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Turnbull IC, Gaitas A. Characterizing induced pluripotent stem cells and derived cardiomyocytes: insights from nano scale mass measurements and mechanical properties. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:1059-1064. [PMID: 38356620 PMCID: PMC10863719 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00727h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Our study reveals that the nano-mechanical measures of elasticity and cell mass change significantly through induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) differentiation to cardiomyocytes, providing a reliable method to evaluate such processes. The findings support the importance of identifying these properties, and highlight the potential of AFM for comprehensive characterization of iPSC at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene C Turnbull
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY 10029 USA
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- The Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY 10029 USA
- BioMedical Engineering & Imaging Institute, Leon and Norma Hess Center for Science and Medicine New York NY 10029 USA
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2
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Cooke JA, Voigt AP, Collingwood MA, Stone NE, Whitmore SS, DeLuca AP, Burnight ER, Anfinson KR, Vakulskas CA, Reutzel AJ, Daggett HT, Andorf JL, Stone EM, Mullins RF, Tucker BA. Propensity of Patient-Derived iPSCs for Retinal Differentiation: Implications for Autologous Cell Replacement. Stem Cells Transl Med 2023; 12:365-378. [PMID: 37221451 PMCID: PMC10267581 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to use, newly generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) should be thoroughly validated. While excellent validation and release testing assays designed to evaluate potency, genetic integrity, and sterility exist, they do not have the ability to predict cell type-specific differentiation capacity. Selection of iPSC lines that have limited capacity to produce high-quality transplantable cells, places significant strain on valuable clinical manufacturing resources. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree and root cause of variability in retinal differentiation capacity between cGMP-derived patient iPSC lines. In turn, our goal was to develop a release testing assay that could be used to augment the widely used ScoreCard panel. IPSCs were generated from 15 patients (14-76 years old), differentiated into retinal organoids, and scored based on their retinal differentiation capacity. Despite significant differences in retinal differentiation propensity, RNA-sequencing revealed remarkable similarity between patient-derived iPSC lines prior to differentiation. At 7 days of differentiation, significant differences in gene expression could be detected. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed perturbations in pathways associated with pluripotency and early cell fate commitment. For example, good and poor producers had noticeably different expressions of OCT4 and SOX2 effector genes. QPCR assays targeting genes identified via RNA sequencing were developed and validated in a masked fashion using iPSCs from 8 independent patients. A subset of 14 genes, which include the retinal cell fate markers RAX, LHX2, VSX2, and SIX6 (all elevated in the good producers), were found to be predictive of retinal differentiation propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cooke
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew P Voigt
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas E Stone
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S Scott Whitmore
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam P DeLuca
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erin R Burnight
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kristin R Anfinson
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Austin J Reutzel
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Heather T Daggett
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeaneen L Andorf
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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3
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Chondrocyte Hypertrophy in Osteoarthritis: Mechanistic Studies and Models for the Identification of New Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244034. [PMID: 36552796 PMCID: PMC9777397 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage shows limited self-healing ability owing to its low cellularity and avascularity. Untreated cartilage defects display an increased propensity to degenerate, leading to osteoarthritis (OA). During OA progression, articular chondrocytes are subjected to significant alterations in gene expression and phenotype, including a shift towards a hypertrophic-like state (with the expression of collagen type X, matrix metalloproteinases-13, and alkaline phosphatase) analogous to what eventuates during endochondral ossification. Present OA management strategies focus, however, exclusively on cartilage inflammation and degradation. A better understanding of the hypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype in OA might give new insights into its pathogenesis, suggesting potential disease-modifying therapeutic approaches. Recent developments in the field of cellular/molecular biology and tissue engineering proceeded in the direction of contrasting the onset of this hypertrophic phenotype, but knowledge gaps in the cause-effect of these processes are still present. In this review we will highlight the possible advantages and drawbacks of using this approach as a therapeutic strategy while focusing on the experimental models necessary for a better understanding of the phenomenon. Specifically, we will discuss in brief the cellular signaling pathways associated with the onset of a hypertrophic phenotype in chondrocytes during the progression of OA and will analyze in depth the advantages and disadvantages of various models that have been used to mimic it. Afterwards, we will present the strategies developed and proposed to impede chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage matrix mineralization/calcification. Finally, we will examine the future perspectives of OA therapeutic strategies.
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Kothapalli C, Mahajan G, Farrell K. Substrate stiffness induced mechanotransduction regulates temporal evolution of human fetal neural progenitor cell phenotype, differentiation, and biomechanics. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5452-5464. [PMID: 32996962 PMCID: PMC8500671 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01349h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While the mechanotransduction-induced fate of adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) is relatively known, how substrate stiffness regulates the temporal evolution of the biomechanics and phenotype of developmentally relevant human fetal NPCs (hNPCs) and their mechanosensing pathways remain unknown. Here, we primed hNPCs on tissue-culture plastic (TCPS) for 3 days in non-differentiating medium before transferring to TCPS or Geltrex™ gels (<1 kPa) for 9-day cultures post-priming, and regularly assessed stemness, differentiation, and cell mechanics (Young's modulus, tether forces, apparent membrane tension, tether radius). hNPCs maintained stemness on TCPS while those on gels co-expressed stemness and neural/glial markers, 3-days post-priming. Biomechanical characteristics remained unchanged in cells on TCPS but were significantly altered in those on gels, 3-days post-priming. However, 9-days post-priming, hNPCs on gels differentiated, with significantly more neurons on softer gels and glia on stiffer gels, while those on TCPS maintained their native stemness. Withdrawal of bFGF and EGF in 9-day cultures induced hNPC differentiation and influenced cell mechanics. Cells on stiffer gels had higher biomechanical properties than those on softer gels throughout the culture period, with NPC-like > neural > glia subtypes. Higher stress fiber density in cells on stiffer gels explains their significantly different biomechanical properties on these gels. Blebbistatin treatment caused cell polarization, lowered elastic modulus, and enhanced tether forces, implicating the role of non-muscle myosin-II in hNPC mechanosensing, adaptability, and thereby mechanics. Such substrate-mediated temporal evolution of hNPCs guide design of smart scaffolds to investigate morphogenesis, disease modeling, stem cell biology, and biomaterials for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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5
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Modaresi S, Pacelli S, Subham S, Dathathreya K, Paul A. Intracellular Delivery of Exogenous Macromolecules into Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Double Deformation of the Plasma Membrane. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Modaresi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringBioIntel Research LaboratoryUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Settimio Pacelli
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringBioIntel Research LaboratoryUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Siddharth Subham
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringBioIntel Research LaboratoryUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Kavya Dathathreya
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringBioIntel Research LaboratoryUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Arghya Paul
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringBioIntel Research LaboratoryUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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Soft culture substrates favor stem-like cellular phenotype and facilitate reprogramming of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) through mechanotransduction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9086. [PMID: 31235788 PMCID: PMC6591285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biophysical cues influence many aspects of cell behavior. Stiffness of the extracellular matrix is probed by cells and transduced into biochemical signals through mechanotransduction protein networks, strongly influencing stem cell behavior. Cellular stemness is intimately related with mechanical properties of the cell, like intracellular contractility and stiffness, which in turn are influenced by the microenvironment. Pluripotency is associated with soft and low-contractility cells. Hence, we postulated that soft cell culture substrates, presumably inducing low cellular contractility and stiffness, increase the reprogramming efficiency of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We demonstrate that soft substrates (1.5 or 15 kPa polydimethylsiloxane – PDMS) caused modulation of several cellular features of MSCs into a phenotype closer to pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). MSCs cultured on soft substrates presented more relaxed nuclei, lower maturation of focal adhesions and F-actin assembling, more euchromatic and less heterochromatic nuclear DNA regions, and increased expression of pluripotency-related genes. These changes correlate with the reprogramming of MSCs, with a positive impact on the kinetics, robustness of colony formation and reprogramming efficiency. Additionally, substrate stiffness influences several phenotypic features of iPS cells and colonies, and data indicates that soft substrates favor full iPSC reprogramming.
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7
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Goonoo N, Bhaw-Luximon A. Mimicking growth factors: role of small molecule scaffold additives in promoting tissue regeneration and repair. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18124-18146. [PMID: 35702423 PMCID: PMC9115879 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of tissue engineering scaffolds is to mimic the in vivo environment and promote tissue growth. In this quest, a number of strategies have been developed such as enhancing cell-material interactions through modulation of scaffold physico-chemical parameters. However, more is required for scaffolds to relate to the cell natural environment. Growth factors (GFs) secreted by cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) are involved in both normal repair and abnormal remodeling. The direct use of GFs on their own or when incorporated within scaffolds represent a number of challenges such as release rate, stability and shelf-life. Small molecules have been proposed as promising alternatives to GFs as they are able to minimize or overcome many shortcomings of GFs, in particular immune response and instability. Despite the promise of small molecules in various TE applications, their direct use is limited by nonspecific adverse effects on non-target tissues and organs. Hence, they have been incorporated within scaffolds to localize their actions and control their release to target sites. However, scanty rationale is available which links the chemical structure of these molecules with their mode of action. We herewith review various small molecules either when used on their own or when incorporated within polymeric carriers/scaffolds for bone, cartilage, neural, adipose and skin tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowsheen Goonoo
- Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology (BDDN) Unit, Centre for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius Réduit Mauritius
| | - Archana Bhaw-Luximon
- Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology (BDDN) Unit, Centre for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius Réduit Mauritius
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8
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Lee SW, Wu G, Choi NY, Lee HJ, Bang JS, Lee Y, Lee M, Ko K, Schöler HR, Ko K. Self-Reprogramming of Spermatogonial Stem Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells without Microenvironment of Feeder Cells. Mol Cells 2018; 41:631-638. [PMID: 29991673 PMCID: PMC6078851 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) derived from mouse testis are unipotent in regard of spermatogenesis. Our previous study demonstrated that SSCs can be fully reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells, so called germline-derived pluripotent stem cells (gPS cells), on feeder cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts), which supports SSC proliferation and induction of pluripotency. Because of an uncontrollable microenvironment caused by interactions with feeder cells, feeder-based SSC reprogramming is not suitable for elucidation of the self-reprogramming mechanism by which SSCs are converted into pluripotent stem cells. Recently, we have established a Matrigel-based SSC expansion culture system that allows long-term SSC proliferation without mouse embryonic fibroblast support. In this study, we developed a new feeder-free SSC self-reprogramming protocol based on the Matrigel-based culture system. The gPS cells generated using a feeder-free reprogramming system showed pluripotency at the molecular and cellular levels. The differentiation potential of gPS cells was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Our study shows for the first time that the induction of SSC pluripotency can be achieved without feeder cells. The newly developed feeder-free self-reprogramming system could be a useful tool to reveal the mechanism by which unipotent cells are self-reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster,
Germany
| | - Na Young Choi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Jin Seok Bang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Yukyeong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Minseong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974,
Korea
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster,
Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster,
Germany
| | - Kinarm Ko
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- The University Open-Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
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Gonçalves AI, Rodrigues MT, Gomes ME. Tissue-engineered magnetic cell sheet patches for advanced strategies in tendon regeneration. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:110-122. [PMID: 28919507 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are powerful 3D biomechanically structures combining a few cells in an intrincated and highly hierarchical niche environment. When tendon homeostasis is compromised, restoration of functionality upon injury is limited and requires alternatives to current augmentation or replacement strategies. Cell sheet technologies are a powerful tool for the fabrication of living extracellular-rich patches towards regeneration of tenotopic defects. Thus, we originally propose the development of magnetically responsive tenogenic patches through magnetic cell sheet (magCSs) technology that enable the remote control upon implantation of the tendon-mimicking constructs. A Tenomodulin positive (TNMD+) subpopulation of cells sorted from a crude population of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) previously identified as being prone to tenogenesis was selected for the magCSs patch construction. We investigated the stability, the cellular co-location of the iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), as well as the morphology and mechanical properties of the developed magCSs. Moreover, the expression of tendon markers and collagenous tendon-like matrix were further assessed under the actuation of an external magnetic field. Overall, this study confirms the potential to bioengineer tendon patches using a magnetic cell sheet construction with magnetic responsiveness, good mechanoelastic properties and a tenogenic prone stem cell population envisioning cell-based functional therapies towards tendon regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The concept of magnetic force-based tissue engineering may assist the development of innovative solutions to treat tendon (or other tissues) disorders upon remote control of biological processes as cell migration or differentiation. Herein, we originally fabricated magnetic responsive cell sheets (magCSs) with a Tenomodulin positive subpopulation of adipose tissue derived stem cells identified to commit to the tenogenic lineage. To the best of authors knowledge, this is the first time a tendon oriented strategy resorting on magCSsis reported. Moreover, the promising role of tenogenic living constructs fabricated as magnetically responsive ECM-rich patches is highlighted, envisioning the stimulation of endogenous regenerative mechanisms. Altogether, these findings contribute to future stem cell studies and their translation toward tendon therapies.
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10
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Li M, Dang D, Liu L, Xi N, Wang Y. Atomic Force Microscopy in Characterizing Cell Mechanics for Biomedical Applications: A Review. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2017; 16:523-540. [PMID: 28613180 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2017.2714462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell mechanics is a novel label-free biomarker for indicating cell states and pathological changes. The advent of atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides a powerful tool for quantifying the mechanical properties of single living cells in aqueous conditions. The wide use of AFM in characterizing cell mechanics in the past two decades has yielded remarkable novel insights in understanding the development and progression of certain diseases, such as cancer, showing the huge potential of cell mechanics for practical applications in the field of biomedicine. In this paper, we reviewed the utilization of AFM to characterize cell mechanics. First, the principle and method of AFM single-cell mechanical analysis was presented, along with the mechanical responses of cells to representative external stimuli measured by AFM. Next, the unique changes of cell mechanics in two types of physiological processes (stem cell differentiation, cancer metastasis) revealed by AFM were summarized. After that, the molecular mechanisms guiding cell mechanics were analyzed. Finally the challenges and future directions were discussed.
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Li J, Zhang F, Yu L, Fujimoto N, Yoshioka M, Li X, Shi J, Kotera H, Liu L, Chen Y. Culture substrates made of elastomeric micro-tripod arrays for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:236-244. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Elastomeric micro-tripod arrays were used as novel substrates for culturing and long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Li
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
| | - F. Zhang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
| | - L. Yu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Department of Micro Engineering
| | - N. Fujimoto
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Department of Micro Engineering
| | - M. Yoshioka
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
| | - X. Li
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
| | - J. Shi
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
- CNRS-ENS-UPMC UMR 8640
- Paris
- France
| | - H. Kotera
- Department of Micro Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8540
- Japan
| | - L. Liu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
| | - Y. Chen
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
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12
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Ying H, Yen J, Wang R, Lai Y, Hsu JLA, Hu Y, Cheng J. Degradable and biocompatible hydrogels bearing a hindered urea bond. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:2398-2402. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00669a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymers containing hindered urea bonds are novel platforms for designing degradable hydrogels suitable for protein release and stem cell encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanze Ying
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Jonathan Yen
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Ruibo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Yang Lai
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Jer-Luen-Aaron Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Yuhang Hu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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13
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Reibetanz U, Hübner D, Jung M, Liebert UG, Claus C. Influence of Growth Characteristics of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Their Uptake Efficiency for Layer-by-Layer Microcarriers. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6563-6573. [PMID: 27362252 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to differentiate into any specialized somatic cell type, which makes them an attractive tool for a wide variety of scientific approaches, including regenerative medicine. However, their pluripotent state and their growth in compact colonies render them difficult to access and, therefore, restrict delivery of specific agents for cell manipulation. Thus, our investigation focus was set on the evaluation of the capability of layer-by-layer (LbL) designed microcarriers to serve as a potential drug delivery system to iPSCs, as they offer several appealing advantages. Most notably, these carriers allow for the transport of active agents in a protected environment and for a rather specific delivery through surface modifications. As we could show, charge and mode of LbL carrier application as well as the size of the iPSC colonies determine the interaction with and the uptake rate by iPSCs. None of the examined conditions had an influence on iPSC colony properties such as colony morphology and size or maintenance of pluripotent properties. An overall interaction rate of LbL carriers with iPSCs of up to 20% was achieved. Those data emphasize the applicability of LbL carriers for stem cell research. Additionally, the potential use of LbL carriers as a promising delivery tool for iPSCs was contrasted to viral particles and liposomes. The identified differences among those delivery tools have substantiated our major conclusion that LbL carrier uptake rate is influenced by characteristic features of the iPSC colonies (most notably colony size) in addition to their surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig , 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise Hübner
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig , 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle, Germany
| | - Uwe Gerd Liebert
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig , 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig , 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Gelmi A, Cieslar‐Pobuda A, de Muinck E, Los M, Rafat M, Jager EWH. Direct Mechanical Stimulation of Stem Cells: A Beating Electromechanically Active Scaffold for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1471-80. [PMID: 27126086 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The combination of stem cell therapy with a supportive scaffold is a promising approach to improving cardiac tissue engineering. Stem cell therapy can be used to repair nonfunctioning heart tissue and achieve myocardial regeneration, and scaffold materials can be utilized in order to successfully deliver and support stem cells in vivo. Current research describes passive scaffold materials; here an electroactive scaffold that provides electrical, mechanical, and topographical cues to induced human pluripotent stem cells (iPS) is presented. The poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) fiber scaffold coated with conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) is capable of delivering direct electrical and mechanical stimulation to the iPS. The electroactive scaffolds demonstrate no cytotoxic effects on the iPS as well as an increased expression of cardiac markers for both stimulated and unstimulated protocols. This study demonstrates the first application of PPy as a supportive electroactive material for iPS and the first development of a fiber scaffold capable of dynamic mechanical actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gelmi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University 581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Artur Cieslar‐Pobuda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Division of Cell Biology Linköping University Hospital 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Ebo de Muinck
- Department of Cardiology Linköping University Hospital 581 85 Linköping Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Cardiovascular Medicine 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Marek Los
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Division of Cell Biology Linköping University Hospital 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Mehrdad Rafat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Linkoping University 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Edwin W. H. Jager
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University 581 83 Linköping Sweden
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15
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Irianto J, Pfeifer CR, Ivanovska IL, Swift J, Discher DE. Nuclear lamins in cancer. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 9:258-267. [PMID: 27570565 PMCID: PMC4999255 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysmorphic nuclei are commonly seen in cancers and provide strong motivation for studying the main structural proteins of nuclei, the lamins, in cancer. Past studies have also demonstrated the significance of microenvironment mechanics to cancer progression, which is extremely interesting because the lamina was recently shown to be mechanosensitive. Here, we review current knowledge relating cancer progression to lamina biophysics. Lamin levels can constrain cancer cell migration in 3D and thereby impede tumor growth, and lamins can also protect a cancer cell's genome. In addition, lamins can influence transcriptional regulators (RAR, SRF, YAP/TAZ) and chromosome conformation in lamina associated domains. Further investigation of the roles for lamins in cancer and even DNA damage may lead to new therapies or at least to a clearer understanding of lamins as bio-markers in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Irianto
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charlotte R. Pfeifer
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irena L. Ivanovska
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joe Swift
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Boraas LC, Guidry JB, Pineda ET, Ahsan T. Cytoskeletal Expression and Remodeling in Pluripotent Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145084. [PMID: 26771179 PMCID: PMC4714815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many emerging cell-based therapies are based on pluripotent stem cells, though complete understanding of the properties of these cells is lacking. In these cells, much is still unknown about the cytoskeletal network, which governs the mechanoresponse. The objective of this study was to determine the cytoskeletal state in undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells and remodeling with differentiation. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as well as the original un-reprogrammed embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), were evaluated for expression of cytoskeletal markers. We found that pluripotent stem cells overall have a less developed cytoskeleton compared to fibroblasts. Gene and protein expression of smooth muscle cell actin, vimentin, lamin A, and nestin were markedly lower for ESCs than MEFs. Whereas, iPSC samples were heterogeneous with most cells expressing patterns of cytoskeletal proteins similar to ESCs with a small subpopulation similar to MEFs. This indicates that dedifferentiation during reprogramming is associated with cytoskeletal remodeling to a less developed state. In differentiation studies, it was found that shear stress-mediated differentiation resulted in an increase in expression of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments in ESCs, but not in iPSC samples. In the embryoid body model of spontaneous differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, however, both ESCs and iPSCs had similar gene expression for cytoskeletal proteins during early differentiation. With further differentiation, however, gene levels were significantly higher for iPSCs compared to ESCs. These results indicate that reprogrammed iPSCs more readily reacquire cytoskeletal proteins compared to the ESCs that need to form the network de novo. The strategic selection of the parental phenotype is thus critical not only in the context of reprogramming but also the ultimate functionality of the iPSC-differentiated cell population. Overall, this increased characterization of the cytoskeleton in pluripotent stem cells will allow for the better understanding and design of stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana C. Boraas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Julia B. Guidry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Emma T. Pineda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Pizzute T, Lynch K, Pei M. Impact of tissue-specific stem cells on lineage-specific differentiation: a focus on the musculoskeletal system. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 11:119-32. [PMID: 25113801 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and, with proper intervention and environmental cues, these stem cells exercise their capabilities for differentiation into several lineages to form cartilage, bone, muscle, and adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, it has been widely demonstrated that they do not differentiate with the same efficacy during lineage-specific differentiation studies, as the tissue-specific stem cells are generally more effective when differentiating toward the tissues from which they were derived. This review focuses on four mesodermal lineages for tissue-specific stem cell differentiation: adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, myogenesis, and osteogenesis. It is intended to give insight into current multilineage differentiation and comparative research, highlight and contrast known trends regarding differentiation, and introduce supporting evidence which demonstrates particular tissue-specific stem cells' superiority in lineage-specific differentiation, along with their resident tissue origins and natural roles. In addition, some epigenetic and transcriptomic differences between stem cells which may explain the observed trends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Pizzute
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA
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18
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Lee JH, Park HK, Kim KS. Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical properties related to the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 473:752-7. [PMID: 26403968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diverse intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical factors have a strong influence on the regulation of stem cell fate. In this work, we examined recent literature on the effects of mechanical environments on stem cells, especially on differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We provide a brief review of intrinsic mechanical properties of single MSC and examined the correlation between the intrinsic mechanical property of MSC and the differentiation ability. The effects of extrinsic mechanical factors relevant to the differentiation of MSCs were considered separately. The effect of nanostructure and elasticity of the matrix on the differentiation of MSCs were summarized. Finally, we consider how the extrinsic mechanical properties transfer to MSCs and then how the effects on the intrinsic mechanical properties affect stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Lee
- School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Kuk Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Healthcare Industry Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Program of Medical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Program of Medical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Ireland RG, Simmons CA. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Mechanobiology: Manipulating the Biophysical Microenvironment for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Applications. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3187-96. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G. Ireland
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Craig A. Simmons
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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20
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Yen J, Yin L, Cheng J. Enhanced Non-Viral Gene Delivery to Human Embryonic Stem Cells via Small Molecule-Mediated Transient Alteration of Cell Structure. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8098-8105. [PMID: 26005572 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-viral gene delivery into human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)is an important tool for controlling cell fate. However, the delivery efficiency remains low due in part to the tight colony structure of the cells which prevents effective exposure towards delivery vectors. We herein report a novel approach to enhance non-viral gene delivery to hESCs by transiently altering the cell and colony structure. (R)-(+)-trans-4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (Y-27632), a small molecule that inhibits the rho-associated protein kinase pathway, is utilized to induce transient colony spreading which leads to increased transfection efficiency by 1.5 to 2 folds in a spectrum of non-viral transfection reagents including Lipofectamine 2000 and Fugene HD. After removal of Y-27632 post-transfection, cells can revert back to its normal state and do not show alteration of pluripotency. This approach provides a simple, effective tool to enhance non-viral gene delivery into adherent hESCs for genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Lichen Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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21
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Zeldovich VB, Clausen CH, Bradford E, Fletcher DA, Maltepe E, Robbins JR, Bakardjiev AI. Placental syncytium forms a biophysical barrier against pathogen invasion. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003821. [PMID: 24348256 PMCID: PMC3861541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal syncytiotrophoblasts form a unique fused multinuclear surface that is bathed in maternal blood, and constitutes the main interface between fetus and mother. Syncytiotrophoblasts are exposed to pathogens circulating in maternal blood, and appear to have unique resistance mechanisms against microbial invasion. These are due in part to the lack of intercellular junctions and their receptors, the Achilles heel of polarized mononuclear epithelia. However, the syncytium is immune to receptor-independent invasion as well, suggesting additional general defense mechanisms against infection. The difficulty of maintaining and manipulating primary human syncytiotrophoblasts in culture makes it challenging to investigate the cellular and molecular basis of host defenses in this unique tissue. Here we present a novel system to study placental pathogenesis using murine trophoblast stem cells (mTSC) that can be differentiated into syncytiotrophoblasts and recapitulate human placental syncytium. Consistent with previous results in primary human organ cultures, murine syncytiotrophoblasts were found to be resistant to infection with Listeria monocytogenes via direct invasion and cell-to-cell spread. Atomic force microscopy of murine syncytiotrophoblasts demonstrated that these cells have a greater elastic modulus than mononuclear trophoblasts. Disruption of the unusually dense actin structure--a diffuse meshwork of microfilaments--with Cytochalasin D led to a decrease in its elastic modulus by 25%. This correlated with a small but significant increase in invasion of L. monocytogenes into murine and human syncytium. These results suggest that the syncytial actin cytoskeleton may form a general barrier against pathogen entry in humans and mice. Moreover, murine TSCs are a genetically tractable model system for the investigation of specific pathways in syncytial host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara B. Zeldovich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Casper H. Clausen
- Department of Bioengineering and Program in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Bradford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering and Program in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Robbins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anna I. Bakardjiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Bongiorno T, Kazlow J, Mezencev R, Griffiths S, Olivares-Navarrete R, McDonald JF, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD, McDevitt TC, Sulchek T. Mechanical stiffness as an improved single-cell indicator of osteoblastic human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. J Biomech 2013; 47:2197-204. [PMID: 24296276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been established that cellular stiffness can change as a stem cell differentiates, the precise relationship between cell mechanics and other phenotypic properties remains unclear. Inherent cell heterogeneity and asynchronous differentiation complicate population analysis; therefore, single-cell analysis was employed to determine how changes in cell stiffness correlate with changes in molecular biomarkers during differentiation. Design of a custom gridded tissue culture dish facilitated single-cell comparisons between cell mechanics and other differentiation biomarkers by enabling sequential measurement of cell mechanics and protein biomarker expression at the single cell level. The Young's modulus of mesenchymal stem cells was shown not only to decrease during chemically-induced osteoblast differentiation, but also to correlate more closely with the day of differentiation than did the relative expression of the traditional osteoblast differentiation markers, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin. Therefore, cell stiffness, a measurable property of individual cells, may serve as an improved indicator of single-cell osteoblast differentiation compared to traditional biological markers. Revelation of additional osteoblast differentiation indicators, such as cell stiffness, can improve identification and collection of starting cell populations, with applications to mesenchymal stem cell therapies and stem cell-based tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bongiorno
- The G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob Kazlow
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roman Mezencev
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Griffiths
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - John F McDonald
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Todd C McDevitt
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- The G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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23
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Earls JK, Jin S, Ye K. Mechanobiology of human pluripotent stem cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:420-30. [PMID: 23472616 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are self-renewing and have the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the body, making them attractive cell sources for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, in order for hPSCs to find use in the clinic, the mechanisms underlying their self-renewal and lineage commitment must be better understood. Many technologies that have been developed for the maintenance and directed differentiation of hPSCs involve the use of soluble growth factors, but recent studies suggest that other elements of the hPSC microenvironment also influence the growth and differentiation of hPSCs. This includes the influences of cell-cell interactions, substrate mechanics, cellular interactions with extracellular matrix, as well as the nanotopography of the substrate and physical forces such as shear stress, cyclic mechanical strain, and compression. In this review, we highlight the recent progress of this area of research and discuss ways in which the mechanical cues may be incorporated into hPSC culture regimes to improve methods for expanding and differentiating hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Earls
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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24
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Luo S, Shi Q, Zha Z, Yao P, Lin H, Liu N, Wu H, Cai J, Sun S. The roles of integrin β1 in phenotypic maintenance and dedifferentiation in chondroid cells differentiated from human adipose-derived stem cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:136. [PMID: 23522347 PMCID: PMC3653688 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to probe the intrinsic mechanism of chondroid cell dedifferentiation in order to provide a feasible solution for this in cell culture. METHODS Morphological and biomechanical properties of cells undergoing chondrogenic differentiation from human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were measured at the nanometer scale using atomic force microscopy and laser confocal scanning microscopy. Gene expression was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The expression of COL II, SOX9, and Aggrecan mRNA began to increase gradually at the beginning of differentiation and reach a peak similar to that of normal chondrocytes on the 12th day, then dropped to the level of the 6th day at 18th day. Cell topography and mechanics trended resembled those of the genes' expression. Integrin β1 was expressed in ADSCs and rapidly upregulated during differentiation but downregulated after reaching maturity. CONCLUSIONS The amount and distribution of integrin β1 may play a critical role in mediating both chondroid cell maturity and dedifferentiation. Integrin β1 is a possible new marker and target for phenotypic maintenance in chondroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qiping Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhengang Zha
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ping Yao
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ning Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hao Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiye Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nano-Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shangyun Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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25
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Ruiz JP, Pelaez D, Dias J, Ziebarth NM, Cheung HS. The effect of nicotine on the mechanical properties of mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:29-35. [PMID: 23060733 DOI: 10.2147/chc.s24381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE: To measure the elasticity of the nucleus and cytoplasm of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as well as changes brought about by exposure to nicotine in vitro. METHODS: MSCs were synchronized to the G(0) stage of the cell cycle through serum deprivation techniques. The cells were then treated with medium containing nicotine (0.1 µM, 0.5 µM, and 1 µM). Atomic force microscopy was then used to measure the Young's modulus of both the nucleus and cytoplasm of these cells. RESULTS: For both unsynchronized and synchronized cells, the nucleus was softer than the cytoplasm, although this difference was not found to be statistically significant. The nucleus of cells treated with nicotine was significantly stiffer than the control for all concentrations. The cytoplasm was significantly stiffer in nicotine-treated cells than in control cells for the 0.5 µM and 1.0 µM concentrations only. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study could suggest that nicotine affects the biophysical properties of human MSCs in a dose-dependent manner, which may render the cells less responsive to mechanoinduction and other physical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Ruiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA ; Research Service and Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
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26
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Dado D, Sagi M, Levenberg S, Zemel A. Mechanical control of stem cell differentiation. Regen Med 2012; 7:101-16. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have focused on identifying the chemical and biological factors that govern the differentiation of stem cells; however, recent research has shown that mechanical cues may play an equally important role. Mechanical forces such as shear stresses and tensile loads, as well as the rigidity and topography of the extracellular matrix were shown to induce significant changes in the morphology and fate of stem cells. We survey experimental studies that focused on the response of stem cells to mechanical and geometrical properties of their environment and discuss the mechanical mechanisms that accompany their response including the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and determination of cell and nucleus size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekel Dado
- Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Maayan Sagi
- Institute of Dental Sciences & the Fritz Haber Research Center, Hebrew-University, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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27
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Pillarisetti A, Desai JP, Ladjal H, Schiffmacher A, Ferreira A, Keefer CL. Mechanical phenotyping of mouse embryonic stem cells: increase in stiffness with differentiation. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:371-80. [PMID: 21728815 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a promising tool to characterize the mechanical properties of biological materials and cells. In our studies, undifferentiated and early differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were assessed individually using an AFM system to determine if we could detect changes in their mechanical properties by surface probing. Probes with pyramidal and spherical tips were assessed, as were different analytical models for evaluating the data. The combination of AFM probing with a spherical tip and analysis using the Hertz model provided the best fit to the experimental data obtained and thus provided the best approximation of the elastic modulus. Our results showed that after only 6 days of differentiation, individual cell stiffness increased significantly with early differentiating mESCs having an elastic modulus two- to threefold higher than undifferentiated mESCs, regardless of cell line (R1 or D3 mESCs) or treatment. Single-touch (indentation) probing of individual cells is minimally invasive compared to other techniques. Therefore, this method of mechanical phenotyping should prove to be a valuable tool in the development of improved methods of identification and targeted cellular differentiation of embryonic, adult, and induced-pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Pillarisetti
- Robotics, Automation, Medical Systems (RAMS) Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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28
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Yang RG, Xi N, Lai KWC, Zhong BH, Fung CKM, Qu CG, Wang DH. Nanomechanical analysis of insulinoma cells after glucose and capsaicin stimulation using atomic force microscopy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:853-60. [PMID: 21623392 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Glucose stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic islet β cells by altering ion channel activity and membrane potential in the β cells. TRPV1 channel is expressed in the β cells and capsaicin induces insulin secretion similarly to glucose. This study aims to investigate the biophysical properties of the β cells upon stimulation of membrane channels using an atomic force microscopic (AFM) nanoindentation system. METHODS ATCC insulinoma cell line was used. Cell stiffness, a marker of reorganization of cell membrane and cytoskeleton due to ion channel activation, was measured in real time using an integrated AFM nanoindentation system. Cell height that represented structural changes was simultaneously recorded along with cell stiffness. RESULTS After administration of glucose (16, 20 and 40 mmol/L), the cell stiffness was markedly increased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas cell height was changed in an opposite way. Lower concentrations of capsaicin (1.67 × 10(-9) and 1.67 × 10(-8) mol/L) increased the cell stiffness without altering cell height. In contrast, higher concentrations of capsaicin (1.67 × 10(-6) and 1.67 × 10(-7) mol/L) had no effect on the cell physical properties. CONCLUSION A unique bio-nanomechanical signature was identified for characterizing biophysical properties of insulinoma cells upon general or specific activation of membrane channels. This study may deepen our understanding of stimulus-secretion coupling of pancreatic islet cells that leads to insulin secretion.
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