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Su Y, Li X, Zhao J, Ji B, Zhao X, Feng J, Zhao J. Guanidinoacetic acid ameliorates hepatic steatosis and inflammation and promotes white adipose tissue browning in middle-aged mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Food Funct 2024; 15:4515-4526. [PMID: 38567805 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05201j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that plays a critical role in energy metabolism. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has emerged supporting the importance of GAA in metabolic dysfunction. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effects of GAA on hepatic and adipose tissue metabolism, as well as systemic inflammatory responses in obese middle-aged mice models and attempted to explore the underlying mechanism. We found that dietary supplementation of GAA inhibited inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) hypertrophy in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. In addition, GAA supplementation observably decreased the levels of some systemic inflammatory factors, including IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Intriguingly, GAA supplementation ameliorated hepatic steatosis and lipid deposition in HFD-fed mice, which was revealed by decreased levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, PPARγ, SREBP-1c, FASN, ACC, FABP1, and APOB and increased levels of HDL-C in the liver. Moreover, GAA supplementation increased the expression of browning markers and mitochondrial-related genes in the iWAT. Further investigation showed that dietary GAA promoted the browning of the iWAT via activating the AMPK/Sirt1 signaling pathway and might be associated with futile creatine cycling in obese mice. These results indicate that GAA has the potential to be used as an effective ingredient in dietary interventions and thus may play an important role in ameliorating and preventing HFD-induced obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Su
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Resource Utilization and Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China
| | - Xinrui Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China.
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China.
| | - Bingzhen Ji
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China.
| | - Jinxin Feng
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China.
| | - Junxing Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Resource Utilization and Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China
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Radheshyam, Gauniya P, Semalty M, Semalty A. Antiobesity Drug Discovery Research: In vitro Models for Shortening the Drug Discovery Pipeline. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:388-403. [PMID: 38500275 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501289136240312060838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global health problem, leading to various chronic diseases. Despite standard treatment options, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, emphasizing the need for new drugs. in vitro methods of drug discovery research provide a time and cost-saving platform to identify new antiobesity drugs. The review covers various aspects of obesity and drug discovery research using in vitro models. Besides discussing causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, the review focuses on the advantages and limitations of in vitro studies and exhaustively covers models based on enzymes and cell lines from different animal species and humans. In contrast to conventional in vivo animal investigations, in vitro preclinical tests using enzyme- and cell line-based assays provide several advantages in development of antiobesity drugs. These methods are quick, affordable, and provide high-throughput screening. They can also yield insightful information about drug-target interactions, modes of action, and toxicity profiles. By shedding light on the factors that lead to obesity, in vitro tests can also present a chance for personalized therapy. Technology will continue to evolve, leading to the creation of more precise and trustworthy in vitro assays, which will become more and more crucial in the search for novel antiobesity medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radheshyam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priyanka Gauniya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mona Semalty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ajay Semalty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India
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Zhao JM, Li FQY, Li XY, Jiao DR, Liu XD, Lv XY, Zhao JX. Guanidinoacetic Acid Attenuates Adipogenesis through Regulation of miR-133a in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3108. [PMID: 37835715 PMCID: PMC10571753 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is an amino acid derivative, previously described in the skeletal muscle of vertebrates, that serves as an important regulator of cellular bioenergetics and has been widely used as a feed additive. Nevertheless, the effect of GAA on adipose tissue growth remains unclear. Here, we hypothesized that dietary GAA negatively affected adipose tissue development in lambs. Lambs were individually fed diets with (0.09%) or without GAA for 70 d ad libitum, and the subcutaneous adipose tissues were sampled for analysis. The results showed that dietary GAA supplementation decreased the girth rib (GR) value (p < 0.01) of lamb carcasses. Both real-time PCR and Western blot analysis suggested that dietary GAA inhibited the expression of adipogenic markers, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ, p < 0.05), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα, p < 0.01) and sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1C, p < 0.01) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. In vitro, GAA inhibited sheep stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell proliferation, which was associated with downregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, p < 0.05), cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK 4, p < 0.05) and cyclin D1 (p < 0.01). GAA suppressed adipogenesis of SVF cells. Furthermore, miRNA sequencing revealed that GAA affected the miRNA expression profile, and real-time PCR analysis confirmed that miR-133a expression in both subcutaneous adipose tissue and SVF cell was downregulated by GAA. Meanwhile, miR-133a promoted adipogenic differentiation of SVF cells by targeting Sirt1. miR-133a mimics alleviated the inhibitory effect of GAA on SVF cells' adipogenic differentiation. In summary, GAA attenuated adipogenesis of sheep SVF cells, which might occur through miR-133a-modulated Sirt1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China (X.-Y.L.); (D.-R.J.)
| | - Fan-Qin-Yu Li
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China (X.-Y.L.); (D.-R.J.)
| | - Xv-Ying Li
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China (X.-Y.L.); (D.-R.J.)
| | - Dan-Rong Jiao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China (X.-Y.L.); (D.-R.J.)
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xiao-Yang Lv
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun-Xing Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China (X.-Y.L.); (D.-R.J.)
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Kowalczyk M, Piwowarski JP, Wardaszka A, Średnicka P, Wójcicki M, Juszczuk-Kubiak E. Application of In Vitro Models for Studying the Mechanisms Underlying the Obesogenic Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) as Food Contaminants-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021083. [PMID: 36674599 PMCID: PMC9866663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) belong to the group of environmental contaminants, which can adversely affect human health. A growing body of evidence supports that chronic exposure to EDCs can contribute to a rapid increase in obesity among adults and children, especially in wealthy industrialized countries with a high production of widely used industrial chemicals such as plasticizers (bisphenols and phthalates), parabens, flame retardants, and pesticides. The main source of human exposure to obesogenic EDCs is through diet, particularly with the consumption of contaminated food such as meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, milk, and dairy products. EDCs can promote obesity by stimulating adipo- and lipogenesis of target cells such as adipocytes and hepatocytes, disrupting glucose metabolism and insulin secretion, and impacting hormonal appetite/satiety regulation. In vitro models still play an essential role in investigating potential environmental obesogens. The review aimed to provide information on currently available two-dimensional (2D) in vitro animal and human cell models applied for studying the mechanisms of obesogenic action of various industrial chemicals such as food contaminants. The advantages and limitations of in vitro models representing the crucial endocrine tissue (adipose tissue) and organs (liver and pancreas) involved in the etiology of obesity and metabolic diseases, which are applied to evaluate the effects of obesogenic EDCs and their disruption activity, were thoroughly and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kowalczyk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub P. Piwowarski
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.P.P.); (E.J.-K.)
| | - Artur Wardaszka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Średnicka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wójcicki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.P.P.); (E.J.-K.)
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He Y, Wu Y, Mei B, Fang X, Cai G, Cai N, Wu Q, Huang Z, Ge C, Liang H, Zhang B, Chen X, Chu L. A small nucleolar RNA, SNORD126, promotes adipogenesis in cells and rats by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3001-3014. [PMID: 32960468 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) plays important role in various histogenesis. Whether snoRNA plays a role in adipogenesis is unknown. SNORD126 is a C/D box snoRNA. We previously demonstrated that SNORD126 promoted hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (Akt) pathway through upregulating fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 expression. In the present study, we found that the expression of SNORD126 was downregulated in the obesity-related tissues in high-fat diet-fed rats. Overexpression of SNORD126 in 3T3-L1 cells promoted adipocytes differentiation. SNORD126 significantly increased the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, fatty acid-binding protein 4, peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-γ, and the phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K. Overexpression of SNORD126 in human adipose-derived stem cells stimulated adipogenesis and increased phosphorylation of Akt. Meanwhile, SNORD126 increased the messenger RNA and protein levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2, which promoted mitotic clonal expansion progression during the early stage of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. We further found that SNORD126 accelerated the growth of the groin fat pad and increased phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K in rats. Overall, our results suggested that SNORD126 promoted adipocyte differentiation through increasing phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Mei
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianlong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhen Cai
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Cai
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Ge
- Department of Nephrology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Current Evidence and Possible Future Applications of Creatine Supplementation for Older Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030745. [PMID: 33652673 PMCID: PMC7996960 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as age-related reduction in muscle mass, strength, and physical performance, is associated with other age-related health conditions such as osteoporosis, osteosarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, physical frailty, and cachexia. From a healthy aging perspective, lifestyle interventions that may help overcome characteristics and associated comorbidities of sarcopenia are clinically important. One possible intervention is creatine supplementation (CR). Accumulating research over the past few decades shows that CR, primarily when combined with resistance training (RT), has favourable effects on aging muscle, bone and fat mass, muscle and bone strength, and tasks of physical performance in healthy older adults. However, research is very limited regarding the efficacy of CR in older adults with sarcopenia or osteoporosis and no research exists in older adults with osteosarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, physical frailty, or cachexia. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is (1) to evaluate and summarize current research involving CR, with and without RT, on properties of muscle and bone in older adults and (2) to provide a rationale and justification for future research involving CR in older adults with osteosarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, physical frailty, or cachexia.
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Mohajer N, Du CY, Checkcinco C, Blumberg B. Obesogens: How They Are Identified and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Their Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:780888. [PMID: 34899613 PMCID: PMC8655100 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.780888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult and childhood obesity have reached pandemic level proportions. The idea that caloric excess and insufficient levels of physical activity leads to obesity is a commonly accepted answer for unwanted weight gain. This paradigm offers an inconclusive explanation as the world continually moves towards an unhealthier and heavier existence irrespective of energy balance. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that resemble natural hormones and disrupt endocrine function by interfering with the body's endogenous hormones. A subset of EDCs called obesogens have been found to cause metabolic disruptions such as increased fat storage, in vivo. Obesogens act on the metabolic system through multiple avenues and have been found to affect the homeostasis of a variety of systems such as the gut microbiome and adipose tissue functioning. Obesogenic compounds have been shown to cause metabolic disturbances later in life that can even pass into multiple future generations, post exposure. The rising rates of obesity and related metabolic disease are demanding increasing attention on chemical screening efforts and worldwide preventative strategies to keep the public and future generations safe. This review addresses the most current findings on known obesogens and their effects on the metabolic system, the mechanisms of action through which they act upon, and the screening efforts through which they were identified with. The interplay between obesogens, brown adipose tissue, and the gut microbiome are major topics that will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mohajer
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Chrislyn Y. Du
- Deparment of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Christian Checkcinco
- Deparment of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Deparment of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bruce Blumberg,
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Attur M, Lu C, Zhang X, Han T, Alexandre C, Valacca C, Zheng S, Meikle S, Dabovic BB, Tassone E, Yang Q, Kolupaeva V, Yakar S, Abramson S, Mignatti P. Membrane-type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase Modulates Tissue Homeostasis by a Non-proteolytic Mechanism. iScience 2020; 23:101789. [PMID: 33294797 PMCID: PMC7695985 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, MMP-14), a transmembrane proteinase with a short cytoplasmic tail, is a major effector of extracellular matrix remodeling. Genetic silencing of MT1-MMP in mouse (Mmp14 -/- ) and man causes dwarfism, osteopenia, arthritis, and lipodystrophy, abnormalities ascribed to defective collagen turnover. We have previously shown non-proteolytic functions of MT1-MMP mediated by its cytoplasmic tail, where the unique tyrosine (Y573) controls intracellular signaling. The Y573D mutation blocks TIMP-2/MT1-MMP-induced Erk1/2 and Akt signaling without affecting proteolytic activity. Here, we report that a mouse with the MT1-MMP Y573D mutation (Mmp14 Y573D/Y573D ) shows abnormalities similar to but also different from those of Mmp14 -/- mice. Skeletal stem cells (SSC) of Mmp14 Y573D/Y573D mice show defective differentiation consistent with the mouse phenotype, which is rescued by wild-type SSC transplant. These results provide the first in vivo demonstration that MT1-MMP modulates bone, cartilage, and fat homeostasis by controlling SSC differentiation through a mechanism independent of proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukundan Attur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1612A, NY 10003, USA
| | - Cuijie Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1612A, NY 10003, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tianzhen Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1612A, NY 10003, USA
| | - Cassidy Alexandre
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cristina Valacca
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sarina Meikle
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Evelyne Tassone
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1612A, NY 10003, USA
| | - Victoria Kolupaeva
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, NYU College of Dentistry, 345 E. 24th Street, NY 10010, USA
| | - Steven Abramson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1612A, NY 10003, USA
| | - Paolo Mignatti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1612A, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
- Corresponding author
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Bahmad HF, Daouk R, Azar J, Sapudom J, Teo JCM, Abou-Kheir W, Al-Sayegh M. Modeling Adipogenesis: Current and Future Perspective. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102326. [PMID: 33092038 PMCID: PMC7590203 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is contemplated as a dynamic organ that plays key roles in the human body. Adipogenesis is the process by which adipocytes develop from adipose-derived stem cells to form the adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells’ differentiation serves well beyond the simple goal of producing new adipocytes. Indeed, with the current immense biotechnological advances, the most critical role of adipose-derived stem cells remains their tremendous potential in the field of regenerative medicine. This review focuses on examining the physiological importance of adipogenesis, the current approaches that are employed to model this tightly controlled phenomenon, and the crucial role of adipogenesis in elucidating the pathophysiology and potential treatment modalities of human diseases. The future of adipogenesis is centered around its crucial role in regenerative and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F. Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 1107 2260 Beirut, Lebanon; (H.F.B.); (R.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Reem Daouk
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 1107 2260 Beirut, Lebanon; (H.F.B.); (R.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Joseph Azar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 1107 2260 Beirut, Lebanon; (H.F.B.); (R.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, 2460 Abu Dhabi, UAE;
| | - Jeremy C. M. Teo
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, 2460 Abu Dhabi, UAE;
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.T.); (W.A.-K.); (M.A.-S.); Tel.: +97126286689 (J.C.M.T.); +9611350000 (ext. 4778) (W.A.-K.); +97126284560 (M.A.-S.)
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 1107 2260 Beirut, Lebanon; (H.F.B.); (R.D.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.T.); (W.A.-K.); (M.A.-S.); Tel.: +97126286689 (J.C.M.T.); +9611350000 (ext. 4778) (W.A.-K.); +97126284560 (M.A.-S.)
| | - Mohamed Al-Sayegh
- Biology Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, 2460 Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.T.); (W.A.-K.); (M.A.-S.); Tel.: +97126286689 (J.C.M.T.); +9611350000 (ext. 4778) (W.A.-K.); +97126284560 (M.A.-S.)
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10
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Activating PIK3CA mutation promotes adipogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells in macrodactyly via up-regulation of E2F1. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:600. [PMID: 32732866 PMCID: PMC7393369 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrodactyly is a congenital malformation characterized by enlargement of bone and soft tissues in limbs, typically with excessive accumulation of adipose tissues. Although gain-of-function mutation of PIK3CA has been identified in macrodactyly, the mechanism of PIK3CA mutation in adipose accumulation is poorly understood. In this study, we found that adipocytes from macrodactyly were more hypertrophic than those observed in polydactyly. PIK3CA (H1047R) activating mutation and enhanced activity of PI3K/AKT pathway were detected in macrodactylous adipose-derived stem cells (Mac-ADSCs). Compared to polydactyly-derived ADSCs (Pol-ADSCs), Mac-ADSCs had higher potential in adipogenic differentiation. Knockdown of PIK3CA or inhibition by BYL-719, a potent inhibitor of PIK3CA, impaired adipogenesis of Mac-ADSCs in vitro. In vivo study, either transient treatment of ADSCs or intragastrical gavage with BYL-719 inhibited the adipose formation in patient-derived xenograft (PDX). Furthermore, RNA-seq revealed that E2F1 was up-regulated in Mac-ADSCs and its knockdown blocked the PIK3CA-promoted adipogenesis. Our findings demonstrated that PIK3CA activating mutation promoted adipogenesis of ADSCs in macrodactyly, and that this effect was exerted by the up-regulation of E2F1. This study revealed a possible mechanism for adipose accumulation in macrodactyly and suggested BYL-719 as a potential therapeutic agent for macrodactyly treatment.
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de Guingand DL, Palmer KR, Snow RJ, Davies-Tuck ML, Ellery SJ. Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Females Taking Oral Creatine Monohydrate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061780. [PMID: 32549301 PMCID: PMC7353222 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine Monohydrate (CrM) is a dietary supplement routinely used as an ergogenic aid for sport and training, and as a potential therapeutic aid to augment different disease processes. Despite its increased use in recent years, studies reporting potential adverse outcomes of CrM have been mostly derived from male or mixed sex populations. A systematic search was conducted, which included female participants on CrM, where adverse outcomes were reported, with meta-analysis performed where appropriate. Six hundred and fifty-six studies were identified where creatine supplementation was the primary intervention; fifty-eight were female only studies (9%). Twenty-nine studies monitored for adverse outcomes, with 951 participants. There were no deaths or serious adverse outcomes reported. There were no significant differences in total adverse events, (risk ratio (RR) 1.24 (95% CI 0.51, 2.98)), gastrointestinal events, (RR 1.09 (95% CI 0.53, 2.24)), or weight gain, (mean difference (MD) 1.24 kg pre-intervention, (95% CI -0.34, 2.82)) to 1.37 kg post-intervention (95% CI -0.50, 3.23)), in CrM supplemented females, when stratified by dosing regimen and subject to meta-analysis. No statistically significant difference was reported in measures of renal or hepatic function. In conclusion, mortality and serious adverse events are not associated with CrM supplementation in females. Nor does the use of creatine supplementation increase the risk of total adverse outcomes, weight gain or renal and hepatic complications in females. However, all future studies of creatine supplementation in females should consider surveillance and comprehensive reporting of adverse outcomes to better inform participants and health professionals involved in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. de Guingand
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3168, Australia; (M.L.D.-T.); (S.J.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8572-2870
| | - Kirsten R. Palmer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia;
- Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne 3168, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Snow
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne 3125, Australia;
| | - Miranda L. Davies-Tuck
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3168, Australia; (M.L.D.-T.); (S.J.E.)
| | - Stacey J. Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3168, Australia; (M.L.D.-T.); (S.J.E.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia;
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12
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Changes in Fat Mass Following Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training in Adults ≥50 Years of Age: A Meta-Analysis. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4030062. [PMID: 33467377 PMCID: PMC7739317 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increase in fat mass which increases the risk for disease, morbidity and premature mortality. Creatine supplementation in combination with resistance training has been shown to increase lean tissue mass in adults ≥50 years of age; however, the synergetic effects of creatine and resistance training on fat mass in this population are unclear. Creatine metabolism plays an important role in adipose tissue bioenergetics and energy expenditure. Thus, the combination of creatine supplementation and resistance training may decrease fat mass more than resistance training alone. The purpose of this review is two-fold: (1) to perform meta-analyses on studies involving creatine supplementation during resistance training on fat mass in adults ≥50 years of age, and (2) to discuss possible mechanistic actions of creatine on reducing fat mass. Nineteen studies were included in our meta-analysis with 609 participants. Results from the meta-analyses showed that adults ≥50 years of age who supplemented with creatine during resistance training experienced a greater reduction in body fat percentage (0.55%, p = 0.04) compared to those on placebo during resistance training. Despite no statistical difference (p = 0.13), adults supplementing with creatine lost ~0.5 kg more fat mass compared to those on placebo. Interestingly, there are studies which have linked mechanism(s) explaining how creatine may influence fat mass, and these data are also discussed.
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13
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Artsi H, Gurt I, El-Haj M, Müller R, Kuhn GA, Ben Shalom G, Cohen-Kfir E, Abramowitz E, Kandel L, Safran O, Dresner-Pollak R. Sirt1 Promotes a Thermogenic Gene Program in Bone Marrow Adipocytes: From Mice to (Wo)Men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:126. [PMID: 30873124 PMCID: PMC6403178 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is influenced by nutritional cues, and participates in whole body energy metabolism. To investigate the role of Sirtuin1 (Sirt1), a key player in metabolism, in MAT, marrow adiposity was evaluated in inbred 5-month-old 129/Sv Sirt1 haplo-insufficient (Sirt1 Δ/+) and wild type (WT) mice. Decreased expression of the thermogenic genes: Prdm16, Pgc1α, Foxc2, Dio2, and β3AR was detected in whole tibiae derived from Sirt1 Δ/+ compared to WT female mice. Similarly, decreased expression of Prdm16 and Pgc1α was observed in primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) cultures obtained from Sirt1 Δ/+ compared to WT female mice, suggesting a cell autonomous effect of Sirt1 in BM-MSCs. In vitro, Sirt1 over-expression in the mesenchymal embryonic fibroblast stem cell line C3HT101/2 increased Pgc1α and Prdm16 protein level. Similarly, pharmacologic activation of Sirt1 by SRT3025 increased Foxc2, Pgc1α, Dio2, Tfam, and Cyc1 expression while inhibition of Sirt1 by EX527 down-regulated UCP1 in C3HT101/2 cells. Importantly, in human femoral BM-MSCs obtained from female patients undergoing hip operations for fracture or osteoarthritis, Sirt1 activation by SRT3025 increased PGC1α mRNA and protein level. Blocking sclerostin, an inhibitor of the WNT pathway and a Sirt1 target, by the monoclonal humanized antibody (Sc-AbII), stimulated β3AR, PRDM16, and UCP1 gene expression, and increased PGC1α protein level. These results show that Sirt1 stimulates a thermogenic gene program in marrow adipocytes in mice and humans via PGC1α activation and sclerostin inhibition. The implications of these findings to bone health, hematopoiesis and whole body energy metabolism remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Artsi
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irina Gurt
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Madi El-Haj
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ralph Müller
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gisela A. Kuhn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gal Ben Shalom
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einav Cohen-Kfir
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eva Abramowitz
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonid Kandel
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Safran
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rivka Dresner-Pollak
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Rivka Dresner-Pollak
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14
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Tirucallane Triterpenoids from the Stems and Stem Bark of Cornus walteri that Control Adipocyte and Osteoblast Differentiations. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112732. [PMID: 30360474 PMCID: PMC6278563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornus walteri Wanger (Cornaceae) has been broadly used in traditional East Asian medicine for the treatment of various disorders, including skin inflammation and diarrhea. As part of our efforts to identify structurally and/or biologically new compounds from Korean medicinal plants, we have explored potentially new bioactive constituents from C. walteri. In the present study, seven triterpenoids (1–7) were isolated from C. walteri stems and stem bark. Compounds 1–3 were new tirucallane triterpenoids (cornusalterins N-P) and compounds 4–7 were isolated for the first time from C. walteri. The structures of the new compounds were determined based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data interpretations and HR-ESIMS, as well as a computational method coupled with a statistical procedure (DP4+). The regulatory effects of the isolated triterpenoids (1–7) on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation to adipocytes and osteoblasts were examined in the C3H10T1/2 cell line. Although these compounds had little effect on MSC differentiation to osteoblasts, lipid droplet formation in adipocyte-differentiated MSCs decreased in the presence of the seven triterpenoids. Compounds 1 and 4 each had a relatively distinct correlation between dose and efficacy, showing adipogenesis suppression at higher concentrations. Our findings demonstrate that the active compounds 1 and 4 can exert beneficial effects in regulation of adipocyte differentiation.
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15
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Waddell SJ, de Andrés MC, Tsimbouri PM, Alakpa EV, Cusack M, Dalby MJ, Oreffo ROC. Biomimetic oyster shell-replicated topography alters the behaviour of human skeletal stem cells. J Tissue Eng 2018; 9:2041731418794007. [PMID: 30202512 PMCID: PMC6124183 DOI: 10.1177/2041731418794007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative potential of skeletal stem cells provides an attractive prospect to generate bone tissue needed for musculoskeletal reparation. A central issue remains efficacious, controlled cell differentiation strategies to aid progression of cell therapies to the clinic. The nacre surface from Pinctada maxima shells is known to enhance bone formation. However, to date, there is a paucity of information on the role of the topography of P. maxima surfaces, nacre and prism. To investigate this, nacre and prism topographical features were replicated onto polycaprolactone and skeletal stem cell behaviour on the surfaces studied. Skeletal stem cells on nacre surfaces exhibited an increase in cell area, increase in expression of osteogenic markers ALP (p < 0.05) and OCN (p < 0.01) and increased metabolite intensity (p < 0.05), indicating a role of nacre surface to induce osteogenic differentiation, while on prism surfaces, skeletal stem cells did not show alterations in cell area or osteogenic marker expression and a decrease in metabolite intensity (p < 0.05), demonstrating a distinct role for the prism surface, with the potential to maintain the skeletal stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona J Waddell
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells
and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - María C de Andrés
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells
and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Penelope M Tsimbouri
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute
of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, CMVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow,
UK
| | - Enateri V Alakpa
- Department of Integrative Medical
Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maggie Cusack
- Division of Biological and Environmental
Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Matthew J Dalby
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute
of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, CMVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow,
UK
| | - Richard OC Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells
and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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16
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Bekkelund SI, Jorde R. Creatine kinase in relation to body fat in a Caucasian overweight and obese population. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017; 78:43-48. [PMID: 29258351 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1408140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the association between serum creatine kinase (CK) and body fat mass in an overweight and obese population. In this cross-sectional study, 454 Caucasian overweight and obese individuals recruited from a medical outpatient clinic and via newspaper advertising underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Serum CK was obtained along with supplementary blood samples. This report is based on a secondary analysis from a previous randomized controlled trial treating obesity with vitamin D3. Serum CK correlated negatively with body fat mass in men (r = -.18, p = .025) but not in women (r = -.11, p = .069). An insignificant negative trend for logCK across quartiles of fat mass in men was found (p = .098). CK did not associate significantly with lean mass, but lean mass correlated positively with fat mass in both groups (p < .0001). In a multivariate model, serum CK was inversely and independently related to fat mass in men. Fat mass decreased with 7.83 kg per unit logCK increase when adjusted for age and lean mass (95% CI -12.3 to -3.3, p = .001). These data support the view that circulating CK interacts with obesity in a favourable way independent of its muscular connection in men. CK was not associated with fat mass in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein I Bekkelund
- a Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology , University Hospital of North Norway , Tromsø , Norway.,b Department of Clinical Medicine , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Rolf Jorde
- b Department of Clinical Medicine , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway.,c Division of Internal Medicine , University Hospital of North Norway , Tromsø , Norway
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17
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Human Cytomegalovirus IE2 Protein Disturbs Brain Development by the Dysregulation of Neural Stem Cell Maintenance and the Polarization of Migrating Neurons. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00799-17. [PMID: 28615204 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00799-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of severe defects in the central nervous system caused by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) congenital infection, the mechanism of HCMV neuropathogenesis and the roles of individual viral genes have not yet been fully determined. In this study, we show that the immediate-early 2 (IE2) protein may play a key role in HCMV-caused neurodevelopmental disorders. IE2-transduced neural progenitor cells gave rise to neurospheres with a lower frequency and produced smaller neurospheres than control cells in vitro, indicating reduction of self-renewal and expansion of neural progenitors by IE2. At 2 days after in utero electroporation into the ventricle of the developing brain, a dramatically lower percentage of IE2-expressing cells was detected in the ventricular zone (VZ) and cortical plate (CP) compared to control cells, suggesting that IE2 concurrently dysregulates neural stem cell maintenance in the VZ and neuronal migration to the CP. In addition, most IE2+ cells in the lower intermediate zone either showed multipolar morphology with short neurites or possessed nonradially oriented processes, whereas control cells had long, radially oriented monopolar or bipolar neurites. IE2+ callosal axons also failed to cross the midline to form the corpus callosum. Furthermore, we provide molecular evidence that the cell cycle arrest and DNA binding activities of IE2 appear to be responsible for the increased neural stem cell exit from the VZ and cortical migrational defects, respectively. Collectively, our results demonstrate that IE2 disrupts the orderly process of brain development in a stepwise manner to further our understanding of neurodevelopmental HCMV pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE HCMV brain pathogenesis has been studied in limited experimental settings, such as in vitro HCMV infection of neural progenitor cells or in vivo murine CMV infection of the mouse brain. Here, we show that IE2 is a pivotal factor that contributes to HCMV-induced abnormalities in the context of the embryonic brain using an in utero gene transfer tool. Surprisingly, IE2, but not HCMV IE1 or murine CMV ie3, interferes pleiotropically with key neurodevelopmental processes, including neural stem cell regulation, proper positioning of migrating neurons, and the callosal axon projections important for communication between the hemispheres. Our data suggest that the wide spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from mental retardation to microcephaly, caused by congenital HCMV infection can be sufficiently explained in terms of IE2 action alone.
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18
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Cell Models and Their Application for Studying Adipogenic Differentiation in Relation to Obesity: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071040. [PMID: 27376273 PMCID: PMC4964416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, the increasing prevalence of obesity has favored an intense study of adipose tissue biology and the precise mechanisms involved in adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. Adipocyte commitment and differentiation are complex processes, which can be investigated thanks to the development of diverse in vitro cell models and molecular biology techniques that allow for a better understanding of adipogenesis and adipocyte dysfunction associated with obesity. The aim of the present work was to update the different animal and human cell culture models available for studying the in vitro adipogenic differentiation process related to obesity and its co-morbidities. The main characteristics, new protocols, and applications of the cell models used to study the adipogenesis in the last five years have been extensively revised. Moreover, we depict co-cultures and three-dimensional cultures, given their utility to understand the connections between adipocytes and their surrounding cells in adipose tissue.
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19
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Li Z, Li B, Zhang L, Chen L, Sun G, Zhang Q, Wang J, Zhi X, Wang L, Xu Z, Xu H. The proliferation impairment induced by AQP3 deficiency is the result of glycerol uptake and metabolism inhibition in gastric cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9169-79. [PMID: 26768614 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a big threat to human health. Effective therapeutic cancer target remains to be discovered. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) belongs to a family of transmembrane channels that are important in transporting water, glycerol, and other small molecules across the cell membrane. Glycerol that is transported by AQP3 is necessary for cell energy generation and lipid synthesis which fulfill the cell biological processes. Previous studies have shown that AQP3 is implicated in disease progression in several cancer types. However, whether AQP3-regulated glycerol uptake and metabolism were involved in cancer progression remains to be further studied. Our study demonstrated that the expression of AQP3 was positively correlated with glycerol level in human gastric cancer tissues. AQP3 inhibition induced proliferation impairment in gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. AQP3 inhibition that induced glycerol uptake reduction and glycerol administration would rehabilitate the cell proliferation. The energy and lipid production decreased when AQP3 was knocked down since the cellular glycerol level and several lipogenesis enzymes were downregulated. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which was involved in the impaired lipid and ATP production, was also inhibited after AQP3 knockdown. Our study indicated that the energy and lipid production inhibition, which were responsible for gastric cancer cell proliferation impairment, were induced by glycerol uptake reduction after AQP3 knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangli Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhi
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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