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Morais AS, Mendes M, Cordeiro MA, Sousa JJ, Pais AC, Mihăilă SM, Vitorino C. Organ-on-a-Chip: Ubi sumus? Fundamentals and Design Aspects. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:615. [PMID: 38794277 PMCID: PMC11124787 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review outlines the evolutionary journey from traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture to the revolutionary field of organ-on-a-chip technology. Organ-on-a-chip technology integrates microfluidic systems to mimic the complex physiological environments of human organs, surpassing the limitations of conventional 2D cultures. This evolution has opened new possibilities for understanding cell-cell interactions, cellular responses, drug screening, and disease modeling. However, the design and manufacture of microchips significantly influence their functionality, reliability, and applicability to different biomedical applications. Therefore, it is important to carefully consider design parameters, including the number of channels (single, double, or multi-channels), the channel shape, and the biological context. Simultaneously, the selection of appropriate materials compatible with the cells and fabrication methods optimize the chips' capabilities for specific applications, mitigating some disadvantages associated with these systems. Furthermore, the success of organ-on-a-chip platforms greatly depends on the careful selection and utilization of cell resources. Advances in stem cell technology and tissue engineering have contributed to the availability of diverse cell sources, facilitating the development of more accurate and reliable organ-on-a-chip models. In conclusion, a holistic perspective of in vitro cellular modeling is provided, highlighting the integration of microfluidic technology and meticulous chip design, which play a pivotal role in replicating organ-specific microenvironments. At the same time, the sensible use of cell resources ensures the fidelity and applicability of these innovative platforms in several biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Morais
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.C.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Maria Mendes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.C.); (J.J.S.)
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Marta Agostinho Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.C.); (J.J.S.)
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - João J. Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.C.); (J.J.S.)
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Alberto Canelas Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Silvia M. Mihăilă
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.C.); (J.J.S.)
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
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Skardal A. Grand challenges in organoid and organ-on-a-chip technologies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1366280. [PMID: 38456004 PMCID: PMC10919399 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1366280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Cancer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Cancer Biology Program, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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3
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Cameron O, Neves JF, Gentleman E. Listen to Your Gut: Key Concepts for Bioengineering Advanced Models of the Intestine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302165. [PMID: 38009508 PMCID: PMC10837392 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The intestine performs functions central to human health by breaking down food and absorbing nutrients while maintaining a selective barrier against the intestinal microbiome. Key to this barrier function are the combined efforts of lumen-lining specialized intestinal epithelial cells, and the supportive underlying immune cell-rich stromal tissue. The discovery that the intestinal epithelium can be reproduced in vitro as intestinal organoids introduced a new way to understand intestinal development, homeostasis, and disease. However, organoids reflect the intestinal epithelium in isolation whereas the underlying tissue also contains myriad cell types and impressive chemical and structural complexity. This review dissects the cellular and matrix components of the intestine and discusses strategies to replicate them in vitro using principles drawing from bottom-up biological self-organization and top-down bioengineering. It also covers the cellular, biochemical and biophysical features of the intestinal microenvironment and how these can be replicated in vitro by combining strategies from organoid biology with materials science. Particularly accessible chemistries that mimic the native extracellular matrix are discussed, and bioengineering approaches that aim to overcome limitations in modelling the intestine are critically evaluated. Finally, the review considers how further advances may extend the applications of intestinal models and their suitability for clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cameron
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Joana F. Neves
- Centre for Host‐Microbiome InteractionsKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanne1005Switzerland
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4
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Hassani I, Anbiah B, Moore AL, Abraham PT, Odeniyi IA, Habbit NL, Greene MW, Lipke EA. Establishment of a tissue-engineered colon cancer model for comparative analysis of cancer cell lines. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:231-249. [PMID: 37927200 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cancer models in mimicking the complexities of the native tumor milieu, three-dimensional (3D) engineered cancer models using biomimetic materials have been introduced to more closely recapitulate the key attributes of the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, for colorectal cancer (CRC), a few studies have developed 3D engineered tumor models to investigate cell-cell interactions or efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. However, recapitulation of CRC cell line phenotypic differences within a 3D engineered matrix has not been systematically investigated. Here, we developed an in vitro 3D engineered CRC (3D-eCRC) tissue model using the natural-synthetic hybrid biomaterial PEG-fibrinogen and three CRC cell lines, HCT 116, HT-29, and SW480. To better recapitulate native tumor conditions, our 3D-eCRC model supported higher cell density encapsulation (20 × 106 cells/mL) and enabled longer term maintenance (29 days) as compared to previously reported in vitro CRC models. The 3D-eCRCs formed using each cell line demonstrated line-dependent differences in cellular and tissue properties, including cellular growth and morphology, cell subpopulations, cell size, cell granularity, migration patterns, tissue growth, gene expression, and tissue stiffness. Importantly, these differences were found to be most prominent from Day 22 to Day 29, thereby indicating the importance of long-term culture of engineered CRC tissues for recapitulation and investigation of mechanistic differences and drug response. Our 3D-eCRC tissue model showed high potential for supporting future in vitro comparative studies of disease progression, metastatic mechanisms, and anti-cancer drug candidate response in a CRC cell line-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Hassani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Benjamin Anbiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew L Moore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter T Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Ifeoluwa A Odeniyi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Nicole L Habbit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael W Greene
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Lipke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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5
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Xiu Z, Yang Q, Xie F, Han F, He W, Liao W. Revolutionizing digestive system tumor organoids research: Exploring the potential of tumor organoids. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241255470. [PMID: 38808253 PMCID: PMC11131411 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241255470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Digestive system tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite ongoing research, our understanding of their mechanisms and treatment remain inadequate. One promising tool for clinical applications is the use of gastrointestinal tract tumor organoids, which serve as an important in vitro model. Tumor organoids exhibit a genotype similar to the patient's tumor and effectively mimic various biological processes, including tissue renewal, stem cell, and ecological niche functions, and tissue response to drugs, mutations, or injury. As such, they are valuable for drug screening, developing novel drugs, assessing patient outcomes, and supporting immunotherapy. In addition, innovative materials and techniques can be used to optimize tumor organoid culture systems. Several applications of digestive system tumor organoids have been described and have shown promising results in related aspects. In this review, we discuss the current progress, limitations, and prospects of this model for digestive system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Xiu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fusheng Xie
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weiwei He
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weifang Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
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6
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Murugan NJ, Cariba S, Abeygunawardena S, Rouleau N, Payne SL. Biophysical control of plasticity and patterning in regeneration and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 81:9. [PMID: 38099951 PMCID: PMC10724343 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Cells and tissues display a remarkable range of plasticity and tissue-patterning activities that are emergent of complex signaling dynamics within their microenvironments. These properties, which when operating normally guide embryogenesis and regeneration, become highly disordered in diseases such as cancer. While morphogens and other molecular factors help determine the shapes of tissues and their patterned cellular organization, the parallel contributions of biophysical control mechanisms must be considered to accurately predict and model important processes such as growth, maturation, injury, repair, and senescence. We now know that mechanical, optical, electric, and electromagnetic signals are integral to cellular plasticity and tissue patterning. Because biophysical modalities underly interactions between cells and their extracellular matrices, including cell cycle, metabolism, migration, and differentiation, their applications as tuning dials for regenerative and anti-cancer therapies are being rapidly exploited. Despite this, the importance of cellular communication through biophysical signaling remains disproportionately underrepresented in the literature. Here, we provide a review of biophysical signaling modalities and known mechanisms that initiate, modulate, or inhibit plasticity and tissue patterning in models of regeneration and cancer. We also discuss current approaches in biomedical engineering that harness biophysical control mechanisms to model, characterize, diagnose, and treat disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha J Murugan
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Solsa Cariba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Rouleau
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Samantha L Payne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Jorgensen AM, Gorkun A, Mahajan N, Willson K, Clouse C, Jeong CG, Varkey M, Wu M, Walker SJ, Molnar JA, Murphy SV, Lee SJ, Yoo JJ, Soker S, Atala A. Multicellular bioprinted skin facilitates human-like skin architecture in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf7547. [PMID: 37792956 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf7547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a promising alternative method to generate skin substitutes because it can replicate the structural organization of the skin into biomimetic layers in vitro. In this study, six primary human skin cell types were used to bioprint a trilayer skin construct consisting of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Transplantation of the bioprinted skin with human cells onto full-thickness wounds of nu/nu mice promoted rapid vascularization and formation of epidermal rete ridges analogous to the native human epidermis, with a normal-looking extracellular matrix. Cell-specific staining confirmed the integration of the implanted cells into the regenerated skin. Using a similar approach, a 5 centimeter-by-5 centimeter bioprinted autologous porcine skin graft was transplanted onto full-thickness wounds in a porcine excisional wound model. The bioprinted skin graft improved epithelialization, reduced skin contraction, and supported normal collagen organization with reduced fibrosis. Differential gene expression demonstrated pro-remodeling protease activity in wounds transplanted with bioprinted autologous skin grafts. These results demonstrate that bioprinted skin can support skin regeneration to allow for nonfibrotic wound healing and suggest that the skin bioprinting technology may be applicable for human clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Jorgensen
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anastasiya Gorkun
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Naresh Mahajan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kelsey Willson
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Cara Clouse
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Claire G Jeong
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mathew Varkey
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mingsong Wu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Stephen J Walker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Joseph A Molnar
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sean V Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - James J Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Mao W, Bui HTD, Cho W, Yoo HS. Spectroscopic techniques for monitoring stem cell and organoid proliferation in 3D environments for therapeutic development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115074. [PMID: 37619771 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic techniques for monitoring stem cell and organoid proliferation have gained significant attention in therapeutic development. Spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy offer noninvasive and real-time monitoring of biochemical and biophysical changes that occur during stem cell and organoid proliferation. These techniques provide valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms of action of potential therapeutic agents, allowing for improved drug discovery and screening. This review highlights the importance of spectroscopic monitoring of stem cell and organoid proliferation and its potential impact on therapeutic development. Furthermore, this review discusses recent advances in spectroscopic techniques and their applications in stem cell and organoid research. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of spectroscopic techniques as valuable tools for studying stem cell and organoid proliferation and their potential to revolutionize therapeutic development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoai-Thuong Duc Bui
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanho Cho
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institue of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Baltazar T, Kajave NS, Rodriguez M, Chakraborty S, Jiang B, Skardal A, Kishore V, Pober JS, Albanna MZ. Native human collagen type I provides a viable physiologically relevant alternative to xenogeneic sources for tissue engineering applications: A comparative in vitro and in vivo study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:2323-2337. [PMID: 35532208 PMCID: PMC11103545 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Xenogeneic sources of collagen type I remain a common choice for regenerative medicine applications due to ease of availability. Human and animal sources have some similarities, but small variations in amino acid composition can influence the physical properties of collagen, cellular response, and tissue remodeling. The goal of this work is to compare human collagen type I-based hydrogels versus animal-derived collagen type I-based hydrogels, generated from commercially available products, for their physico-chemical properties and for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, we evaluated whether the native human skin type I collagen could be used in the three most common research applications of this protein: as a substrate for attachment and proliferation of conventional 2D cell culture; as a source of matrix for a 3D cell culture; and as a source of matrix for tissue engineering. Results showed that species and tissue specific variations of collagen sources significantly impact the physical, chemical, and biological properties of collagen hydrogels including gelation kinetics, swelling ratio, collagen fiber morphology, compressive modulus, stability, and metabolic activity of hMSCs. Tumor constructs formulated with human skin collagen showed a differential response to chemotherapy agents compared to rat tail collagen. Human skin collagen performed comparably to rat tail collagen and enabled assembly of perfused human vessels in vivo. Despite differences in collagen manufacturing methods and supplied forms, the results suggest that commercially available human collagen can be used in lieu of xenogeneic sources to create functional scaffolds, but not all sources of human collagen behave similarly. These factors must be considered in the development of 3D tissues for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Baltazar
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nilabh S. Kajave
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, USA
| | - Marco Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Srija Chakraborty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vipuil Kishore
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, USA
| | - Jordan S. Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mohammad Z. Albanna
- Humabiologics Inc, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Engineering Hydrogels for the Development of Three-Dimensional In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052662. [PMID: 35269803 PMCID: PMC8910155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The superiority of in vitro 3D cultures over conventional 2D cell cultures is well recognized by the scientific community for its relevance in mimicking the native tissue architecture and functionality. The recent paradigm shift in the field of tissue engineering toward the development of 3D in vitro models can be realized with its myriad of applications, including drug screening, developing alternative diagnostics, and regenerative medicine. Hydrogels are considered the most suitable biomaterial for developing an in vitro model owing to their similarity in features to the extracellular microenvironment of native tissue. In this review article, recent progress in the use of hydrogel-based biomaterial for the development of 3D in vitro biomimetic tissue models is highlighted. Discussions of hydrogel sources and the latest hybrid system with different combinations of biopolymers are also presented. The hydrogel crosslinking mechanism and design consideration are summarized, followed by different types of available hydrogel module systems along with recent microfabrication technologies. We also present the latest developments in engineering hydrogel-based 3D in vitro models targeting specific tissues. Finally, we discuss the challenges surrounding current in vitro platforms and 3D models in the light of future perspectives for an improved biomimetic in vitro organ system.
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11
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Rodrigues D, Herpers B, Ferreira S, Jo H, Fisher C, Coyle L, Chung SW, Kleinjans JCS, Jennen DGJ, de Kok TM. A Transcriptomic Approach to Elucidate the Mechanisms of Gefitinib-Induced Toxicity in Healthy Human Intestinal Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042213. [PMID: 35216325 PMCID: PMC8876167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that selectively inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), hampering cell growth and proliferation. Due to its action, gefitinib has been used in the treatment of cancers that present abnormally increased expression of EGFR. However, side effects from gefitinib therapy may occur, among which diarrhoea is most common, that can lead to interruption of the planned therapy in the more severe cases. The mechanisms underlying intestinal toxicity induced by gefitinib are not well understood. Therefore, this study aims at providing insight into these mechanisms based on transcriptomic responses induced in vitro. A 3D culture of healthy human colon and small intestine (SI) organoids was exposed to 0.1, 1, 10 and 30 µM of gefitinib, for a maximum of three days. These drug concentrations were selected using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic simulation considering patient dosing regimens. Samples were used for the analysis of viability and caspase 3/7 activation, image-based analysis of structural changes, as well as RNA isolation and sequencing via high-throughput techniques. Differential gene expression analysis showed that gefitinib perturbed signal transduction pathways, apoptosis, cell cycle, FOXO-mediated transcription, p53 signalling pathway, and metabolic pathways. Remarkably, opposite expression patterns of genes associated with metabolism of lipids and cholesterol biosynthesis were observed in colon versus SI organoids in response to gefitinib. These differences in the organoids’ responses could be linked to increased activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in colon, which can influence the sensitivity of the colon to the drug. Therefore, this study sheds light on how gefitinib induces toxicity in intestinal organoids and provides an avenue towards the development of a potential tool for drug screening and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.C.S.K.); (D.G.J.J.); (T.M.d.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bram Herpers
- Crown Bioscience Netherlands B.V., J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sofia Ferreira
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK Limited, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Heeseung Jo
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK Limited, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Ciarán Fisher
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK Limited, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Luke Coyle
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA; (L.C.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Seung-Wook Chung
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA; (L.C.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Jos C. S. Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.C.S.K.); (D.G.J.J.); (T.M.d.K.)
| | - Danyel G. J. Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.C.S.K.); (D.G.J.J.); (T.M.d.K.)
| | - Theo M. de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.C.S.K.); (D.G.J.J.); (T.M.d.K.)
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12
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Rodrigues D, Coyle L, Füzi B, Ferreira S, Jo H, Herpers B, Chung SW, Fisher C, Kleinjans JCS, Jennen D, de Kok TM. Unravelling Mechanisms of Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity in 3D Human Intestinal Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031286. [PMID: 35163210 PMCID: PMC8836276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is widely used in the treatment of different cancers, and its side effects can be severe in many tissues, including the intestines. Symptoms such as diarrhoea and abdominal pain caused by intestinal inflammation lead to the interruption of chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms associated with doxorubicin intestinal toxicity have been poorly explored. This study aims to investigate such mechanisms by exposing 3D small intestine and colon organoids to doxorubicin and to evaluate transcriptomic responses in relation to viability and apoptosis as physiological endpoints. The in vitro concentrations and dosing regimens of doxorubicin were selected based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic model simulations of treatment regimens recommended for cancer patients. Cytotoxicity and cell morphology were evaluated as well as gene expression and biological pathways affected by doxorubicin. In both types of organoids, cell cycle, the p53 signalling pathway, and oxidative stress were the most affected pathways. However, significant differences between colon and SI organoids were evident, particularly in essential metabolic pathways. Short time-series expression miner was used to further explore temporal changes in gene profiles, which identified distinct tissue responses. Finally, in silico proteomics revealed important proteins involved in doxorubicin metabolism and cellular processes that were in line with the transcriptomic responses, including cell cycle and senescence, transport of molecules, and mitochondria impairment. This study provides new insight into doxorubicin-induced effects on the gene expression levels in the intestines. Currently, we are exploring the potential use of these data in establishing quantitative systems toxicology models for the prediction of drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.C.S.K.); (D.J.); (T.M.d.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luke Coyle
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA; (L.C.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Barbara Füzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Sofia Ferreira
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Heeseung Jo
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Bram Herpers
- Crown Bioscience Netherlands B.V., J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Seung-Wook Chung
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA; (L.C.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Ciarán Fisher
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Jos C. S. Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.C.S.K.); (D.J.); (T.M.d.K.)
| | - Danyel Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.C.S.K.); (D.J.); (T.M.d.K.)
| | - Theo M. de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.C.S.K.); (D.J.); (T.M.d.K.)
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13
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DePalma TJ, Sivakumar H, Skardal A. Strategies for developing complex multi-component in vitro tumor models: Highlights in glioblastoma. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114067. [PMID: 34822927 PMCID: PMC10560581 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many research groups have begun to utilize bioengineered in vitro models of cancer to study mechanisms of disease progression, test drug candidates, and develop platforms to advance personalized drug treatment options. Due to advances in cell and tissue engineering over the last few decades, there are now a myriad of tools that can be used to create such in vitro systems. In this review, we describe the considerations one must take when developing model systems that accurately mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment (TME) and can be used to answer specific scientific questions. We will summarize the importance of cell sourcing in models with one or multiple cell types and outline the importance of choosing biomaterials that accurately mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor or tissue that is being modeled. We then provide examples of how these two components can be used in concert in a variety of model form factors and conclude by discussing how biofabrication techniques such as bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip fabrication can be used to create highly reproducible complex in vitro models. Since this topic has a broad range of applications, we use the final section of the review to dive deeper into one type of cancer, glioblastoma, to illustrate how these components come together to further our knowledge of cancer biology and move us closer to developing novel drugs and systems that improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J DePalma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hemamylammal Sivakumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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14
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Abstract
Organoids-cellular aggregates derived from stem or progenitor cells that recapitulate organ function in miniature-are of growing interest in developmental biology and medicine. Organoids have been developed for organs and tissues such as the liver, gut, brain, and pancreas; they are used as organ surrogates to study a wide range of questions in basic and developmental biology, genetic disorders, and therapies. However, many organoids reported to date have been cultured in Matrigel, which is prepared from the secretion of Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma cells; Matrigel is complex and poorly defined. This complexity makes it difficult to elucidate Matrigel-specific factors governing organoid development. In this review, we discuss promising Matrigel-free methods for the generation and maintenance of organoids that use decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM), synthetic hydrogels, or gel-forming recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Kozlowski
- DEVCOM US Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Science of Extreme Materials Division, Polymers Branch, 6300 Rodman Rd. Building 4600, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21005, USA.
| | - Christiana J Crook
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Hsun Teresa Ku
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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15
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Zhang R, Guo T, Ji L, Yin Y, Feng S, Lu W, Zhang F, Zhu M, Liu S, Jiang J, Zeng F. Development and Application of Patient-Derived Cancer Organoidsin Clinical Management of Gastrointestinal Cancer: A State-of-the-Art Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:716339. [PMID: 34778032 PMCID: PMC8588806 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.716339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gastrointestinal cancer (e.g., gastric cancer and colorectal cancer) has been a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and has imposed a great threat to the public health. Although early-stage gastrointestinal cancer can be effectively treated by surgery, followed by postoperative chemotherapy, patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer often exhibit poor prognosis and cancer relapse due to the absence of effective personalized treatment strategies. Patient-derived cancer organoid technology has been rapidly developed in recent years, and its emergence has opened up an unprecedented approach to model human cancers in vitro. Patient-derived cancer organoids involve the ex vivo culture of fragments of freshly resected human tumors that retain the histological features of original tumors. This review thoroughly discussed the evolutionary process of human gastrointestinal organoids cultured since 2009, and highlighted the potentials of patient-derived cancer organoids in clinical management of gastrointestinal cancer in terms of advances achieved in cancer modelling compared with conventional modelling methods, high-throughput drug screening, and development of personalized treatment selection. Additionally, the current limitations of patient-derived cancer organoids and the potential solutions to overcome these problems were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Zhang
- Organoid Research Center, Xiamen Broad Creation Biomedical Institute, Xiamen, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lulin Ji
- Organoid Research Center, Xiamen Broad Creation Biomedical Institute, Xiamen, China
| | - Yirui Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuitu Feng
- Oncology Department, Xiamen Haicang Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Weihong Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Maoshu Zhu
- Central Lab, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
| | - Shugang Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanwei Zeng
- Organoid Research Center, Xiamen Broad Creation Biomedical Institute, Xiamen, China
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16
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Abstract
The mutational landscape of colorectal cancer (CRC) does not enable predictions to be made about the survival of patients or their response to therapy. Instead, studying the polarization and activation profiles of immune cells and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment has been shown to be more informative, thus making CRC a prototypical example of the importance of an inflammatory microenvironment for tumorigenesis. Here, we review our current understanding of how colon cancer cells interact with their microenvironment, comprised of immune cells, stromal cells and the intestinal microbiome, to suppress or escape immune responses and how inflammatory processes shape the immune pathogenesis of CRC.
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17
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Interplay between Epigenetics and Cellular Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101406. [PMID: 34680038 PMCID: PMC8533383 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism alterations have been recognized as one of the most predominant hallmarks of colorectal cancers (CRCs). It is precisely regulated by many oncogenic signaling pathways in all kinds of regulatory levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Among these regulatory factors, epigenetics play an essential role in the modulation of cellular metabolism. On the one hand, epigenetics can regulate cellular metabolism via directly controlling the transcription of genes encoding metabolic enzymes of transporters. On the other hand, epigenetics can regulate major transcriptional factors and signaling pathways that control the transcription of genes encoding metabolic enzymes or transporters, or affecting the translation, activation, stabilization, or translocation of metabolic enzymes or transporters. Interestingly, epigenetics can also be controlled by cellular metabolism. Metabolites not only directly influence epigenetic processes, but also affect the activity of epigenetic enzymes. Actually, both cellular metabolism pathways and epigenetic processes are controlled by enzymes. They are highly intertwined and are essential for oncogenesis and tumor development of CRCs. Therefore, they are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of CRCs. In recent years, both epigenetic and metabolism inhibitors are studied for clinical use to treat CRCs. In this review, we depict the interplay between epigenetics and cellular metabolism in CRCs and summarize the underlying molecular mechanisms and their potential applications for clinical therapy.
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18
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Franchi-Mendes T, Eduardo R, Domenici G, Brito C. 3D Cancer Models: Depicting Cellular Crosstalk within the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4610. [PMID: 34572836 PMCID: PMC8468887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in tumour progression and drug resistance processes. Non-malignant cell players, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells and others, interact with each other and with the tumour cells, shaping the disease. Though the role of each cell type and cell communication mechanisms have been progressively studied, the complexity of this cellular network and its role in disease mechanism and therapeutic response are still being unveiled. Animal models have been mainly used, as they can represent systemic interactions and conditions, though they face recognized limitations in translational potential due to interspecies differences. In vitro 3D cancer models can surpass these limitations, by incorporating human cells, including patient-derived ones, and allowing a range of experimental designs with precise control of each tumour microenvironment element. We summarize the role of each tumour microenvironment component and review studies proposing 3D co-culture strategies of tumour cells and non-malignant cell components. Moreover, we discuss the potential of these modelling approaches to uncover potential therapeutic targets in the tumour microenvironment and assess therapeutic efficacy, current bottlenecks and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Franchi-Mendes
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Eduardo
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Giacomo Domenici
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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19
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Brovold M, Keller D, Devarasetty M, Dominijanni A, Shirwaiker R, Soker S. Biofabricated 3D in vitro model of fibrosis-induced abnormal hepatoblast/biliary progenitors' expansion of the developing liver. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10207. [PMID: 34589593 PMCID: PMC8459590 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of the biliary tract are the primary reason for pediatric liver failure and ultimately for pediatric liver transplant needs. Not all causes of these disorders are well understood, but it is known that liver fibrosis occurs in many of those afflicted. The goal of this study is to develop a simple yet robust model that recapitulates physico-mechanical and cellular aspects of fibrosis mediated via hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their effects on biliary progenitor cells. Liver organoids were fabricated by embedding various HSCs, with distinctive abilities to generate mild to severe fibrotic environments, together with undifferentiated liver progenitor cell line, HepaRG, within a collagen I hydrogel. The fibrotic state of each organoid was characterized by examination of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling through quantitative image analysis, rheometry, and qPCR. In tandem, the phenotype of the liver progenitor cell and cluster formation was assessed through histology. Activated HSCs (aHSCs) created a more severe fibrotic state, exemplified by a more highly contracted and rigid ECM, as well higher relative expression of TGF-β, TIMP-1, LOXL2, and COL1A2 as compared to immortalized HSCs (LX-2). Within the more severe fibrotic environment, generated by the aHSCs, higher Notch signaling was associated with an expansion of CK19+ cells as well as the formation of larger, more densely populated cell biliary like-clusters as compared to mild and non-fibrotic controls. The expansion of CK19+ cells, coupled with a severely fibrotic environment, are phenomena found within patients suffering from a variety of congenital liver disorders of the biliary tract. Thus, the model presented here can be utilized as a novel in vitro testing platform to test drugs and identify new targets that could benefit pediatric patients that suffer from the biliary dysgenesis associated with a multitude of congenital liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brovold
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center BoulevardWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Dale Keller
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center BoulevardWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mahesh Devarasetty
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center BoulevardWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Anthony Dominijanni
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center BoulevardWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rohan Shirwaiker
- Department of Industrial and Systems EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center BoulevardWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
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20
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Chakraborty S, DePalma TJ, Skardal A. Increasing Accuracy of In Vitro Cancer Models: Engineering Stromal Complexity into Tumor Organoid Platforms. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Srija Chakraborty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The Ohio State University 3022 Fontana Labs 140 W. 19th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Thomas J. DePalma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The Ohio State University 3022 Fontana Labs 140 W. 19th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The Ohio State University 3022 Fontana Labs 140 W. 19th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
- Center for Cancer Engineering The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center Columbus OH 43210 USA
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21
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Dominijanni A, Devarasetty M, Soker S. Manipulating the Tumor Microenvironment in Tumor Organoids Induces Phenotypic Changes and Chemoresistance. iScience 2020; 23:101851. [PMID: 33319176 PMCID: PMC7724203 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors comprised a tightly surrounded tumor microenvironment, made up of non-cellular extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells. Although treatment response is often attributed to tumor heterogeneity, progression and malignancy are profoundly influenced by tumor cell interactions with the surrounding ECM. Here, we used a tumor organoid model, consisting of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) embedded in collagen type 1 (Col1) and colorectal cancer cell (HCT-116) spheroids, to determine the relationship between the ECM architecture, cancer cell malignancy, and chemoresistance. Exogenous transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) used to activate the HSCs increased the remodeling and bundling of Col1 in the ECM around the cancer spheroid. A dense ECM architecture inhibited tumor cell growth, reversed their mesenchymal phenotype, preserved stem cell population, and reduced chemotherapy response. Overall, our results demonstrate that controlled biofabrication and manipulation of the ECM in tumor organoids results enables studying tumor cell-ECM interactions and better understand tumor cell response to chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dominijanni
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Mahesh Devarasetty
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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22
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Costa JB, Park J, Jorgensen AM, Silva-Correia J, Reis RL, Oliveira JM, Atala A, Yoo JJ, Lee SJ. 3D Bioprinted Highly Elastic Hybrid Constructs for Advanced Fibrocartilaginous Tissue Regeneration. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 32:8733-8746. [PMID: 34295019 PMCID: PMC8294671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Advanced strategies to bioengineer a fibrocartilaginous tissue to restore the function of the meniscus are necessary. Currently, 3D bioprinting technologies have been employed to fabricate clinically relevant patient-specific complex constructs to address unmet clinical needs. In this study, a highly elastic hybrid construct for fibrocartilaginous regeneration is produced by co-printing a cell-laden gellan gum/fibrinogen (GG/FB) composite bioink together with a silk fibroin methacrylate (Sil-MA) bioink in an interleaved crosshatch pattern. We characterize each bioink formulation by measuring the rheological properties, swelling ratio, and compressive mechanical behavior. For in vitro biological evaluations, porcine primary meniscus cells (pMCs) are isolated and suspended in the GG/FB bioink for the printing process. The results show that the GG/FB bioink provides a proper cellular microenvironment for maintaining the cell viability and proliferation capacity, as well as the maturation of the pMCs in the bioprinted constructs, while the Sil-MA bioink offers excellent biomechanical behavior and structural integrity. More importantly, this bioprinted hybrid system shows the fibrocartilaginous tissue formation without a dimensional change in a mouse subcutaneous implantation model during the 10-week postimplantation. Especially, the alignment of collagen fibers is achieved in the bioprinted hybrid constructs. The results demonstrate this bioprinted mechanically reinforced hybrid construct offers a versatile and promising alternative for the production of advanced fibrocartilaginous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B. Costa
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jihoon Park
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Adam M. Jorgensen
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Joana Silva-Correia
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Oliveira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - James J. Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
- Corresponding authors. Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States., James J. Yoo, MD, PhD and Sang Jin Lee, PhD, (J. J. Yoo), (S. J. Lee)
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
- Corresponding authors. Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States., James J. Yoo, MD, PhD and Sang Jin Lee, PhD, (J. J. Yoo), (S. J. Lee)
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23
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Sivakumar H, Devarasetty M, Kram DE, Strowd RE, Skardal A. Multi-Cell Type Glioblastoma Tumor Spheroids for Evaluating Sub-Population-Specific Drug Response. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:538663. [PMID: 33042963 PMCID: PMC7523412 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.538663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal, incurable form of cancer in the brain. Even with maximally aggressive surgery and chemoradiotherapy, median patient survival is 14.5 months. These tumors infiltrate normal brain tissue, are surgically incurable, and universally recur. GBMs are characterized by genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental heterogeneity, and they evolve spontaneously over time and as a result of treatment. However, tracking such heterogeneity in real time in response to drug treatments has been impossible. Here we describe the development of an in vitro GBM tumor organoid model that is comprised of five distinct cellular subpopulations (4 GBM cell lines that represent GBM subpopulations and 1 astrocyte line), each fluorescently labeled with a different color. These multi-cell type GBM organoids are then embedded in a brain-like hyaluronic acid hydrogel for subsequent studies involving drug treatments and tracking of changes in relative numbers of each fluorescently unique subpopulation. This approach allows for the visual assessment of drug influence on individual subpopulations within GBM, and in future work can be expanded to supporting studies using patient tumor biospecimen-derived cells for personalized diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemamylammal Sivakumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Mahesh Devarasetty
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - David E. Kram
- Section of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Roy E. Strowd
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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24
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Morris AH, Orbach SM, Bushnell GG, Oakes RS, Jeruss JS, Shea LD. Engineered Niches to Analyze Mechanisms of Metastasis and Guide Precision Medicine. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3786-3794. [PMID: 32409307 PMCID: PMC7501202 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis poses a challenging problem both clinically and scientifically, as the stochastic nature of metastatic lesion formation introduces complexity for both early detection and the study of metastasis in preclinical models. Engineered metastatic niches represent an emerging approach to address this stochasticity by creating bioengineered sites where cancer can preferentially metastasize. As the engineered niche captures the earliest metastatic cells at a nonvital location, both noninvasive and biopsy-based monitoring of these sites can be performed routinely to detect metastasis early and monitor alterations in the forming metastatic niche. The engineered metastatic niche also provides a new platform technology that serves as a tunable site to molecularly dissect metastatic disease mechanisms. Ultimately, linking the engineered niches with advances in sensor development and synthetic biology can provide enabling tools for preclinical cancer models and fosters the potential to impact the future of clinical cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Morris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Grace G Bushnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert S Oakes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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25
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Devarasetty M, Dominijanni A, Herberg S, Shelkey E, Skardal A, Soker S. Simulating the human colorectal cancer microenvironment in 3D tumor-stroma co-cultures in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9832. [PMID: 32555362 PMCID: PMC7300090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a significant role in cancer progression and thus modeling it will advance our understanding of cancer growth dynamics and response to therapies. Most in vitro models are not exposed to intact body physiology, and at the same time, fail to recapitulate the extensive features of the tumor stroma. Conversely, animal models do not accurately capture the human tumor architecture. We address these deficiencies with biofabricated colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue equivalents, which are built to replicate architectural features of biopsied CRC tissue. Our data shows that tumor-stroma co-cultures consisting of aligned extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers and ordered micro-architecture induced an epithelial phenotype in CRC cells while disordered ECM drove a mesenchymal phenotype, similar to well and poorly differentiated tumors, respectively. Importantly, co-cultures studied in vitro, and upon implantation in mice, revealed similar tumor growth dynamics and retention of architectural features for 28 days. Altogether, these results are the first demonstration of replicating human tumor ECM architecture in ex vivo and in vivo cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Herberg
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ethan Shelkey
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | | | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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26
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Devarasetty M, Forsythe SD, Shelkey E, Soker S. In Vitro Modeling of the Tumor Microenvironment in Tumor Organoids. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:759-771. [PMID: 32399776 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment (TME) represents the many components occupying the space within and surrounding a tumor, including cells, signaling factors, extracellular matrix, and vasculature. Each component has the potential to assume many forms and functions which in turn contribute to the overall state of the TME, and further contribute to the progression and disposition of the tumor itself. The sum of these components can drive a tumor towards progression, keep a migratory tumor at bay, or even control chemotherapeutic response. The wide potential for interaction that the TME is an integral part of a tumor's ecosystem, and it is imperative to include it when studying and modeling cancer in vitro. Fortunately, the development of tissue engineering and biofabrication technologies and methodologies have allowed widespread inclusion of TME-based factors into in vitro tissue-equivalent models. METHODS In this review, we compiled contemporary literature sources to provide an overview of the field of TME models, ranging from simple to complex. RESULTS We have identified important components of the TME, how they can be included in in vitro study, and cover examples across a range of cancer types. CONCLUSION Our goal with this text is to provide a foundation for prospective research into the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Devarasetty
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Steven D Forsythe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Ethan Shelkey
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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27
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Dominijanni A, Mazzocchi A, Shelkey E, Forsythe S, Devarsetty M, Soker S. Bioengineered Tumor Organoids. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 13:168-173. [PMID: 32432209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biofabrication technologies, such as cell culture systems, and biomaterials have led to the development of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture platforms, such as tumor organoids. Tumor organoids are more physiologically accurate to the in vivo system, which they are intended to model, compared with traditional 2D cancer cell culture systems. Tumor organoids can mimic pathological and physical characteristics of tumors as well as maintain genetic stability of the cancer cells. Furthermore tumor organoids have advantage over animal models, being made from human cells and easily controlled in the laboratory to attain the desired tissue characteristics. In this section, we describe general tumor organoid technologies, the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in model culture systems, and the use of tumor organoids in drug development and precision medicine. Organoid technologies continue to develop rapidly for applications in academic, clinical, and pharmaceutical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dominijanni
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Andrea Mazzocchi
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Ethan Shelkey
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Steven Forsythe
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Mahesh Devarsetty
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
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28
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Rajan SAP, Aleman J, Wan M, Pourhabibi Zarandi N, Nzou G, Murphy S, Bishop CE, Sadri-Ardekani H, Shupe T, Atala A, Hall AR, Skardal A. Probing prodrug metabolism and reciprocal toxicity with an integrated and humanized multi-tissue organ-on-a-chip platform. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:124-135. [PMID: 32068138 PMCID: PMC11083435 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current drug development techniques are expensive and inefficient, partially due to the use of preclinical models that do not accurately recapitulate in vivo drug efficacy and cytotoxicity. To address this challenge, we report on an integrated, in vitro multi-organoid system that enables parallel assessment of drug efficiency and toxicity on multiple 3D tissue organoids. Built in a low-cost, adhesive film-based microfluidic device, these miniaturized structures require less than 200 µL fluid volume and are amenable to both matrix-based 3D cell culture and spheroid aggregate integration, each supported with an in situ photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Here, we demonstrate this technology first with a three-organoid device consisting of liver, cardiac, and lung constructs. We show that these multiple tissue types can be kept in common circulation with high viability for 21 days and validate the platform by investigating liver metabolism of the prodrug capecitabine into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and observing downstream toxicity in lung and cardiac organoids. Then we expand the integrated system to accommodate six humanized constructs, including liver, cardiac, lung, endothelium, brain, and testes organoids. Following a 14-day incubation in common media, we demonstrate multi-tissue interactions by metabolizing the alkylating prodrug ifosfamide in the liver organoid to produce chloroacetaldehyde and induce downstream neurotoxicity. Our results establish an expandable, multi-organoid body-on-a-chip system that can be fabricated easily and used for the accurate characterization of drug interactions in vitro. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The use of 3-dimensional (3D) in vitro models in drug development has advanced over the past decade. However, with several exceptions, the majority of research studies using 3D in vitro models, such as organoids, employ single tissue types, in isolated environments with no "communication" between different tissues. This is a significant limiting factor because in the human body there is significant signaling between different cells, tissues, and organs. Here we employ a low-cost, adhesive film-based microfluidic device approach, paired with a versatile extracellular matrix-derived hyaluronic acid hydrogel to support integrated systems of 3 and 6 3D organoid and cell constructs. Moreover, we demonstrate an integrated response to drugs, in which downstream toxicity is dependent on the presence of liver organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Amala Priya Rajan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Virginia Tech -Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Julio Aleman
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - MeiMei Wan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Nima Pourhabibi Zarandi
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Goodwell Nzou
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sean Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Colin E Bishop
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tom Shupe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Adam R Hall
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Virginia Tech -Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Virginia Tech -Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 1080 Carmack Rd., Columbus, OH 43210; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210.
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29
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Skardal A, Aleman J, Forsythe S, Rajan S, Murphy S, Devarasetty M, Pourhabibi Zarandi N, Nzou G, Wicks R, Sadri-Ardekani H, Bishop C, Soker S, Hall A, Shupe T, Atala A. Drug compound screening in single and integrated multi-organoid body-on-a-chip systems. Biofabrication 2020; 12:025017. [PMID: 32101533 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6d36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Current practices in drug development have led to therapeutic compounds being approved for widespread use in humans, only to be later withdrawn due to unanticipated toxicity. These occurrences are largely the result of erroneous data generated by in vivo and in vitro preclinical models that do not accurately recapitulate human physiology. Herein, a human primary cell- and stem cell-derived 3D organoid technology is employed to screen a panel of drugs that were recalled from market by the FDA. The platform is comprised of multiple tissue organoid types that remain viable for at least 28 days, in vitro. For many of these compounds, the 3D organoid system was able to demonstrate toxicity. Furthermore, organoids exposed to non-toxic compounds remained viable at clinically relevant doses. Additional experiments were performed on integrated multi-organoid systems containing liver, cardiac, lung, vascular, testis, colon, and brain. These integrated systems proved to maintain viability and expressed functional biomarkers, long-term. Examples are provided that demonstrate how multi-organoid 'body-on-a-chip' systems may be used to model the interdependent metabolism and downstream effects of drugs across multiple tissues in a single platform. Such 3D in vitro systems represent a more physiologically relevant model for drug screening and will likely reduce the cost and failure rate associated with the approval of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, United States of America. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 1080 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States of America
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30
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Maloney E, Clark C, Sivakumar H, Yoo K, Aleman J, Rajan SAP, Forsythe S, Mazzocchi A, Laxton AW, Tatter SB, Strowd RE, Votanopoulos KI, Skardal A. Immersion Bioprinting of Tumor Organoids in Multi-Well Plates for Increasing Chemotherapy Screening Throughput. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E208. [PMID: 32085455 PMCID: PMC7074680 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current drug development pipeline takes approximately fifteen years and $2.6 billion to get a new drug to market. Typically, drugs are tested on two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models to estimate their efficacy before reaching human trials. However, these models are often not representative of the human body. The 2D culture changes the morphology and physiology of cells, and animal models often have a vastly different anatomy and physiology than humans. The use of bioengineered human cell-based organoids may increase the probability of success during human trials by providing human-specific preclinical data. They could also be deployed for personalized medicine diagnostics to optimize therapies in diseases such as cancer. However, one limitation in employing organoids in drug screening has been the difficulty in creating large numbers of homogeneous organoids in form factors compatible with high-throughput screening (e.g., 96- and 384-well plates). Bioprinting can be used to scale up deposition of such organoids and tissue constructs. Unfortunately, it has been challenging to 3D print hydrogel bioinks into small-sized wells due to well-bioink interactions that can result in bioinks spreading out and wetting the well surface instead of maintaining a spherical form. Here, we demonstrate an immersion printing technique to bioprint tissue organoids in 96-well plates to increase the throughput of 3D drug screening. A hydrogel bioink comprised of hyaluronic acid and collagen is bioprinted into a viscous gelatin bath, which blocks the bioink from interacting with the well walls and provides support to maintain a spherical form. This method was validated using several cancerous cell lines, and then applied to patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) and sarcoma biospecimens for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Maloney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.); (K.Y.); (J.A.); (S.A.P.R.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Casey Clark
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.); (K.Y.); (J.A.); (S.A.P.R.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Hemamylammal Sivakumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43420, USA
| | - KyungMin Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.); (K.Y.); (J.A.); (S.A.P.R.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Julio Aleman
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.); (K.Y.); (J.A.); (S.A.P.R.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Shiny A. P. Rajan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.); (K.Y.); (J.A.); (S.A.P.R.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Steven Forsythe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.); (K.Y.); (J.A.); (S.A.P.R.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Andrea Mazzocchi
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.); (K.Y.); (J.A.); (S.A.P.R.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Adrian W. Laxton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.W.L.); (S.B.T.); (R.E.S.); (K.I.V.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Stephen B. Tatter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.W.L.); (S.B.T.); (R.E.S.); (K.I.V.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Roy E. Strowd
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.W.L.); (S.B.T.); (R.E.S.); (K.I.V.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Konstantinos I. Votanopoulos
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.W.L.); (S.B.T.); (R.E.S.); (K.I.V.)
- Department of Surgery–Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43420, USA
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31
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Jorgensen AM, Varkey M, Gorkun A, Clouse C, Xu L, Chou Z, Murphy SV, Molnar J, Lee SJ, Yoo JJ, Soker S, Atala A. Bioprinted Skin Recapitulates Normal Collagen Remodeling in Full-Thickness Wounds. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:512-526. [PMID: 31861970 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 1 million burn injuries are treated annually in the United States, and current tissue engineered skin fails to meet the need for full-thickness replacement. Bioprinting technology has allowed fabrication of full-thickness skin and has demonstrated the ability to close full-thickness wounds. However, analysis of collagen remodeling in wounds treated with bioprinted skin has not been reported. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of bioprinted skin for epidermal barrier formation and normal collagen remodeling in full-thickness wounds. Human keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, dermal microvascular endothelial cells, follicle dermal papilla cells, and adipocytes were suspended in fibrinogen bioink and bioprinted to form a tri-layer skin structure. Bioprinted skin was implanted onto 2.5 × 2.5 cm full-thickness excisional wounds on athymic mice, compared with wounds treated with hydrogel only or untreated wounds. Total wound closure, epithelialization, and contraction were quantified, and skin samples were harvested at 21 days for histology. Picrosirius red staining was used to quantify collagen fiber orientation, length, and width. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to confirm epidermal barrier formation, dermal maturation, vascularity, and human cell integration. All bioprinted skin treated wounds closed by day 21, compared with open control wounds. Wound closure in bioprinted skin treated wounds was primarily due to epithelialization. In contrast, control hydrogel and untreated groups had sparse wound coverage and incomplete closure driven primarily by contraction. Picrosirius red staining confirmed a normal basket weave collagen organization in bioprinted skin-treated wounds compared with parallel collagen fibers in hydrogel only and untreated wounds. IHC staining at day 21 demonstrated the presence of human cells in the regenerated dermis, the formation of a stratified epidermis, dermal maturation, and blood vessel formation in bioprinted skin, none of which was present in control hydrogel treated wounds. Bioprinted skin accelerated full-thickness wound closure by promoting epidermal barrier formation, without increasing contraction. This healing process is associated with human cells from the bioprinted skin laying down a healthy, basket-weave collagen network. The remodeled skin is phenotypically similar to human skin and composed of a composite of graft and infiltrating host cells. Impact statement We have demonstrated the ability of bioprinted skin to enhance closure of full-thickness wounds through epithelialization and normal collagen remodeling. To our knowledge, this article is the first to quantify collagen remodeling by bioprinted skin in full-thickness wounds. Our methods and results can be used to guide further investigation of collagen remodeling by tissue engineered skin products to improve ongoing and future bioprinting skin studies. Ultimately, our skin bioprinting technology could translate into a new treatment for full-thickness wounds in human patients with the ability to recapitulate normal collagen remodeling in full-thickness wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Jorgensen
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mathew Varkey
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anastasiya Gorkun
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Cara Clouse
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lei Xu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zishuai Chou
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean V Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph Molnar
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - James J Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Jahanafrooz Z, Mosafer J, Akbari M, Hashemzaei M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baradaran B. Colon cancer therapy by focusing on colon cancer stem cells and their tumor microenvironment. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4153-4166. [PMID: 31647128 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite many advances and optimization in colon cancer treatment, tumor recurrence and metastases make the development of new therapies necessary. Colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are considered as the main triggering factor of cancer progression, recurrence, and metastasis. CCSCs as a result of accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations and also complex interconnection with the tumor microenvironment (TME) can evolve and convert to full malignant cells. Mounting evidence suggests that in cancer therapy both CCSCs and non-CCSCs in TME have to be regarded to break through the limitation of current therapies. In this regard, stem cell capabilities of some non-CCSCs may arise inside the TME condition. Therefore, a deep knowledge of regulatory mechanisms, heterogeneity, specific markers, and signaling pathways of CCSCs and their interconnection with TME components is needed to improve the treatment of colorectal cancer and the patient's life quality. In this review, we address current different targeted therapeutic options that target cell surface markers and signaling pathways of CCSCs and other components of TME. Current challenges and future perspectives of colon cancer personalized therapy are also provided here. Taken together, based on the deep understanding of biology of CCSCs and using three-dimensional culture technologies, it can be possible to reach successful colon cancer eradication and improvise combination targeted therapies against CCSCs and TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jahanafrooz
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaffar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Dzobo K, Senthebane DA, Thomford NE, Rowe A, Dandara C, Parker MI. Not Everyone Fits the Mold: Intratumor and Intertumor Heterogeneity and Innovative Cancer Drug Design and Development. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 22:17-34. [PMID: 29356626 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disruptive innovations in medicine are game-changing in nature and bring about radical shifts in the way we understand human diseases, their treatment, and/or prevention. Yet, disruptive innovations in cancer drug design and development are still limited. Therapies that cure all cancer patients are in short supply or do not exist at all. Chief among the causes of this predicament is drug resistance, a mechanism that is much more dynamic than previously understood. Drug resistance has limited the initial success experienced with biomarker-guided targeted therapies as well. A major contributor to drug resistance is intratumor heterogeneity. For example, within solid tumors, there are distinct subclones of cancer cells, presenting profound complexity to cancer treatment. Well-known contributors to intratumor heterogeneity are genomic instability, the microenvironment, cellular genotype, cell plasticity, and stochastic processes. This expert review explains that for oncology drug design and development to be more innovative, we need to take into account intratumor heterogeneity. Initially thought to be the preserve of cancer cells, recent evidence points to the highly heterogeneous nature and diverse locations of stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and cancer-associated macrophages (CAMs). Distinct subpopulations of CAFs and CAMs are now known to be located immediately adjacent and distant from cancer cells, with different subpopulations exerting different effects on cancer cells. Disruptive innovation and precision medicine in clinical oncology do not have to be a distant reality, but can potentially be achieved by targeting these spatially separated and exclusive cancer cell subclones and CAF subtypes. Finally, we emphasize that disruptive innovations in drug discovery and development will likely come from drugs whose effect is not necessarily tumor shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- 1 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) , Cape Town, South Africa .,2 Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- 1 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) , Cape Town, South Africa .,2 Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- 3 Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arielle Rowe
- 1 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- 3 Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Iqbal Parker
- 2 Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
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Votanopoulos KI, Mazzocchi A, Sivakumar H, Forsythe S, Aleman J, Levine EA, Skardal A. Appendiceal Cancer Patient-Specific Tumor Organoid Model for Predicting Chemotherapy Efficacy Prior to Initiation of Treatment: A Feasibility Study. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 26:139-147. [PMID: 30414038 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-7008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have hypothesized that biofabrication of appendiceal tumor organoids allows for a more personalized clinical approach and facilitates research in a rare disease. METHODS Appendiceal cancer specimens obtained during cytoreduction with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy procedures (CRS/HIPEC) were dissociated and incorporated into an extracellular matrix-based hydrogel system as three-dimensional (3D), patient-specific tumor organoids. Cells were not sorted, preserving tumor heterogeneity, including stroma and immune cell components. Following establishment of organoid sets, chemotherapy drugs were screened in parallel. Live/dead staining and quantitative metabolism assays recorded which chemotherapies were most effective in killing cancer cells for a specific patient. Maintenance of cancer phenotypes were confirmed by using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Biospecimens from 12 patients were applied for organoid development between November 2016 and May 2018. Successful establishment rate of viable organoid sets was 75% (9/12). Average time from organoid development to chemotherapy testing was 7 days. These tumors included three high-grade appendiceal (HGA) and nine low-grade appendiceal (LGA) primaries obtained from sites of peritoneal metastasis. All tumor organoids were tested with chemotherapeutic agents exhibited responses that were either similar to the patient response or within the variability of the expected clinical response. More specifically, HGA tumor organoids derived from different patients demonstrated variable chemotherapy tumor-killing responses, whereas LGA organoids tested with the same regimens showed no response to chemotherapy. One LGA set of organoids was immune-enhanced with cells from a patient-matched lymph node to demonstrate feasibility of a symbiotic 3D reconstruction of a patient matched tumor and immune system component. CONCLUSIONS Development of 3D appendiceal tumor organoids is feasible even in low cellularity LGA tumors, allowing for individual patient tumors to remain viable for research and personalized drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos I Votanopoulos
- Department of Surgery - Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Andrea Mazzocchi
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hemamylammal Sivakumar
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steven Forsythe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Julio Aleman
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Edward A Levine
- Department of Surgery - Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Devarasetty M, Mazzocchi AR, Skardal A. Applications of Bioengineered 3D Tissue and Tumor Organoids in Drug Development and Precision Medicine: Current and Future. BioDrugs 2018; 32:53-68. [PMID: 29383499 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-017-0258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, advances in biomedical and tissue engineering technologies, such as cell culture techniques, biomaterials, and biofabrication, have driven increasingly widespread use of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture platforms and, subsequently, the use of organoids in a variety of research endeavors. Given the 3D nature of these organoid systems, and the frequent inclusion of extracellular matrix components, these constructs typically have more physiologically accurate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions than traditional 2D cell cultures. As a result, 3D organoids can serve as better model systems than their 2D counterparts. Moreover, as organoids can be biofabricated from highly functional human cells, they have certain advantages over animal models, being human in nature and more easily manipulated in the laboratory. In this review, we describe such organoid technologies and their deployment in drug development and precision medicine efforts. Organoid technologies are rapidly being developed for these applications and now represent a wide variety of tissue types and diseases. Evidence is emerging that organoids are poised for widespread adoption, not only in academia but also in the pharmaceutical industry and in clinical diagnostic applications, positioning them as indispensable tools in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Devarasetty
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Andrea R Mazzocchi
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.,Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA. .,Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Skardal A. Perspective: “Universal” bioink technology for advancing extrusion bioprinting-based biomanufacturing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2018.e00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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