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Bravo-Olín J, Martínez-Carreón SA, Francisco-Solano E, Lara AR, Beltran-Vargas NE. Analysis of the role of perfusion, mechanical, and electrical stimulation in bioreactors for cardiac tissue engineering. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:767-839. [PMID: 38643271 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-03004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Since cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally one of the leading causes of death, of which myocardial infarction (MI) can cause irreversible damage and decrease survivors' quality of life, novel therapeutics are needed. Current approaches such as organ transplantation do not fully restore cardiac function or are limited. As a valuable strategy, tissue engineering seeks to obtain constructs that resemble myocardial tissue, vessels, and heart valves using cells, biomaterials as scaffolds, biochemical and physical stimuli. The latter can be induced using a bioreactor mimicking the heart's physiological environment. An extensive review of bioreactors providing perfusion, mechanical and electrical stimulation, as well as the combination of them is provided. An analysis of the stimulations' mechanisms and modes that best suit cardiac construct culture is developed. Finally, we provide insights into bioreactor configuration and culture assessment properties that need to be elucidated for its clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Bravo-Olín
- Biological Engineering Undergraduate Program, Division of Natural Science and Engineering, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 05348, México
| | - Sabina A Martínez-Carreón
- Biological Engineering Undergraduate Program, Division of Natural Science and Engineering, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 05348, México
| | - Emmanuel Francisco-Solano
- Natural Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 05348, México
| | - Alvaro R Lara
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nohra E Beltran-Vargas
- Process and Technology Department, Division of Natural Science and Engineering, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 05348, México.
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2
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Afzali Naniz M, Askari M, Zolfagharian A, Afzali Naniz M, Bodaghi M. 4D Printing: A Cutting-edge Platform for Biomedical Applications. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36044881 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature's materials have evolved over time to be able to respond to environmental stimuli by generating complex structures that can change their functions in response to distance, time, and direction of stimuli. A number of technical efforts are currently being made to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed to mimic the structural design of natural materials with three-dimensional (3D) printing. Unfortunately, this technology is limited by the fact that printed objects are static and cannot be reshaped dynamically in response to stimuli. In recent years, several smart materials have been developed that can undergo dynamic morphing in response to a stimulus, thus resolving this issue. Four-dimensional (4D) printing refers to a manufacturing process involving additive manufacturing, smart materials, and specific geometries. It has become an essential technology for biomedical engineering and has the potential to create a wide range of useful biomedical products. This paper will discuss the concept of 4D bioprinting and the recent developments in smart matrials, which can be actuated by different stimuli and be exploited to develop biomimetic materials and structures, with significant implications for pharmaceutics and biomedical research, as well as prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moqaddaseh Afzali Naniz
- University of New South Wales, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mohsen Askari
- Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Manpus, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Engineering, Deakin University Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mehrdad Afzali Naniz
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering , Nottingham Trent University - Clifton Campus, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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3
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Abstract
A strain gradient was created by punching a hole in the center of a stretched elastic polydimethylsiloxane membrane to determine the effect of different strains on cultured human keratocytes (HK). In this study, two stretching methods were used: continuous stretching and cyclic stretching. Continuous stretching is relatively static, while acyclic stretching is relatively dynamic. These methods, respectively, represented the effects of high intraocular pressure and rubbing of the eyes on corneal cells. Image processing codes were developed to observe the effects of stress concentration, shear stress, continuous stretching, and cyclic stretching on HKs. The results demonstrate that stretching and shear stress are not conducive to the proliferation of corneal cells and instead cause cell death. A 10% strain had greater inhibitory effects than a 3% strain on cell proliferation. Cell survival rates for continuous stretching (static) were higher than those for cyclic stretching (dynamic). The stretching experiment revealed that cyclic stretching has a greater inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of corneal cells than continuous stretching. Accordingly, it shows that cyclic loading is more harmful than high intraocular pressure (static loading) to corneal cells.
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Pang JKS, Ho BX, Chan WK, Soh BS. Insights to Heart Development and Cardiac Disease Models Using Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived 3D Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:788955. [PMID: 34926467 PMCID: PMC8675211 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.788955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical research in the recent years has achieved significant progress due to the increasing prominence of organoid technology. Various developed tissue organoids bridge the limitations of conventional 2D cell culture and animal models by recapitulating in vivo cellular complexity. Current 3D cardiac organoid cultures have shown their utility in modelling key developmental hallmarks of heart organogenesis, but the complexity of the organ demands a more versatile model that can investigate more fundamental parameters, such as structure, organization and compartmentalization of a functioning heart. This review will cover the prominence of cardiac organoids in recent research, unpack current in vitro 3D models of the developing heart and look into the prospect of developing physiologically appropriate cardiac organoids with translational applicability. In addition, we discuss some of the limitations of existing cardiac organoid models in modelling embryonic development of the heart and manifestation of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beatrice Xuan Ho
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Woon-Khiong Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Seng Soh
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Gu X, Zhou F, Mu J. Recent Advances in Maturation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Promoted by Mechanical Stretch. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e931063. [PMID: 34381009 PMCID: PMC8369941 DOI: 10.12659/msm.931063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have significant potential use in tissue regeneration, especially for treating cardiac diseases because of their multi-directional differentiation capability. By mimicking the in vivo physiological environment of native cardiomyocytes during their development and maturation, researchers have been able to induce pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) at high purity. However, the phenotype of these PSC-CMs is immature compared with that of adult cardiomyocytes. Various strategies have been explored to improve the maturity of PSC-CMs, such as long-term culturing, mechanical stimuli, chemical stimuli, and combinations of these strategies. Among these strategies, mechanical stretch as a key mechanical stimulus plays an important role in PSC-CM maturation. In this review, the optimal parameters of mechanical stretch, the effects of mechanical stretch on maturation of PSC-CMs, underlying molecular mechanisms as well as existing problems are discussed. Mechanical stretch is a powerful approach to promote the maturation of SC-CMs in terms of morphology, structure, and functionality. Nonetheless, further research efforts are needed to reach a satisfactory standard for clinical applications of PSC-CMs in treating cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Gu
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Third Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Junsheng Mu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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6
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Dai ZX, Shih PJ, Yen JY, Wang IJ. Functional assistance for stress distribution in cell culture membrane under periodically stretching. J Biomech 2021; 125:110564. [PMID: 34237658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic cell cultures simulate the in vivo cell environment for a regular loading system with curtain strains. However, it is difficult to obtain strains that are suitable for cells without conducting multiple trials. This study develops a device that increases the strain gradient by changing the tensile section, in order to determine the effect of various cyclic strains on cultured human keratinocytes (HK) cells. This device is used to determine the effect of 3% and 5% cyclic strain and shear strain on cell proliferation and arrangement at 1 Hz. The results show that compared with static and 3% strain, a 5% cyclic strain better inhibits the proliferation of HK cells. Compared to the initial cell attachment when there is no specific directionality, the cells are aligned in the vertical stretching direction after cyclic stretching. This equipment increases the efficiency of the experiment and more intuitively maps the cell behavior and shape to the strain field and the response to the shear strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xuan Dai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Shih
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Yush Yen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Sedlakova V, McTiernan C, Cortes D, Suuronen EJ, Alarcon EI. 3D Bioprinted Cardiac Tissues and Devices for Tissue Maturation. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:406-419. [PMID: 33677445 DOI: 10.1159/000512792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Given the limited endogenous regenerative capabilities of cardiac tissue, patient-specific anatomy, challenges in treatment options, and shortage of donor tissues for transplantation, there is an urgent need for novel approaches in cardiac tissue repair. 3D bioprinting is a technology based on additive manufacturing which allows for the design of precisely controlled and spatially organized structures, which could possibly lead to solutions in cardiac tissue repair. In this review, we describe the basic morphological and physiological specifics of the heart and cardiac tissues and introduce the readers to the fundamental principles underlying 3D printing technology and some of the materials/approaches which have been used to date for cardiac repair. By summarizing recent progress in 3D printing of cardiac tissue and valves with respect to the key features of cardiovascular tissue (such as contractility, conductivity, and vascularization), we highlight how 3D printing can facilitate surgical planning and provide custom-fit implants and properties that match those from the native heart. Finally, we also discuss the suitability of this technology in the design and fabrication of custom-made devices intended for the maturation of the cardiac tissue, a process that has been shown to increase the viability of implants. Altogether this review shows that 3D printing and bioprinting are versatile and highly modulative technologies with wide applications in cardiac regeneration and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sedlakova
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Christopher McTiernan
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Cortes
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik J Suuronen
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emilio I Alarcon
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,
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8
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BEaTS-α an open access 3D printed device for in vitro electromechanical stimulation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11274. [PMID: 32647145 PMCID: PMC7347879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing was used to develop an open access device capable of simultaneous electrical and mechanical stimulation of human induced pluripotent stem cells in 6-well plates. The device was designed using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and 3D printed with autoclavable, FDA-approved materials. The compact design of the device and materials selection allows for its use inside cell incubators working at high humidity without the risk of overheating or corrosion. Mechanical stimulation of cells was carried out through the cyclic deflection of flexible, translucent silicone membranes by means of a vacuum-controlled, open-access device. A rhythmic stimulation cycle was programmed to create a more physiologically relevant in vitro model. This mechanical stimulation was coupled and synchronized with in situ electrical stimuli. We assessed the capabilities of our device to support cardiac myocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, confirming that cells cultured under electromechanical stimulation presented a defined/mature cardiomyocyte phenotype. This 3D printed device provides a unique high-throughput in vitro system that combines both mechanical and electrical stimulation, and as such, we foresee it finding applications in the study of any electrically responsive tissue such as muscles and nerves.
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9
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Roberts EG, Kleptsyn VF, Roberts GD, Mossburg KJ, Feng B, Domian IJ, Emani SM, Wong JY. Development of a bio-MEMS device for electrical and mechanical conditioning and characterization of cell sheets for myocardial repair. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3098-3111. [PMID: 31317531 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we propose a bio-MEMS device designed to evaluate contractile force and conduction velocity of cell sheets in response to mechanical and electrical stimulation of the cell source as it grows to form a cellular sheet. Moreover, the design allows for the incorporation of patient-specific data and cell sources. An optimized device would allow cell sheets to be cultured, characterized, and conditioned to be compatible with a specific patient's cardiac environment in vitro, before implantation. This design draws upon existing methods in the literature but makes an important advance by combining the mechanical and electrical stimulation into a single system for optimized cell sheet growth. The device has been designed to achieve cellular alignment, electrical stimulation, mechanical stimulation, conduction velocity readout, contraction force readout, and eventually cell sheet release. The platform is a set of comb electrical contacts consisting of three-dimensional walls made of polydimethylsiloxane and coated with electrically conductive metals on the tops of the walls. Not only do the walls serve as a method for stimulating cells that are attached to the top, but their geometry is tailored such that they are flexible enough to be bent by the cells and used to measure force. The platform can be stretched via a linear actuator setup, allowing for simultaneous electrical and mechanical stimulation that can be derived from patient-specific clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Roberts
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vladimir F Kleptsyn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory D Roberts
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Bei Feng
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ibrahim J Domian
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sitaram M Emani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Visone R, Talò G, Lopa S, Rasponi M, Moretti M. Enhancing all-in-one bioreactors by combining interstitial perfusion, electrical stimulation, on-line monitoring and testing within a single chamber for cardiac constructs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16944. [PMID: 30446711 PMCID: PMC6240103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies have been extensively exploited to generate functional cardiac patches. To maintain cardiac functionality in vitro, bioreactors have been designed to provide perfusion and electrical stimulation, alone or combined. However, due to several design limitations the integration of optical systems to assess cardiac maturation level is still missing within these platforms. Here we present a bioreactor culture chamber that provides 3D cardiac constructs with a bidirectional interstitial perfusion and biomimetic electrical stimulation, allowing direct cellular optical monitoring and contractility test. The chamber design was optimized through finite element models to house an innovative scaffold anchoring system to hold and to release it for the evaluation of tissue maturation and functionality by contractility tests. Neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts subjected to a combined perfusion and electrical stimulation showed positive cell viability over time. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were successfully monitored for the entire culture period to assess their functionality. The combination of perfusion and electrical stimulation enhanced patch maturation, as evidenced by the higher contractility, the enhanced beating properties and the increased level of cardiac protein expression. This new multifunctional bioreactor provides a relevant biomimetic environment allowing for independently culturing, real-time monitoring and testing up to 18 separated patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Visone
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Talò
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Lopa
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. .,Regenerative Medicine Technologies Lab, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland. .,Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
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11
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Unravelling the effects of mechanical physiological conditioning on cardiac adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells in vitro and in silico. Sci Rep 2018; 8:499. [PMID: 29323152 PMCID: PMC5764962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical conditioning is incompletely characterized for stimulating therapeutic cells within the physiological range. We sought to unravel the mechanism of action underlying mechanical conditioning of adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells (ATDPCs), both in vitro and in silico. Cardiac ATDPCs, grown on 3 different patterned surfaces, were mechanically stretched for 7 days at 1 Hz. A custom-designed, magnet-based, mechanical stimulator device was developed to apply ~10% mechanical stretching to monolayer cell cultures. Gene and protein analyses were performed for each cell type and condition. Cell supernatants were also collected to analyze secreted proteins and construct an artificial neural network. Gene and protein modulations were different for each surface pattern. After mechanostimulation, cardiac ATDPCs increased the expression of structural genes and there was a rising trend on cardiac transcription factors. Finally, secretome analyses revealed upregulation of proteins associated with both myocardial infarction and cardiac regeneration, such as regulators of the immune response, angiogenesis or cell adhesion. To conclude, mechanical conditioning of cardiac ATDPCs enhanced the expression of early and late cardiac genes in vitro. Additionally, in silico analyses of secreted proteins showed that mechanical stimulation of cardiac ATDPCs was highly associated with myocardial infarction and repair.
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12
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Wang B, Patnaik SS, Brazile B, Butler JR, Claude A, Zhang G, Guan J, Hong Y, Liao J. Establishing Early Functional Perfusion and Structure in Tissue Engineered Cardiac Constructs. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 43:455-71. [PMID: 27480586 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2016016066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) causes massive heart muscle death and remains a leading cause of death in the world. Cardiac tissue engineering aims to replace the infarcted tissues with functional engineered heart muscles or revitalize the infarcted heart by delivering cells, bioactive factors, and/or biomaterials. One major challenge of cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration is the establishment of functional perfusion and structure to achieve timely angiogenesis and effective vascularization, which are essential to the survival of thick implants and the integration of repaired tissue with host heart. In this paper, we review four major approaches to promoting angiogenesis and vascularization in cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration: delivery of pro-angiogenic factors/molecules, direct cell implantation/cell sheet grafting, fabrication of prevascularized cardiac constructs, and the use of bioreactors to promote angiogenesis and vascularization. We further provide a detailed review and discussion on the early perfusion design in nature-derived biomaterials, synthetic biodegradable polymers, tissue-derived acellular scaffolds/whole hearts, and hydrogel derived from extracellular matrix. A better understanding of the current approaches and their advantages, limitations, and hurdles could be useful for developing better materials for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi; Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Sourav S Patnaik
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Bryn Brazile
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - J Ryan Butler
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Andrew Claude
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Ohio
| | - Jianjun Guan
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama
| | - Jun Liao
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
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13
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Kroll K, Chabria M, Wang K, Häusermann F, Schuler F, Polonchuk L. Electro-mechanical conditioning of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes for translational research. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 130:212-222. [PMID: 28688751 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Impaired maturation of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) currently limits their use in experimental research and further optimization is required to unlock their full potential. OBJECTIVE To push hiPSC-CMs towards maturation, we recapitulated the intrinsic cardiac properties by electro-mechanical stimulation and explored how these mimetic biophysical cues interplay and influence the cell behaviour. METHODS AND RESULTS We introduced a novel device capable of applying synchronized electrical and mechanical stimuli to hiPSC-CM monolayers cultured on a PDMS membrane and evaluated effects of conditioning on cardiomyocyte structure and function. Human iPSC-CMs retained their cardiac phenotype and displayed adaptive structural responses to electrical (E), mechanical (M) and combined electro-mechanical (EM) stimuli, including enhanced membrane N-cadherin signal, stress-fiber formation and sarcomeric length shortening, most prominent under the EM stimulation. On the functional level, EM conditioning significantly reduced the transmembrane calcium current, resulting in a shift towards triangulation of intracellular calcium transients. In contrast, E and M stimulation applied independently increased the proportion of cells with L-Type calcium currents. In addition, calcium transients measured in the M-conditioned samples advanced to a more rectangular shape. CONCLUSION The new methodology is a simple and elegant technique to systematically investigate and manipulate cardiomyocyte remodelling for translational applications. In the present study, we adjusted critical parameters to optimize a regimen for hiPSC-CM transformation. In the future, this technology will open up new avenues for electro-mechanical stimulation by allowing temporal and spatial control of stimuli which can be easily scaled up in complexity for cardiac development and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kroll
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Str.124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mamta Chabria
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Str.124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ken Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Str.124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Häusermann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Str.124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Str.124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Liudmila Polonchuk
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Str.124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Li YC, Zhang YS, Akpek A, Shin SR, Khademhosseini A. 4D bioprinting: the next-generation technology for biofabrication enabled by stimuli-responsive materials. Biofabrication 2016; 9:012001. [PMID: 27910820 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/9/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, encompassing a wide range of disciplines including bioengineering, materials science, chemistry, and computer sciences, is emerging as the next-generation biofabrication technology. By utilizing stimuli-responsive materials and advanced three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting strategies, 4D bioprinting aims to create dynamic 3D patterned biological structures that can transform their shapes or behavior under various stimuli. In this review, we highlight the potential use of various stimuli-responsive materials for 4D printing and their extension into biofabrication. We first discuss the state of the art and limitations associated with current 3D printing modalities and their transition into the inclusion of the additional time dimension. We then suggest the potential use of different stimuli-responsive biomaterials as the bioink that may achieve 4D bioprinting where transformation of fabricated biological constructs can be realized. We finally conclude with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Llucià‐Valldeperas A, Soler‐Botija C, Gálvez‐Montón C, Roura S, Prat‐Vidal C, Perea‐Gil I, Sanchez B, Bragos R, Vunjak‐Novakovic G, Bayes‐Genis A. Electromechanical Conditioning of Adult Progenitor Cells Improves Recovery of Cardiac Function After Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:970-981. [PMID: 28297585 PMCID: PMC5442794 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac cells are subjected to mechanical and electrical forces, which regulate gene expression and cellular function. Therefore, in vitro electromechanical stimuli could benefit further integration of therapeutic cells into the myocardium. Our goals were (a) to study the viability of a tissue-engineered construct with cardiac adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells (cardiac ATDPCs) and (b) to examine the effect of electromechanically stimulated cardiac ATDPCs within a myocardial infarction (MI) model in mice for the first time. Cardiac ATDPCs were electromechanically stimulated at 2-millisecond pulses of 50 mV/cm at 1 Hz and 10% stretching during 7 days. The cells were harvested, labeled, embedded in a fibrin hydrogel, and implanted over the infarcted area of the murine heart. A total of 39 animals were randomly distributed and sacrificed at 21 days: groups of grafts without cells and with stimulated or nonstimulated cells. Echocardiography and gene and protein analyses were also carried out. Physiologically stimulated ATDPCs showed increased expression of cardiac transcription factors, structural genes, and calcium handling genes. At 21 days after implantation, cardiac function (measured as left ventricle ejection fraction between presacrifice and post-MI) increased up to 12% in stimulated grafts relative to nontreated animals. Vascularization and integration with the host blood supply of grafts with stimulated cells resulted in increased vessel density in the infarct border region. Trained cells within the implanted fibrin patch expressed main cardiac markers and migrated into the underlying ischemic myocardium. To conclude, synchronous electromechanical cell conditioning before delivery may be a preferred alternative when considering strategies for heart repair after myocardial infarction. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:970-981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Llucià‐Valldeperas
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration Research Programme, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Carolina Soler‐Botija
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration Research Programme, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gálvez‐Montón
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration Research Programme, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Santiago Roura
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration Research Programme, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Prat‐Vidal
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration Research Programme, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Isaac Perea‐Gil
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration Research Programme, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Sanchez
- Electronic and Biomedical Instrumentation Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramon Bragos
- Electronic and Biomedical Instrumentation Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gordana Vunjak‐Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Antoni Bayes‐Genis
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration Research Programme, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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16
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Lei Y, Ferdous Z. Design considerations and challenges for mechanical stretch bioreactors in tissue engineering. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:543-53. [PMID: 26929197 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in average life expectancy and growing aging population, lack of functional grafts for replacement surgeries has become a severe problem. Engineered tissues are a promising alternative to this problem because they can mimic the physiological function of the native tissues and be cultured on demand. Cyclic stretch is important for developing many engineered tissues such as hearts, heart valves, muscles, and bones. Thus a variety of stretch bioreactors and corresponding scaffolds have been designed and tested to study the underlying mechanism of tissue formation and to optimize the mechanical conditions applied to the engineered tissues. In this review, we look at various designs of stretch bioreactors and common scaffolds and offer insights for future improvements in tissue engineering applications. First, we summarize the requirements and common configuration of stretch bioreactors. Next, we present the features of different actuating and motion transforming systems and their applications. Since most bioreactors must measure detailed distributions of loads and deformations on engineered tissues, techniques with high accuracy, precision, and frequency have been developed. We also cover the key points in designing culture chambers, nutrition exchanging systems, and regimens used for specific tissues. Since scaffolds are essential for providing biophysical microenvironments for residing cells, we discuss materials and technologies used in fabricating scaffolds to mimic anisotropic native tissues, including decellularized tissues, hydrogels, biocompatible polymers, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting techniques. Finally, we present the potential future directions for improving stretch bioreactors and scaffolds. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:543-553, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Dept. of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Dept. of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
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17
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Stoppel WL, Kaplan DL, Black LD. Electrical and mechanical stimulation of cardiac cells and tissue constructs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:135-55. [PMID: 26232525 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The field of cardiac tissue engineering has made significant strides over the last few decades, highlighted by the development of human cell derived constructs that have shown increasing functional maturity over time, particularly using bioreactor systems to stimulate the constructs. However, the functionality of these tissues is still unable to match that of native cardiac tissue and many of the stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes display an immature, fetal like phenotype. In this review, we seek to elucidate the biological underpinnings of both mechanical and electrical signaling, as identified via studies related to cardiac development and those related to an evaluation of cardiac disease progression. Next, we review the different types of bioreactors developed to individually deliver electrical and mechanical stimulation to cardiomyocytes in vitro in both two and three-dimensional tissue platforms. Reactors and culture conditions that promote functional cardiomyogenesis in vitro are also highlighted. We then cover the more recent work in the development of bioreactors that combine electrical and mechanical stimulation in order to mimic the complex signaling environment present in vivo. We conclude by offering our impressions on the important next steps for physiologically relevant mechanical and electrical stimulation of cardiac cells and engineered tissue in vitro.
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18
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Edelmann JC, Jones L, Peyronnet R, Lu L, Kohl P, Ravens U. A Bioreactor to Apply Multimodal Physical Stimuli to Cultured Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1502:21-33. [PMID: 27032949 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2016_336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells residing in the cardiac niche are constantly experiencing physical stimuli, including electrical pulses and cyclic mechanical stretch. These physical signals are known to influence a variety of cell functions, including the secretion of growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins by cardiac fibroblasts, calcium handling and contractility in cardiomyocytes, or stretch-activated ion channels in muscle and non-muscle cells of the cardiovascular system. Recent progress in cardiac tissue engineering suggests that controlled physical stimulation can lead to functional improvements in multicellular cardiac tissue constructs. To study these effects, aspects of the physical environment of the myocardium have to be mimicked in vitro. Applying continuous live imaging, this protocol demonstrates how a specifically designed bioreactor system allows controlled exposure of cultured cells to cyclic stretch, rhythmic electrical stimulation, and controlled fluid perfusion, at user-defined temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Remi Peyronnet
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg - Bad Krozingen and Medical School of the Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Liang Lu
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Kohl
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg - Bad Krozingen and Medical School of the Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Ravens
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg - Bad Krozingen and Medical School of the Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus", Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Sirabella D, Cimetta E, Vunjak-Novakovic G. "The state of the heart": Recent advances in engineering human cardiac tissue from pluripotent stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1008-18. [PMID: 26069271 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215589910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pressing need for effective cell therapy for the heart has led to the investigation of suitable cell sources for tissue replacement. In recent years, human pluripotent stem cell research expanded tremendously, in particular since the derivation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. In parallel, bioengineering technologies have led to novel approaches for in vitro cell culture. The combination of these two fields holds potential for in vitro generation of high-fidelity heart tissue, both for basic research and for therapeutic applications. However, this new multidisciplinary science is still at an early stage. Many questions need to be answered and improvements need to be made before clinical applications become a reality. Here we discuss the current status of human stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes and the combined use of bioengineering approaches for cardiac tissue formation and maturation in developmental studies, disease modeling, drug testing, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Sirabella
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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20
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Jin G, Li K. The electrically conductive scaffold as the skeleton of stem cell niche in regenerative medicine. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 45:671-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Morgan KY, Black LD. It's all in the timing: modeling isovolumic contraction through development and disease with a dynamic dual electromechanical bioreactor system. Organogenesis 2014; 10:317-22. [PMID: 25482314 DOI: 10.4161/org.29207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This commentary discusses the rationale behind our recently reported work entitled "Mimicking isovolumic contraction with combined electromechanical stimulation improves the development of engineered cardiac constructs," introduces new data supporting our hypothesis, and discusses future applications of our bioreactor system. The ability to stimulate engineered cardiac tissue in a bioreactor system that combines both electrical and mechanical stimulation offers a unique opportunity to simulate the appropriate dynamics between stretch and contraction and model isovolumic contraction in vitro. Our previous study demonstrated that combined electromechanical stimulation that simulated the timing of isovolumic contraction in healthy tissue improved force generation via increased contractile and calcium handling protein expression and improved hypertrophic pathway activation. In new data presented here, we further demonstrate that modification of the timing between electrical and mechanical stimulation to mimic a non-physiological process negatively impacts the functionality of the engineered constructs. We close by exploring the various disease states that have altered timing between the electrical and mechanical stimulation signals as potential future directions for the use of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Ye Morgan
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering ; Tufts University ; Medford , MA USA
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22
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Cardiac mechano-electric coupling research: Fifty years of progress and scientific innovation. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 115:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Morgan KY, Black LD. Mimicking isovolumic contraction with combined electromechanical stimulation improves the development of engineered cardiac constructs. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1654-67. [PMID: 24410342 PMCID: PMC4029049 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical and mechanical stimulation have both been used extensively to improve the function of cardiac engineered tissue as each of these stimuli is present in the physical environment during normal development in vivo. However, to date, there has been no direct comparison between electrical and mechanical stimulation and current published data are difficult to compare due to the different systems used to create the engineered cardiac tissue and the different measures of functionality studied as outcomes. The goals of this study were twofold. First, we sought to directly compare the effects of mechanical and electrical stimulation on engineered cardiac tissue. Second, we aimed to determine the importance of the timing of the two stimuli in relation to each other in combined electromechanical stimulation. We hypothesized that delaying electrical stimulation after the beginning of mechanical stimulation to mimic the biophysical environment present during isovolumic contraction would improve construct function by improving proteins responsible for cell-cell communication and contractility. To test this hypothesis, we created a bioreactor system that would allow us to electromechanically stimulate engineered tissue created from neonatal rat cardiac cells entrapped in fibrin gel during 2 weeks in culture. Contraction force was higher for all stimulation groups as compared with the static controls, with the delayed combined stimulation constructs having the highest forces. Mechanical stimulation alone displayed increased final cell numbers but there were no other differences between electrical and mechanical stimulation alone. Delayed combined stimulation resulted in an increase in SERCA2a and troponin T expression levels, which did not happen with synchronous combined stimulation, indicating that the timing of combined stimulation is important to maximize the beneficial effect. Increases in Akt protein expression levels suggest that the improvements are at least in part induced by hypertrophic growth. In summary, combined electromechanical stimulation can create engineered cardiac tissue with improved functional properties over electrical or mechanical stimulation alone, and the timing of the combined stimulation greatly influences its effects on engineered cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Ye Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Deems Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Abstract
With the discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, it is now possible to convert differentiated somatic cells into multipotent stem cells that have the capacity to generate all cell types of adult tissues. Thus, there is a wide variety of applications for this technology, including regenerative medicine, in vitro disease modeling, and drug screening/discovery. Although biological and biochemical techniques have been well established for cell reprogramming, bioengineering technologies offer novel tools for the reprogramming, expansion, isolation, and differentiation of iPS cells. In this article, we review these bioengineering approaches for the derivation and manipulation of iPS cells and focus on their relevance to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Hirschi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511;
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25
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Lajiness JD, Conway SJ. Origin, development, and differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 70:2-8. [PMID: 24231799 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the most abundant cell in the mammalian heart. While they have been historically underappreciated in terms of their functional contributions to cardiac development and physiology, they and their activated form, myofibroblasts, are now known to play key roles in both development and disease through structural, paracrine, and electrical interactions with cardiomyocytes. The lack of specific markers for fibroblasts currently convolutes the study of this dynamic cell lineage, but advances in marker analysis and lineage mapping technologies are continuously being made. Understanding how to best utilize these tools, both individually and in combination, will help to elucidate the functional significance of fibroblast-cardiomyocyte interactions in vivo. Here we review what is currently known about the diverse roles played by cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts throughout development and periods of injury with the intent of emphasizing the duality of their nature. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium ".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn D Lajiness
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Simon J Conway
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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26
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Nguyen MD, Tinney JP, Yuan F, Roussel TJ, El-Baz A, Giridharan G, Keller BB, Sethu P. Cardiac cell culture model as a left ventricle mimic for cardiac tissue generation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8773-9. [PMID: 23952579 PMCID: PMC3822580 DOI: 10.1021/ac401910d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in cardiac tissue engineering is the delivery of hemodynamic mechanical cues that play a critical role in the early development and maturation of cardiomyocytes. Generation of functional cardiac tissue capable of replacing or augmenting cardiac function therefore requires physiologically relevant environments that can deliver complex mechanical cues for cardiomyocyte functional maturation. The goal of this work is the development and validation of a cardiac cell culture model (CCCM) microenvironment that accurately mimics pressure-volume changes seen in the left ventricle and to use this system to achieve cardiac cell maturation under conditions where mechanical loads such as pressure and stretch are gradually increased from the unloaded state to conditions seen in vivo. The CCCM platform, consisting of a cell culture chamber integrated within a flow loop was created to accomplish culture of 10 day chick embryonic ventricular cardiomyocytes subject to 4 days of stimulation (10 mmHg, ∼13% stretch at a frequency of 2 Hz). Results clearly show that CCCM conditioned cardiomyocytes accelerate cardiomyocyte structural and functional maturation in comparison to static unloaded controls as evidenced by increased proliferation, alignment of actin cytoskeleton, bundle-like sarcomeric α-actinin expression, higher pacing beat rate at lower threshold voltages, and increased shortening. These results confirm the CCCM microenvironment can accelerate immature cardiac cell structural and functional maturation for potential cardiac regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Dung Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, KY 40208
| | - Joseph P. Tinney
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Fangping Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Thomas J. Roussel
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, KY 40208
| | - Ayman El-Baz
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, KY 40208
| | - Guruprasad Giridharan
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, KY 40208
| | - Bradley B. Keller
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, KY 40208
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Palaniappan Sethu
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, KY 40208
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27
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Romano SL, Lionetti V. From cell phenotype to epigenetic mechanisms: new insights into regenerating myocardium. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:579-85. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The self-regenerating property of the adult myocardium is not a new discovery. Even though we could not confirm that the adult myocardium is a post-mitotic tissue, we should consider that its plasticity is extremely low. Studies are still in progress to decipher the mechanisms underlying the abovementioned potential fetal features of the adult heart. The modest results of several clinical trials based on the transplantation of millions of autologous stem cells into the dysfunctional heart have confirmed that the cross-talk of different signals, such as the microenvironment, promotes the regeneration of adult myocardium. Recent scientific evidence has revealed that cellular cross-talk does not depend on the action of a single cell phenotype. It is conceivable that the limited turnover of cardiomyocytes is ensured by the interplay of adult cardiac cells in response to environmental changes. The epigenetic state of a cell serves as a dynamic interface between the environment and phenotype. The epigenetic modulation of the adult cardiac cells by natural active compounds encourages further studies to improve myocardial plasticity. In this review, we will highlight the most relevant studies demonstrating the epigenetic modulation of myocardial regeneration without the use of stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lorenzo Romano
- Laboratory of Medical Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Cardiac and Thoracic Department, Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Laboratory of Medical Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione CNR – Regione Toscana “G. Monasterio”, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
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28
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Biophysical cues enhance myogenesis of human adipose derived stem/stromal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:180-5. [PMID: 23876311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem/stromal cell (ASC)-based tissue engineered muscle grafts could provide an effective alternative therapy to autografts - which are limited by their availability - for the regeneration of damaged muscle. However, the current myogenic potential of ASCs is limited by their low differentiation efficiency into myoblasts. The aim of this study was to enhance the myogenic response of human ASCs to biochemical cues by providing biophysical stimuli (11% cyclic uniaxial strain, 0.5 Hz, 1h/day) to mimic the cues present in the native muscle microenvironment. ASCs elongated and fused upon induction with myogenic induction medium alone. Yet, their myogenic characteristics were significantly enhanced with the addition of biophysical stimulation; the nuclei per cell increased approximately 4.5-fold by day 21 in dynamic compared to static conditions (23.3 ± 7.3 vs. 5.2 ± 1.6, respectively), they aligned at almost 45° to the direction of strain, and exhibited significantly higher expression of myogenic proteins (desmin, myoD and myosin heavy chain). These results demonstrate that mimicking the biophysical cues inherent to the native muscle microenvironment in monolayer ASC cultures significantly improves their differentiation along the myogenic lineage.
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29
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Ahadian S, Ostrovidov S, Hosseini V, Kaji H, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Khademhosseini A. Electrical stimulation as a biomimicry tool for regulating muscle cell behavior. Organogenesis 2013; 9:87-92. [PMID: 23823664 DOI: 10.4161/org.25121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need to understand muscle cell behaviors and to engineer muscle tissues to replace defective tissues in the body. Despite a long history of the clinical use of electric fields for muscle tissues in vivo, electrical stimulation (ES) has recently gained significant attention as a powerful tool for regulating muscle cell behaviors in vitro. ES aims to mimic the electrical environment of electroactive muscle cells (e.g., cardiac or skeletal muscle cells) by helping to regulate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. As a result, it can be used to enhance the alignment and differentiation of skeletal or cardiac muscle cells and to aid in engineering of functional muscle tissues. Additionally, ES can be used to control and monitor force generation and electrophysiological activity of muscle tissues for bio-actuation and drug-screening applications in a simple, high-throughput, and reproducible manner. In this review paper, we briefly describe the importance of ES in regulating muscle cell behaviors in vitro, as well as the major challenges and prospective potential associated with ES in the context of muscle tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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30
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Lu L, Ravens U. The use of a novel cardiac bioreactor system in investigating fibroblast physiology and its perspectives. Organogenesis 2013; 9:82-6. [PMID: 23820046 DOI: 10.4161/org.25014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical environment of myocardium, featuring excitation-contraction coupling, constant and efficient provision of nutrient/oxygen and delicate integration of cardiomyocytes and supporting cell population (fibroblasts, endothelial cells), is one of the most complex systems in human body. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significance of physical stimulation in cardiac cell physiology, including the maintenance of contractile function in cardiomyocytes, ( 1) cell alignment and extracellular matrix secretion in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. ( 2) (,) ( 3) In effort to reconstruct the physical environment found in the cardiac niche for routine cell culture use, we have devised a bioreactor system to account for three major forms of physical stimuli, namely, cyclic stretch, electrical stimulation and fluid perfusion. ( 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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