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Thampi P, Dubey R, Lowney R, Adam EN, Janse S, Wood CL, MacLeod JN. Effect of Skeletal Paracrine Signals on the Proliferation of Interzone Cells. Cartilage 2021; 13:82S-94S. [PMID: 31023058 PMCID: PMC8804777 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519841680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Articular cartilage in mammals has limited intrinsic capacity to repair structural defects, a fact that contributes to the chronic and progressive nature of osteoarthritis. In contrast, Mexican axolotl salamanders have demonstrated the remarkable ability to spontaneously and completely repair large joint cartilage lesions, a healing process that involves interzone cells in the intraarticular space. Furthermore, interzone tissue transplanted into skeletal defects in the axolotl salamander demonstrates a multi-differentiation potential. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of this repair process remain unclear. The objective of this study was to examine whether paracrine mitogenic signals are an important variable in the interaction between interzone cells and the skeletal microenvironment. DESIGN The paracrine regulation of the proliferation of equine interzone cells was evaluated in an in vitro co-culture system. Cell viability and proliferation were measured in equine fetal interzone cells after exposure to conditioned medium from skeletal and nonskeletal primary cell lines. Steady-state expression was determined for genes encoding 37 putative mitogens secreted by cells that generated the conditioned medium. RESULTS All experimental groups of conditioned media elicited a mitogenic response in interzone cells. Fetal anlage chondrocytes (P < 0.0001) and dermal fibroblasts (P < 0.0001) conditioned medium showed a significantly higher mitogenic potential compared with interzone cells. Conditioned medium from bone marrow-derived cells elicited a significantly higher proliferative response relative to that from young adult articular chondrocytes (P < 0.0001) or dermal fibroblasts (P < 0.0001). Sixteen genes had expression patterns consistent with the functional proliferation assays. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a mitogenic effect of skeletal paracrine signals on interzone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Thampi
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rashmi Dubey
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rachael Lowney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emma N. Adam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarah Janse
- Department of Statistics, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Constance L. Wood
- Department of Statistics, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James N. MacLeod
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Hopkins T, Wright KT, Kuiper NJ, Roberts S, Jermin P, Gallacher P, Kuiper JH. An In Vitro System to Study the Effect of Subchondral Bone Health on Articular Cartilage Repair in Humans. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081903. [PMID: 34440671 PMCID: PMC8392168 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocyte-based cartilage repair strategies, such as articular chondrocyte implantation, are widely used, but few studies addressed the communication between native subchondral bone cells and the transplanted chondrocytes. An indirect co-culture model was developed, representing a chondrocyte/scaffold-construct repair of a cartilage defect adjoining bone, where the bone could have varying degrees of degeneration. Human BM-MSCs were isolated from two areas of subchondral bone in each of five osteochondral tissue specimens from five patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. These two areas underlaid the macroscopically and histologically best and worst cartilage, representing early and late-stage OA, respectively. BM-MSCs were co-cultured with normal chondrocytes suspended in agarose, with the two cell types separated by a porous membrane. After 0, 7, 14 and 21 days, chondrocyte-agarose scaffolds were assessed by gene expression and biochemical analyses, and the abundance of selected proteins in conditioned media was assessed by ELISA. Co-culture with late-OA BM-MSCs resulted in a reduction in GAG deposition and a decreased expression of genes encoding matrix-specific proteins (COL2A1 and ACAN), compared to culturing with early OA BM-MSCs. The concentration of TGF-β1 was significantly higher in the early OA conditioned media. The results of this study have clinical implications for cartilage repair, suggesting that the health of the subchondral bone may influence the outcomes of chondrocyte-based repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hopkins
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (K.T.W.); (N.J.K.); (S.R.); (P.J.); (P.G.); (J.H.K.)
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1691-404699
| | - Karina T. Wright
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (K.T.W.); (N.J.K.); (S.R.); (P.J.); (P.G.); (J.H.K.)
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Nicola J. Kuiper
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (K.T.W.); (N.J.K.); (S.R.); (P.J.); (P.G.); (J.H.K.)
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (K.T.W.); (N.J.K.); (S.R.); (P.J.); (P.G.); (J.H.K.)
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Paul Jermin
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (K.T.W.); (N.J.K.); (S.R.); (P.J.); (P.G.); (J.H.K.)
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Peter Gallacher
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (K.T.W.); (N.J.K.); (S.R.); (P.J.); (P.G.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Jan Herman Kuiper
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (K.T.W.); (N.J.K.); (S.R.); (P.J.); (P.G.); (J.H.K.)
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
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3
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Monaco G, El Haj AJ, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Ex Vivo Systems to Study Chondrogenic Differentiation and Cartilage Integration. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:E6. [PMID: 33466400 PMCID: PMC7838775 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury and repair is an issue of growing importance. Although common, defects of articular cartilage present a unique clinical challenge due to its poor self-healing capacity, which is largely due to its avascular nature. There is a critical need to better study and understand cellular healing mechanisms to achieve more effective therapies for cartilage regeneration. This article aims to describe the key features of cartilage which is being modelled using tissue engineered cartilage constructs and ex vivo systems. These models have been used to investigate chondrogenic differentiation and to study the mechanisms of cartilage integration into the surrounding tissue. The review highlights the key regeneration principles of articular cartilage repair in healthy and diseased joints. Using co-culture models and novel bioreactor designs, the basis of regeneration is aligned with recent efforts for optimal therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Monaco
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (G.M.); (M.A.)
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (G.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Martin J. Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (G.M.); (M.A.)
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
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4
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Chen YC, Chang YW, Tan KP, Shen YS, Wang YH, Chang CH. Can mesenchymal stem cells and their conditioned medium assist inflammatory chondrocytes recovery? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205563. [PMID: 30462647 PMCID: PMC6248915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common joint disease, affects more than 80% of the population aged 70 or over. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show multi-potent differentiation and self-renewal capability, and, after exposure to an inflammatory environment, also exhibit immunosuppressive properties. In this study, we have used a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated chondrocytes to evaluate MSC anti-inflammatory efficacy. The anti-inflammatory mechanism was tested in two cell-contained culture systems: (i) MSC-chondrocyte indirect contact system and (ii) MSC-chondrocyte direct contact system, and one cytokine-only culture system: MSC-conditioned medium (CM) system. Results showed that MSCs reduced chondrocyte inflammation through both paracrine secretion and cell-to-cell contact. The inflammation-associated, and free-radical-related genes were down-regulated significantly in the direct contact system on 24 h, however, the TNF-α. IL-6 were upregulated and aggrecan, COLII were downregulated on 72 h in direct contact system. Moreover, we found CM produced by MSC possess well therapeutic effect on inflammatory chondorcyte, and the 10-fold concentrated MSC-conditioned medium could down-regulated chondorcyte synthesis inflammation-associated, and free-radical-related genes, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS even treated for 72 h. In conclusion, MSC-CM showed great potential for MSC-based therapy for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C
- College of General Studies, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Mackay Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kinn Poay Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Shan Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yao-Horng Wang
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Hung Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cartilage tissue engineering has rapidly developed in recent decades, exhibiting promising potential to regenerate and repair cartilage. However, the origin of a large amount of a suitable seed cell source is the major bottleneck for the further clinical application of cartilage tissue engineering. The use of a monoculture of passaged chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells results in undesired outcomes, such as fibrocartilage formation and hypertrophy. In the last two decades, co-cultures of chondrocytes and a variety of mesenchymal stem cells have been intensively investigated in vitro and in vivo, shedding light on the perspective of co-culture in cartilage tissue engineering. AREAS COVERED We summarize the recent literature on the application of heterologous cell co-culture systems in cartilage tissue engineering and compare the differences between direct and indirect co-culture systems as well as discuss the underlying mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION Co-culture system is proven to address many issues encountered by monocultures in cartilage tissue engineering, including reducing the number of chondrocytes needed and alleviating the dedifferentiation of chondrocytes. With the further development and knowledge of biomaterials, cartilage tissue engineering that combines the co-culture system and advanced biomaterials is expected to solve the difficult problem regarding the regeneration of functional cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zou
- a Department of Joint Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong key laboratory of orthopaedic technology and implant materials , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Bo Bai
- a Department of Joint Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong key laboratory of orthopaedic technology and implant materials , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yongchang Yao
- a Department of Joint Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong key laboratory of orthopaedic technology and implant materials , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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6
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Xie X, Zhu J, Hu X, Dai L, Fu X, Zhang J, Duan X, Ao Y. A co-culture system of rat synovial stem cells and meniscus cells promotes cell proliferation and differentiation as compared to mono-culture. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7693. [PMID: 29769537 PMCID: PMC5955983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25709-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A meniscus tear often happens during active sports. It needs to be repaired or replaced surgically to avoid further damage to the articular cartilage. To address the shortage of autologous meniscal cells, we designed a co-culture system of synovial stem cells (SMSCs) and meniscal cells (MCs) to produce a large cell number and to maintain characteristics of MCs. Different ratios of SMSCs and MCs at 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 were tested. Mono-culture of SMSCs or MCs served as control groups. Proliferation and differentiation abilities were compared. The expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes in MCs was assessed using an ECM array to reveal the mechanism at the gene level. The co-culture system of SMSCs/MCs at the ratio of 1:3 showed better results than the control groups or those at other ratios. This co-culture system may be a promising strategy for meniscus repair with tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xie
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxian Zhu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Linghui Dai
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Duan
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Armiento AR, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Eglin D. Biomaterials for articular cartilage tissue engineering: Learning from biology. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:1-20. [PMID: 29128537 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is commonly described as a tissue that is made of up to 80% water, is devoid of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and is populated by only one cell type, the chondrocyte. At first glance, an easy tissue for clinicians to repair and for scientists to reproduce in a laboratory. Yet, chondral and osteochondral defects currently remain an open challenge in orthopedics and tissue engineering of the musculoskeletal system, without considering osteoarthritis. Why do we fail in repairing and regenerating articular cartilage? Behind its simple and homogenous appearance, articular cartilage hides a heterogeneous composition, a high level of organisation and specific biomechanical properties that, taken together, make articular cartilage a unique material that we are not yet able to repair or reproduce with high fidelity. This review highlights the available therapies for cartilage repair and retraces the research on different biomaterials developed for tissue engineering strategies. Their potential to recreate the structure, including composition and organisation, as well as the function of articular cartilage, intended as cell microenvironment and mechanically competent replacement, is described. A perspective of the limitations of the current research is given in the light of the emerging technologies supporting tissue engineering of articular cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The mechanical properties of articular tissue reflect its functionally organised composition and the recreation of its structure challenges the success of in vitro and in vivo reproduction of the native cartilage. Tissue engineering and biomaterials science have revolutionised the way scientists approach the challenge of articular cartilage repair and regeneration by introducing the concept of the interdisciplinary approach. The clinical translation of the current approaches are not yet fully successful, but promising results are expected from the emerging and developing new generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Armiento
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - M J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland; University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - D Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
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8
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Khurshid M, Mulet-Sierra A, Adesida A, Sen A. Osteoarthritic human chondrocytes proliferate in 3D co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells in suspension bioreactors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1418-e1432. [PMID: 28752579 DOI: 10.1002/term.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful disease, characterized by progressive surface erosion of articular cartilage. The use of human articular chondrocytes (hACs) sourced from OA patients has been proposed as a potential therapy for cartilage repair, but this approach is limited by the lack of scalable methods to produce clinically relevant quantities of cartilage-generating cells. Previous studies in static culture have shown that hACs co-cultured with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as 3D pellets can upregulate proliferation and generate neocartilage with enhanced functional matrix formation relative to that produced from either cell type alone. However, because static culture flasks are not readily amenable to scale up, scalable suspension bioreactors were investigated to determine if they could support the co-culture of hMSCs and OA hACs under serum-free conditions to facilitate clinical translation of this approach. When hACs and hMSCs (1:3 ratio) were inoculated at 20,000 cells/ml into 125-ml suspension bioreactors and fed weekly, they spontaneously formed 3D aggregates and proliferated, resulting in a 4.75-fold increase over 16 days. Whereas the apparent growth rate was lower than that achieved during co-culture as a 2D monolayer in static culture flasks, bioreactor co-culture as 3D aggregates resulted in a significantly lower collagen I to II mRNA expression ratio and more than double the glycosaminoglycan/DNA content (5.8 vs. 2.5 μg/μg). The proliferation of hMSCs and hACs as 3D aggregates in serum-free suspension culture demonstrates that scalable bioreactors represent an accessible platform capable of supporting the generation of clinical quantities of cells for use in cell-based cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Khurshid
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Aillette Mulet-Sierra
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Adetola Adesida
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Xu L, Wu Y, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Ye Z, Tan WS. Non-contact Coculture Reveals a Comprehensive Response of Chondrocytes Induced by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Trophic Secretion. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 15:37-48. [PMID: 30603533 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coculture between mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes has significant implications in cartilage regeneration. However, a conclusive understanding remains elusive. Previously, we reported that rabbit bone marrow-derived MSCs (rbBMSCs) could downregulate the differentiated phenotype of rabbit articular chondrocytes (rbACs) in a non-contact coculture system for the first time. In the present study, a systemic investigation was performed to understand the biological characteristics of chondrocytes in coculture with MSCs. Firstly, cells (MSCs and chondrocytes) from different origins were cocultured in transwell system. Different chondrocytes, when cocultured with different MSCs respectively, consistently demonstrated stimulated proliferation, transformed morphology and declined glycosaminoglycan secretion of chondrocytes. Next, cell surface molecules and the global gene expression of rbACs were characterized. It was found that cocultured rbACs showed a distinct surface molecule profile and global gene expression compared to both dedifferentiated rbACs and rbBMSCs. In the end, cocultured rbACs were passaged and induced to undergo the chondrogenic redifferentiation. Better growth and chondrogenesis ability were confirmed compared with control cells without coculture. Together, chondrocytes display comprehensive changes in coculture with MSCs and the cocultured rbACs are beneficial for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237 People's Republic of China
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10
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Paracrine Potential of the Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells to Modulate Balance between Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in the Osteoarthritic Cartilage In Vitro. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:9542702. [PMID: 28819366 PMCID: PMC5551534 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9542702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue represents an abundant source of stem cells. Along with anti-inflammatory effects, ASC secrete various factors that may modulate metabolism of extracellular matrix in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, suggesting that the presence of ASC could be advantageous for OA cartilage due to the recovery of homeostasis between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). To evaluate these effects, cartilage explants (CE) were cocultured with ASC for 3 and 7 days under stimulation with or without IL-1β. The pattern of gene expression in CE was modified by ASC, including the upregulation of COL1A1 and COL3A1 and the downregulation of MMP13 and COL10A1. The production of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 by ASC was not significant; moreover, cocultures with ASC reduced MMP-13 production in CE. In conclusion, active production of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, IL-6, IL-8, and gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 by ASC may be involved in the extracellular matrix remodelling, as indicated by the altered expression of collagens, the downregulated production of MMP-13, and the reduced chondrocyte apoptosis in the cocultured CE. These data suggest that ASC modulated homeostasis of MMPs/TIMPs in degenerated OA cartilage in vitro and might be favourable in case of the intra-articular application of ASC therapy for the treatment of OA.
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11
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Xu L, Wu Y, Xiong Z, Zhou Y, Ye Z, Tan WS. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reshape and Provoke Proliferation of Articular Chondrocytes by Paracrine Secretion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32705. [PMID: 27596239 PMCID: PMC5011711 DOI: 10.1038/srep32705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coculture between mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and articular chondrocytes (ACs) represents a promising strategy for cartilage regeneration. This study aimed at elaborating how ACs were regulated by MSCs. Rabbit ACs (rACs) and rabbit MSCs (rMSCs) were seeded separately in a Transwell system to initiate non-contact coculture in growth medium without chondrogenic factors. Cell morphology, cell proliferation, production of extracellular matrix (ECM), and gene expression of rACs were characterized. Upon coculture, rACs underwent a morphological transition from a rounded or polygonal shape into a fibroblast-like one and proliferation was provoked simultaneously. Such effects were dependent on the amount of rMSCs. Along with these changes, ECM production and gene expression of rACs were also perturbed. Importantly, when a ROCK inhibitor (Y27632) was supplemented to coculture, the effects except that on cell proliferation were inhibited, suggesting the involvement of RhoA/ROCK signaling. By applying an inhibitor (BIBF1120) of VEGFR1/2/3, FGFR1/2/3 and PDGFRα/β in coculture, or supplementing FGF-1, VEGF-A and PDGFbb in monoculture, it was confirmed that the paracrine factors by rMSCs mediated the compounding effects on rACs. These findings shed light on MSCs-ACs interactions and might confer an insight view on cell-based cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhimiao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Chen M, Xu L, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Lang M, Ye Z, Tan WS. Poly(ε-caprolactone)-based substrates bearing pendant small chemical groups as a platform for systemic investigation of chondrogenesis. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:512-22. [PMID: 27364032 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physiochemical properties of biomaterials play critical roles in dictating types of cell behaviour. In this study, a series of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-derived polymers bearing different small chemical groups was employed as a platform to evaluate chondrogenesis of different cell types. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thin films were prepared by spin-coating PCL derivatives. Rabbit articular chondrocytes (rACs) and rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were seeded on to the films, and cell adhesion, proliferation, extracellular matrix production and gene expression were evaluated. RESULTS The presence of hydrophilic groups (-NH2 , -COOH, -OH and -C=O) promoted adhesion and proliferation of primary rACs and rMSCs. On these polymeric films, chondrogenesis of primary rACs depended on culture time. For passaged cells, re-differentiation was induced on these films by chondrogenic induction, but less for cells of passage 5 compared to passage 3. While films with hydrophilic groups favoured chondrocytic gene expression of both types of passaged cells, production of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was similar for those of passage 3 on all films, and PCL-CH3 film better supported GAG production for cells of passage 5. Under chondrogenic conditions, rMSCs were more efficient at GAG production on PCL and PCL-NH2 films. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that different cells displayed distinct responses to substrate surface chemistry, implying that cell-biomaterial interactions can be developmental stage dependent. This provides a novel perspective for developing biomaterials for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Meidong Lang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Xu F, Xu L, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Ye Z, Tan WS. A three-dimensional dynamic coculture system enabling facile cell separation for chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Ruiz M, Cosenza S, Maumus M, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 16:33-42. [PMID: 26413975 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1093108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by cartilage degradation and subchondral bone alterations. This disease represents a global public health problem whose prevalence is rapidly growing with the increasing aging of the population. With the discovery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) as possible therapeutic agents, their potential for repairing cartilage damage in OA is under investigation. AREAS COVERED Characterization of MSCs and their functional properties are mentioned with an insight into their trophic function and secretory profile. We present a special focus on the types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced by MSCs and their role in the paracrine activity of MSCs. We then discuss the therapeutic approaches that have been evaluated in pre-clinical models of OA and the results coming out from the clinical trials in patients with OA. EXPERT OPINION MSC-based therapy seems a promising approach for the treatment of patients with OA. Further research is still needed to demonstrate their efficacy in clinical trials using controlled, prospective studies. However, the emergence of MSC-derived EVs as possible therapeutic agents could be an alternative to cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Ruiz
- a 1 Inserm, U1183, CHRU Saint Eloi, Hôpital Saint-Eloi , 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34295, France +33 4 67 33 04 73 ; +33 4 67 33 01 13 ; .,b 2 Université Montpellier, UFR de Médecine , Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Stella Cosenza
- a 1 Inserm, U1183, CHRU Saint Eloi, Hôpital Saint-Eloi , 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34295, France +33 4 67 33 04 73 ; +33 4 67 33 01 13 ; .,b 2 Université Montpellier, UFR de Médecine , Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Marie Maumus
- a 1 Inserm, U1183, CHRU Saint Eloi, Hôpital Saint-Eloi , 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34295, France +33 4 67 33 04 73 ; +33 4 67 33 01 13 ; .,b 2 Université Montpellier, UFR de Médecine , Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- a 1 Inserm, U1183, CHRU Saint Eloi, Hôpital Saint-Eloi , 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34295, France +33 4 67 33 04 73 ; +33 4 67 33 01 13 ; .,b 2 Université Montpellier, UFR de Médecine , Montpellier, F-34000, France.,c 3 Hôpital Lapeyronie, Service d'immuno-Rhumatologie , Montpellier, F-34295, France
| | - Danièle Noël
- a 1 Inserm, U1183, CHRU Saint Eloi, Hôpital Saint-Eloi , 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34295, France +33 4 67 33 04 73 ; +33 4 67 33 01 13 ; .,b 2 Université Montpellier, UFR de Médecine , Montpellier, F-34000, France.,c 3 Hôpital Lapeyronie, Service d'immuno-Rhumatologie , Montpellier, F-34295, France
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15
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Mesallati T, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Engineering cartilaginous grafts using chondrocyte-laden hydrogels supported by a superficial layer of stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1343-1353. [PMID: 26010516 DOI: 10.1002/term.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During postnatal joint development, progenitor cells that reside in the superficial region of articular cartilage first drive the rapid growth of the tissue and later help direct the formation of mature hyaline cartilage. These developmental processes may provide directions for the optimal structuring of co-cultured chondrocytes (CCs) and multipotent stromal/stem cells (MSCs) required for engineering cartilaginous tissues. The objective of this study was to engineer cartilage grafts by recapitulating aspects of joint development where a population of superficial progenitor cells drives the development of the tissue. To this end, MSCs were either self-assembled on top of CC-laden agarose gels (structured co-culture) or were mixed with CCs before being embedded in an agarose hydrogel (mixed co-culture). Porcine infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells (FPSCs) and bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) were used as sources of progenitor cells. The DNA, sGAG and collagen content of a mixed co-culture of FPSCs and CCs was found to be lower than the combined content of two control hydrogels seeded with CCs and FPSCs only. In contrast, a mixed co-culture of BMSCs and CCs led to increased proliferation and sGAG and collagen accumulation. Of note was the finding that a structured co-culture, at the appropriate cell density, led to greater sGAG accumulation than a mixed co-culture for both MSC sources. In conclusion, assembling MSCs onto CC-laden hydrogels dramatically enhances the development of the engineered tissue, with the superficial layer of progenitor cells driving CC proliferation and cartilage ECM production, mimicking certain aspects of developing cartilage. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mesallati
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor T Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
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16
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Morita Y, Yamamoto S, Ju Y. Development of a new co-culture system, the "separable-close co-culture system," to enhance stem-cell-to-chondrocyte differentiation. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1911-8. [PMID: 25994581 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a new co-culture system, the separable-close co-culture system, to replace the indirect co-culture system which analyzes cellular interactions between two groups of cells with each type being cultured separately and also the direct co-culture system where the two cell types are cultured together. RESULTS The new system not only achieved effective cellular interactions but also allowed the effect that one group of cells has on another group of cells to be evaluated. We performed co-culturing of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human articular chondrocytes using the new system. The new system made it possible to assess separately the effects of one group of cells on the other cell type, as in the indirect co-culture system. Furthermore, the new system rivaled or surpassed other co-culture systems in terms of the chondrogenic gene expression. CONCLUSION The new co-culture system is effective in terms of assessing gene expression in two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Morita
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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17
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Juhász T, Helgadottir SL, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R. PACAP and VIP signaling in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Peptides 2015; 66:51-7. [PMID: 25701761 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development is a complex process regulated by multifactorial signaling cascades that govern proper tissue specific cell differentiation and matrix production. The influence of certain regulatory peptides on cartilage or bone development can be predicted but are not widely studied. In this review, we aimed to assemble and overview those signaling pathways which are modulated by PACAP and VIP neuropeptides and are involved in cartilage and bone formation. We discuss recent experimental data suggesting broad spectrum functions of these neuropeptides in osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, including the canonical downstream targets of PACAP and VIP receptors, PKA or MAPK pathways, which are key regulators of chondro- and osteogenesis. Recent experimental data support the hypothesis that PACAP is a positive regulator of chondrogenesis, while VIP has been reported playing an important role in the inflammatory reactions of surrounding joint tissues. Regulatory function of PACAP and VIP in bone development has also been proved, although the source of the peptides is not obvious. Crosstalk and collateral connections of the discussed signaling mechanisms make the system complicated and may obscure the pure effects of VIP and PACAP. Chondro-protective properties of PACAP during oxidative stress observed in our experiments indicate a possible therapeutic application of this neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Solveig Lind Helgadottir
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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18
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Madeira C, Santhagunam A, Salgueiro JB, Cabral JM. Advanced cell therapies for articular cartilage regeneration. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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3D dynamic culture of rabbit articular chondrocytes encapsulated in alginate gel beads using spinner flasks for cartilage tissue regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:539789. [PMID: 25506593 PMCID: PMC4260432 DOI: 10.1155/2014/539789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy using chondrocytes for cartilage repair suffers from chondrocyte dedifferentiation. In the present study, the effects of an integrated three-dimensional and dynamic culture on rabbit articular chondrocytes were investigated. Cells (passages 1 and 4) were encapsulated in alginate gel beads and cultured in spinner flasks in chondrogenic and chondrocyte growth media. Subcutaneous implantation of the cell-laden beads was performed to evaluate the ectopic chondrogenesis. It was found that cells remained viable after 35 days in the three-dimensional dynamic culture. Passage 1 cells demonstrated a proliferative growth in both media. Passage 4 cells showed a gradual reduction in DNA content in growth medium, which was attenuated in chondrogenic medium. Deposition of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was found in all cultures. While passage 1 cells generally produced higher amounts of GAG than passage 4 cells, GAG/DNA became similar on day 35 for both cells in growth media. Interestingly, GAG/DNA in growth medium was greater than that in chondrogenic medium for both cells. Based on GAG quantification and gene expression analysis, encapsulated passage 1 cells cultured in growth medium displayed the best ectopic chondrogenesis. Taken together, the three-dimensional and dynamic culture for chondrocytes holds great potential in cartilage regeneration.
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20
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Levato R, Visser J, Planell JA, Engel E, Malda J, Mateos-Timoneda MA. Biofabrication of tissue constructs by 3D bioprinting of cell-laden microcarriers. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035020. [PMID: 25048797 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting allows the fabrication of living constructs with custom-made architectures by spatially controlled deposition of multiple bioinks. This is important for the generation of tissue, such as osteochondral tissue, which displays a zonal composition in the cartilage domain supported by the underlying subchondral bone. Challenges in fabricating functional grafts of clinically relevant size include the incorporation of cues to guide specific cell differentiation and the generation of sufficient cells, which is hard to obtain with conventional cell culture techniques. A novel strategy to address these demands is to combine bioprinting with microcarrier technology. This technology allows for the extensive expansion of cells, while they form multi-cellular aggregates, and their phenotype can be controlled. In this work, living constructs were fabricated via bioprinting of cell-laden microcarriers. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-laden polylactic acid microcarriers, obtained via static culture or spinner flask expansion, were encapsulated in gelatin methacrylamide-gellan gum bioinks, and the printability of the composite material was studied. This bioprinting approach allowed for the fabrication of constructs with high cell concentration and viability. Microcarrier encapsulation improved the compressive modulus of the hydrogel constructs, facilitated cell adhesion, and supported osteogenic differentiation and bone matrix deposition by MSCs. Bilayered osteochondral models were fabricated using microcarrier-laden bioink for the bone compartment. These findings underscore the potential of this new microcarrier-based biofabrication approach for bone and osteochondral constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Levato
- Biomaterials for regenerative therapies group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain. CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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21
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Hubka KM, Dahlin RL, Meretoja VV, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Enhancing chondrogenic phenotype for cartilage tissue engineering: monoculture and coculture of articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:641-54. [PMID: 24834484 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage exhibits an inherently low rate of regeneration. Consequently, damage to articular cartilage often requires surgical intervention. However, existing treatments generally result in the formation of fibrocartilage tissue, which is inferior to native articular cartilage. As a result, cartilage engineering strategies seek to repair or replace damaged cartilage with an engineered tissue that restores full functionality to the impaired joint. These strategies often involve the use of chondrocytes, yet in vitro expansion and culture can lead to undesirable changes in chondrocyte phenotype. This review focuses on the use of articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in either monoculture or coculture for the enhancement of chondrogenesis. Coculture strategies increasingly outperform their monoculture counterparts with regard to chondrogenesis and present unique opportunities to attain chondrocyte phenotype stability in vitro. Methods to prevent chondrocyte dedifferentiation and promote chondrocyte redifferentiation as well as to promote the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs while preventing MSC hypertrophy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsea M Hubka
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas
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22
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Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-based Strategies for Cartilage Repair and Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:686-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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de Windt TS, Hendriks JAA, Zhao X, Vonk LA, Creemers LB, Dhert WJA, Randolph MA, Saris DBF. Concise review: unraveling stem cell cocultures in regenerative medicine: which cell interactions steer cartilage regeneration and how? Stem Cells Transl Med 2014. [PMID: 24763684 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage damage and osteoarthritis (OA) impose an important burden on society, leaving both young, active patients and older patients disabled and affecting quality of life. In particular, cartilage injury not only imparts acute loss of function but also predisposes to OA. The increase in knowledge of the consequences of these diseases and the exponential growth in research of regenerative medicine have given rise to different treatment types. Of these, cell-based treatments are increasingly applied because they have the potential to regenerate cartilage, treat symptoms, and ultimately prevent or delay OA. Although these approaches give promising results, they require a costly in vitro cell culture procedure. The answer may lie in single-stage procedures that, by using cell combinations, render in vitro expansion redundant. In the last two decades, cocultures of cartilage cells and a variety of (mesenchymal) stem cells have shown promising results as different studies report cartilage regeneration in vitro and in vivo. However, there is considerable debate regarding the mechanisms and cellular interactions that lead to chondrogenesis in these models. This review, which included 52 papers, provides a systematic overview of the data presented in the literature and tries to elucidate the mechanisms that lead to chondrogenesis in stem cell cocultures with cartilage cells. It could serve as a basis for research groups and clinicians aiming at designing and implementing combined cellular technologies for single-stage cartilage repair and treatment or prevention of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy S de Windt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine A A Hendriks
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Randolph
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel B F Saris
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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24
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de Windt TS, Hendriks JAA, Zhao X, Vonk LA, Creemers LB, Dhert WJA, Randolph MA, Saris DBF. Concise review: unraveling stem cell cocultures in regenerative medicine: which cell interactions steer cartilage regeneration and how? Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:723-33. [PMID: 24763684 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage damage and osteoarthritis (OA) impose an important burden on society, leaving both young, active patients and older patients disabled and affecting quality of life. In particular, cartilage injury not only imparts acute loss of function but also predisposes to OA. The increase in knowledge of the consequences of these diseases and the exponential growth in research of regenerative medicine have given rise to different treatment types. Of these, cell-based treatments are increasingly applied because they have the potential to regenerate cartilage, treat symptoms, and ultimately prevent or delay OA. Although these approaches give promising results, they require a costly in vitro cell culture procedure. The answer may lie in single-stage procedures that, by using cell combinations, render in vitro expansion redundant. In the last two decades, cocultures of cartilage cells and a variety of (mesenchymal) stem cells have shown promising results as different studies report cartilage regeneration in vitro and in vivo. However, there is considerable debate regarding the mechanisms and cellular interactions that lead to chondrogenesis in these models. This review, which included 52 papers, provides a systematic overview of the data presented in the literature and tries to elucidate the mechanisms that lead to chondrogenesis in stem cell cocultures with cartilage cells. It could serve as a basis for research groups and clinicians aiming at designing and implementing combined cellular technologies for single-stage cartilage repair and treatment or prevention of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy S de Windt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine A A Hendriks
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Randolph
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel B F Saris
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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25
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Lai JH, Kajiyama G, Smith RL, Maloney W, Yang F. Stem cells catalyze cartilage formation by neonatal articular chondrocytes in 3D biomimetic hydrogels. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3553. [PMID: 24352100 PMCID: PMC6506564 DOI: 10.1038/srep03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage loss is a leading cause of disability among adults and effective therapy remains elusive. Neonatal chondrocytes (NChons) are an attractive allogeneic cell source for cartilage repair, but their clinical translation has been hindered by scarce donor availability. Here we examine the potential for catalyzing cartilage tissue formation using a minimal number of NChons by co-culturing them with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in 3D hydrogels. Using three different co-culture models, we demonstrated that the effects of co-culture on cartilage tissue formation are dependent on the intercellular distance and cell distribution in 3D. Unexpectedly, increasing ADSC ratio in mixed co-culture led to increased synergy between NChons and ADSCs, and resulted in the formation of large neocartilage nodules. This work raises the potential of utilizing stem cells to catalyze tissue formation by neonatal chondrocytes via paracrine signaling, and highlights the importance of controlling cell distribution in 3D matrices to achieve optimal synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice H Lai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Glen Kajiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Robert Lane Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William Maloney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- 1] Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Wu L, Leijten J, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Fibroblast growth factor-1 is a mesenchymal stromal cell-secreted factor stimulating proliferation of osteoarthritic chondrocytes in co-culture. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2356-67. [PMID: 23557133 PMCID: PMC3749707 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in co-culture with primary chondrocytes secrete soluble factors that increase chondrocyte proliferation. The objective of this study is to identify these factors. Human primary chondrocytes (hPCs) isolated from late-stage osteoarthritis patients were co-cultured with human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) in pellets. Genome-wide mRNA expression analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) were used to identify soluble factors that were specifically induced in co-cultures. Immunofluorescent staining combined with cell tracking and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to validate up-regulation at the protein level and to identify the cellular origin of the increased proteins. Chemical blockers and neutralizing antibodies were used to elucidate the role of the identified candidate genes in co-cultures. A number of candidate factors were differentially regulated in co-cultures at the mRNA level. Of these, fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) mRNA and protein expression were markedly increased in co-cultures predominantly due to up-regulated expression in MSCs. Blocking of FGF signaling in co-culture pellets by specific FGF receptor inhibitors or FGF-1 neutralizing antibodies completely blocked hPCs proliferation. We demonstrate that MSCs increase FGF-1 secretion on co-culture with hPCs, which, in turn, is responsible for increased hPCs proliferation in pellet co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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