1
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Burns AB, Doris C, Vehar K, Saxena V, Bardliving C, Shamlou PA, Phillips MI. Novel low shear 3D bioreactor for high purity mesenchymal stem cell production. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252575. [PMID: 34133442 PMCID: PMC8208585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow derived human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) are an attractive candidate for regenerative medicine. However, their harvest can be invasive, painful, and expensive, making it difficult to supply the enormous amount of pure hMSCs needed for future allogeneic therapies. Because of this, a robust method of scaled bioreactor culture must be designed to supply the need for high purity, high density hMSC yields. Here we test a scaled down model of a novel bioreactor consisting of an unsubmerged 3D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) lattice matrix wetted by culture media. The growth matrix is uniform, replicable, and biocompatible, enabling homogenous cell culture in three dimensions. The goal of this study was to prove that hMSCs would culture well in this novel bioreactor design. The system tested resulted in comparable stem cell yields to other cell culture systems using bone marrow derived hMSCs, while maintaining viability (96.54% ±2.82), high purity (>98% expression of combined positive markers), and differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Burns
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Corinna Doris
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Vehar
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Vinit Saxena
- Sepragen Corporation, Hayward, California, United States of America
| | - Cameron Bardliving
- Jefferson Institute for Bioprocessing, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Parviz A. Shamlou
- Jefferson Institute for Bioprocessing, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Ian Phillips
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
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Xue J, Pisignano D, Xia Y. Maneuvering the Migration and Differentiation of Stem Cells with Electrospun Nanofibers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000735. [PMID: 32775158 PMCID: PMC7404157 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibers have been extensively explored as a class of scaffolding materials for tissue regeneration, because of their unique capability to mimic some features and functions of the extracellular matrix, including the fibrous morphology and mechanical properties, and to a certain extent the chemical/biological cues. This work reviews recent progress in applying electrospun nanofibers to direct the migration of stem cells and control their differentiation into specific phenotypes. First, the physicochemical properties that make electrospun nanofibers well-suited as a supporting material to expand stem cells by controlling their migration and differentiation are introduced. Then various systems are analyzed in conjunction with mesenchymal, neuronal, and embryonic stem cells, as well as induced pluripotent stem cells. Finally, some perspectives on the challenges and future opportunities in combining electrospun nanofibers with stem cells are offered to address clinical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xue
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di PisaLargo B. Pontecorvo 3PisaI‐56127Italy
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30332USA
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistrySchool of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
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3
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Padhi A, Nain AS. ECM in Differentiation: A Review of Matrix Structure, Composition and Mechanical Properties. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:1071-1089. [PMID: 31485876 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell regenerative potential owing to the capacity to self-renew as well as differentiate into other cell types is a promising avenue in regenerative medicine. Stem cell niche not only provides physical scaffolding but also possess instructional capacity as it provides a milieu of biophysical and biochemical cues. Extracellular matrix (ECM) has been identified as a major dictator of stem cell lineage, thus understanding the structure of in vivo ECM pertaining to specific tissue differentiation will aid in devising in vitro strategies to improve the differentiation efficiency. In this review, we summarize details about the native architecture, composition and mechanical properties of in vivo ECM of the early embryonic stages and the later adult stages. Native ECM from adult tissues categorized on their origin from respective germ layers are discussed while engineering techniques employed to facilitate differentiation of stem cells into particular lineages are noted. Overall, we emphasize that in vitro strategies need to integrate tissue specific ECM biophysical cues for developing accurate artificial environments for optimizing stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Padhi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amrinder S Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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4
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Nazari H, Azadi S, Hatamie S, Zomorrod MS, Ashtari K, Soleimani M, Hosseinzadeh S. Fabrication of graphene‐silver/polyurethane nanofibrous scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hojjatollah Nazari
- Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue EngineeringStem Cell Technology Center Tehran Iran
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Shohreh Azadi
- Faculty of Biomedical EngineeringAmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
- Faculty of biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shadie Hatamie
- Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue EngineeringStem Cell Technology Center Tehran Iran
| | - Mahsa Soufi Zomorrod
- Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue EngineeringStem Cell Technology Center Tehran Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ashtari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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5
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Silantyeva EA, Nasir W, Carpenter J, Manahan O, Becker ML, Willits RK. Accelerated neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells on aligned GYIGSR-functionalized nanofibers. Acta Biomater 2018; 75:129-139. [PMID: 29879551 PMCID: PMC6774047 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Substrates for embryonic stem cell culture are typified by poorly defined xenogenic, whole proteins or cellular components that are difficult and expensive to generate, characterize, and recapitulate. Herein, the generation of well-defined scaffolds of Gly-Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg (GYIGSR) peptide-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) aligned nanofibers are used to accelerate the neural lineage commitment and differentiation of D3 mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Gene expression trends and immunocytochemistry analysis were similar to laminin-coated glass, and indicated an earlier differentiation progression than D3 mESCs on laminin. Further, GYIGSR-functionalized nanofiber substrates yielded an increased gene expression of Sox1, a neural progenitor cell marker, and Tubb3, Cdh2, Syp, neuronal cell markers, at early time points. In addition, guidance of neurites was found to parallel the fiber direction. We demonstrate the fabrication of a well-defined, xeno-free functional nanofiber scaffold and demonstrates its use as a surrogate for xenogenic and complex matrixes currently used for the neural differentiation of stem cells ex vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this paper, we report the use of GYIGSR-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) aligned nanofibers as a tool to accelerate the neural lineage commitment and differentiation of D3 mouse embryonic stem cells. The results indicate that functional nanofiber substrates promote faster differentiation than laminin coated substrates. The data suggest that aligned nanofibers and post-electrospinning surface modification with bioactive species can be combined to produce translationally relevant xeno-free substrates for stem cell therapy. Future development efforts are focused on additional bioactive species that are able to function as surrogates for other xenogenic factors found in differentiation media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Silantyeva
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Wafaa Nasir
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | | | - Olivia Manahan
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States; Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States.
| | - Rebecca K Willits
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
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Safikhani MM, Zamanian A, Ghorbani F, Asefnejad A, Shahrezaee M. Bi-layered electrospun nanofibrous polyurethane-gelatin scaffold with targeted heparin release profiles for tissue engineering applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2016-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a biotechnology that is used to develop biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve functions. Thus, the porous scaffolds are used to accommodate cells in tissue engineering. In this research, three dimensional (3D) bi-layered polyurethane (PU)-gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared by the electrospinning method, after which the capability of the released heparin as an anti-coagulation factor was evaluated. Electrospinning has been extensively investigated for the preparation of fibers that exhibit a high surface area to volume ratio. Results showed that scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs exhibited a smooth surface as well as a highly porous and bead-free structure, in which fibers were distributed in the range of 100–600 nm. The modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) decreased and increased, respectively, after crosslinking the reaction of polymers. This process also reduced swelling ratio, the hydrolytic biodegradation rate, and the release rate as a function of time. Moreover, an in vitro assay demonstrated that 3D nanofibrous scaffolds supported L929 fibroblast cell viability and that cells adhered and spread on the fibers. Based on the obtained results, the heparin-loaded electrospinning nanofibrous scaffolds have initial physicochemical and mechanical properties to protect neo-tissue formation.
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7
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Jabur AR, Al-Hassani ES, Al-Shammari AM, Najim MA, Hassan AA, Ahmed AA. Evaluation of Stem Cells’ Growth on Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) Scaffolds Used for Soft Tissue Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kitsara M, Agbulut O, Kontziampasis D, Chen Y, Menasché P. Fibers for hearts: A critical review on electrospinning for cardiac tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:20-40. [PMID: 27826001 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac cell therapy holds a real promise for improving heart function and especially of the chronically failing myocardium. Embedding cells into 3D biodegradable scaffolds may better preserve cell survival and enhance cell engraftment after transplantation, consequently improving cardiac cell therapy compared with direct intramyocardial injection of isolated cells. The primary objective of a scaffold used in tissue engineering is the recreation of the natural 3D environment most suitable for an adequate tissue growth. An important aspect of this commitment is to mimic the fibrillar structure of the extracellular matrix, which provides essential guidance for cell organization, survival, and function. Recent advances in nanotechnology have significantly improved our capacities to mimic the extracellular matrix. Among them, electrospinning is well known for being easy to process and cost effective. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly popular for biomedical applications and it is most definitely the cutting edge technique to make scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix for industrial applications. Here, the desirable physico-chemical properties of the electrospun scaffolds for cardiac therapy are described, and polymers are categorized to natural and synthetic.Moreover, the methods used for improving functionalities by providing cells with the necessary chemical cues and a more in vivo-like environment are reported.
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9
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Hasan A, Waters R, Roula B, Dana R, Yara S, Alexandre T, Paul A. Engineered Biomaterials to Enhance Stem Cell-Based Cardiac Tissue Engineering and Therapy. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:958-77. [PMID: 26953627 PMCID: PMC4931991 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Since adult cardiac cells are limited in their proliferation, cardiac tissue with dead or damaged cardiac cells downstream of the occluded vessel does not regenerate after myocardial infarction. The cardiac tissue is then replaced with nonfunctional fibrotic scar tissue rather than new cardiac cells, which leaves the heart weak. The limited proliferation ability of host cardiac cells has motivated investigators to research the potential cardiac regenerative ability of stem cells. Considerable progress has been made in this endeavor. However, the optimum type of stem cells along with the most suitable matrix-material and cellular microenvironmental cues are yet to be identified or agreed upon. This review presents an overview of various types of biofunctional materials and biomaterial matrices, which in combination with stem cells, have shown promises for cardiac tissue replacement and reinforcement. Engineered biomaterials also have applications in cardiac tissue engineering, in which tissue constructs are developed in vitro by combining stem cells and biomaterial scaffolds for drug screening or eventual implantation. This review highlights the benefits of using biomaterials in conjunction with stem cells to repair damaged myocardium and give a brief description of the properties of these biomaterials that make them such valuable tools to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Renae Waters
- BioIntel Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Boustany Roula
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rahbani Dana
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Seif Yara
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Toubia Alexandre
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Arghya Paul
- BioIntel Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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10
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Baheiraei N, Gharibi R, Yeganeh H, Miragoli M, Salvarani N, Di Pasquale E, Condorelli G. Electroactive polyurethane/siloxane derived from castor oil as a versatile cardiac patch, part I: Synthesis, characterization, and myoblast proliferation and differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:775-787. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Baheiraei
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Gharibi
- Department of Polyurethane, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965/115; Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Yeganeh
- Department of Polyurethane, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965/115; Tehran Iran
| | - Michele Miragoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano, Milan Italy
- CERT; Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research, University of Parma; Italy
| | - Nicolò Salvarani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano, Milan Italy
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research-UOS Milan, National Research Council; Milan Italy
| | - Elisa Di Pasquale
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano, Milan Italy
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research-UOS Milan, National Research Council; Milan Italy
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11
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Shradhanjali A, Riehl BD, Kwon IK, Lim JY. Cardiomyocyte stretching for regenerative medicine and hypertrophy study. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-015-0010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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12
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Xu C, Huang Y, Wu J, Tang L, Hong Y. Triggerable Degradation of Polyurethanes for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20377-88. [PMID: 26312436 PMCID: PMC10965041 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineered and bioactive scaffolds with different degradation rates are required for the regeneration of diverse tissues/organs. To optimize tissue regeneration in different tissues, it is desirable that the degradation rate of scaffolds can be manipulated to comply with various stages of tissue regeneration. Unfortunately, the degradation of most degradable polymers relies solely on passive controlled degradation mechanisms. To overcome this challenge, we report a new family of reduction-sensitive biodegradable elastomeric polyurethanes containing various amounts of disulfide bonds (PU-SS), in which degradation can be initiated and accelerated with the supplement of a biological product: antioxidant-glutathione (GSH). The polyurethanes can be processed into films and electrospun fibrous scaffolds. Synthesized materials exhibited robust mechanical properties and high elasticity. Accelerated degradation of the materials was observed in the presence of GSH, and the rate of such degradation depends on the amount of disulfide present in the polymer backbone. The polymers and their degradation products exhibited no apparent cell toxicity while the electrospun scaffolds supported fibroblast growth in vitro. The in vivo subcutaneous implantation model showed that the polymers prompt minimal inflammatory responses, and as anticipated, the polymer with the higher disulfide bond amount had faster degradation in vivo. This new family of polyurethanes offers tremendous potential for directed scaffold degradation to promote maximal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yihui Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jinglei Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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13
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Uchida N, Sivaraman S, Amoroso NJ, Wagner WR, Nishiguchi A, Matsusaki M, Akashi M, Nagatomi J. Nanometer-sized extracellular matrix coating on polymer-based scaffold for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:94-103. [PMID: 26194176 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification can play a crucial role in enhancing cell adhesion to synthetic polymer-based scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. Here, we report a novel approach for layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication of nanometer-size fibronectin and gelatin (FN-G) layers on electrospun fibrous poly(carbonate urethane)urea (PCUU) scaffolds. Alternate immersions into the solutions of fibronectin and gelatin provided thickness-controlled FN-G nano-layers (PCUU(FN-G) ) which maintained the scaffold's 3D structure and width of fibrous bundle of PCUU as evidenced by scanning electron miscroscopy. The PCUU(FN-G) scaffold improved cell adhesion and proliferation of bladder smooth muscles (BSMCs) when compared to uncoated PCUU. The high affinity of PCUU(FN-G) for cells was further demonstrated by migration of adherent BSMCs from culture plates to the scaffold. Moreover, the culture of UROtsa cells, human urothelium-derived cell line, on PCUU(FN-G) resulted in an 11-15 μm thick multilayered cell structure with cell-to-cell contacts although many UROtsa cells died without forming cell connections on PCUU. Together these results indicate that this approach will aid in advancing the technology for engineering bladder tissues in vitro. Because FN-G nano-layers formation is based on nonspecific physical adsorption of fibronectin onto polymer and its subsequent interactions with gelatin, this technique may be applicable to other polymer-based scaffold systems for various tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Srikanth Sivaraman
- Department of Bioengineering, 301 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634-0905
| | - Nicholas J Amoroso
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219
| | - William R Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219
| | - Akihiro Nishiguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-Oka Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-Oka Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-Oka Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jiro Nagatomi
- Department of Bioengineering, 301 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634-0905
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14
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Sgarioto M, Adhikari R, Gunatillake PA, Moore T, Patterson J, Nagel MD, Malherbe F. High Modulus Biodegradable Polyurethanes for Vascular Stents: Evaluation of Accelerated in vitro Degradation and Cell Viability of Degradation Products. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:52. [PMID: 26000274 PMCID: PMC4422008 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported the mechanical properties and hydrolytic degradation behavior of a series of NovoSorb™ biodegradable polyurethanes (PUs) prepared by varying the hard segment (HS) weight percentage from 60 to 100. In this study, the in vitro degradation behavior of these PUs with and without extracellular matrix (ECM) coating was investigated under accelerated hydrolytic degradation (phosphate buffer saline; PBS/70°C) conditions. The mass loss at different time intervals and the effect of aqueous degradation products on the viability and growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were examined. The results showed that PUs with HS 80% and below completely disintegrated leaving no visual polymer residue at 18 weeks and the degradation medium turned acidic due to the accumulation of products from the soft segment (SS) degradation. As expected the PU with the lowest HS was the fastest to degrade. The accumulated degradation products, when tested undiluted, showed viability of about 40% for HUVEC cells. However, the viability was over 80% when the solution was diluted to 50% and below. The growth of HUVEC cells is similar to but not identical to that observed with tissue culture polystyrene standard (TCPS). The results from this in vitro study suggested that the PUs in the series degraded primarily due to the SS degradation and the cell viability of the accumulated acidic degradation products showed poor viability to HUVEC cells when tested undiluted, however particles released to the degradation medium showed cell viability over 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Sgarioto
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC , Australia ; UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne , Compiègne , France
| | - Raju Adhikari
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | | | - Tim Moore
- PolyNovo Biomaterials Pty Ltd. , Port Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - John Patterson
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC , Australia
| | - Marie-Danielle Nagel
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne , Compiègne , France
| | - François Malherbe
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC , Australia
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15
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Baheiraei N, Yeganeh H, Ai J, Gharibi R, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Azami M, Vahdat S, Baharvand H. Preparation of a porous conductive scaffold from aniline pentamer-modified polyurethane/PCL blend for cardiac tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3179-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Baheiraei
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Technologies; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417755469 Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center; Avicenna Research Institute; ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Yeganeh
- Department of Polyurethane; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; P.O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Technologies; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417755469 Iran
| | - Reza Gharibi
- Department of Polyurethane; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; P.O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Technologies; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417755469 Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Technologies; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417755469 Iran
| | - Sadaf Vahdat
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Science, University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
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16
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Chen PH, Liao HC, Hsu SH, Chen RS, Wu MC, Yang YF, Wu CC, Chen MH, Su WF. A novel polyurethane/cellulose fibrous scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A high mechanical strength and biomimetic scaffold is electrospun from a blend of polyurethane and ethyl cellulose, being promising in applications for therapeutic purposes as a cardiac graft for reconstructing or regeneration of damaged myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsuen Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology
- School of Dentistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10002
- Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chung Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hao Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Rung-Shu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry
- School of Dentistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10002
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Chang Gung University
- Taoyuan 33302
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine
- National Taiwan University Hospital
- Taipei 10002
- Taiwan
| | - Chau-Chung Wu
- Department of Primary Care Medicine
- College of Medicine
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10002
- Taiwan
| | - Min-Huey Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry
- School of Dentistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10002
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fang Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
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17
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Şenel Ayaz HG, Perets A, Ayaz H, Gilroy KD, Govindaraj M, Brookstein D, Lelkes PI. Textile-templated electrospun anisotropic scaffolds for regenerative cardiac tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8540-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Emmert MY, Hitchcock RW, Hoerstrup SP. Cell therapy, 3D culture systems and tissue engineering for cardiac regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:254-69. [PMID: 24378579 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) still represents the "Number One Killer" worldwide accounting for the death of numerous patients. However the capacity for self-regeneration of the adult heart is very limited and the loss of cardiomyocytes in the infarcted heart leads to continuous adverse cardiac-remodeling which often leads to heart-failure (HF). The concept of regenerative medicine comprising cell-based therapies, bio-engineering technologies and hybrid solutions has been proposed as a promising next-generation approach to address IHD and HF. Numerous strategies are under investigation evaluating the potential of regenerative medicine on the failing myocardium including classical cell-therapy concepts, three-dimensional culture techniques and tissue-engineering approaches. While most of these regenerative strategies have shown great potential in experimental studies, the translation into a clinical setting has either been limited or too rapid leaving many key questions unanswered. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art, important challenges and future research directions as to regenerative approaches addressing IHD and resulting HF.
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19
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Finosh GT, Jayabalan M. Regenerative therapy and tissue engineering for the treatment of end-stage cardiac failure: new developments and challenges. BIOMATTER 2014; 2:1-14. [PMID: 23507781 DOI: 10.4161/biom.19429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of myocardium through regenerative therapy and tissue engineering is appearing as a prospective treatment modality for patients with end-stage heart failure. Focusing on this area, this review highlights the new developments and challenges in the regeneration of myocardial tissue. The role of various cell sources, calcium ion and cytokine on the functional performance of regenerative therapy is discussed. The evolution of tissue engineering and the role of tissue matrix/scaffold, cell adhesion and vascularisation on tissue engineering of cardiac tissue implant are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Finosh
- Polymer Science Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
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20
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Mi HY, Palumbo S, Jing X, Turng LS, Li WJ, Peng XF. Thermoplastic polyurethane/hydroxyapatite electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Effects of polymer properties and particle size. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 102:1434-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53715
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - SunMi Palumbo
- Departments of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53705
| | - Xin Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53715
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53715
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wan-Ju Li
- Departments of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53705
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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21
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Mi HY, Jing X, Salick MR, Peng XF, Turng LS. A novel thermoplastic polyurethane scaffold fabrication method based on injection foaming with water and supercritical carbon dioxide as coblowing agents. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53715
| | - Xin Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53715
| | - Max R. Salick
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53715
- Department of Engineering Physics; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53715
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22
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Zonca MR, Yune PS, Williams JK, Gu M, Unser AM, Imbrogno J, Belfort G, Xie Y. Enhanced stem cell pluripotency in surface-modified electrospun fibrous matrices. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:215-24. [PMID: 24105973 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A previously screened "hit chemistry" (N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide) that supports strong attachment and long-term self-renewal of ES cells is selected and grafted to poly(ether sulfone) (PES) fibrous matrices through plasma-induced graft polymerization. The 3D modified fibers exhibit higher cell proliferation and greater expression of pluripotency markers of mouse ES cells than 2D membranes. It is the first demonstration of scaling up an optimal synthetic surface chemistry in 2D using a high throughput synthesis, screening, and selection method to 3D that strongly influences pluripotent stem cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Zonca
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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23
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Silvestri A, Boffito M, Sartori S, Ciardelli G. Biomimetic Materials and Scaffolds for Myocardial Tissue Regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:984-1019. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Silvestri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Monica Boffito
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Susanna Sartori
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
- CNR-IPCF UOS Pisa; Via Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
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24
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Teo A, Mantalaris A, Lim M. Hydrodynamics and bioprocess considerations in designing bioreactors for cardiac tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7243/2050-1218-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Smith AW, Segar CE, Nguyen PK, MacEwan MR, Efimov IR, Elbert DL. Long-term culture of HL-1 cardiomyocytes in modular poly(ethylene glycol) microsphere-based scaffolds crosslinked in the phase-separated state. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:31-40. [PMID: 21920469 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microspheres were assembled around HL-1 cardiomyocytes to produce highly porous modular scaffolds. In this study we took advantage of the immiscibility of PEG and dextran to improve upon our previously described modular scaffold fabrication methods. Phase separating the PEG microspheres in dextran solutions caused them to rapidly deswell and crosslink together, eliminating the need for serum protein-based crosslinking. This also led to a dramatic increase in the stiffness of the scaffolds and greatly improved the handling characteristics. HL-1 cardiomyocytes were present during microsphere crosslinking in the cytocompatible dextran solution, exhibiting high cell viability following scaffold formation. Over the course of 2 weeks a 9-fold expansion in cell number was observed. The cardiac functional markers sarcomeric α-actinin and connexin 43 were expressed at 13 and 24 days after scaffold formation. HL-1 cells were spontaneously depolarizing 38 days after scaffold formation, which was visualized by confocal microscopy using a calcium-sensitive dye. Electrical stimulation resulted in synchronization of activation peaks throughout the scaffolds. These findings demonstrate that PEG microsphere scaffolds fabricated in the presence of dextran can support the long-term three-dimensional culture of cells, suggesting applications in cardiovascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Materials Innovation, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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26
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Parrag IC, Zandstra PW, Woodhouse KA. Fiber alignment and coculture with fibroblasts improves the differentiated phenotype of murine embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:813-22. [PMID: 22006660 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are an important source of cardiomyocytes for regenerating injured myocardium. The successful use of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes in cardiac tissue engineering requires an understanding of the important scaffold properties and culture conditions to promote cell attachment, differentiation, organization, and contractile function. The goal of this work was to investigate how scaffold architecture and coculture with fibroblasts influences the differentiated phenotype of murine ESC-derived cardiomyocytes (mESCDCs). Electrospinning was used to process an elastomeric biodegradable polyurethane (PU) into aligned or unaligned fibrous scaffolds. Bioreactor produced mESCDCs were seeded onto the PU scaffolds either on their own or after pre-seeding the scaffolds with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Viable mESCDCs attached to the PU scaffolds and were functionally contractile in all conditions tested. Importantly, the aligned scaffolds led to the anisotropic organization of rod-shaped cells, improved sarcomere organization, and increased mESCDC aspect ratio (length-to-diameter ratio) when compared to cells on the unaligned scaffolds. In addition, pre-seeding the scaffolds with MEFs improved mESCDC sarcomere formation compared to mESCDCs cultured alone. These results suggest that both fiber alignment and pre-treatment of scaffolds with fibroblasts improve the differentiation of mESCDCs and are important parameters for developing engineered myocardial tissue constructs using ESC-derived cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Parrag
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Virag JAI, Lust RM. Coronary artery ligation and intramyocardial injection in a murine model of infarction. J Vis Exp 2011:2581. [PMID: 21673649 PMCID: PMC3197029 DOI: 10.3791/2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo. With the advent of genetic modifications to the whole organism or the myocardium and an array of biological and/or synthetic materials, there is great potential for any combination of these to assuage the extent of acute ischemic injury and impede the onset of heart failure pursuant to myocardial remodeling. Here we present the methods and materials used to reliably perform this microsurgery and the modifications involved for temporary (with reperfusion) or permanent coronary artery occlusion studies as well as intramyocardial injections. The effects on the heart that can be seen during the procedure and at the termination of the experiment in addition to histological evaluation will verify efficacy. Briefly, surgical preparation involves anesthetizing the mice, removing the fur on the chest, and then disinfecting the surgical area. Intratracheal intubation is achieved by transesophageal illumination using a fiber optic light. The tubing is then connected to a ventilator. An incision made on the chest exposes the pectoral muscles which will be cut to view the ribs. For ischemia/reperfusion studies, a 1 cm piece of PE tubing placed over the heart is used to tie the ligature to so that occlusion/reperfusion can be customized. For intramyocardial injections, a Hamilton syringe with sterile 30gauge beveled needle is used. When the myocardial manipulations are complete, the rib cage, the pectoral muscles, and the skin are closed sequentially. Line block analgesia is effected by 0.25% marcaine in sterile saline which is applied to muscle layer prior to closure of the skin. The mice are given a subcutaneous injection of saline and placed in a warming chamber until they are sternally recumbent. They are then returned to the vivarium and housed under standard conditions until the time of tissue collection. At the time of sacrifice, the mice are anesthetized, the heart is arrested in diastole with KCl or BDM, rinsed with saline, and immersed in fixative. Subsequently, routine procedures for processing, embedding, sectioning, and histological staining are performed. Nonsurgical intubation of a mouse and the microsurgical manipulations described make this a technically challenging model to learn and achieve reproducibility. These procedures, combined with the difficulty in performing consistent manipulations of the ligature for timed occlusion(s) and reperfusion or intramyocardial injections, can also affect the survival rate so optimization and consistency are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka A I Virag
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, USA.
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28
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McBane JE, Battiston KG, Wadhwani A, Sharifpoor S, Labow RS, Santerre JP. The effect of degradable polymer surfaces on co-cultures of monocytes and smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3584-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiac function, including the heart muscle and valves, can be severely altered by congenital and acquired heart diseases. Several graft materials are currently used to replace diseased cardiac tissue and valvular segments. Implantable grafts are either non-vital or can trigger an immune response which leads to graft calcification and degeneration. None of the existing grafts have the ability to remodel and grow in tandem with the physiological growth of a child and therefore require re-operation. Novel approaches such as tissue engineering have emerged as possible alternatives for cardiac reconstruction. The main concept of tissue engineering includes the use of biological and artificial scaffolds that form the shape of the organ structures for subsequent tissue replacement, which will provide absolute biocompatibility, no thrombogenicity, no teratogenicity, long-term durability and growth.Heart valve tissue engineering represents an important field especially in pediatric patients with valve pathologies. In order to create an autologous valve equivalent myofibroblasts and/or endothelial cells are seeded on specially designed scaffolds. Here we describe the different types of cell sources and different types of matrices currently used in heart valve tissue engineering. Valve manufacture is carried out in specially designed bioreactors providing physiological conditions. The number of clinical studies using tissue engineered valves is still limited; however, several promising results have already demonstrated their durability and ability to grow.Myocardial tissue engineering aims to repair, replace and regenerate damaged cardiac tissue using tissue constructs created ex vivo. Conceivable indications for clinical application of tissue engineered myocardial-implant substitutes include ischemic cardiomyopathies, as well as right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in patients with congenital heart diseases. Therapeutic application of functional (contractile) tissue engineered heart muscle appears feasible once key issues such as identification of the suitable human cell source, large scale expansion and suitable scaffolds are solved. In addition, the present article discusses the importance of vascularization as an important prerequisite for successful bio-artificial myocardial tissue.Further experimental and clinical research on cardiovascular tissue engineering is felt to be of great importance for others as well as for us in order to create an ideal heart valve/myocardial substitute and help our patients with advanced cardiac pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serghei Cebotari
- Klinik für Herz-, Thorax-, Transplantations- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Griffon DJ, Abulencia JP, Ragetly GR, Fredericks LP, Chaieb S. A comparative study of seeding techniques and three-dimensional matrices for mesenchymal cell attachment. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:169-79. [DOI: 10.1002/term.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Electrospun Nanocomposites and Stem Cells in Cardiac Tissue Engineering. MYOCARDIAL TISSUE ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2011_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Ifkovits JL, Wu K, Mauck RL, Burdick JA. The influence of fibrous elastomer structure and porosity on matrix organization. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15717. [PMID: 21203510 PMCID: PMC3008724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrous scaffolds are finding wide use in the field of tissue engineering, as they can be designed to mimic many native tissue properties and structures (e.g., cardiac tissue, meniscus). The influence of fiber alignment and scaffold architecture on cellular interactions and matrix organization was the focus of this study. Three scaffolds were fabricated from the photocrosslinkable elastomer poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), with changes in fiber alignment (non-aligned (NA) versus aligned (AL)) and the introduction of a PEO sacrificial polymer population to the AL scaffold (composite (CO)). PEO removal led to an increase in scaffold porosity and maintenance of scaffold anisotropy, as evident through visualization, mechanical testing, and mass loss studies. Hydrated scaffolds possessed moduli that ranged between ∼3-240 kPa, failing within the range of properties (<300 kPa) appropriate for soft tissue engineering. CO scaffolds were completely degraded as early as 16 days, whereas NA and AL scaffolds had ∼90% mass loss after 21 days when monitored in vitro. Neonatal cardiomyocytes, used as a representative cell type, that were seeded onto the scaffolds maintained their viability and aligned along the surface of the AL and CO fibers. When implanted subcutaneously in rats, a model that is commonly used to investigate in vivo tissue responses to biomaterials, CO scaffolds were completely integrated at 2 weeks, whereas ∼13% and ∼16% of the NA and AL scaffolds, respectively remained acellular. However, all scaffolds were completely populated with cells at 4 weeks post-implantation. Polarized light microscopy was used to evaluate the collagen elaboration and orientation within the scaffold. An increase in the amount of collagen was observed for CO scaffolds and enhanced alignment of the nascent collagen was observed for AL and CO scaffolds compared to NA scaffolds. Thus, these results indicate that the scaffold architecture and porosity are important considerations in controlling tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Ifkovits
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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33
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Eitan Y, Sarig U, Dahan N, Machluf M. Acellular cardiac extracellular matrix as a scaffold for tissue engineering: in vitro cell support, remodeling, and biocompatibility. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:671-83. [PMID: 19780649 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed an efficient decellularization process for the isolation of extracellular matrix (ECM) from native cardiac tissue. The isolated ECM exhibited desirable mechanical properties in terms of elasticity, strength and durability-properties required from scaffolds used for cardiac tissue repair. This study further investigates the potential use of this scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering in terms of interactions with seeded cells and biocompatibility. We used the commonly studied fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells, which were isolated and seeded onto the scaffold. Cell density and distribution were followed by 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate staining, and their proliferation and viability were assessed by AlamarBlue assay and fluorecein-diacetate/propidium iodide staining. Fibroblast-seeded scaffolds shrank to 1-2 mm(3) spheroids, and their glycosaminoglycans significantly increased by 23%. The expression of ECM remodeling-related mRNAs of collagens I and III, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and type 1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and was found significantly elevated in fibroblast-seeded scaffold, compared with the control cells on plates. Fibroblast-seeded scaffolds lost some flexibility, yet gained strength compared with the acellular scaffolds, as shown by mechanical testing. Scaffold seeded with cardiomyocyte began to beat in concert few days after seeding, and the myocytes expressed typical functional cardiac markers such as alpha-actinin, troponin I, and connexin43. The cells revealed aligned elongated morphology, as presented by immunofluorescent staining and scanning electron microscopy. Mesenchymal stem cell-seeded scaffolds maintained viability over 24 days in culture. These findings further strengthen the potential use of acellular cardiac ECM as a biomaterial for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Eitan
- The Laboratory of Cancer Drug Delivery and Mammalian Cell Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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34
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Huang CC, Liao CK, Yang MJ, Chen CH, Hwang SM, Hung YW, Chang Y, Sung HW. A strategy for fabrication of a three-dimensional tissue construct containing uniformly distributed embryoid body-derived cells as a cardiac patch. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6218-27. [PMID: 20537702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Growing three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds that contain more than a few layers of seeded cells in vitro is crucial for the creation of thick and viable cardiac tissues in vivo. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been used as an alternative cell source for cardiac repair; however, dissociated ESCs show poor viability in the scaffold and do not form the embryoid body (EB)-like structures. In this study, a strategy intended for cultivating EB-derived cells (EBDCs) uniformly in a porous 3D tissue scaffold was developed. This strategy employed techniques of formation of spherically symmetric EBs in a thermo-responsive hydrogel system, production of cell sheets of EBDCs in a similar hydrogel system coated with collagen and fabrication of sliced porous tissue scaffolds. The prepared EBs were collected and plated evenly in the cell-sheet culture system. After 8 days in culture, a continuous sheet of EBDCs with cell beating was obtained; our qPCR and flow cytometric analyses showed that the collagen-coated on the cell-sheet culture system can significantly enhance the population of cardiac-lineage cells. The produced EBDC sheets were then sandwiched into the sliced porous tissue scaffold. After reculture, the seeded EBDCs were redistributed uniformly throughout the scaffold, with a significant increase in mechanical strength. Cardiac-specific myosin heavy chain and alpha-actinin were expressed for some cells grown in the scaffold, while connexin 43 was clearly expressed at the cell borders. Additional studies such as employing purification techniques to enrich the population of cardiomyocytes are needed to further improve the developed tissue constructs as a bioengineered cardiac patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Cheng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
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35
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Ayres CE, Jha BS, Sell SA, Bowlin GL, Simpson DG. Nanotechnology in the design of soft tissue scaffolds: innovations in structure and function. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:20-34. [PMID: 20049828 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Engineered scaffolds function to supplement or replace injured, missing, or compromised tissue or organs. The current direction in this research area is to create scaffolds that mimic the structure and function of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). It is believed that the fabrication of a scaffold that has both structural integrity and allows for normal cellular function and interaction will bring scaffolds closer to clinical relevance. Nanotechnology innovations have aided in the development of techniques for the production of nanofiber scaffolds. The three major processing techniques, self-assembly, phase separation, and electrospinning, produce fibers that rival the size of those found in the native ECM. However, the simplicity, versatility, and scalability of electrospinning make it an attractive processing method that can be used to reproduce aspects of the complexity that characterizes the native ECM. Novel electrospinning strategies include alterations of scaffold composition and architecture, along with the addition and encapsulation of cells, pharmaceuticals and growth factors within the scaffold. This article reviews the major nanofiber fabrication technologies as well as delves into recent significant contributions to the conception of a meaningful and practical electrospun scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal E Ayres
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3067, USA
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Hong Y, Guan J, Fujimoto KL, Hashizume R, Pelinescu AL, Wagner WR. Tailoring the degradation kinetics of poly(ester carbonate urethane)urea thermoplastic elastomers for tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 2010; 31:4249-58. [PMID: 20188411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable elastomeric scaffolds are of increasing interest for applications in soft tissue repair and regeneration, particularly in mechanically active settings. The rate at which such a scaffold should degrade for optimal outcomes, however, is not generally known and the ability to select from similar scaffolds that vary in degradation behavior to allow such optimization is limited. Our objective was to synthesize a family of biodegradable polyurethane elastomers where partial substitution of polyester segments with polycarbonate segments in the polymer backbone would lead to slower degradation behavior. Specifically, we synthesized poly(ester carbonate)urethane ureas (PECUUs) using a blended soft segment of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(1,6-hexamethylene carbonate) (PHC), a 1,4-diisocyanatobutane hard segment and chain extension with putrescine. Soft segment PCL/PHC molar ratios of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100 were investigated. Polymer tensile strengths varied from 14 to 34 MPa with breaking strains of 660-875%, initial moduli of 8-24 MPa and 100% recovery after 10% strain. Increased PHC content was associated with softer, more distensible films. Scaffolds produced by salt leaching supported smooth muscle cell adhesion and growth in vitro. PECUU in aqueous buffer in vitro and subcutaneous implants in rats of PECUU scaffolds showed degradation slower than comparable poly(ester urethane)urea and faster than poly(carbonate urethane)urea. These slower degrading thermoplastic polyurethanes provide opportunities to investigate the role of relative degradation rates for mechanically supportive scaffolds in a variety of soft tissue repair and reconstructive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hong
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Kennedy JP, McCandless SP, Lasher RA, Hitchcock RW. The mechanically enhanced phase separation of sprayed polyurethane scaffolds and their effect on the alignment of fibroblasts. Biomaterials 2010; 31:1126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sim EKW, Haider HK, Lila N, Schussler O, Chachques JC, Ye L. Genesis of myocardial repair with cardiac progenitor cells and tissue engineering. HEART ASIA 2010; 2:109-11. [PMID: 27325955 DOI: 10.1136/ha.2009.001651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mounting evidence to suggest that the heart has regenerative potential in the event of myocardial injury. Recent studies have shown that a resident population of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in the heart contains both vasculogenic and myogenic lineages. CPCs are able to migrate to the site of injury in the heart for participation in the healing process. The resident CPCs in the heart may also be activated through outside pharmacological intervention to promote their participation in the intrinsic repair process. In the light of these characteristics, CPCs provide a logical source for the heart cell therapy. During the regenerative cardiac process, stem cell niches (a specialised environment surrounding stem cells) provide crucial support needed for their maintenance. DISCUSSION Compromised niche function may lead to the selection of stem cells that no longer depend on self-renewal factors produced by its environment. The objective of stem cell transplantation associated with tissue-engineered approaches is to create a new modality in the treatment of heart failure. The use of efficient scaffolds will aid to re-establish a favourable microenvironment for stem cell survival, multiplication, differentiation and function. Cardiac tissue engineering using natural and/or synthetic materials in this regard provides a novel possibility in cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene K W Sim
- Gleneagles JPMC Cardiac Centre, Brunei Darussalam & Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Husnain Kh Haider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nermine Lila
- Laboratory of Biosurgical Research, Alain Carpentier Foundation, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schussler
- Laboratory of Biosurgical Research, Alain Carpentier Foundation, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Juan C Chachques
- Laboratory of Biosurgical Research, Alain Carpentier Foundation, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lei Ye
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 514, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
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Robert D, Fayol D, Le Visage C, Frasca G, Brulé S, Ménager C, Gazeau F, Letourneur D, Wilhelm C. Magnetic micro-manipulations to probe the local physical properties of porous scaffolds and to confine stem cells. Biomaterials 2009; 31:1586-95. [PMID: 19932922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro generation of engineered tissue constructs involves the seeding of cells into porous scaffolds. Ongoing challenges are to design scaffolds to meet biochemical and mechanical requirements and to optimize cell seeding in the constructs. In this context, we have developed a simple method based on a magnetic tweezer set-up to manipulate, probe, and position magnetic objects inside a porous scaffold. The magnetic force acting on magnetic objects of various sizes serves as a control parameter to retrieve the local viscosity of the scaffolds internal channels as well as the stiffness of the scaffolds pores. Labeling of human stem cells with iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles makes it possible to perform the same type of measurement with cells as probes and evaluate their own microenvironment. For 18 microm diameter magnetic beads or magnetically labeled stem cells of similar diameter, the viscosity was equivalently equal to 20 mPa s in average. This apparent viscosity was then found to increase with the magnetic probes sizes. The stiffness probed with 100 microm magnetic beads was found in the 50 Pa range, and was lowered by a factor 5 when probed with cells aggregates. The magnetic forces were also successfully applied to the stem cells to enhance the cell seeding process and impose a well defined spatial organization into the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Robert
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS & Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Horton RE, Millman JR, Colton CK, Auguste DT. Engineering microenvironments for embryonic stem cell differentiation to cardiomyocytes. Regen Med 2009; 4:721-32. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have the potential to be a renewable source of cardiomyocytes for use in myocardial cell replacement strategies. Although progress has been made towards differentiating stem cells to specific cell lineages, the efficiency is often poor and the number of cells generated is not suitable for therapeutic usage. Recent studies demonstrated that controlling the stem cell microenvironment can influence differentiation. Components of the extracellular matrix are important physiological regulators and can provide mechanical cues, direct differentiation and improve cell engraftment into damaged tissue. Bioreactors are used to control the microenvironment and produce large numbers of desired cells. This article describes recent methods to achieve cardiomyocyte differentiation by engineering the stem cell microenvironment. Successful translation of stem cell research to therapeutic applications will need to address large-scale cardiomyocyte differentiation and purification, assessment of cardiac function and synchronization, and safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renita E Horton
- Harvard University School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall Room 317, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clark K Colton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Debra T Auguste
- Harvard University School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall Room 317, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Elastase-sensitive elastomeric scaffolds with variable anisotropy for soft tissue engineering. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2400-12. [PMID: 18509596 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop elastase-sensitive polyurethane scaffolds that would be applicable to the engineering of mechanically active soft tissues. METHODS A polyurethane containing an elastase-sensitive peptide sequence was processed into scaffolds by thermally induced phase separation. Processing conditions were manipulated to alter scaffold properties and anisotropy. The scaffold's mechanical properties, degradation, and cytocompatibility using muscle-derived stem cells were characterized. Scaffold in vivo degradation was evaluated by subcutaneous implantation. RESULTS When heat transfer was multidirectional, scaffolds had randomly oriented pores. Imposition of a heat transfer gradient resulted in oriented pores. Both scaffolds were flexible and relatively strong with mechanical properties dependent upon fabrication conditions such as solvent type, polymer concentration and quenching temperature. Oriented scaffolds exhibited anisotropic mechanical properties with greater tensile strength in the orientation direction. These scaffolds also supported muscle-derived stem cell growth more effectively than random scaffolds. The scaffolds expressed over 40% weight loss after 56 days in elastase containing buffer. Elastase-sensitive scaffolds were complete degraded after 8 weeks subcutaneous implantation in rats, markedly faster than similar polyurethanes that did not contain the peptide sequence. CONCLUSION The elastase-sensitive polyurethane scaffolds showed promise for application in soft tissue engineering where controlling scaffold mechanical properties and pore architecture are desirable.
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Ward TH, Brandizzi F. Dynamics of proteins in Golgi membranes: comparisons between mammalian and plant cells highlighted by photobleaching techniques. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004; 61:172-85. [PMID: 14745496 PMCID: PMC11138903 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-003-3355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In less than a decade the green fluorescent protein (GFP) has become one of the most popular tools for cell biologists for the study of dynamic processes in vivo. GFP has revolutionised the scientific approach for the study of vital organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus. As Golgi proteins can be tagged with GFP, in most cases without altering their targeting and function, it is a great substitute to conventional dyes used in the past to highlight this compartment. In this review, we cover the application of GFP and its spectral derivatives in the study of Golgi dynamics in mammalian and plant cells. In particular, we focus on the technique of selective photobleaching known as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, which has successfully shed light on essential differences in the biology of the Golgi apparatus in mammalian and plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Ward
- Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom
| | - F. Brandizzi
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, OX3 0BP Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2 Saskatoon, Canada
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