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Biomedical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoate in Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112141. [PMID: 35683815 PMCID: PMC9182786 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology aids in the regeneration of new tissue to replace damaged or wounded tissue. Three-dimensional biodegradable and porous scaffolds are often utilized in this area to mimic the structure and function of the extracellular matrix. Scaffold material and design are significant areas of biomaterial research and the most favorable material for seeding of in vitro and in vivo cells. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolyesters (thermoplastic) that are appropriate for this application due to their biodegradability, thermo-processability, enhanced biocompatibility, mechanical properties, non-toxicity, and environmental origin. Additionally, they offer enormous potential for modification through biological, chemical and physical alteration, including blending with various other materials. PHAs are produced by bacterial fermentation under nutrient-limiting circumstances and have been reported to offer new perspectives for devices in biological applications. The present review discusses PHAs in the applications of conventional medical devices, especially for soft tissue (sutures, wound dressings, cardiac patches and blood vessels) and hard tissue (bone and cartilage scaffolds) regeneration applications. The paper also addresses a recent advance highlighting the usage of PHAs in implantable devices, such as heart valves, stents, nerve guidance conduits and nanoparticles, including drug delivery. This review summarizes the in vivo and in vitro biodegradability of PHAs and conducts an overview of current scientific research and achievements in the development of PHAs in the biomedical sector. In the future, PHAs may replace synthetic plastics as the material of choice for medical researchers and practitioners.
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ABSTRACTS (BY NUMBER). Tissue Eng Part A 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.29025.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Wright AL, Righelli L, Broomhall TJ, Lamont HC, El Haj AJ. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Mediated Orientation of Collagen Hydrogels for Engineering of Tendon-Mimetic Constructs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:797437. [PMID: 35372293 PMCID: PMC8968910 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.797437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of tendon injuries worldwide, an optimal treatment strategy has yet to be defined. A key challenge for tendon repair is the alignment of the repaired matrix into orientations which provide maximal mechanical strength. Using oriented implants for tissue growth combined with either exogenous or endogenous stem cells may provide a solution. Previous research has shown how oriented fiber-like structures within 3D scaffolds can provide a framework for organized extracellular matrix deposition. In this article, we present our data on the remote magnetic alignment of collagen hydrogels which facilitates long-term collagen orientation. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) at varying concentrations can be contained within collagen hydrogels. Our data show how, in response to the magnetic field lines, MNPs align and form string-like structures orientating at 90 degrees from the applied magnetic field from our device. This can be visualized by light and fluorescence microscopy, and it persists for 21 days post-application of the magnetic field. Confocal microscopy demonstrates the anisotropic macroscale structure of MNP-laden collagen gels subjected to a magnetic field, compared to gels without MNP dosing. Matrix fibrillation was compared between non- and biofunctionalized MNP hydrogels, and different gels dosed with varying MNP concentrations. Human adipose stem cells (hASCs) seeded within the magnetically aligned gels were observed to align in parallel to MNP and collagen orientation 7 days post-application of the magnetic field. hASCs seeded in isotropic gels were randomly organized. Tenocyte-likeness of the cells 7 days post-seeding in collagen I scaffolds was confirmed by the positive expression of tenomodulin and scleraxis proteins. To summarize, we have developed a convenient, non-invasive protocol to control the collagen I hydrogel architecture. Through the presence or absence of MNP dosing and a magnetic field, collagen can be remotely aligned or randomly organized, respectively, in situ. Tendon-like cells were observed to organize in parallel to unidirectionally aligned collagen fibers and polydirectionally in non-aligned collagen constructs. In this way, we were able to engineer the constructs emulating a physiologically and pathologically relevant tendon niche. This can be considered as an innovative approach particularly useful in tissue engineering or organ-on-a-chip applications for remotely controlling collagen matrix organization to recapitulate the native tendon.
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Multifunctional, Robust, and Porous PHBV-GO/MXene Composite Membranes with Good Hydrophilicity, Antibacterial Activity, and Platelet Adsorption Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213748. [PMID: 34771308 PMCID: PMC8588032 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The limitations of hydrophilicity, strength, antibacterial activity adsorption performance of the biobased and biocompatible polymer materials, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), significantly restrict their wider applications especially in medical areas. In this paper, a novel composite membrane with high antibacterial activity and platelet adsorption performance was prepared based on graphene oxide (GO), MXene and 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV), which are medium-chain-length-copolymers of PHA. The GO/MXene nanosheets can uniformly inset on the surface of PHBV fibre and give the PHBV—GO/MXene composite membranes superior hydrophilicity due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and terminal oxygen on the surface of nanosheets, which further provides the functional site for the free radical polymerization of ester bonds between GO/MXene and PHBV. As a result, the tensile strength, platelet adsorption, and blood coagulation time of the PHBV—GO/MXene composite membranes were remarkably increased compared with those of the pure PHBV membranes. The antibacterial rate of the PHBV—GO/MXene composite membranes against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can reach 97% due to the antibacterial nature of MXene. The improved strength, hydrophilicity, antibacterial activity and platelet adsorption performance suggest that PHBV—GO/MXene composite membranes might be ideal candidates for multifunctional materials for haemostatic applications.
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Ansari S, Sami N, Yasin D, Ahmad N, Fatma T. Biomedical applications of environmental friendly poly-hydroxyalkanoates. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:549-563. [PMID: 33932421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological polyesters of hydroxyacids are known as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). They have proved to be an alternative, environmentally friendly and attractive candidate for the replacement of petroleum-based plastics in many applications. Many bacteria synthesize these compounds as an intracellular carbon and energy compound usually under unbalanced growth conditions. Biodegradability and biocompatibility of different PHA has been studied in cell culture systems or in an animal host during the last few decades. Such investigations have proposed that PHA can be used as biomaterials for applications in conventional medical devices such as sutures, patches, meshes, implants, and tissue engineering scaffolds as well. Moreover, findings related to encapsulation capability and degradation kinetics of some PHA polymers has paved their way for development of controlled drug delivery systems. The present review discusses about bio-plastics, their characteristics, examines the key findings and recent advances highlighting the usage of bio-plastics in different medical devices. The patents concerning to PHA application in biomedical field have been also enlisted that will provide a brief overview of the status of research in bio-plastic. This would help medical researchers and practitioners to replace the synthetic plastics aids that are currently being used. Simultaneously, it could also prove to be a strong step in reducing the plastic pollution that surged abruptly due to the COVID-19 medical waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabbir Ansari
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Neha Sami
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Durdana Yasin
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nazia Ahmad
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Tasneem Fatma
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
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Choi SY, Cho IJ, Lee Y, Kim YJ, Kim KJ, Lee SY. Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Nonnatural Polyesters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907138. [PMID: 32249983 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce diverse polymers for various purposes such as storing genetic information, energy, and reducing power, and serving as structural materials and scaffolds. Among these polymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are microbial polyesters synthesized and accumulated intracellularly as a storage material of carbon, energy, and reducing power under unfavorable growth conditions in the presence of excess carbon source. PHAs have attracted considerable attention for their wide range of applications in industrial and medical fields. Since the first discovery of PHA accumulating bacteria about 100 years ago, remarkable advances have been made in the understanding of PHA biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of microorganisms toward developing efficient PHA producers. Recently, nonnatural polyesters have also been synthesized by metabolically engineered microorganisms, which opened a new avenue toward sustainable production of more diverse plastics. Herein, the current state of PHAs and nonnatural polyesters is reviewed, covering mechanisms of microbial polyester biosynthesis, metabolic pathways, and enzymes involved in biosynthesis of short-chain-length PHAs, medium-chain-length PHAs, and nonnatural polyesters, especially 2-hydroxyacid-containing polyesters, metabolic engineering strategies to produce novel polymers and enhance production capabilities and fermentation, and downstream processing strategies for cost-effective production of these microbial polyesters. In addition, the applications of PHAs and prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Choi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jin Cho
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoon Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and Bioinformatics Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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El-malek FA, Khairy H, Farag A, Omar S. The sustainability of microbial bioplastics, production and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:319-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Thönnes S, Shelton P, Bracey DN, Van Dyke M, Whitlock P, Smith TL, Moghaddam A, Tuohy C. Success and efficiency of cell seeding in Avian Tendon Xenografts - A promising alternative for tendon and ligament reconstruction. J Orthop 2020; 18:155-161. [PMID: 32021023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized tendon xenografts offer a promising alternative for reconstruction by using ubiquitously available material. This study compares static and centrifugal seeding of avian tendon scaffolds with NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Incorporation of viable cells was achievable with both techniques, represented by DNA content. Proliferation rate and viability assay showed neither damage by centrifugal force nor superiority of the technique. Cell proliferation after 10 days of culture demonstrated that the scaffold did not hinder 3-D culturing. Confocal laser microscopy revealed structural details as formation of focal adhesions, to provide deeper insight into the process of cell attachment and growth in xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thönnes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.,HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Division of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, D-69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Shelton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Daniel N Bracey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Mark Van Dyke
- Virginia Tech, Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Patrick Whitlock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Thomas L Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Division of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, D-69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Tuohy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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Balakrishna Pillai A, Jaya Kumar A, Kumarapillai H. Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) in Bacillus aryabhattai and cytotoxicity evaluation of PHBV/poly(ethylene glycol) blends. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:32. [PMID: 31988826 PMCID: PMC6946779 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-2017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The study described poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) accumulation in Bacillus aryabhattai PHB10 for the first time and evaluated the polymer induced cytotoxicity in-vitro with PHBV/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends. The B. aryabhattai strain produced 2.8 g/L PHBV, equivalent to 71.15% of cell dry mass in a medium supplemented with propionic acid, after 48 h incubation. The optimum temperature and pH for the copolymer accumulation was 31 °C and 7, respectively. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed the polymer obtained as PHBV. The differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the melting point of the material as 90 °C and its thermal stability up to 220 °C. The average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity index of the sample was estimated by gel permeation chromatography analysis and observed as 128.508 kDa and 2.82, respectively. The PHBV showed tensile strength of 10.3 MPa and elongation at break of 13.3%. The PHBV and their blends with PEG were tested for cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and the cells incubated with PHBV/PEG2kDa blends were 99% viable, whereas with the PHBV alone showed comparatively higher cytotoxicity. The significant improvement in the cell viability of PHBV/PEG2kDa blends indicates its potential as a candidate for skin graft applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Balakrishna Pillai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P. O., Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014 India
| | - Arjun Jaya Kumar
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P. O., Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014 India
| | - Harikrishnan Kumarapillai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P. O., Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014 India
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Setayeshmehr M, Esfandiari E, Rafieinia M, Hashemibeni B, Taheri-Kafrani A, Samadikuchaksaraei A, Kaplan DL, Moroni L, Joghataei MT. Hybrid and Composite Scaffolds Based on Extracellular Matrices for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 25:202-224. [PMID: 30648478 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Scaffolds fabricated from extracellular matrix (ECM) derivatives are composed of conducive structures for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, but generally do not have proper mechanical properties and load-bearing capacity. In contrast, scaffolds based on synthetic biomaterials demonstrate appropriate mechanical strength, but the absence of desirable biological properties is one of their main disadvantages. To integrate mechanical strength and biological cues, these ECM derivatives can be conjugated with synthetic biomaterials. Hence, hybrid scaffolds comprising both advantages of synthetic polymers and ECM derivatives can be considered a robust vehicle for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Setayeshmehr
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,2 Biomaterials Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Advanced Medical Technology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,3 MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiari
- 4 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafieinia
- 2 Biomaterials Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Advanced Medical Technology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Batool Hashemibeni
- 4 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asghar Taheri-Kafrani
- 5 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,6 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - David L Kaplan
- 7 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- 3 MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,8 CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Mohammad T Joghataei
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,6 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Singh AK, Srivastava JK, Chandel AK, Sharma L, Mallick N, Singh SP. Biomedical applications of microbially engineered polyhydroxyalkanoates: an insight into recent advances, bottlenecks, and solutions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2007-2032. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Zhang K, Chao L, Zhou J. Biocompatible/Biodegradable Electrowetting on Dielectric Microfluidic Chips with Fluorinated CTA/PLGA. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1332. [PMID: 30071631 PMCID: PMC6120052 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
One of the major hurdles in the development of biocompatible/biodegradable EWOD (Electrowetting-on-dielectric) devices is the biocompatibility of the dielectric and hydrophobic layers. In this study, we address this problem by using reactive ion etching (RIE) to prepare a super-hydrophobic film combining fluorinated cellulose triacetate (CTA) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The contact angle (CA) of water droplets on the proposed material is about 160°. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterizations indicate that a slight increase in the surface roughness and the formation of CFx (C-F or CF₂) bonds are responsible for the super-hydrophobic nature of the film. Alternating Current (AC) static electrowetting and droplet transportation experiments evidence that contact angle hysteresis and contact line pinning are greatly reduced by impregnating the CTA/PLGA film with silicon oil. Therefore, this improved film could provide a biocompatible alternative to the typical Teflon® or Cytop® films as a dielectric and hydrophobic layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Zhang
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lei Chao
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jia Zhou
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Chen Q, Jiang X, Feng L. Experimental studies on preparation of the porous and small-diameter poly(ε-caprolactone) external vascular scaffold and its degradability and biocompatibility. Regen Med Res 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29856704 PMCID: PMC6413829 DOI: 10.1051/rmr/180001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was aim to prepare a porous poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) biodegradable external vascular scaffold by dipping and leaching method, and to assess its mechanical property, degradability and biocompatibility. Methods: We used the PCL-1, PCL-2 as the raw materials and NaCl particles as the pore-forming agents to construct a porous PCL external vascular scaffold. We tested the mechanical property of the porous PCL external vascular scaffold. The degradability of the scaffold was studied in the presence of thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TL lipase). After 1, 3, and 5, 7 days, the samples were taken out, and the pH of the media was measured. The form-stability of the scaffold was investigated by macroscopic observation and the microstructure of it was observed by SEM. The cytotoxicity of the scaffold was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Results: PCL-1 could make a white integrated external vascular scaffold with uniform texture. When the concentration of NaCl was less than or equal to 50%, the tensile strength of the porous PCL-1 external vascular scaffolds were higher than 4.2 Mpa, which meet the demand of clinical vascular transplantation. With the degradation of the scaffold in the lipase media, the form-stability of the scaffold was seriously destroyed, the surface of the scaffold began to degrade with some honeycomb holes, and the pH of the media values were lower than the initial reading of 7.4. Rat adipose-derived stem cells (rADSCs) cultured in the extractions of the porous PCL external vascular scaffold had good proliferation and cell morphology compared to the control group. Conclusion: The porous PCL-1-50 external vascular scaffold, with the 50% concentration of NaCl, had the maximum porosity on the basis of enough mechanical strength which meets the demand of clinical vascular transplantation. Moreover, it had good biocompatibility with rADSCs and the degradation mechanism of the scaffold was surface degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China - Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) for therapeutic applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Chen GQ, Zhang J. Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates as medical implant biomaterials. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1-18. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1371185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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16
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Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates: Still fabulous? Microbiol Res 2016; 192:271-282. [PMID: 27664746 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are polyesters accumulated as carbon and energy storage materials under limited growth conditions in the presence of excess carbon sources. They have been developed as biomaterials with unique properties for the past many years being considered as a potential substitute for conventional non-degradable plastics. Due to the increasing concern towards global climate change, depleting petroleum resource and problems with an utilization of a growing number of synthetic plastics, PHAs have gained much more attention from industry and research. These environmentally friendly microbial polymers have great potential in biomedical, agricultural, and industrial applications. However, their production on a large scale is still limited. This paper describes the backgrounds of PHAs and discussed the current state of knowledge on the polyhydroxyalkanoates. Ability of bacteria to convert different carbon sources to PHAs, the opportunities and challenges of their introduction to global market as valuable renewable products have been also discussed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate biomaterials for tissue engineering bone and replacement of bone in clinical settings are still being developed. Previously, the combination of mesenchymal stem cells in hydrogels and calcium-based biomaterials in both in vitro and in vivo experiments has shown promising results. However, results may be optimized by careful selection of the material combination. METHODS β-Tricalcium phosphate scaffolds were three-dimensionally printed with five different hydrogels: collagen I, gelatin, fibrin glue, alginate, and Pluronic F-127. The scaffolds had eight channels, running throughout the entire scaffold, and macropores. Mesenchymal stem cells (2 × 10) were mixed with each hydrogel, and cell/hydrogel mixes were dispersed onto the corresponding β-tricalcium phosphate/hydrogel scaffold and cultured under dynamic-oscillating conditions for 6 weeks. Specimens were harvested at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks and evaluated histologically, radiologically, biomechanically and, at 6 weeks, for expression of bone-specific proteins by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Statistical correlation analysis was performed between radiologic densities in Hounsfield units and biomechanical stiffness. RESULTS Collagen I samples had superior bone formation at 6 weeks as demonstrated by volume computed tomographic scanning, with densities of 300 HU, similar to native bone, and the highest compression values. Bone specificity of new tissue was confirmed histologically and by the expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. The bone density correlated closely with histologic and biomechanical testing results. CONCLUSION Bone formation is supported best by β-tricalcium phosphate/collagen I hydrogel and mesenchymal stem cells in collagen I hydrogel. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, V.
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Shao XR, Wei XQ, Song X, Hao LY, Cai XX, Zhang ZR, Peng Q, Lin YF. Independent effect of polymeric nanoparticle zeta potential/surface charge, on their cytotoxicity and affinity to cells. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:465-74. [PMID: 26017818 PMCID: PMC6496505 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Up to now, little research has been focussed on discovering how zeta potential independently affects polymeric nanoparticle (NP) cytotoxicity. METHODS Polymeric nanoparticles of gradient zeta potential ranging from -30 mv to +40 mv were fabricated using the same poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate (PHBHHx) biopolymer. Interaction forces between nanoparticles and cells were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles to cells was investigated by using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. RESULTS Four kinds of nanoparticle with similar sizes and gradient zeta potentials, were fabricated. Those with positive surface charges were found to be more toxic than those with negative surface charges. Positively charged nanoparticles or nanoparticles with higher 'like' charges, offered higher interaction force with cells. CONCLUSION This work proposes a novel approach for investigating interaction between NPs and cells, and discloses the importance of controlling zeta potential in developing NPs-based formulations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ru Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xu Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li-Ying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yun-Feng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Foster NC, Henstock JR, Reinwald Y, El Haj AJ. Dynamic 3D culture: models of chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:19-33. [PMID: 25777047 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cartilage from stem cells during development is a complex process which is regulated by both local growth factors and biomechanical cues, and results in the differentiation of chondrocytes into a range of subtypes in specific regions of the tissue. In fetal development cartilage also acts as a precursor scaffold for many bones, and mineralization of this cartilaginous bone precursor occurs through the process of endochondral ossification. In the endochondral formation of bones during fetal development the interplay between cell signalling, growth factors, and biomechanics regulates the formation of load bearing bone, in addition to the joint capsule containing articular cartilage and synovium, generating complex, functional joints from a single precursor anlagen. These joint tissues are subsequently prone to degeneration in adult life and have poor regenerative capabilities, and so understanding how they are created during development may provide useful insights into therapies for diseases, such as osteoarthritis, and restoring bone and cartilage lost in adulthood. Of particular interest is how these tissues regenerate in the mechanically dynamic environment of a living joint, and so experiments performed using 3D models of cartilage development and endochondral ossification are proving insightful. In this review, we discuss some of the interesting models of cartilage development, such as the chick femur which can be observed in ovo, or isolated at a specific developmental stage and cultured organotypically in vitro. Biomaterial and hydrogel-based strategies which have emerged from regenerative medicine are also covered, allowing researchers to make informed choices on the characteristics of the materials used for both original research and clinical translation. In all of these models, we illustrate the essential importance of mechanical forces and mechanotransduction as a regulator of cell behavior and ultimate structural function in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Foster
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre University of Keele, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
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Heathman TR, Webb WR, Han J, Dan Z, Chen GQ, Forsyth NR, El Haj AJ, Zhang ZR, Sun X. Controlled Production of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) Nanoparticles for Targeted and Sustained Drug Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2498-508. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Chang HM, Wang ZH, Luo HN, Xu M, Ren XY, Zheng GX, Wu BJ, Zhang XH, Lu XY, Chen F, Jing XH, Wang L. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)-based scaffolds for tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:533-9. [PMID: 25003631 PMCID: PMC4123831 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Development and selection of an ideal scaffold is of importance for tissue engineering. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) is a biocompatible bioresorbable copolymer that belongs to the polyhydroxyalkanoate family. Because of its good biocompatibility, PHBHHx has been widely used as a cell scaffold for tissue engineering. This review focuses on the utilization of PHBHHx-based scaffolds in tissue engineering. Advances in the preparation, modification, and application of PHBHHx scaffolds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Z H Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - H N Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Y Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - G X Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - B J Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X H Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Y Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - F Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X H Jing
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Xing Q, Yates K, Vogt C, Qian Z, Frost MC, Zhao F. Increasing mechanical strength of gelatin hydrogels by divalent metal ion removal. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4706. [PMID: 24736500 PMCID: PMC3988488 DOI: 10.1038/srep04706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of gelatin hydrogel is limited due to its instability and poor mechanical properties, especially under physiological conditions. Divalent metal ions present in gelatin such as Ca(2+) and Fe(2+) play important roles in the gelatin molecule interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of divalent ion removal on the stability and mechanical properties of gelatin gels with and without chemical crosslinking. The gelatin solution was purified by Chelex resin to replace divalent metal ions with sodium ions. The gel was then chemically crosslinked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). Results showed that the removal of divalent metal ions significantly impacted the formation of the gelatin network. The purified gelatin hydrogels had less interactions between gelatin molecules and form larger-pore network which enabled EDC to penetrate and crosslink the gel more efficiently. The crosslinked purified gels showed small swelling ratio, higher crosslinking density and dramatically increased storage and loss moduli. The removal of divalent ions is a simple yet effective method that can significantly improve the stability and strength of gelatin hydrogels. The in vitro cell culture demonstrated that the purified gelatin maintained its ability to support cell attachment and spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xing
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Keegan Yates
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Caleb Vogt
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Zichen Qian
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Megan C. Frost
- Polymer and Biomaterial Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Feng Zhao
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
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Oryan A, Alidadi S, Moshiri A, Maffulli N. Bone regenerative medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future directions. J Orthop Surg Res 2014; 9:18. [PMID: 24628910 PMCID: PMC3995444 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-9-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the literature of bone grafts and introduces tissue engineering as a strategy in this field of orthopedic surgery. We evaluated articles concerning bone grafts; analyzed characteristics, advantages, and limitations of the grafts; and provided explanations about bone-tissue engineering technologies. Many bone grafting materials are available to enhance bone healing and regeneration, from bone autografts to graft substitutes; they can be used alone or in combination. Autografts are the gold standard for this purpose, since they provide osteogenic cells, osteoinductive growth factors, and an osteoconductive scaffold, all essential for new bone growth. Autografts carry the limitations of morbidity at the harvesting site and limited availability. Allografts and xenografts carry the risk of disease transmission and rejection. Tissue engineering is a new and developing option that had been introduced to reduce limitations of bone grafts and improve the healing processes of the bone fractures and defects. The combined use of scaffolds, healing promoting factors, together with gene therapy, and, more recently, three-dimensional printing of tissue-engineered constructs may open new insights in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Moshiri
- Division of Surgery and Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
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25
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Oryan A, Alidadi S, Moshiri A, Maffulli N. Bone regenerative medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future directions. J Orthop Surg Res 2014. [PMID: 24628910 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x9-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the literature of bone grafts and introduces tissue engineering as a strategy in this field of orthopedic surgery. We evaluated articles concerning bone grafts; analyzed characteristics, advantages, and limitations of the grafts; and provided explanations about bone-tissue engineering technologies. Many bone grafting materials are available to enhance bone healing and regeneration, from bone autografts to graft substitutes; they can be used alone or in combination. Autografts are the gold standard for this purpose, since they provide osteogenic cells, osteoinductive growth factors, and an osteoconductive scaffold, all essential for new bone growth. Autografts carry the limitations of morbidity at the harvesting site and limited availability. Allografts and xenografts carry the risk of disease transmission and rejection. Tissue engineering is a new and developing option that had been introduced to reduce limitations of bone grafts and improve the healing processes of the bone fractures and defects. The combined use of scaffolds, healing promoting factors, together with gene therapy, and, more recently, three-dimensional printing of tissue-engineered constructs may open new insights in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Moshiri
- Division of Surgery and Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
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Silva NHCS, Vilela C, Marrucho IM, Freire CSR, Pascoal Neto C, Silvestre AJD. Protein-based materials: from sources to innovative sustainable materials for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3715-3740. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00168k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Webb WR, Dale TP, Lomas AJ, Zeng G, Wimpenny I, El Haj AJ, Forsyth NR, Chen GQ. The application of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) scaffolds for tendon repair in the rat model. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6683-94. [PMID: 23768899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tendon injuries and defects present a substantial burden to global healthcare economies. There are no synthetic/biosynthesised implants available which can restore full function or match the mechanical properties of native tendon. Therefore, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) was investigated for its utility as a scaffold in a rat Achilles tendon repair model. Porous PHBHHx tubes and fibres were prepared with particle leaching and extrusion methods, respectively. Collagen gels reinforced by polymer fibres were inserted into the lumen of scaffold tubes to create the operational scaffold unit. Mechanical testing demonstrated that PHBHHx scaffolds had comparable mechanical properties to rat tendon, with maximal loads of 23.73 ± 1.08 N, compared to 17.35 ± 1.76 N in undamaged rat Achilles tendon. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were split into four experimental groups: control, PHBHHx scaffold only, PHBHHx scaffold and collagen, PHBHHx scaffold, collagen and tenocyte compositions for implantation to repair an induced Achilles tendon defect. No secondary immune response to PHBHHx was observed over a 40 days period of implantation. Movement was restored in PHBHHx scaffold-collagen-tenocyte recipient rats at an earlier time point than in other experimental groups, with complete load-bearing and function returning 20 days post-surgery as determined by the Achilles Functional Index. In vitro testing of tendon constructs after 40 days demonstrated reductions in PHBHHx molecular weight and polydispersity index accompanied by an increase in mean chain length indicating degradation of smaller polymer chain subunits. Similarly a reduction in PHBHHx tube ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus was observed. Histological analysis provided evidence of tissue remodelling and cell alignment. In summary, PHBHHx scaffolds have been successfully applied in an in vivo tendon repair model raising promise for future utility in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Webb
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke on Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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Wu LP, You M, Wang D, Peng G, Wang Z, Chen GQ. Fabrication of carbon nanotube (CNT)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) nanocomposite films for human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) differentiation. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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