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Takenaka T, Hasan A, Marumo T, Inoue T, Miyazaki T, Suzuki H, Kurosaki Y, Ishii N, Nishiyama A, Hayashi M. Klotho Supplementation Reverses Renal Dysfunction and Interstitial Fibrosis in Remnant Kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2023; 48:326-337. [PMID: 37019097 DOI: 10.1159/000530469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While recent investigations show that klotho exerts renoprotective actions, it has not been fully addressed whether klotho protein supplementation reverses renal damage. METHODS The impacts of subcutaneous klotho supplementation on rats with subtotal nephrectomy were examined. Animals were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (short remnant [SR]): remnant kidney for 4 weeks, group 2 (long remnant [LR]): remnant kidney for 12 weeks, and group 3 (klotho supplementation [KL]): klotho protein (20 μg/kg/day) supplementation on the remnant kidney. Blood pressure, blood and urine compositions with conventional methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, kidney histology, and renal expressions of various genes were analyzed. In vitro studies were also performed to support in vivo findings. RESULTS Klotho protein supplementation decreased albuminuria (-43%), systolic blood pressure (-16%), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 (-51%) and serum phosphate levels (-19%), renal angiotensin II concentration (-43%), fibrosis index (-70%), renal expressions of collagen I (-55%), and transforming growth factor β (-59%) (p < 0.05 for all). Klotho supplementation enhanced fractional excretion of phosphate (+45%), glomerular filtration rate (+76%), renal expressions of klotho (+148%), superoxide dismutase (+124%), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 (+174%) (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Our data indicated that klotho protein supplementation inactivated renal renin-angiotensin system, reducing blood pressure and albuminuria in remnant kidney. Furthermore, exogenous klotho protein supplementation elevated endogenous klotho expression to increase phosphate excretion with resultant reductions in FGF23 and serum phosphate. Finally, klotho supplementation reversed renal dysfunction and fibrosis in association with improved BMP7 in remnant kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Takenaka
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arif Hasan
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Marumo
- Department of Nephrology, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyazaki
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | | | - Naohito Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
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Abstract
The kidney is a highly complex organ in the human body. Although creating an in vitro model of the human kidney is challenging, tremendous advances have been made in recent years. Kidney organoids are in vitro kidney models that are generated from stem cells in three-dimensional (3D) cultures. They exhibit remarkable degree of similarities with the native tissue in terms of cell type, morphology, and function. The establishment of 3D kidney organoids facilitates a mechanistic study of cell communications, and these organoids can be used for drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine applications. This review discusses the cellular complexity during in vitro kidney generation. We intend to highlight recent progress in kidney organoids and the applications of these relatively new technologies.
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Khoshdel-Rad N, Zahmatkesh E, Moeinvaziri F, Haghparast N, Baharvand H, Aghdami N, Moghadasali R. Promoting Maturation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Renal Microtissue by Incorporation of Endothelial and Mesenchymal Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:428-440. [PMID: 33787359 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) uses a growing number of small molecules and growth factors required for in vitro generation of renal lineage cells. Although current protocols are relatively inefficient or expensive. The first objective of the present work was to establish a new differentiation protocol for generating renal precursors. We sought to determine if inducer of definitive endoderm 1 (IDE1), a cost-effective small molecule, can be used to replace activin A. Gene expression data showed significantly increased expressions of nephrogenic markers in cells differentiated with 20 nM IDE1 compared with cells differentiated with activin A. Thus, renal lineage cells could be generated by this alternative approach. Afterward, we determined whether coculture of endothelial and mesenchymal cells could increase the maturation of three-dimensional (3D) renal structures. For this purpose, we employed a 3D coculture system in which hPSC-derived kidney precursors were cocultured with endothelial cells (ECs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hereafter named RMEM (renal microtissue derived from coculture of renal precursors with endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells). hPSC-derived kidney precursors were cultured either alone [renal microtissue (RM)] or in coculture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells at an approximate ratio of 10:7:2, respectively. Immunofluorescent staining showed expressions of kidney-specific markers synaptopodin, LTL, and E-cadherin, as well as CD31+ ECs that were distributed throughout the RMEMs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed a significant increase in gene expressions of the renal-specific markers in RMEMs compared with RMs. These findings demonstrated that renal precursors cocultured with endothelial and MSCs showed greater maturity compared with RMs. Moreover, ex ovo transplantation induced further maturation in the RMEM constructs. Our novel approach enabled the generation of RMEM that could potentially be used in high-throughput drug screening and nephrotoxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Khoshdel-Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Moeinvaziri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Newsha Haghparast
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Moghadasali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
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Human cardiomyocytes undergo enhanced maturation in embryonic stem cell-derived organoid transplants. Biomaterials 2018; 192:537-550. [PMID: 30529872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human cardiomyocytes (CM) differentiated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are relatively immature when generated in two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cultures, which limits their biomedical applications. Here, we devised a strategy to enhance maturation of human CM in vitro by assembly of three-dimensional (3D) cardiac organoids (CO) containing human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitor cells (hESC-CPCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In contrast to corresponding 2D cultures, 3D CO not only developed into structures containing spontaneously beating CM, but also showed enhanced maturity as indicated by increased expressions of sarcomere and ion channel genes and reduced proliferation. Heterotopic implantation of CO into the peritoneal cavity of immunodeficient mice induced neovascularization, and further stimulated upregulation of genes coding for the contractile apparatus, Ca2+ handling and ion channel proteins. In addition, CM in implanted CO were characterized by a more mature ultrastructure compared to CM implanted without CO support. Functional analysis revealed the presence of working cardiomyocytes in both in vivo and ex ovo chorioallantoic membrane implanted CO. Our results demonstrate that cultivation in 3D CO and subsequent heterotopic implantation enhance maturation of CM towards an adult-like phenotype. We reason that CO-derived CM represent an attractive source for drug discovery and other biomedical applications.
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Microfluidic-Based 3D Engineered Microvascular Networks and Their Applications in Vascularized Microtumor Models. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9100493. [PMID: 30424426 PMCID: PMC6215090 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microvasculature plays a critical role in human physiology and is closely associated to various human diseases. By combining advanced microfluidic-based techniques, the engineered 3D microvascular network model provides a precise and reproducible platform to study the microvasculature in vitro, which is an essential and primary component to engineer organ-on-chips and achieve greater biological relevance. In this review, we discuss current strategies to engineer microvessels in vitro, which can be broadly classified into endothelial cell lining-based methods, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis-based methods, and hybrid methods. By closely simulating relevant factors found in vivo such as biomechanical, biochemical, and biological microenvironment, it is possible to create more accurate organ-specific models, including both healthy and pathological vascularized microtissue with their respective vascular barrier properties. We further discuss the integration of tumor cells/spheroids into the engineered microvascular to model the vascularized microtumor tissue, and their potential application in the study of cancer metastasis and anti-cancer drug screening. Finally, we conclude with our commentaries on current progress and future perspective of on-chip vascularization techniques for fundamental and clinical/translational research.
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Guo P, Sun H, Zhang Y, Tighe S, Chen S, Su CW, Liu Y, Zhao H, Hu M, Zhu Y. Limbal niche cells are a potent resource of adult mesenchymal progenitors. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3315-3322. [PMID: 29679460 PMCID: PMC6010802 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbal niche cells located in the limbal Palisades of Vogt are mesenchymal stem cells that reside next to limbal basal epithelial cells. Limbal niche cells are progenitors that express embryonic stem cell markers such as Nanog, Nestin, Oct4, Rex1, Sox2 and SSEA4, mesenchymal cell markers such as CD73, CD90 and CD105, and angiogenesis markers such as Flk-1, CD31, CD34, VWF, PDGFRβ and α-SMA, but negative for CD45. In addition, the stemness of limbal niche cells can be maintained during their cell culture in a three-dimension environment. Furthermore, expanded limbal niche cells have the capability to undergo adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and endogenesis in vitro, indicating that they are in fact a valuable resource of adult progenitors. Furthermore studies on how the limbal niche cells regulate the aforementioned stemness and corneal fate decision are warranted, as those investigations will shed new light on how mesenchymal progenitors reverse limbal stem cell deficiency and lead to new methods for limbal niche cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Department of Ophthalmology, School of Optometry & Ophthalmology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sean Tighe
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Chen-Wei Su
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yongsong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan' An Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan' An Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yingting Zhu
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
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Wong L, Pegan JD, Gabela-Zuniga B, Khine M, McCloskey KE. Leaf-inspired microcontact printing vascular patterns. Biofabrication 2017; 9:021001. [PMID: 28488588 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vascularization of tissue grafts is critical for maintaining viability of the cells within a transplanted graft. A number of strategies are currently being investigated including very promising microfluidics systems. Here, we explored the potential for generating a vasculature-patterned endothelial cells that could be integrated into distinct layers between sheets of primary cells. Bioinspired from the leaf veins, we generated a reverse mold with a fractal vascular-branching pattern that models the unique spatial arrangement over multiple length scales that precisely mimic branching vasculature. By coating the reverse mold with 50 μg ml-1 of fibronectin and stamping enabled selective adhesion of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to the patterned adhesive matrix, we show that a vascular-branching pattern can be transferred by microcontact printing. Moreover, this pattern can be maintained and transferred to a 3D hydrogel matrix and remains stable for up to 4 d. After 4 d, HUVECs can be observed migrating and sprouting into Matrigel. These printed vascular branching patterns, especially after transfer to 3D hydrogels, provide a viable alternative strategy to the prevascularization of complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wong
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, United States of America. Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, United States of America
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Ramakrishnan VM, Tien KT, McKinley TR, Bocard BR, McCurry TM, Williams SK, Hoying JB, Boyd NL. Wnt5a Regulates the Assembly of Human Adipose Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction-Derived Microvasculatures. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151402. [PMID: 26963616 PMCID: PMC4786226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (hSVF) cells are an easily accessible, heterogeneous cell system that can spontaneously self-assemble into functional microvasculatures in vivo. However, the mechanisms underlying vascular self-assembly and maturation are poorly understood, therefore we utilized an in vitro model to identify potential in vivo regulatory mechanisms. We utilized passage one (P1) hSVF because of the rapid UEA1+ endothelium (EC) loss at even P2 culture. We exposed hSVF cells to a battery of angiogenesis inhibitors and found that the pan-Wnt inhibitor IWP2 produced the most significant hSVF-EC networking decrease (~25%). To determine which Wnt isoform(s) and receptor(s) may be involved, hSVF was screened by PCR for isoforms associated with angiogenesis, with only WNT5A and its receptor, FZD4, being expressed for all time points observed. Immunocytochemistry confirmed Wnt5a protein expression by hSVF. To see if Wnt5a alone could restore IWP2-induced EC network inhibition, recombinant human Wnt5a (0–150 ng/ml) was added to IWP2-treated cultures. The addition of rhWnt5a significantly increased EC network area and significantly decreased the ratio of total EC network length to EC network area compared to untreated controls. To determine if Wnt5a mediates in vivo microvascular self-assembly, 3D hSVF constructs containing an IgG isotype control, anti-Wnt5a neutralizing antibody or rhWnt5a were implanted subcutaneously for 2w in immune compromised mice. Compared to IgG controls, anti-Wnt5a treatment significantly reduced vessel length density by ~41%, while rhWnt5a significantly increased vessel length density by ~62%. However, anti-Wnt5a or rhWnt5a did not significantly affect the density of segments and nodes, both of which measure vascular complexity. Taken together, this data demonstrates that endogenous Wnt5a produced by hSVF plays a regulatory role in microvascular self-assembly in vivo. These findings also suggest that manipulating Wnt signaling could enhance control of hSVF vascularization in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat M. Ramakrishnan
- Division of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kevin T. Tien
- Division of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. McKinley
- Division of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Braden R. Bocard
- Division of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Georgetown College, Georgetown, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Terry M. McCurry
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Stuart K. Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - James B. Hoying
- Division of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Nolan L. Boyd
- Division of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sun X, Altalhi W, Nunes SS. Vascularization strategies of engineered tissues and their application in cardiac regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:183-94. [PMID: 26056716 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of vascular networks is to transport blood and deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues, which occurs at the interface of the microvasculature. Therefore, the formation of the vessels at the microcirculatory level, or angiogenesis, is critical for tissue regeneration and repair. Current strategies for vascularization of engineered tissues have incorporated multi-disciplinary approaches including engineered biomaterials, cells and angiogenic factors. Pre-vascularization of scaffolds composed of native matrix, synthetic polymers, or other biological materials can be achieved through the use of single cells in mono or co-culture, in combination or not with angiogenic factors or by the use of isolated vessels. The advance of these methods, together with a growing understanding of the biology behind vascularization, has facilitated the development of vascularization strategies for engineered tissues with therapeutic potential for tissue regeneration and repair. Here, we review the different cell-based strategies utilized to pre-vascularize engineered tissues and in making more complex vascularized cardiac tissues for regenerative medicine applications.
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Sullivan DC, Repper JP, Frock AW, McFetridge PS, Petersen BE. Current Translational Challenges for Tissue Engineering: 3D Culture, Nanotechnology, and Decellularized Matrices. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chettimada S, Joshi SR, Alzoubi A, Gebb SA, McMurtry IF, Gupte R, Gupte SA. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a critical role in hypoxia-induced CD133+ progenitor cells self-renewal and stimulates their accumulation in the lungs of pulmonary hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L545-56. [PMID: 25063801 PMCID: PMC7199226 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00303.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hypoxia is detrimental to most cell types, it aids survival of progenitor cells and is associated with diseases like cancer and pulmonary hypertension in humans. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms that promote survival of progenitor cells in hypoxia and then developing novel therapies to stop their growth in hypoxia-associated human diseases is important. Here we demonstrate that the proliferation and growth of human CD133(+) progenitor cells, which contribute to tumorigenesis and the development of pulmonary hypertension, are increased when cultured under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was increased threefold in hypoxic CD133(+) cells. The increased G6PD activity was required for CD133(+) cell proliferation, and their growth was arrested by G6PD inhibition or knockdown. G6PD activity upregulated expression of HIF1α, cyclin A, and phospho-histone H3, thereby promoting CD133(+) cell dedifferentiation and self-renewal and altering cell cycle regulation. When CD133(+) cells were cocultured across a porous membrane from pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), G6PD-dependent H2O2 production and release by PASMCs recruited CD133(+) cells to the membrane, where they attached and expressed smooth muscle markers (α-actin and SM22α). Inhibition of G6PD reduced smooth muscle marker expression in CD133(+) cells under normoxia but not hypoxia. In vivo, CD133(+) cells colocalized with G6PD(+) cells in the perivascular region of lungs from rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Finally, inhibition of G6PD by dehydroepiandrosterone in pulmonary arterial hypertensive rats nearly abolished CD133(+) cell accumulation around pulmonary arteries and the formation of occlusive lesions. These observations suggest G6PD plays a key role in increasing hypoxia-induced CD133(+) cell survival in hypertensive lungs that differentiate to smooth muscle cells and contribute to pulmonary arterial remodeling during development of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrutha Chettimada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Sachindra Raj Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Abdallah Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Sarah A Gebb
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; and
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Rakhee Gupte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama;
| | - Sachin A Gupte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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Hasan A, Paul A, Vrana NE, Zhao X, Memic A, Hwang YS, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Microfluidic techniques for development of 3D vascularized tissue. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7308-25. [PMID: 24906345 PMCID: PMC4118596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Development of a vascularized tissue is one of the key challenges for the successful clinical application of tissue engineered constructs. Despite the significant efforts over the last few decades, establishing a gold standard to develop three dimensional (3D) vascularized tissues has still remained far from reality. Recent advances in the application of microfluidic platforms to the field of tissue engineering have greatly accelerated the progress toward the development of viable vascularized tissue constructs. Numerous techniques have emerged to induce the formation of vascular structure within tissues which can be broadly classified into two distinct categories, namely (1) prevascularization-based techniques and (2) vasculogenesis and angiogenesis-based techniques. This review presents an overview of the recent advancements in the vascularization techniques using both approaches for generating 3D vascular structure on microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Arghya Paul
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nihal E Vrana
- INSERM, UMR-S 1121, Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, 11 rue Humann, F-67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Xin Zhao
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adnan Memic
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu-Shik Hwang
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; World Premier International - Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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SLIT3-ROBO4 activation promotes vascular network formation in human engineered tissue and angiogenesis in vivo. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 64:124-31. [PMID: 24090675 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Successful implantation and long-term survival of engineered tissue grafts hinges on adequate vascularization of the implant. Endothelial cells are essential for patterning vascular structures, but they require supportive mural cells such as pericytes/mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to generate stable, functional blood vessels. While there is evidence that the angiogenic effect of MSCs is mediated via the secretion of paracrine signals, the identity of these signals is unknown. By utilizing two functionally distinct human MSC clones, we found that so-called "pericytic" MSCs secrete the pro-angiogenic vascular guidance molecule SLIT3, which guides vascular development by directing ROBO4-positive endothelial cells to form networks in engineered tissue. In contrast, "non-pericytic" MSCs exhibit reduced activation of the SLIT3/ROBO4 pathway and do not support vascular networks. Using live cell imaging of organizing 3D vascular networks, we show that siRNA knockdown of SLIT3 in MSCs leads to disorganized clustering of ECs. Knockdown of its receptor ROBO4 in ECs abolishes the generation of functional human blood vessels in an in vivo xenogenic implant. These data suggest that the SLIT3/ROBO4 pathway is required for MSC-guided vascularization in engineered tissues. Heterogeneity of SLIT3 expression may underlie the variable clinical success of MSCs for tissue repair applications.
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Sundaram S, Echter A, Sivarapatna A, Qiu C, Niklason L. Small-diameter vascular graft engineered using human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:740-50. [PMID: 24125588 PMCID: PMC3926168 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress made thus far in the generation of small-diameter vascular grafts, cell sourcing still remains a problem. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) present an exciting new cell source for the regeneration applications due to their high proliferative and differentiation capabilities. In this study, the feasibility of creating small-diameter vascular constructs using smooth muscle cells (SMCs) differentiated from hESC-derived mesenchymal cells was evaluated. In vitro experiments confirmed the ability of these cells to differentiate into smooth muscle actin- and calponin-expressing SMCs in the presence of known inducers, such as transforming growth factor beta. Human vessel walls were constructed by culturing these cells in a bioreactor system under pulsatile conditions for 8 weeks. Histological analysis showed that vessel grafts had similarities to their native counterparts in terms of cellularity and SMC marker expression. However, markers of cartilage and bone tissue were also detected, thus raising questions about stable lineage commitment during differentiation and calling for more stringent analysis of differentiating cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumati Sundaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andreana Echter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Amogh Sivarapatna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Caihong Qiu
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laura Niklason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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15
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Shamis Y, Silva EA, Hewitt KJ, Brudno Y, Levenberg S, Mooney DJ, Garlick JA. Fibroblasts derived from human pluripotent stem cells activate angiogenic responses in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83755. [PMID: 24386271 PMCID: PMC3875480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC/hiPSC) are promising cell sources for the derivation of large numbers of specific cell types for tissue engineering and cell therapy applications. We have describe a directed differentiation protocol that generates fibroblasts from both hESC and hiPSC (EDK/iPDK) that support the repair and regeneration of epithelial tissue in engineered, 3D skin equivalents. In the current study, we analyzed the secretory profiles of EDK and iPDK cells to investigate the production of factors that activate and promote angiogenesis. Analysis of in vitro secretion profiles from EDK and iPDK cells demonstrated the elevated secretion of pro-angiogenic soluble mediators, including VEGF, HGF, IL-8, PDGF-AA, and Ang-1, that stimulated endothelial cell sprouting in a 3D model of angiogenesis in vitro. Phenotypic analysis of EDK and iPDK cells during the course of differentiation from hESCs and iPSCs revealed that both cell types progressively acquired pericyte lineage markers NG2, PDGFRβ, CD105, and CD73 and demonstrated transient induction of pericyte progenitor markers CD31, CD34, and Flk1/VEGFR2. Furthermore, when co-cultured with endothelial cells in 3D fibrin-based constructs, EDK and iPDK cells promoted self-assembly of vascular networks and vascular basement membrane deposition. Finally, transplantation of EDK cells into mice with hindlimb ischemia significantly reduced tissue necrosis and improved blood perfusion, demonstrating the potential of these cells to stimulate angiogenic responses in vivo. These findings demonstrate that stable populations of pericyte-like angiogenic cells can be generated with high efficiency from hESC and hiPSC using a directed differentiation approach. This provides new cell sources and opportunities for vascular tissue engineering and for the development of novel strategies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shamis
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eduardo A. Silva
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wyss Institute For Biological Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kyle J. Hewitt
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yevgeny Brudno
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wyss Institute For Biological Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - David J. Mooney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jonathan A. Garlick
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kuhn LT, Liu Y, Boyd NL, Dennis JE, Jiang X, Xin X, Charles LF, Wang L, Aguila HL, Rowe DW, Lichtler AC, Goldberg AJ. Developmental-like bone regeneration by human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:365-77. [PMID: 23952622 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo osteogenesis potential of mesenchymal-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-MCs) was evaluated in vivo by implantation on collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds into calvarial defects in immunodeficient mice. This study is novel because no osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation protocols were applied to the cells prior to implantation. After 6 weeks, X-ray, microCT, and histological analysis showed that the hESC-MCs had consistently formed a highly vascularized new bone that bridged the bone defect and seamlessly integrated with host bone. The implanted hESC-MCs differentiated in situ to functional hypertrophic chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteocytes forming new bone tissue via an endochondral ossification pathway. Evidence for the direct participation of the human cells in bone morphogenesis was verified by two separate assays: with Alu and by human mitochondrial antigen positive staining in conjunction with co-localized expression of human bone sialoprotein in histologically verified regions of new bone. The large volume of new bone in a calvarial defect and the direct participation of the hESC-MCs far exceeds that of previous studies and that of the control adult hMSCs. This study represents a key step forward for bone tissue engineering because of the large volume, vascularity, and reproducibility of new bone formation and the discovery that it is advantageous to not over-commit these progenitor cells to a particular lineage prior to implantation. The hESC-MCs were able to recapitulate the mesenchymal developmental pathway and were able to repair the bone defect semi-autonomously without preimplantation differentiation to osteo- or chondroprogenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa T Kuhn
- 1 Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Biomaterials, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, Connecticut
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17
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Nunes SS, Maijub JG, Krishnan L, Ramakrishnan VM, Clayton LR, Williams SK, Hoying JB, Boyd NL. Generation of a functional liver tissue mimic using adipose stromal vascular fraction cell-derived vasculatures. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2141. [PMID: 23828203 PMCID: PMC3701895 DOI: 10.1038/srep02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in cell implantation therapies is to promote integration of the microcirculation between the implanted cells and the host. We used adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells to vascularize a human liver cell (HepG2) implant. We hypothesized that the SVF cells would form a functional microcirculation via vascular assembly and inosculation with the host vasculature. Initially, we assessed the extent and character of neovasculatures formed by freshly isolated and cultured SVF cells and found that freshly isolated cells have a higher vascularization potential. Generation of a 3D implant containing fresh SVF and HepG2 cells formed a tissue in which HepG2 cells were entwined with a network of microvessels. Implanted HepG2 cells sequestered labeled LDL delivered by systemic intravascular injection only in SVF-vascularized implants demonstrating that SVF cell-derived vasculatures can effectively integrate with host vessels and interface with parenchymal cells to form a functional tissue mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Nunes
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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18
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LeBlanc AJ, Krishnan L, Sullivan CJ, Williams SK, Hoying JB. Microvascular repair: post-angiogenesis vascular dynamics. Microcirculation 2013; 19:676-95. [PMID: 22734666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2012.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular compromise and the accompanying perfusion deficits cause or complicate a large array of disease conditions and treatment failures. This has prompted the exploration of therapeutic strategies to repair or regenerate vasculatures, thereby establishing more competent microcirculatory beds. Growing evidence indicates that an increase in vessel numbers within a tissue does not necessarily promote an increase in tissue perfusion. Effective regeneration of a microcirculation entails the integration of new stable microvessel segments into the network via neovascularization. Beginning with angiogenesis, neovascularization entails an integrated series of vascular activities leading to the formation of a new mature microcirculation, and includes vascular guidance and inosculation, vessel maturation, pruning, AV specification, network patterning, structural adaptation, intussusception, and microvascular stabilization. While the generation of new vessel segments is necessary to expand a network, without the concomitant neovessel remodeling and adaptation processes intrinsic to microvascular network formation, these additional vessel segments give rise to a dysfunctional microcirculation. While many of the mechanisms regulating angiogenesis have been detailed, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms driving post-angiogenesis activities specific to neovascularization has yet to be fully realized, but is necessary to develop effective therapeutic strategies for repairing compromised microcirculations as a means to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Jewish Hospital and St. Mary's Healthcare and University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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19
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Dar A, Itskovitz-Eldor J. Therapeutic potential of perivascular cells from human pluripotent stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:977-87. [PMID: 23365073 DOI: 10.1002/term.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization of injured tissues or artificial grafts is a major challenge in tissue engineering, stimulating a continued search for alternative sources for vasculogenic cells and the development of therapeutic strategies. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), either embryonic or induced, offer a plentiful platform for the derivation of large numbers of vasculogenic cells, as required for clinical transplantations. Various protocols for generation of vasculogenic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from hPSCs have been described with considerably different SMC derivatives. In addition, we recently identified hPSC-derived pericytes, which are similar to their physiological counterparts, exhibiting unique features of blood vessel-residing perivascular cells, as well as multipotent mesenchymal precursors with therapeutic angiogenic potential. In this review we refer to methodologies for the development of a variety of perivascular cells from hPSCs with respect to developmental induction, differentiation capabilities, potency and their dual function as mesenchymal precursors. The therapeutic effect of hPSC-derived perivascular cells in experimental models of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are described and compared to those of their native physiological counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Dar
- Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Centre, the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor
- Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Centre, the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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20
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Boyd NL, Nunes SS, Krishnan L, Jokinen JD, Ramakrishnan VM, Bugg AR, Hoying JB. Dissecting the role of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells in human umbilical vein endothelial cell network stabilization in three-dimensional environments. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:211-23. [PMID: 22971005 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microvasculature is principally composed of two cell types: endothelium and mural support cells. Multiple sources are available for human endothelial cells (ECs) but sources for human microvascular mural cells (MCs) are limited. We derived multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells (hES-MC) that can function as an MC and stabilize human EC networks in three-dimensional (3D) collagen-fibronectin culture by paracrine mechanisms. Here, we have investigated the basis for hES-MC-mediated stabilization and identified the pleiotropic growth factor hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) as a putative hES-MC-derived regulator of EC network stabilization in 3D in vitro culture. Pharmacological inhibition of the HGF receptor (Met) (1 μm SU11274) inhibits EC network formation in the presence of hES-MC. hES-MC produce and release HGF while human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) do not. When HUVEC are cultured alone the networks collapse, but in the presence of recombinant human HGF or conditioned media from human HGF-transduced cells significantly more networks persist. In addition, HUVEC transduced to constitutively express human HGF also form stable networks by autocrine mechanisms. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the coculture media were enriched in both angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), but at significantly different levels (Ang1=159±15 pg/mL vs. Ang2=30,867±2685 pg/mL) contributed by hES-MC and HUVEC, respectively. Although the coculture cells formed stabile network architectures, their morphology suggests the assembly of an immature plexus. When HUVEC and hES-MC were implanted subcutaneously in immune compromised Rag1 mice, hES-MC increased their contact with HUVEC along the axis of the vessel. This data suggests that HUVEC and hES-MC form an immature plexus mediated in part by HGF and angiopoietins that is capable of maturation under the correct environmental conditions (e.g., in vivo). Therefore, hES-MC can function as microvascular MCs and may be a useful cell source for testing EC-MC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan L Boyd
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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21
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Knudsen TB, Kleinstreuer NC. Disruption of embryonic vascular development in predictive toxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 93:312-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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