bone-remodeling cell and molecular biology and the background for existing approaches and emerging therapeutics and targets for treating osteoporosis. The authors discuss vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) molecular biology and the recent advances in targeting the osteoclast ruffled-border V-ATPase (ORV) for the development of novel antiresorptive drugs. They also cover examples from the V-ATPase-targeted drug discovery literature, including conventional molecular biology methods, in silico drug discovery, and gene therapy in more detail as proofs of concept. EXPERT OPINION Existing therapeutic options for osteoporosis have limitations and inherent drawbacks. Thus, the search for novel approaches to osteoporosis drug discovery remains relevant. Targeting the ORV may be one of the more selective means of regulating bone resorption. Furthermore, this approach may be effective without removing active osteoclasts from the finely balanced osteoclast-osteoblast coupling required for normal bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kartner
- University of Toronto , 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6 , Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bhartiya D, Hinduja I, Patel H, Bhilawadikar R. Making gametes from pluripotent stem cells--a promising role for very small embryonic-like stem cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:114. [PMID: 25421462 PMCID: PMC4255929 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The urge to have one's own biological child supersedes any desire in life. Several options have been used to obtain gametes including pluripotent stem cells (embryonic ES and induced pluripotent iPS stem cells); gonadal stem cells (spermatogonial SSCs, ovarian OSCs stem cells), bone marrow, mesenchymal cells and fetal skin. However, the field poses a huge challenge including inefficient existing protocols for differentiation, epigenetic and genetic changes associated with extensive in vitro manipulation and also ethical/regulatory constraints. A tremendous leap in the field occurred using mouse ES and iPS cells wherein they were first differentiated into epiblast-like cells and then primordial germ cell-like cells. These on further development produced sperm, oocytes and live offspring (had associated genetic problems). Evidently differentiating pluripotent stem cells into primordial germ cells (PGCs) remains a major bottleneck. Against this backdrop, we propose that a novel population of pluripotent stem cells termed very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) may serve as an alternative, potential source of autologus gametes, keeping in mind that they are indeed PGCs surviving in adult mammalian ovaries and testes. Both VSELs and PGCs are pluripotent, relatively quiescent because of epigenetic modifications of parentally imprinted genes loci like Igf2-H19 and KCNQ1p57, share several markers like Stella, Fragilis, Mvh, Dppa2, Dppa4, Sall4, Blimp1 and functional receptors. VSELs are localized in the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules in testis and in the ovary surface epithelium. Ovarian stem cells from mouse, rabbit, sheep, marmoset and humans (menopausal women and those with premature ovarian failure) spontaneously differentiate into oocyte-like structures in vitro with no additional requirement of growth factors. Thus a more pragmatic option to obtain autologus gametes may be the pluripotent VSELs and if we could manipulate them in vivo - existing ethical and epigenetic/genetic concerns associated with in vitro culture may also be minimized. The field of oncofertility may undergo a sea-change and existing strategies of cryopreservation of gametes and gonadal tissue for fertility preservation in cancer patients will necessitate a revision. However, first the scientific community needs to arrive at a consensus about VSELs in the gonads and then work towards exploiting their potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhartiya
- />Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Indira Hinduja
- />Hinduja IVF Centre, PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mumbai, 400 016 India
| | - Hiren Patel
- />Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, 400 012 India
| | - Rashmi Bhilawadikar
- />Hinduja IVF Centre, PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mumbai, 400 016 India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ratajczak MZ, Marycz K, Poniewierska-Baran A, Fiedorowicz K, Zbucka-Kretowska M, Moniuszko M. Very small embryonic-like stem cells as a novel developmental concept and the hierarchy of the stem cell compartment. Adv Med Sci 2014; 59:273-80. [PMID: 25170822 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of stem cells suffers from a lack of precision, as the stem cell compartment is a broad continuum between early stages of development and adult postnatal tissues, and it is not fully understood how this transition occurs. The definition of stem cell pluripotency is adapted from embryology and excludes the possibility that some early-development stem cells with pluri- and/or multipotential differentiation potential may reside in postnatal tissues in a dormant state in which they are protected from uncontrolled proliferation and thus do not form teratomas or have the ability to complement blastocyst development. We will discuss the concept that a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) could be a link between early-development stages and adult stem cell compartments and reside in a quiescent state in adult tissues. The epigenetic mechanism identified that changes expression of certain genes involved in insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) in VSELs, on the one hand, keeps these cells quiescent in adult tissues and, on the other hand, provides a novel view of the stem cell compartment, IIS, tissue/organ rejuvenation, aging, and cancerogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw, Poland; Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Poniewierska-Baran
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Monika Zbucka-Kretowska
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Grymula K, Piotrowska K, Słuczanowska-Głąbowska S, Mierzejewska K, Tarnowski M, Tkacz M, Poniewierska-Baran A, Pędziwiatr D, Suszyńska E, Laszczyńska M, Ratajczak MZ. Positive effects of prolonged caloric restriction on the population of very small embryonic-like stem cells - hematopoietic and ovarian implications. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:68. [PMID: 24987461 PMCID: PMC4076763 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low calorie intake, or calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition, has been demonstrated in several animal species, including mice, to increase both median and maximum lifespan as well as delay reproductive senescence. Our previous work demonstrated a positive correlation between life span and the number of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in long living Laron dwarf mice. These animals have very low levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in peripheral blood (PB), maintain higher numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSPCs) in bone marrow (BM), and display prolonged fecundity compared with wild type littermates. Since CR lowers the level of IGF-1 in PB, we become interested in the effect of CR on the number of VSELs and HSPCs in BM as well as on the morphology of ovaries and testes. METHODS In our studies four-week-old female and male mice were subjected to CR by employing an alternate-day ad libitum feeding diet for a period of 9 months. RESULTS We observed that mice on CR had a higher number of BM-residing VSELs than control mice fed ad libitum. These changes correlated with higher numbers of HSPCs in BM, spleen, and peripheral blood (PB) as well as with an increase in the number of primordial and primary follicles in ovaries. At the same time, however, no changes were observed in the testes of mice under CR. CONCLUSION We conclude that CR positively affects the pool of VSELs in adult tissues and explains the positive effect of CR on longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grymula
- Department of Physiology at Pomeranian, Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology at Pomeranian, Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Tkacz
- Department of Physiology at Pomeranian, Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Daniel Pędziwiatr
- Department of Physiology at Pomeranian, Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Suszyńska
- Department of Physiology at Pomeranian, Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maria Laszczyńska
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Department of Physiology at Pomeranian, Medical University, Szczecin, Poland ; Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Suszynska M, Poniewierska-Baran A, Gunjal P, Ratajczak J, Marycz K, Kakar SS, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Expression of the erythropoietin receptor by germline-derived cells - further support for a potential developmental link between the germline and hematopoiesis. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:66. [PMID: 24982693 PMCID: PMC4074848 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expressing several markers of migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs), the rare population of quiescent, bone marrow (BM)-residing very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) can be specified like PGCs into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). These two properties of VSELs support the possibility of a developmental origin of HSPCs from migrating PGCs. METHODS To address a potential link between VSELs and germ line cells we analyzed by RT-PCR and FACS expression of erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) on murine bone marrow- and human umbilical cord blood-derived VSELs, murine and human teratocarcinoma cell lines and human ovarian cancer cells. A proper gating strategy and immunostaining excluded from FACS analysis potential contamination by erythroblasts. Furthermore, the transwell chemotaxis assays as well as adhesion and signaling studies were performed to demonstrate functionality of erythropoietin - EpoR axes on these cells. RESULTS We report here that murine and human VSELs as well as murine and human teratocarcinoma cell lines and ovarian cancer cell lines share a functional EpoR. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide more evidence of a potential developmental link between germline cells, VSELs, and HSCs and sheds more light on the developmental hierarchy of the stem cell compartment in adult tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agata Poniewierska-Baran
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Pranesh Gunjal
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Sham S Kakar
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Havens AM, Sun H, Shiozawa Y, Jung Y, Wang J, Mishra A, Jiang Y, O'Neill DW, Krebsbach PH, Rodgerson DO, Taichman RS. Human and murine very small embryonic-like cells represent multipotent tissue progenitors, in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:689-701. [PMID: 24372153 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the lineage progression of human and murine very small embryonic-like (HuVSEL or MuVSEL) cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, HuVSEL and MuVSEL cells differentiated into cells of all three embryonic germ layers. HuVSEL cells produced robust mineralized tissue of human origin compared with controls in calvarial defects. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the HuVSEL cells gave rise to neurons, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts within the calvarial defects. MuVSEL cells were also able to differentiate into similar lineages. First round serial transplants of MuVSEL cells into irradiated osseous sites demonstrated that ∼60% of the cells maintained their VSEL cell phenotype while other cells differentiated into multiple tissues at 3 months. Secondary transplants did not identify donor VSEL cells, suggesting limited self renewal but did demonstrate VSEL cell derivatives in situ for up to 1 year. At no point were teratomas identified. These studies show that VSEL cells produce multiple cellular structures in vivo and in vitro and lay the foundation for future cell-based regenerative therapies for osseous, neural, and connective tissue disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Havens
- 1 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan , School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang J, Guo X, Lui M, Chu PJ, Yoo J, Chang M, Yen Y. Identification of a distinct small cell population from human bone marrow reveals its multipotency in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85112. [PMID: 24465489 PMCID: PMC3894949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small stem cells, such as spore-like cells, blastomere-like stem cells (BLSCs), and very-small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) have been described in recent studies, although their multipotency in human tissues has not yet been confirmed. Here, we report the discovery of adult multipotent stem cells derived from human bone marrow, which we call StemBios (SB) cells. These isolated SB cells are smaller than 6 ìm and are DAPI+ and Lgr5+ (Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5). Because Lgr5 has been characterized as a stem cell marker in the intestine, we hypothesized that SB cells may have a similar function. In vivo cell tracking assays confirmed that SB cells give rise to three types of cells, and in vitro studies demonstrated that SB cells cultured in proprietary media are able to grow to 6–25 ìm in size. Once the SB cells have attached to the wells, they differentiate into different cell lineages upon exposure to specific differentiation media. We are the first to demonstrate that stem cells smaller than 6 ìm can differentiate both in vivo and in vitro. In the future, we hope that SB cells will be used therapeutically to cure degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Wang
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YY); (JW)
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Lui
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Pei-Ju Chu
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Yoo
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Megan Chang
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Yun Yen
- Board Member of the Scientific Advisory Board, StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YY); (JW)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Suszynska M, Zuba-Surma EK, Maj M, Mierzejewska K, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. The proper criteria for identification and sorting of very small embryonic-like stem cells, and some nomenclature issues. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:702-13. [PMID: 24299281 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that both murine and human adult tissues contain early-development stem cells with a broader differentiation potential than other adult monopotent stem cells. These cells, being pluripotent or multipotent, exist at different levels of specification and most likely represent overlapping populations of cells that, depending on the isolation strategy, ex vivo expansion protocol, and markers employed for their identification, have been given different names. In this review, we will discuss a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in the context of other stem cells that express pluripotent/multipotent markers isolated from adult tissues as well as review the most current, validated working criteria on how to properly identify and isolate these very rare cells. VSELs have been successfully purified in several laboratories; however, a few have failed to isolate them, which has raised some unnecessary controversy in the field. Therefore, in this short review, we will address the most important reasons that some investigators have experienced problems in isolating these very rare cells and discuss some still unresolved challenges which should be overcome before these cells can be widely employed in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Suszynska
- 1 Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shin DM, Suszynska M, Mierzejewska K, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ. Very small embryonic-like stem-cell optimization of isolation protocols: an update of molecular signatures and a review of current in vivo applications. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e56. [PMID: 24232255 PMCID: PMC3849570 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the theory of stem cell plasticity was first proposed, we have explored an alternative hypothesis for this phenomenon: namely that adult bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) contain more developmentally primitive cells than hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In support of this notion, using multiparameter sorting we were able to isolate small Sca1(+)Lin(-)CD45(-) cells and CD133(+)Lin(-)CD45(-) cells from murine BM and human UCB, respectively, which were further enriched for the detection of various early developmental markers such as the SSEA antigen on the surface and the Oct4 and Nanog transcription factors in the nucleus. Similar populations of cells have been found in various organs by our team and others, including the heart, brain and gonads. Owing to their primitive cellular features, such as the high nuclear/cytoplasm ratio and the presence of euchromatin, they are called very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs). In the appropriate in vivo models, VSELs differentiate into long-term repopulating HSCs, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), lung epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes and gametes. In this review, we discuss the most recent data from our laboratory and other groups regarding the optimal isolation procedures and describe the updated molecular characteristics of VSELs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kasia Mierzejewska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Room 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gallicano GI. Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells: Are They Real? Stem Cells Dev 2013:scd.2013.0454. [PMID: 24079658 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Ian Gallicano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) represent a real challenge in stem cell biology: recent pros and cons in the midst of a lively debate. Leukemia 2013; 28:473-84. [PMID: 24018851 PMCID: PMC3948156 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept that adult tissue, including bone marrow (BM), contains early-development cells with broader differentiation potential has again been recently challenged. In response, we would like to review the accumulated evidence from several independent laboratories that adult tissues, including BM, harbor a population of very rare stem cells that may cross germ layers in their differentiation potential. Thus, the BM stem cell compartment hierarchy needs to be revisited. These dormant, early-development cells that our group described as very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) most likely overlap with similar populations of stem cells that have been identified in adult tissues by other investigators as the result of various experimental strategies and have been given various names. As reported, murine VSELs have some pluripotent stem cell characteristics. Moreover, they display several epiblast/germline markers that suggest their embryonic origin and developmental deposition in adult BM. Moreover, at the molecular level, changes in expression of parentally imprinted genes (for example, Igf2–H19) and resistance to insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) regulates their quiescent state in adult tissues. In several emergency situations related to organ damage, VSELs can be activated and mobilized into peripheral blood, and in appropriate animal models they contribute to tissue organ/regeneration. Interestingly, their number correlates with lifespan in mice, and they may also be involved in some malignancies. VSELs have been successfully isolated in several laboratories; however, some investigators experience problems with their isolation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ratajczak MZ, Suszyńska M. Quo Vadis medycyno regeneracyjna?: Quo Vadis Regenerative Medicine? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 44:161-170. [PMID: 24068834 DOI: 10.1016/j.achaem.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There are presented the most important sources of pluripotent stem cells for potential application in the regenerative medicine. This review summarizes also advantages and disadvantages for potential application of these cells in clinical medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Katedra i Zakład Fizjologii Pomorskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego, Kierownik: prof. dr hab. n. med. Mariusz Z. Ratajczak, Szczecin, Polska
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kassmer SH, Krause DS. Very small embryonic-like cells: biology and function of these potential endogenous pluripotent stem cells in adult tissues. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 80:677-90. [PMID: 23440892 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Very small embryonic-like cells (VSELs), found in murine bone marrow and other adult tissues, are small, non-hematopoietic cells expressing markers of pluripotent embryonic and primordial germ cells. A similar cell type in humans has begun to be characterized, though with a slightly different phenotype and surface markers. Consistent with expression of pluripotency genes, murine VSELs differentiate into cell types from three germ-layer lineages in vitro, though pluripotency has yet to be shown at the single-cell level or in vivo. VSELs appear to be quiescent under steady state conditions, apparently due to partially erased imprinting and overexpression of cell cycle inhibitory genes. In vivo, VSELs can enter the cell cycle under stress conditions, but which factors regulate quiescence versus proliferation and self-renewal versus differentiation are as yet unknown, and in vitro conditions that induce proliferation and self-renewal have yet to be defined. Future experiments are needed to address whether a VSEL niche actively regulates quiescence in vivo or quiescence is cell autonomous under steady state conditions. Insights into these mechanisms may help to address whether or not VSELs could play a role in regenerative medicine in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah H Kassmer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tahimic CGT, Wang Y, Bikle DD. Anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:6. [PMID: 23382729 PMCID: PMC3563099 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton, emphasizing the requirement for IGF-1 signaling in normal bone formation and remodeling. We first discuss the genomic context, splicing variants, and species conservation of the IGF-1 locus. The modulation of IGF-1 action by growth hormone (GH) is then reviewed while also discussing the current model which takes into account the GH-independent actions of IGF-1. Next, the skeletal phenotypes of IGF-1-deficient animals are described in both embryonic and postnatal stages of development, which include severe dwarfism and an undermineralized skeleton. We then highlight two mechanisms by which IGF-1 exerts its anabolic action on the skeleton. Firstly, the role of IGF-1 signaling in the modulation of anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone will be discussed, presenting in vitro and in vivo studies that establish this concept and the proposed underlying molecular mechanisms involving Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and the ephrins. Secondly, the crosstalk of IGF-1 signaling with mechanosensing pathways will be discussed, beginning with the observation that animals subjected to skeletal unloading by hindlimb elevation are unable to mitigate cessation of bone growth despite infusion with IGF-1 and the failure of IGF-1 to activate its receptor in bone marrow stromal cell cultures from unloaded bone. Disrupted crosstalk between IGF-1 signaling and the integrin mechanotransduction pathways is discussed as one of the potential mechanisms for this IGF-1 resistance. Next, emerging paradigms on bone-muscle crosstalk are examined, focusing on the potential role of IGF-1 signaling in modulating such interactions. Finally, we present a future outlook on IGF research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel D. Bikle
- *Correspondence: Daniel D. Bikle, Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (111N), Department of Medicine, University of California, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|