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Darwish M, El Hajj R, Khayat L, Alaaeddine N. Stem Cell Secretions as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:1252-1272. [PMID: 38630359 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental illness characterized by impaired social interaction and restricted repetitive behaviors or interests. The rising prevalence of ASD diagnosis has triggered a surge in research into investigating the underlying neuropathological processes and finding new therapeutic approaches. ASD is characterized by neuroinflammation and dysregulation of neuro-immune cross-talk, which suggests that stem cell treatment might be a potential therapeutic approach. The beneficial and restorative effects of stem cells are mainly due to their paracrine activity, in which stem cells generate and release extracellular vesicles such as exosomes and distinct secreted non-vesicle soluble proteins, including, growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and immunomodulatory molecules referred to as the Secretome. In this paper, we reviewed the existing research exploring the therapeutic potential of stem cell secretome focusing on their role in addressing ASD pathology. Furthermore, we proposed a comprehensive mechanism of action for stem cell secretions, encompassing the broader secretome as well as the specific contribution of exosomes, in alleviating ASD neuropathology. Across the reviewed studies, exosomes and secreted soluble factors of the transplanted stem cell demonstrate a potential efficacy in ameliorating autistic-like behaviors. The proposed mechanism of action involves the modulation of signaling pathways implicated in neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, cellular apoptosis, and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Darwish
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Nada Alaaeddine
- Dean of Health Sciences, Modern University for Business & Science, Beirut, Lebanon.
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2
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Kumar R, Mishra N, Tran T, Kumar M, Vijayaraghavalu S, Gurusamy N. Emerging Strategies in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Cardiovascular Therapeutics. Cells 2024; 13:855. [PMID: 38786076 PMCID: PMC11120430 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases continue to challenge global health, demanding innovative therapeutic solutions. This review delves into the transformative role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in advancing cardiovascular therapeutics. Beginning with a historical perspective, we trace the development of stem cell research related to cardiovascular diseases, highlighting foundational therapeutic approaches and the evolution of cell-based treatments. Recognizing the inherent challenges of MSC-based cardiovascular therapeutics, which range from understanding the pro-reparative activity of MSCs to tailoring patient-specific treatments, we emphasize the need to refine the pro-regenerative capacity of these cells. Crucially, our focus then shifts to the strategies of the fourth generation of cell-based therapies: leveraging the secretomic prowess of MSCs, particularly the role of extracellular vesicles; integrating biocompatible scaffolds and artificial sheets to amplify MSCs' potential; adopting three-dimensional ex vivo propagation tailored to specific tissue niches; harnessing the promise of genetic modifications for targeted tissue repair; and institutionalizing good manufacturing practice protocols to ensure therapeutic safety and efficacy. We conclude with reflections on these advancements, envisaging a future landscape redefined by MSCs in cardiovascular regeneration. This review offers both a consolidation of our current understanding and a view toward imminent therapeutic horizons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Nitin Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Talan Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Munish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | | | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
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3
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Lyu Z, Xin M, Oyston DR, Xue T, Kang H, Wang X, Wang Z, Li Q. Cause and consequence of heterogeneity in human mesenchymal stem cells: Challenges in clinical application. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155354. [PMID: 38870711 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are mesoderm-derived adult stem cells with self-proliferation capacity, pluripotent differentiation potency, and excellent histocompatibility. These advantages make hMSCs a promising tool in clinical application. However, the majority of clinical trials using hMSC therapy for diverse human diseases do not achieve expectations, despite the prospective pre-clinical outcomes in animal models. This is partly attributable to the intrinsic heterogeneity of hMSCs. In this review, the cause of heterogeneity in hMSCs is systematically discussed at multiple levels, including isolation methods, cultural conditions, donor-to-donor variation, tissue sources, intra-tissue subpopulations, etc. Additionally, the effect of hMSCs heterogeneity on the contrary role in tumor progression and immunomodulation is also discussed. The attempts to understand the cellular heterogeneity of hMSCs and its consequences are important in supporting and improving therapeutic strategies for hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lyu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miaomiao Xin
- Assisted Reproductive Center, Women's & Children's Hospital of Northwest, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Dale Reece Oyston
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tingyu Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Kang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangling Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Medical Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Shahi S, Kang T, Fonseka P. Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology: A Prudent Target That Requires Careful Consideration. Cells 2024; 13:754. [PMID: 38727289 PMCID: PMC11083420 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by cells to perform multitudes of biological functions. Owing to their significant implications in diseases, the pathophysiological role of EVs continues to be extensively studied, leading research to neglect the need to explore their role in normal physiology. Despite this, many identified physiological functions of EVs, including, but not limited to, tissue repair, early development and aging, are attributed to their modulatory role in various signaling pathways via intercellular communication. EVs are widely perceived as a potential therapeutic strategy for better prognosis, primarily through utilization as a mode of delivery vehicle. Moreover, disease-associated EVs serve as candidates for the targeted inhibition by pharmacological or genetic means. However, these attempts are often accompanied by major challenges, such as off-target effects, which may result in adverse phenotypes. This renders the clinical efficacy of EVs elusive, indicating that further understanding of the specific role of EVs in physiology may enhance their utility. This review highlights the essential role of EVs in maintaining cellular homeostasis under different physiological settings, and also discusses the various aspects that may potentially hinder the robust utility of EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pamali Fonseka
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (S.S.); (T.K.)
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Liao Y, Zhang Z, Ouyang L, Mi B, Liu G. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Wound Healing: Design, Paradigms, and Clinical Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307058. [PMID: 37806763 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The severe quality of life and economic burden imposed by non-healing skin wounds, infection risks, and treatment costs are affecting millions of patients worldwide. To mitigate these challenges, scientists are relentlessly seeking effective treatment measures. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising cell-free therapy strategy, attracting extensive attention from researchers. EVs mediate intercellular communication, possessing excellent biocompatibility and stability. These features make EVs a potential tool for treating a plethora of diseases, including those related to wound repair. However, there is a growing focus on the engineering of EVs to overcome inherent limitations such as low production, relatively fixed content, and targeting capabilities of natural EVs. This engineering could improve both the effectiveness and specificity of EVs in wound repair treatments. In light of this, the present review will introduce the latest progress in the design methods and experimental paradigms of engineered EVs applied in wound repair. Furthermore, it will comprehensively analyze the current clinical research status and prospects of engineered EVs within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenhe Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lizhi Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Ghosh S, Bhatti GK, Sharma PK, Kandimalla R, Mastana SS, Bhatti JS. Potential of Nano-Engineered Stem Cells in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 44:6. [PMID: 38104307 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and degrading autoimmune disorder mainly targeting the central nervous system, leading to progressive neurodegeneration, demyelination, and axonal damage. Current treatment options for MS are limited in efficacy, generally linked to adverse side effects, and do not offer a cure. Stem cell therapies have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for MS, potentially promoting remyelination, exerting immunomodulatory effects and protecting against neurodegeneration. Therefore, this review article focussed on the potential of nano-engineering in stem cells as a therapeutic approach for MS, focusing on the synergistic effects of combining stem cell biology with nanotechnology to stimulate the proliferation of oligodendrocytes (OLs) from neural stem cells and OL precursor cells, by manipulating neural signalling pathways-PDGF, BMP, Wnt, Notch and their essential genes such as Sox, bHLH, Nkx. Here we discuss the pathophysiology of MS, the use of various types of stem cells in MS treatment and their mechanisms of action. In the context of nanotechnology, we present an overview of its applications in the medical and research field and discuss different methods and materials used to nano-engineer stem cells, including surface modification, biomaterials and scaffolds, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems. We further elaborate on nano-engineered stem cell techniques, such as nano script, nano-exosome hybrid, nano-topography and their potentials in MS. The article also highlights enhanced homing, engraftment, and survival of nano-engineered stem cells, targeted and controlled release of therapeutic agents, and immunomodulatory and tissue repair effects with their challenges and limitations. This visual illustration depicts the process of utilizing nano-engineering in stem cells and exosomes for the purpose of delivering more accurate and improved treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This approach targets specifically the creation of oligodendrocytes, the breakdown of which is the primary pathological factor in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Ghosh
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences Central, University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Pushpender Kumar Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajasthan, India
- Amity Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Amity University, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarabjit Singh Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences Central, University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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Ko E, Yoon T, Lee Y, Kim J, Park YB. ADSC secretome constrains NK cell activity by attenuating IL-2-mediated JAK-STAT and AKT signaling pathway via upregulation of CIS and DUSP4. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:329. [PMID: 37964351 PMCID: PMC10648656 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory properties and therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases through their secreted factors, referred to as the secretome. However, the specific key factors of the MSC secretome and their mechanisms of action in immune cells have not been fully determined. Most in vitro experiments are being performed using immune cells, but experiments using natural killer (NK) cells have been neglected, and a few studies using NK cells have shown discrepancies in results. NK cells are crucial elements of the immune system, and adjustment of their activity is essential for controlling various pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the adipose tissue-derived stem cell (ADSC) secretome on NK cell activity. METHODS To obtain the ADSC secretome, we cultured ADSCs in medium and concentrated the culture medium using tangential flow filtration (TFF) capsules. We assessed NK cell viability and proliferation using CCK-8 and CFSE assays, respectively. We analyzed the effects of the ADSC secretome on NK cell activity and pathway-related proteins using a combination of flow cytometry, ELISA, cytotoxicity assay, CD107a assay, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR. To identify the composition of the ADSC secretome, we performed LC-MS/MS profiling and bioinformatics analysis. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved, we used mRNA sequencing to profile the transcriptional expression of human blood NK cells. RESULTS The ADSC secretome was found to restrict IL-2-mediated effector function of NK cells while maintaining proliferative potency. This effect was achieved through the upregulation of the inhibitory receptor CD96, as well as downregulation of activating receptors and IL-2 receptor subunits IL-2Rα and IL-2Rγ. These changes were associated with attenuated JAK-STAT and AKT pathways in NK cells, which were achieved through the upregulation of cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS, encoded by Cish) and dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4). Furthermore, proteomic analysis revealed twelve novel candidates associated with the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a detailed cellular outcome and regulatory mechanism of NK cell activity by the ADSC secretome and suggest a therapeutic tool for treating NK-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases using the MSC secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Ko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Yoon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Kim
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Chen X, Liu B, Li C, Wang Y, Geng S, Du X, Weng J, Lai P. Stem cell-based therapy for COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110890. [PMID: 37688914 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
While The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced that COVID-19 is no longer a public health emergency of international concern(PHEIC), the risk of reinfection and new emerging variants still makes it crucial to study and work towards the prevention of COVID-19. Stem cell and stem cell-like derivatives have shown some promising results in clinical trials and preclinical studies as an alternative treatment option for the pulmonary illnesses caused by the COVID-19 and can be used as a potential vaccine. In this review, we will systematically summarize the pathophysiological process and potential mechanisms underlying stem cell-based therapy in COVID-19, and the registered COVID-19 clinical trials, and engineered extracellular vesicle as a potential vaccine for preventing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Yulian Wang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Suxia Geng
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Jianyu Weng
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Peilong Lai
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.
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Dehnavi S, Sadeghi M, Tavakol Afshari J, Mohammadi M. Interactions of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and immune cells following MSC-based therapeutic approaches in rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Immunol 2023; 393-394:104771. [PMID: 37783061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered to be a degenerative and progressive autoimmune disorder. Although several medicinal regimens are used to treat RA, potential adverse events such as metabolic disorders and increased risk of infection, as well as drug resistance in some patients, make it essential to find an effective and safe therapeutic approach. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are a group of non-hematopoietic stromal cells with immunomodulatory and inhibitory potential. These cells exert their regulatory properties through direct cell-to-cell interactions and paracrine effects on various immune and non-immune cells. As conventional therapeutic approaches for RA are limited due to their side effects, and some patients became refractory to the treatment, MSCs are considered as a promising alternative treatment for RA. In this review, we introduced various experimental and clinical studies conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of MSCs on animal models of arthritis and RA patients. Then, possible modulatory and suppressive effects of MSCs on different innate and adaptive immune cells, including dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, B lymphocytes, and various subtypes of T cells, were categorized and summarized. Finally, limitations and future considerations for the efficient application of MSCs as a therapeutic approach in RA patients were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Dehnavi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mojgan Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Fazel P, Fallah A, Sedighian H, Kachuei R, Behzadi E, Imani Fooladi AA. Host and Pathogen-Directed Therapies against Microbial Infections Using Exosome- and Antimicrobial Peptide-derived Stem Cells with a Special look at Pulmonary Infections and Sepsis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:2166-2191. [PMID: 37495772 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial diseases are a great threat to global health and cause considerable mortality and extensive economic losses each year. The medications for treating this group of diseases (antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal drugs, etc.) directly attack the pathogenic agents by recognizing the target molecules. However, it is necessary to note that excessive use of any of these drugs can lead to an increase in microbial resistance and infectious diseases. New therapeutic methods have been studied recently using emerging drugs such as mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which act based on two completely different strategies against pathogens including Host-Directed Therapy (HDT) and Pathogen-Directed Therapy (PDT), respectively. In the PDT approach, AMPs interact directly with pathogens to interrupt their intrusion, survival, and proliferation. These drugs interact directly with the cell membrane or intracellular components of pathogens and cause the death of pathogens or inhibit their replication. The mechanism of action of MSC-Exos in HDT is based on immunomodulation and regulation, promotion of tissue regeneration, and reduced host toxicity. This review studies the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes/ATPs therapeutic properties against microbial infectious diseases especially pulmonary infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvindokht Fazel
- Department of Microbiology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Fallah
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Serretiello E, Ballini A, Smimmo A, Acunzo M, Raimo M, Cantore S, Di Domenico M. Extracellular Vesicles as a Translational Approach for the Treatment of COVID-19 Disease: An Updated Overview. Viruses 2023; 15:1976. [PMID: 37896755 PMCID: PMC10611252 DOI: 10.3390/v15101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic in the years 2020-2022. With a high prevalence, an easy route of transmission, and a long incubation time, SARS-CoV-2 spread quickly and affected public health and socioeconomic conditions. Several points need to be elucidated about its mechanisms of infection, in particular, its capability to evade the immune system and escape from neutralizing antibodies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer-delimited particles that are involved in cell-to-cell communication; they contain biological information such as miRNAs, proteins, nucleic acids, and viral components. Abundantly released from biological fluids, their dimensions are highly variable, which are used to divide them into exosomes (40 to 150 nm), microvesicles (40 to 10,000 nm), and apoptotic bodies (100-5000 nm). EVs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In this article, we report the latest evidence about EVs' roles in viral infections, focusing on the dual role of exosomes in promoting and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. The involvement of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived EVs in COVID-19 treatment, such as the use of translational exosomes as a diagnostical/therapeutic approach, is also investigated. These elucidations could be useful to better direct the discovery of future diagnostical tools and new exosome-derived COVID-19 biomarkers, which can help achieve optimal therapeutic interventions and implement future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Serretiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Annafrancesca Smimmo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Marina Acunzo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Mariarosaria Raimo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
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12
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Zhuang X, Jiang Y, Yang X, Fu L, Luo L, Dong Z, Zhao J, Hei F. Advances of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived extracellular vesicles as a promising therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome: from bench to clinic. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244930. [PMID: 37711624 PMCID: PMC10497773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute inflammatory lung injury characterized by diffuse alveolar damage. The period prevalence of ARDS was 10.4% of ICU admissions in 50 countries. Although great progress has been made in supportive care, the hospital mortality rate of severe ARDS is still up to 46.1%. Moreover, up to now, there is no effective pharmacotherapy for ARDS and most clinical trials focusing on consistently effective drugs have met disappointing results. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have spawned intense interest of a wide range of researchers and clinicians due to their robust anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and tissue regeneration properties. A growing body of evidence from preclinical studies confirmed the promising therapeutic potential of MSCs and their EVs in the treatment of ARDS. Based on the inspiring experimental results, clinical trials have been designed to evaluate safety and efficacy of MSCs and their EVs in ARDS patients. Moreover, trials exploring their optimal time window and regimen of drug administration are ongoing. Therefore, this review aims to present an overview of the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived EVs, therapeutic mechanisms for ARDS and research progress that has been made over the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feilong Hei
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Ding JY, Chen MJ, Wu LF, Shu GF, Fang SJ, Li ZY, Chu XR, Li XK, Wang ZG, Ji JS. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in skin wound healing: roles, opportunities and challenges. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:36. [PMID: 37587531 PMCID: PMC10433599 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds are characterized by injury to the skin due to trauma, tearing, cuts, or contusions. As such injuries are common to all human groups, they may at times represent a serious socioeconomic burden. Currently, increasing numbers of studies have focused on the role of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in skin wound repair. As a cell-free therapy, MSC-derived EVs have shown significant application potential in the field of wound repair as a more stable and safer option than conventional cell therapy. Treatment based on MSC-derived EVs can significantly promote the repair of damaged substructures, including the regeneration of vessels, nerves, and hair follicles. In addition, MSC-derived EVs can inhibit scar formation by affecting angiogenesis-related and antifibrotic pathways in promoting macrophage polarization, wound angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell migration, and by inhibiting excessive extracellular matrix production. Additionally, these structures can serve as a scaffold for components used in wound repair, and they can be developed into bioengineered EVs to support trauma repair. Through the formulation of standardized culture, isolation, purification, and drug delivery strategies, exploration of the detailed mechanism of EVs will allow them to be used as clinical treatments for wound repair. In conclusion, MSC-derived EVs-based therapies have important application prospects in wound repair. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of their current status, application potential, and associated drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Jiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-Feng Wu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical College of the Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gao-Feng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China
- Clinical College of the Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi-Ji Fang
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China
- Clinical College of the Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Li
- Department of Overseas Education College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Xu-Ran Chu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medicine II, Internal Medicine, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhou-Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian-Song Ji
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 323000, Lishui, China.
- Clinical College of the Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Yan L, Li J, Zhang C. The role of MSCs and CAR-MSCs in cellular immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:187. [PMID: 37528472 PMCID: PMC10391838 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are widely used by T cells (CAR-T cells), natural killer cells dendritic cells and macrophages, and they are of great importance in cellular immunotherapy. However, the use of CAR-related products faces several challenges, including the poor persistence of cells carrying CARs, cell dysfunction or exhaustion, relapse of disease, immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, cytokine release syndrome, low efficacy against solid tumors and immunosuppression by the tumor microenvironment. Another important cell therapy regimen involves mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recent studies have shown that MSCs can improve the anticancer functions of CAR-related products. CAR-MSCs can overcome the flaws of cellular immunotherapy. Thus, MSCs can be used as a biological vehicle for CARs. In this review, we first discuss the characteristics and immunomodulatory functions of MSCs. Then, the role of MSCs as a source of exosomes, including the characteristics of MSC-derived exosomes and their immunomodulatory functions, is discussed. The role of MSCs in CAR-related products, CAR-related product-derived exosomes and the effect of MSCs on CAR-related products are reviewed. Finally, the use of MSCs as CAR vehicles is discussed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yan
- Medical Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jing Li
- Medical Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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15
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Kosanović M, Milutinović B, Kutzner TJ, Mouloud Y, Bozic M. Clinical Prospect of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Kidney Disease: Challenges and the Way Forward. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1911. [PMID: 37514097 PMCID: PMC10384614 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a growing public health problem worldwide, including both acute and chronic forms. Existing therapies for kidney disease target various pathogenic mechanisms; however, these therapies only slow down the progression of the disease rather than offering a cure. One of the potential and emerging approaches for the treatment of kidney disease is mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapy, shown to have beneficial effects in preclinical studies. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by MSCs became a potent cell-free therapy option in various preclinical models of kidney disease due to their regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. However, there are scarce clinical data available regarding the use of MSC-EVs in kidney pathologies. This review article provides an outline of the renoprotective effects of MSC-EVs in different preclinical models of kidney disease. It offers a comprehensive analysis of possible mechanisms of action of MSC-EVs with an emphasis on kidney disease. Finally, on the journey toward the implementation of MSC-EVs into clinical practice, we highlight the need to establish standardized methods for the characterization of an EV-based product and investigate the adequate dosing, safety, and efficacy of MSC-EVs application, as well as the development of suitable potency assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Milutinović
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 770302, USA
| | - Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45355 Essen, North Rhine-Westhpalia, Germany
| | - Yanis Mouloud
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45355 Essen, North Rhine-Westhpalia, Germany
| | - Milica Bozic
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45355 Essen, North Rhine-Westhpalia, Germany
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain
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16
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Yuan YG, Wang JL, Zhang YX, Li L, Reza AMMT, Gurunathan S. Biogenesis, Composition and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes in Various Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3177-3210. [PMID: 37337578 PMCID: PMC10276992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s407029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles with a wide range of chemical compositions used in many different applications. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-EXOs) are spherical vesicles that have been shown to mediate tissue regeneration in a variety of diseases, including neurological, autoimmune and inflammatory, cancer, ischemic heart disease, lung injury, and liver fibrosis. They can modulate the immune response by interacting with immune effector cells due to the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds and are involved in intercellular communication through various types of cargo. MSCs-EXOs exhibit cytokine storm-mitigating properties in response to COVID-19. This review discussed the potential function of MSCs-EXOs in a variety of diseases including neurological, notably epileptic encephalopathy and Parkinson's disease, cancer, angiogenesis, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We provided an overview of exosome biogenesis and factors that regulate exosome biogenesis. Additionally, we highlight the functions and potential use of MSCs-EXOs in the treatment of the inflammatory disease COVID-19. Finally, we covered a strategies and challenges of MSCs-EXOs. Finally, we discuss conclusion and future perspectives of MSCs-EXOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guo Yuan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abu Musa Md Talimur Reza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
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17
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Zhao K, Kong C, Shi N, Jiang J, Li P. Potential angiogenic, immunomodulatory, and antifibrotic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in systemic sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125257. [PMID: 37251412 PMCID: PMC10213547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an intricate systemic autoimmune disease with pathological features such as vascular injury, immune dysregulation, and extensive fibrosis of the skin and multiple organs. Treatment options are limited; however, recently, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have been acknowledged in preclinical and clinical trials as being useful in treating autoimmune diseases and are likely superior to MSCs alone. Recent research has also shown that MSC-EVs can ameliorate SSc and the pathological changes in vasculopathy, immune dysfunction, and fibrosis. This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of MSC-EVs on SSc and the mechanisms that have been discovered to provide a theoretical basis for future studies on the role of MSC-EVs in treating SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenfei Kong
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Naixu Shi
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Wei Q, Liu X, Su JL, Wang YX, Chu ZQ, Ma K, Huang QL, Li HH, Fu XB, Zhang CP. Small extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells: A potential Weapon for chronic non-healing wound treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1083459. [PMID: 36704302 PMCID: PMC9872203 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1083459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds have posed a severe threat to patients mentally and physically. Behavior dysregulation of remaining cells at wound sites is recognized as the chief culprit to destroy healing process and hinders wound healing. Therefore, regulating and restoring normal cellular behavior is the core of chronic non-healing wound treatment. In recent years, the therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has become a promising option for chronic wound healing and the efficacy has increasingly been attributed to their exocrine functions. Small extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs (MSC-sEVs) are reported to benefit almost all stages of wound healing by regulating the cellular behavior to participate in the process of inflammatory response, angiogenesis, re-epithelization, and scarless healing. Here, we describe the characteristics of MSC-sEVs and discuss their therapeutic potential in chronic wound treatment. Additionally, we also provide an overview of the application avenues of MSC-sEVs in wound treatment. Finally, we summarize strategies for large-scale production and engineering of MSC-sEVs. This review may possibly provide meaningful guidance for chronic wound treatment with MSC-sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wei
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Long Su
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Xi Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Qiang Chu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Trauma Care, Beijing, China,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Lin Huang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Hong Li
- Department of Wound Repair, Institute of Wound Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Cui-Ping Zhang, ; Hai-Hong Li, ; Xiao-Bing Fu,
| | - Xiao-Bing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Trauma Care, Beijing, China,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Cui-Ping Zhang, ; Hai-Hong Li, ; Xiao-Bing Fu,
| | - Cui-Ping Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Trauma Care, Beijing, China,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Cui-Ping Zhang, ; Hai-Hong Li, ; Xiao-Bing Fu,
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19
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Liu X, Wei Q, Lu L, Cui S, Ma K, Zhang W, Ma F, Li H, Fu X, Zhang C. Immunomodulatory potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Targeting immune cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1094685. [PMID: 36860847 PMCID: PMC9968735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1094685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Various intractable inflammatory diseases caused by disorders of immune systems have pressed heavily on public health. Innate and adaptive immune cells as well as secreted cytokines and chemokines are commanders to mediate our immune systems. Therefore, restoring normal immunomodulatory responses of immune cells is crucial for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are nano-sized double-membraned vesicles acting as paracrine effectors of MSCs. MSC-EVs, containing a variety of therapeutic agents, have shown great potential in immune modulation. Herein, we discuss the novel regulatory functions of MSC-EVs from different sources in the activities of innate and adaptive immune cells like macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and lymphocytes. Then, we summarize the latest clinical trials of MSC-EVs in inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we prospect the research trend of MSC-EVs in the field of immune modulation. Despite the fact that the research on the role of MSC-EVs in regulating immune cells is in infancy, this cell-free therapy based on MSC-EVs still offers a promising solution for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wei
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA Army, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Cui
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Wound Repair, Institute of Wound Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and the 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Neuroblastoma Tumor-Associated Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Regulate the Cytolytic Functions of NK Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010019. [PMID: 36612020 PMCID: PMC9818020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma tumor-associated mesenchymal stromal cells (NB-TA-MSC) have been extensively characterized for their pro-tumorigenic properties, while their immunosuppressive potential, especially against NK cells, has not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, we study the immune-regulatory potential of six primary young and senescent NB-TA-MSC on NK cell function. Young cells display a phenotype (CD105+/CD90+/CD73+/CD29+/CD146+) typical of MSC cells and, in addition, express high levels of immunomodulatory molecules (MHC-I, PDL-1 and PDL-2 and transcriptional-co-activator WWTR1), able to hinder NK cell activity. Notably, four of them express the neuroblastoma marker GD2, the most common target for NB immunotherapy. From a functional point of view, young NB-TA-MSC, contrary to the senescent ones, are resistant to activated NK cell-mediated lysis, but this behavior is overcome using anti-CD105 antibody TRC105 that activates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition, proliferating NB-TA-MSC, but not the senescent ones, after six days of co-culture, inhibit proliferation, expression of activating receptors and cytolytic activity of freshly isolated NK. Inhibitors of the soluble immunosuppressive factors L-kynurenine and prostaglandin E2 efficiently counteract this latter effect. Our data highlight the presence of phenotypically heterogeneous NB-TA-MSC displaying potent immunoregulatory properties towards NK cells, whose inhibition could be mandatory to improve the antitumor efficacy of targeted immunotherapy.
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21
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del Rivero T, Milberg J, Bennett C, Mitrani MI, Bellio MA. Human amniotic fluid derived extracellular vesicles attenuate T cell immune response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977809. [PMID: 36518766 PMCID: PMC9742275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles isolated from human amniotic fluid (AF-EVs) have previously been found to modulate inflammation and macrophage infiltration in a mouse model. However, the effects of acellular amniotic fluid (acAF) or AF-EVs on the T-Cell immune response have not been explored. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of acAF and AF-EVs on the T cell immune response in an in vitro cell culture model. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to induce the immune response and were subsequently treated with either serum-free media (vehicle), acAF, or concentrated AF-EVs. Results Both acAF and AF-EV treatment suppressed PHA-induced T cell proliferation and PHA-induced T cell activation; however, treatment with concentrated AF-EVs had a greater effect. Additionally, both acAF and AF-EVs reduced PBMC pro-inflammatory cytokine release. AF-EVs were found to be taken up by both CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cell subsets. Conclusion Overall, this data demonstrates that AF-EVs have a robust immunomodulatory effect on T cells and suggests AF-EVs could be used as an immunotherapeutic tool.
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Yigitbilek F, Ozdogan E, Abrol N, Park W, Hansen M, Dasari S, Stegall M, Taner T. Liver mesenchymal stem cells are superior inhibitors of NK cell functions through differences in their secretome compared to other mesenchymal stem cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952262. [PMID: 36211345 PMCID: PMC9534521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-resident mesenchymal stem cells (L-MSCs) are superior inhibitors of alloreactive T cell responses compared to their counterparts from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) or adipose tissue (A-MSCs), suggesting a role in liver’s overall tolerogenic microenvironment. Whether L-MSCs also impact NK cell functions differently than other MSCs is not known. We generated and characterized L-MSCs, A-MSCs and BM-MSCs from human tissues. The mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that L-MSC secretome is uniquely different than that of A-MSC/BM-MSC, with enriched protein sets involved in IFNγ responses and signaling. When co-cultured with primary human NK cells, L-MSCs but not other MSCs, decreased surface expression of activating receptors NKp44 and NKG2D. L-MSCs also decreased IFNγ secretion by IL-2-stimulated NK cells more effectively than other MSCs. Cytolytic function of NK cells were reduced significantly when co-cultured with L-MSCs, whereas A-MSCs or BM-MSCs did not have a major impact. Mechanistic studies showed that the L-MSC-mediated reduction in NK cell cytotoxicity is not through changes in secretion of the cytotoxic proteins Perforin, Granzyme A or B, but through increased production of HLA-C1 found in L-MSC secretome that inhibits NK cells by stimulating their inhibitory receptor KIRDL2/3. L-MSCs are more potent inhibitors of NK cell functions than A-MSC or BM-MSC. Combined with their T cell inhibitory features, these results suggest L-MSCs contribute to the tolerogenic liver microenvironment and liver-induced systemic tolerance often observed after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Ozdogan
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nitin Abrol
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Walter D. Park
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mark D. Stegall
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Timucin Taner
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Timucin Taner,
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Műzes G, Sipos F. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Secretome: A Potential Therapeutic Option for Autoimmune and Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152300. [PMID: 35892597 PMCID: PMC9367576 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass several entities such as "classic" autoimmune disorders or immune-mediated diseases with autoinflammatory characteristics. Adult stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are by far the most commonly used type in clinical practice. However, due to the possible side effects of MSC-based treatments, there is an increase in interest in the MSC-secretome (containing large extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, and exosomes) as an alternative therapeutic option in IMIDs. A wide spectrum of MSC-secretome-related biological activities has been proven thus far including anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory properties. In comparison with MSCs, the secretome is less immunogenic but exerts similar biological actions, so it can be considered as an ideal cell-free therapeutic alternative. Additionally, since the composition of the MSC-secretome can be engineered, for a future perspective, it could also be viewed as part of a potential delivery system within nanomedicine, allowing us to specifically target dysfunctional cells or tissues. Although many encouraging results from pre-clinical studies have recently been obtained that strongly support the application of the MSC-secretome in IMIDs, human studies with MSC-secretome administration are still in their infancy. This article reviews the immunomodulatory effects of the MSC-secretome in IMIDs and provides insight into the interpretation of its beneficial biological actions.
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Cross Talk between Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Innate Immunocytes Concerning Lupus Disease. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2781-2796. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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25
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Wu F, Gao J, Kang J, Wang X, Niu Q, Liu J, Zhang L. Knowledge Mapping of Exosomes in Autoimmune Diseases: A Bibliometric Analysis (2002–2021). Front Immunol 2022; 13:939433. [PMID: 35935932 PMCID: PMC9353180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.939433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are a class of chronic disabling diseases characterized by inflammation and damage to muscles, joints, bones, and internal organs. Recent studies have shown that much progress has been made in the research of exosomes in AIDs. However, there is no bibliometric analysis in this research field. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of exosomes in AIDs through bibliometrics. Method Publications related to exosomes in AIDs from 2002 to 2021 were searched on the web of science core collection (WoSCC) database. VOSviewers, CiteSpace and R package “bibliometrix” were used to conduct this bibliometric analysis. Results 312 articles from 48 countries led by China and the United States were included. The number of publications related to exosomes in AIDs is increasing year by year. Central South University, Sun Yat Sen University, Tianjin Medical University and University of Pennsylvania are the main research institutions. Frontiers in immunology is the most popular journal in this field, and Journal of Immunology is the most co-cited journal. These publications come from 473 authors among which Ilias Alevizos, Qianjin Lu, Wei Wei, Jim Xiang and Ming Zhao had published the most papers and Clotilde Théry was co-cited most often. Studying the mechanism of endogenous exosomes in the occurrence and development of AIDs and the therapeutic strategy of exogenous exosomes in AIDs are the main topics in this research field. “Mesenchymal stem cells”, “microRNA”, “biomarkers”, “immunomodulation”, and “therapy” are the primary keywords of emerging research hotspots. Conclusion This is the first bibliometric study that comprehensively summarizes the research trends and developments of exosomes in AIDs. This information identifies recent research frontiers and hot directions, which will provide a reference for scholars studying exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuexue Wang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Niu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Liyun Zhang,
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26
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Zhang Z, Zhou X, Guo J, Zhang F, Qian Y, Wang G, Duan M, Wang Y, Zhao H, Yang Z, Liu Z, Jiang X. TA-MSCs, TA-MSCs-EVs, MIF: their crosstalk in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. J Transl Med 2022; 20:320. [PMID: 35842634 PMCID: PMC9287873 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important component of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), it has been established that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote the progression of tumor cells. MSCs can directly promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells via cytokines and chemokines, as well as promote tumor progression by regulating the functions of anti-tumor immune and immunosuppressive cells. MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCs-EVs) contain part of the plasma membrane and signaling factors from MSCs; therefore, they display similar effects on tumors in the immunosuppressive TME. The tumor-promoting role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the immunosuppressive TME has also been revealed. Interestingly, MIF exerts similar effects to those of MSCs in the immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we summarized the main effects and related mechanisms of tumor-associated MSCs (TA-MSCs), TA-MSCs-EVs, and MIF on tumors, and described their relationships. On this basis, we hypothesized that TA-MSCs-EVs, the MIF axis, and TA-MSCs form a positive feedback loop with tumor cells, influencing the occurrence and development of tumors. The functions of these three factors in the TME may undergo dynamic changes with tumor growth and continuously affect tumor development. This provides a new idea for the targeted treatment of tumors with EVs carrying MIF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghou Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinshuai Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fusheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yiping Qian
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Meiqi Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yutian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zunpeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Characteristics of Extracellular Vesicles and Preclinical Testing Considerations Prior to Clinical Applications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040869. [PMID: 35453619 PMCID: PMC9030546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy products have significant limitations, such as storage instability, difficulties with transportation, and toxicity issues such as tumorigenicity and immunogenicity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from cells show potential for therapeutic agent development. EVs have not been widely examined as investigational drugs, and non-clinical studies for the clinical approval of EV therapeutic agents are challenging. EVs contain various materials, such as DNA, cellular RNA, cytokines, chemokines, and microRNAs, but do not proliferate or divide like cells, thus avoiding safety concerns related to tumorigenicity. However, the constituents of EVs may induce the proliferation of normal cells; therefore, the suitability of vesicles should be verified through non-clinical safety evaluations. In this review, the findings of non-clinical studies on EVs are summarized. We describe non-clinical toxicity studies of EVs, which should be useful for researchers who aim to develop these vesicles into therapeutic agents. A new method for evaluating the immunotoxicity and tumorigenicity of EVs should also be developed.
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28
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Ortega A, Forner MJ, Cortes R. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Non-Coding RNA Therapeutic Vehicles in Autoimmune Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040733. [PMID: 35456567 PMCID: PMC9028692 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the activation of the immune system against self-antigens. More common in women than in men and with an early onset, their incidence is increasing worldwide, and this, combined with their chronic nature, is contributing to an enlarged medical and economic burden. Conventional immunosuppressive agents are designed to alleviate symptoms but do not constitute an effective therapy, highlighting a need to develop new alternatives. In this regard, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated powerful immunosuppressive and regenerative effects. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown some advantages, such as less immunogenicity, and are proposed as novel therapies for ADs. In this review, we summarize current perspectives on therapeutic options for ADs based on MSCs and MSC-EVs, focusing particularly on their mechanism of action exerted through their non-coding RNA (ncRNA) cargo. A complete state-of-the-art review was performed, centralized on some of the most severe ADs (rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus, and systemic lupus erythematosus), giving evidence that a promising field is evolving to overcome the current knowledge and provide new therapeutic possibilities centered on MSC-EVs and their role as ncRNA delivery vehicles for AD gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (R.C.); Tel.: +34-96398-3916 (R.C.); Fax: +34-96398-7860 (R.C.)
| | - Maria J. Forner
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (R.C.); Tel.: +34-96398-3916 (R.C.); Fax: +34-96398-7860 (R.C.)
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Abbasi B, Shamsasenjan K, Ahmadi M, Beheshti SA, Saleh M. Mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells interaction mechanisms and potential clinical applications. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:97. [PMID: 35255980 PMCID: PMC8900412 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK cells) are innate immune cells that are activated to fight tumor cells and virus-infected cells. NK cells also play an important role in the graft versus leukemia response. However, they can over-develop inflammatory reactions by secreting inflammatory cytokines and increasing Th1 differentiation, eventually leading to tissue damage. Today, researchers have attributed some autoimmune diseases and GVHD to NK cells. On the other hand, it has been shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can modulate the activity of NK cells, while some researchers have shown that NK cells can cause MSCs to lysis. Therefore, we considered it is necessary to investigate the effect of these two cells and their signaling pathway in contact with each other, also their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batol Abbasi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Shamsasenjan
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Ameneh Beheshti
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Saleh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wu R, Fan X, Wang Y, Shen M, Zheng Y, Zhao S, Yang L. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Immunity and Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833878. [PMID: 35309311 PMCID: PMC8930843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as the most common cell source for stem cell therapy, play an important role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and have been widely used in clinical trials to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recent experimental and clinical studies have shown that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can inhibit the activation and proliferation of a variety of proinflammatory cells, such as Th1, Th17 and M1 macrophages, reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, while promoting the proliferation of anti-inflammatory cells, such as M2 macrophages and Tregs, and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus playing a role in immune regulation and exhibiting immunomodulatory functions. Besides MSC-EVs are more convenient and less immunogenic than MSCs. There is growing interest in the role of MSC-EVs in liver diseases owing to the intrinsic liver tropism of MSC-EVs. In this review, we focus on the immunomodulatory effects of MSC-EVs and summarize the pivotal roles of MSC-EVs as a cell-free therapy in liver diseases, including NAFLD, AIH, acute liver failure, liver fibrosis and hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, we provide a concise overview of the potential use and limits of MSC-EVs in clinical application.
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31
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Therapeutic Potential of Human Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031439. [PMID: 35163361 PMCID: PMC8835918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for diverse diseases and injuries. The biological and clinical advantages of human fetal MSCs (hfMSCs) have recently been reported. In terms of promising therapeutic approaches for diverse diseases and injuries, hfMSCs have gained prominence as healing tools for clinical therapies. Therefore, this review assesses not the only biological advantages of hfMSCs for healing human diseases and regeneration, but also the research evidence for the engraftment and immunomodulation of hfMSCs based on their sources and biological components. Of particular clinical relevance, the present review also suggests the potential therapeutic feasibilities of hfMSCs for musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and osteogenesis imperfecta.
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Zohrabi M, Dehghan Marvast L, Izadi M, Mousavi SA, Aflatoonian B. Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a Novel Treatment for Female Infertility Caused by Bacterial Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:785649. [PMID: 35154028 PMCID: PMC8834364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the most common causes of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) with complications in women, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. The main concern with these infections is that 70% of infected women are asymptomatic and these infections ascend to the upper female reproductive tract (FRT). Primary infection in epithelial cells creates a cascade of events that leads to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate innate immunity. Production of various cytokines is damaging to mucosal barriers, and tissue destruction leads to ciliated epithelial destruction that is associated with tubal scarring and ultimately provides the conditions for infertility. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as tissue specific stem cells with limited self-renewal capacity and the ability to repair damaged tissues in a variety of pathological conditions due to their multipotential differentiation capacity. Moreover, MSCs secrete exosomes that contain bioactive factors such as proteins, lipids, chemokines, enzymes, cytokines, and immunomodulatory factors which have therapeutic properties to enhance recovery activity and modulate immune responses. Experimental studies have shown that local and systemic treatment of MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) suppresses the destructive immune response due to the delivery of immunomodulatory proteins. Interestingly, some recent data have indicated that MSC-Exos display strong antimicrobial effects, by the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs), and increase bacterial clearance by enhancing the phagocytic activity of host immune cells. Considering MSC-Exos can secrete different bioactive factors that can modulate the immune system and prevent infection, exosome therapy is considered as a new therapeutic method in the treatment of inflammatory and microbial diseases. Here we intend to review the possible application of MSC-Exos in female reproductive system bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Zohrabi
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Laleh Dehghan Marvast
- Andrology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahin Izadi
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mousavi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Behrouz Aflatoonian
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- *Correspondence: Behrouz Aflatoonian,
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Ardalan M, Chodari L, Zununi Vahed S, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Eftekhari A, Davaran S, Cucchiarini M, Roshangar L, Ahmadian E. Stem cell-derived biofactors fight against coronavirus infection. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1813-1825. [PMID: 35069984 PMCID: PMC8727231 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i12.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite various treatment protocols and newly recognized therapeutics, there are no effective treatment approaches against coronavirus disease. New therapeutic strategies including the use of stem cells-derived secretome as a cell-free therapy have been recommended for patients with critical illness. The pro-regenerative, pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, immunomodulatory, and trophic properties of stem cells-derived secretome, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and bioactive factors have made them suitable candidates for respiratory tract regeneration in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. EVs including microvesicles and exosomes can be applied for communication at the intercellular level due to their abilities in the long-distance transfer of biological messages such as mRNAs, growth factors, transcription factors, microRNAs, and cytokines, and therefore, simulate the specifications of the parent cell, influencing target cells upon internalization and/or binding. EVs exhibit both anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic immune responses by regulation of proliferation, polarization, activation, and migration of different immune cells. Due to effective immunomodulatory and high safety including a minimum risk of immunogenicity and tumorigenicity, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-EVs are more preferable to MSC-based therapies. Thus, as an endogenous repair and inflammation-reducing agent, MSC-EVs could be used against COVID-19 induced morbidity and mortality after further mechanistic and preclinical/clinical investigations. This review is focused on the therapeutic perspective of the secretome of stem cells in alleviating the cytokine storm and organ injury in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Ardalan
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5715799313, Iran
| | - Sepideh Zununi Vahed
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
| | | | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Department of Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh 3453554, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
- Applied Drug Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg D-66421, Germany
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
| | - Elham Ahmadian
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
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Bar JK, Lis-Nawara A, Grelewski PG. Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Secretome and Its Regenerative Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112018. [PMID: 34769446 PMCID: PMC8584775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the dental pulp stem (DSC) cell-derived secretome, consisting of various biomolecules, is undergoing intense research. Despite promising in vitro and in vivo studies, most DSC secretome-based therapies have not been implemented in human medicine because the paracrine effect of the bioactive factors secreted by human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) is not completely understood. In this review, we outline the current data on the hDPSC- and SHED-derived secretome as a potential candidate in the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and nerve tissue. Published reports demonstrate that the dental MSC-derived secretome/conditional medium may be effective in treating neurodegenerative diseases, neural injuries, cartilage defects, and repairing bone by regulating neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and angiogenic processes through secretome paracrine mechanisms. Dental MSC-secretomes, similarly to the bone marrow MSC-secretome activate molecular and cellular mechanisms, which determine the effectiveness of cell-free therapy. Many reports emphasize that dental MSC-derived secretomes have potential application in tissue-regenerating therapy due to their multidirectional paracrine effect observed in the therapy of many different injured tissues.
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Shen Z, Huang W, Liu J, Tian J, Wang S, Rui K. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749192. [PMID: 34646275 PMCID: PMC8503317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years, the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated in preclinical studies and trials of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs is primarily attributed to the paracrine pathway. As one of the key paracrine effectors, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) are small vesicles 30-200 nm in diameter that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying bioactive substances from parental cells. Recent studies support the finding that MSC-EXOs have an obvious inhibitory effect toward different effector cells involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. Moreover, substantial progress has been made in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type-1 diabetes (T1DM), uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MSC-EXOs are capable of reproducing MSC function and overcoming the limitations of traditional cell therapy. Therefore, using MSC-EXOs instead of MSCs to treat autoimmune diseases appears to be a promising cell-free treatment strategy. In this review, we review the current understanding of MSC-EXOs and discuss the regulatory role of MSC-EXOs on immune cells and its potential application in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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36
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Yang C, Sun J, Tian Y, Li H, Zhang L, Yang J, Wang J, Zhang J, Yan S, Xu D. Immunomodulatory Effect of MSCs and MSCs-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714832. [PMID: 34603289 PMCID: PMC8481702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common autoimmune connective tissue disease with unclear etiology and pathogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and MSC derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, which are involved in many physiological and pathological processes and contribute to the immune homeostasis in SLE. The effects of MSCs and EVs on SLE have been drawing more and more attention during the past few years. This article reviews the immunomodulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of MSC/MSC-EVs in SLE, which provides novel insight into understanding SLE pathogenesis and guiding the biological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjuan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianmei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Chemistry, Food and Drug, Weifang Engineering Vocational College, Qingzhou, China
| | - Yipeng Tian
- Material Procurement Office of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jinghan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shushan Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Anal Diseases Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Donghua Xu
- Department of Rheumatology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Matheakakis A, Batsali A, Papadaki HA, Pontikoglou CG. Therapeutic Implications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Diseases: From Biology to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10132. [PMID: 34576296 PMCID: PMC8468750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are perivascular multipotent stem cells originally identified in the bone marrow (BM) stroma and subsequently in virtually all vascularized tissues. Because of their ability to differentiate into various mesodermal lineages, their trophic properties, homing capacity, and immunomodulatory functions, MSCs have emerged as attractive candidates in tissue repair and treatment of autoimmune disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of MSCs may be primarily mediated via a number of paracrine-acting soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-coated vesicles that are increasingly being acknowledged as playing a key role in intercellular communication via their capacity to carry and deliver their cargo, consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to recipient cells. MSC-EVs recapitulate the functions of the cells they originate, including immunoregulatory effects but do not seem to be associated with the limitations and concerns of cell-based therapies, thereby emerging as an appealing alternative therapeutic option in immune-mediated disorders. In the present review, the biology of MSCs will be outlined and an overview of their immunomodulatory functions will be provided. In addition, current knowledge on the features of MSC-EVs and their immunoregulatory potential will be summarized. Finally, therapeutic applications of MSCs and MSC-EVs in autoimmune disorders will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Matheakakis
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (H.A.P.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Aristea Batsali
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Helen A. Papadaki
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (H.A.P.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Charalampos G. Pontikoglou
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (H.A.P.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
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38
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Canine Natural Killer Cell-Derived Exosomes Exhibit Antitumor Activity in a Mouse Model of Canine Mammary Tumor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6690704. [PMID: 34527741 PMCID: PMC8437631 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6690704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key immune cells engaged in fighting infection and malignant transformation. In this study, we found that canine NK cell-derived exosomes (NK-exosomes) separated from activated cytotoxic NK cell supernatants express specific markers including CD63, CD81, Alix, HSP70, TSG101, Perforin 1, and Granzyme B. We examined the antitumor effects of NK-exosomes in an experimental murine mammary tumor model using REM134 canine mammary carcinoma cell line. We observed changes in tumor size, tumor initiation, progression, and recurrence-related markers in the control, tumor group, and NK-exosome-treated tumor group. We found that the tumor size in the NK-exosome-treated tumor group decreased compared with that of the tumor group in the REM134-driven tumorigenic mouse model. We observed significant changes including the expression of tumorigenesis-related markers, such as B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion site 1 (Bmi-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metallopeptidase-3 (MMP-3), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), multidrug resistance protein (MDR), tumor suppressor protein p53 (p53), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the apoptotic markers, B cell lymphoma-2 associated X (Bax) and B cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) belonging to the Bcl-2 family, in the tumor group compared with those in the control group. The expression of CD133, a potent cancer stem cell marker, was significantly higher than that of the control. By contrast, the NK-exosome-treated tumor group exhibited a significant reduction in Bmi-1, MMP-3, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Bax, Bcl-xL, and PCNA expression compared with that in the tumor group. Furthermore, the expression of CD133, which mediates tumorigenesis, was significantly decreased in the NK-exosome-treated tumor group compared with that in the tumor group. These findings indicate that canine NK-exosomes represent a promising therapeutic tool against canine solid tumors, including mammary carcinoma.
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Li SW, Cai Y, Mao XL, He SQ, Chen YH, Yan LL, Zhou JJ, Song YQ, Ye LP, Zhou XB. The Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Play a Critical Role in Inducing Immune Tolerance after Liver Transplantation. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6930263. [PMID: 34531915 PMCID: PMC8440082 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6930263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although liver transplantation is considered to be the best choice for patients with end-stage liver diseases, postoperative immune rejection still cannot be overlooked. Patients with liver transplantation have to take immunosuppressive drugs for a long time or even their entire lives, in which heavy economic burden and side effects caused by the drugs have become the major impediment for liver transplantation. There is a growing body of evidences indicating that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation, a promising tool in regenerative medicine, can be used as an effective way to induce immune tolerance after liver transplantation based on their huge expansion potential and unique immunomodulatory properties. MSCs have been reported to inhibit innate immunity and adaptive immunity to induce a tolerogenic microenvironment. In in vitro studies, transplanted MSCs show plasticity in immune regulation by altering their viability, migration, differentiation, and secretion in the interactions with the surrounding host microenvironment. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current understanding of immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in liver transplantation, to elucidate the potential mechanisms behind MSCs regulating immune response, especially in vivo and the influence of the microenvironment, and ultimately to discuss the feasible strategies to improve the clinical prognosis of liver transplantation. Only after exhaustive understanding of potential mechanisms of the MSC immunomodulation can we improve the safety and effectiveness of MSC treatment and achieve better therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-li Mao
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sai-qin He
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-hong Chen
- Health Management Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-ling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-qi Song
- Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-ping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian-bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
Uniquely among adult tissues, the human endometrium undergoes cyclical shedding, scar-free repair and regeneration during a woman's reproductive life. Therefore, it presents an outstanding model for study of such processes. This Review examines what is known of endometrial repair and regeneration following menstruation and parturition, including comparisons with wound repair and the influence of menstrual fluid components. We also discuss the contribution of endometrial stem/progenitor cells to endometrial regeneration, including the importance of the stem cell niche and stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Finally, we comment on the value of endometrial epithelial organoids to extend our understanding of endometrial development and regeneration, as well as therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois A Salamonsen
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Hutchison
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Caroline E Gargett
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 25-31 Wright St, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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41
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Chen L, Qu J, Mei Q, Chen X, Fang Y, Chen L, Li Y, Xiang C. Small extracellular vesicles from menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) as a novel therapeutic impetus in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:433. [PMID: 34344458 PMCID: PMC8330084 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) have great potential in regenerative medicine. MenSC has received increasing attention owing to its impressive therapeutic effects in both preclinical and clinical trials. However, the study of MenSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (EVs) is still in its initial stages, in contrast to some common MSC sources (e.g., bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue). We describe the basic characteristics and biological functions of MenSC-derived small EVs. We also demonstrate the therapeutic potential of small EVs in fulminant hepatic failure, myocardial infarction, pulmonary fibrosis, prostate cancer, cutaneous wound, type-1 diabetes mellitus, aged fertility, and potential diseases. Subsequently, novel hotspots with respect to MenSC EV-based therapy are proposed to overcome current challenges. While complexities regarding the therapeutic potential of MenSC EVs continue to be unraveled, advances are rapidly emerging in both basic science and clinical medicine. MenSC EV-based treatment has great potential for treating a series of diseases as a novel therapeutic strategy in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Qu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanhui Mei
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, 415000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangxin Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Innovative Precision Medicine (IPM) Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China.
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42
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Mohammadi MR, Rodriguez SM, Luong JC, Li S, Cao R, Alshetaiwi H, Lau H, Davtyan H, Jones MB, Jafari M, Kessenbrock K, Villalta SA, de Vos P, Zhao W, Lakey JRT. Exosome loaded immunomodulatory biomaterials alleviate local immune response in immunocompetent diabetic mice post islet xenotransplantation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:685. [PMID: 34083739 PMCID: PMC8175379 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foreign body response (FBR) to biomaterials compromises the function of implants and leads to medical complications. Here, we report a hybrid alginate microcapsule (AlgXO) that attenuated the immune response after implantation, through releasing exosomes derived from human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (XOs). Upon release, XOs suppress the local immune microenvironment, where xenotransplantation of rat islets encapsulated in AlgXO led to >170 days euglycemia in immunocompetent mouse model of Type 1 Diabetes. In vitro analyses revealed that XOs suppressed the proliferation of CD3/CD28 activated splenocytes and CD3+ T cells. Comparing suppressive potency of XOs in purified CD3+ T cells versus splenocytes, we found XOs more profoundly suppressed T cells in the splenocytes co-culture, where a heterogenous cell population is present. XOs also suppressed CD3/CD28 activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and reduced their cytokine secretion including IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-22, and TNFα. We further demonstrate that XOs mechanism of action is likely mediated via myeloid cells and XOs suppress both murine and human macrophages partly by interfering with NFκB pathway. We propose that through controlled release of XOs, AlgXO provide a promising new platform that could alleviate the local immune response to implantable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rezaa Mohammadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Cam Luong
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shiri Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rui Cao
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hamad Alshetaiwi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hien Lau
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton Jones
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mahtab Jafari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - S Armando Villalta
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Weian Zhao
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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43
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Wang LT, Liu KJ, Sytwu HK, Yen ML, Yen BL. Advances in mesenchymal stem cell therapy for immune and inflammatory diseases: Use of cell-free products and human pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1288-1303. [PMID: 34008922 PMCID: PMC8380447 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.21-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (MSCT) for immune and inflammatory diseases continues to be popular based on progressive accumulation of preclinical mechanistic evidence. This has led to further expansion in clinical indications from graft rejection, autoimmune diseases, and osteoarthritis, to inflammatory liver and pulmonary diseases including COVID‐19. A clear trend is the shift from using autologous to allogeneic MSCs, which can be immediately available as off‐the‐shelf products. In addition, new products such as cell‐free exosomes and human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)‐derived MSCs are exciting developments to further prevalent use. Increasing numbers of trials have now published results in which safety of MSCT has been largely demonstrated. While reports of therapeutic endpoints are still emerging, efficacy can be seen for specific indications—including graft‐vs‐host‐disease, strongly Th17‐mediated autoimmune diseases, and osteoarthritis—which are more robustly supported by mechanistic preclinical evidence. In this review, we update and discuss outcomes in current MSCT clinical trials for immune and inflammatory disease, as well as new innovation and emerging trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ko-Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department & Graduate Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - B Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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44
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Therapeutic prospects of MicroRNAs carried by mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles in autoimmune diseases. Life Sci 2021; 277:119458. [PMID: 33831424 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a class of chronic disease conditions with impaired tolerance to autoantigens. Currently, there is no effective treatment for ADs, and the existing medications have limitations due to non-specific targets and side effects. Accumulating evidence has shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a role in ADs treatment. These beneficial effects mainly rely on cell-to-cell communication through the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble factors. MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) could modulate adjacent and distinct cells by transferring various DNA, mRNA, non-coding RNAs, proteins, and lipids from parent cells to recipient cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate multiple target genes at the post-transcriptional level and are involved in chronic inflammatory and immune processes. Compared to fluid, MSC-EVs delivery can protect miRNAs from the degradation of ribonucleases, ensuring that miRNAs are able to perform their respective crucial roles in AD recipient cells. In this review, we discussed the therapeutic prospects and challenges of miRNAs secreted by MSC-EVs (MSC-EV-miRNAs) by reviewing the experimentally verified therapeutic outcomes of MSC-EV-miRNAs for several ADs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), asthma, colitis, systemic sclerosis (SSc) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
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Ding J, Wang J, Chen J. Exosomes as therapeutic vehicles in liver diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:735. [PMID: 33987433 PMCID: PMC8106083 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of various liver diseases have progressed greatly over the years, but clinical outcomes are still not satisfying. New research on the mechanisms and application thereof may effectuate positive changes. Exosomes are membrane-derived nanovesicles ranging in size from 40 to 160 nm and are released by a diversity of cells. They contain a variety of cargo, including lipids, proteins, coding RNAs, and noncoding RNAs. Recent studies have recognized exosomes as intercellular communication agents, which play important roles in physiological or biological processes in acute or chronic liver disorders by horizontal transferring of genetic bioinformation from donor cells to neighboring or distal target cells. In the hope that exosomes can potentially be used as vehicles for clinical intervention, this review aims to focus on the roles of exosomes and their cargo in the field of various liver disorders, including virus-related liver diseases, alcoholic liver diseases (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and liver cancer. In addition, many studies have indicated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes or engineered MSC-derived exosomes can also exert hepatoprotection, antioxidation, or enhance drug sensitivity on corresponding liver diseases with the advantage of low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility. Overall, exosomes are expected to serve as an important therapeutic tool for various liver diseases. However, there are still many problems that need to be resolved by further research and a greater body of evidence before exosomes are ready for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Yin T, Xin H, Yu J, Teng F. The role of exosomes in tumour immunity under radiotherapy: eliciting abscopal effects? Biomark Res 2021; 9:22. [PMID: 33789758 PMCID: PMC8011088 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a curative treatment of localized tumours or as palliative control, radiotherapy (RT) has long been known to kill tumour cells and trigger the release of proinflammatory factors and immune cells to elicit an immunological response to cancer. As a crucial part of the tumour microenvironment (TME), exosomes, which are double-layered nanometre-sized vesicles, can convey molecules, present antigens, and mediate cell signalling to regulate tumour immunity via their contents. Different contents result in different effects of exosomes. The abscopal effect is a systemic antitumour effect that occurs outside of the irradiated field and is associated with tumour regression. This effect is mediated through the immune system, mainly via cell-mediated immunity, and results from a combination of inflammatory cytokine cascades and immune effector cell activation. Although the abscopal effect has been observed in various malignancies for many years, it is still a rarely identified clinical event. Researchers have indicated that exosomes can potentiate abscopal effects to enhance the effects of radiation, but the specific mechanisms are still unclear. In addition, radiation can affect exosome release and composition, and irradiated cells release exosomes with specific contents that change the cellular immune status. Hence, fully understanding how radiation affects tumour immunity and the interaction between specific exosomal contents and radiation may be a potential strategy to maximize the efficacy of cancer therapy. The optimal application of exosomes as novel immune stimulators is under active investigation and is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Huixian Xin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Feifei Teng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
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Zhou JH, Lu X, Yan CL, Sheng XY, Cao HC. Mesenchymal stromal cell-dependent immunoregulation in chemically-induced acute liver failure. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:208-220. [PMID: 33815670 PMCID: PMC8006015 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), which refers to liver damage caused by a drug or its metabolites, has emerged as an important cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in recent years. Chemically-induced ALF in animal models mimics the pathology of DILI in humans; thus, these models are used to study the mechanism of potentially effective treatment strategies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties, and they alleviate acute liver injury and decrease the mortality of animals with chemically-induced ALF. Here, we summarize some of the existing research on the interaction between MSCs and immune cells, and discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the immuno-modulatory activity of MSCs in chemically-induced ALF. We conclude that MSCs can impact the phenotype and function of macrophages, as well as the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells, and inhibit the proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes. MSCs also have immuno-modulatory effects on the production of cytokines, such as prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene 6, in animal models. Thus, MSCs have significant benefits in the treatment of chemically-induced ALF by interacting with immune cells and they may be applied to DILI in humans in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cui-Lin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Cui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Therapeutics for Wound Healing in Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063130. [PMID: 33808520 PMCID: PMC8003197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosome-derived small extracellular vesicles (EVs), often referred to as exosomes, are produced by almost all, if not all, cell types, and are critical for intercellular communication. They are composed of a lipid bilayer associated with membrane proteins and contain a payload of lipids, proteins and regulatory RNAs that depends on the parental cell physiological condition. By transferring their “cargo”, exosomes can modulate the phenotype of neighboring and distant cells. Stem cells (SC) were widely studied for therapeutic applications regarding their regenerative/reparative potential as well as their immunomodulatory properties. Whether from autologous or allogeneic source, SC beneficial effects in terms of repair and regeneration are largely attributed to their paracrine signaling notably through secreted EVs. Subsequently, SC-derived EVs have been investigated for the treatment of various diseases, including inflammatory skin disorders, and are today fast-track cell-free tools for regenerative/reparative strategies. Yet, their clinical application is still facing considerable challenges, including production and isolation procedures, and optimal cell source. Within the emerging concept of “allogeneic-driven benefit” for SC-based therapies, the use of EVs from allogeneic sources becomes the pragmatic choice although a universal allogeneic cell source is still needed. As a unique temporary organ that ensures the mutual coexistence of two allogeneic organisms, mother and fetus, the human placenta offers a persuasive allogeneic stem cell source for development of therapeutic EVs. Advancing cell-free therapeutics nurtures great hope and provides new perspectives for the development of safe and effective treatment in regenerative/reparative medicine and beyond. We will outline the current state of the art in regard of EVs, summarize their therapeutic potential in the context of skin inflammatory disorders, and discuss their translational advantages and hurdles.
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Yu Y, Valderrama AV, Han Z, Uzan G, Naserian S, Oberlin E. Human fetal liver MSCs are more effective than adult bone marrow MSCs for their immunosuppressive, immunomodulatory, and Foxp3 + T reg induction capacity. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:138. [PMID: 33597011 PMCID: PMC7888159 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit active abilities to suppress or modulate deleterious immune responses by various molecular mechanisms. These cells are the subject of major translational efforts as cellular therapies for immune-related diseases and transplantations. Plenty of preclinical studies and clinical trials employing MSCs have shown promising safety and efficacy outcomes and also shed light on the modifications in the frequency and function of regulatory T cells (T regs). Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these observations are not well known. Direct cell contact, soluble factor production, and turning antigen-presenting cells into tolerogenic phenotypes, have been proposed to be among possible mechanisms by which MSCs produce an immunomodulatory environment for T reg expansion and activity. We and others demonstrated that adult bone marrow (BM)-MSCs suppress adaptive immune responses directly by inhibiting the proliferation of CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells but also indirectly through the induction of T regs. In parallel, we demonstrated that fetal liver (FL)-MSCs demonstrates much longer-lasting immunomodulatory properties compared to BM-MSCs, by inhibiting directly the proliferation and activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Therefore, we investigated if FL-MSCs exert their strong immunosuppressive effect also indirectly through induction of T regs. METHODS MSCs were obtained from FL and adult BM and characterized according to their surface antigen expression, their multilineage differentiation, and their proliferation potential. Using different in vitro combinations, we performed co-cultures of FL- or BM-MSCs and murine CD3+CD25-T cells to investigate immunosuppressive effects of MSCs on T cells and to quantify their capacity to induce functional T regs. RESULTS We demonstrated that although both types of MSC display similar cell surface phenotypic profile and differentiation capacity, FL-MSCs have significantly higher proliferative capacity and ability to suppress both CD4+ and CD8+ murine T cell proliferation and to modulate them towards less active phenotypes than adult BM-MSCs. Moreover, their substantial suppressive effect was associated with an outstanding increase of functional CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regs compared to BM-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the immunosuppressive activity of FL-MSCs on T cells and show for the first time that one of the main immunoregulatory mechanisms of FL-MSCs passes through active and functional T reg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Beijing Institute of Stem Cells, Health & Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Zhongchao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Beijing Institute of Stem Cells, Health & Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Georges Uzan
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Sina Naserian
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
- CellMedEx, Saint Maur des Fossés, France
| | - Estelle Oberlin
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
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Shehzad A, Islam SU, Shahzad R, Khan S, Lee YS. Extracellular vesicles in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107806. [PMID: 33465400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer promotion, development, and malignant transformation is greatly influenced by cell-to-cell interactions in a complex tissue microenvironment. Cancer and stromal cells secrete soluble factors, as well as deport membrane-encapsulated structures, which actively contribute and mediate cell-to-cell interaction within a tumor microenvironment (TME). These membrane structures are recognized as extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes and microvesicles. They can carry and transport regulatory molecules such as oncogenic proteins, coding and non-coding RNAs, DNA, and lipids between neighboring cells and to distant sites. EVs mediate crucial pathophysiological effects such as the formation of premetastatic niches and the progression of malignancies. There is compelling evidence that cancer cells exhibit a significant amount of EVs, which can be released into the surrounding body fluids, compared with nonmalignant cells. EVs therefore have the potential to be used as disease indicator for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers, as well as for facilitating research into the underlying mechanism and biomolecular basis of these diseases. Because of their ability to transport substances, followed by their distinct immunogenicity and biocompatibility, EVs have been used to carry therapeutically-active molecules such as RNAs, proteins, short and long peptides, and various forms of drugs. In this paper, we summarize new advancement in the biogenesis and physiological roles of EVs, and underpin their functional impacts in the process of cancer growth and metastasis. We further highlight the therapeutic roles of EVs in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Shehzad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Raheem Shahzad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Young Sup Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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