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Rahmati S, Khazaei M, Abpeikar Z, Soleimanizadeh A, Rezakhani L. Exosome-loaded decellularized tissue: Opening a new window for regenerative medicine. J Tissue Viability 2024; 33:332-344. [PMID: 38594147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-EXO) have received a lot of interest recently as a potential therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as exosomes (EXOs) are crucial for cell-cell communication throughout a variety of activities including stress response, aging, angiogenesis, and cell differentiation. Exploration of the potential use of EXOs as essential therapeutic effectors of MSCs to encourage tissue regeneration was motivated by success in the field of regenerative medicine. EXOs have been administered to target tissues using a variety of methods, including direct, intravenous, intraperitoneal injection, oral delivery, and hydrogel-based encapsulation, in various disease models. Despite the significant advances in EXO therapy, various methods are still being researched to optimize the therapeutic applications of these nanoparticles, and it is not completely clear which approach to EXO administration will have the greatest effects. Here, we will review emerging developments in the applications of EXOs loaded into decellularized tissues as therapeutic agents for use in regenerative medicine in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Rahmati
- Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Abpeikar
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Arghavan Soleimanizadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School 'Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Saeid Nia M, Floder LM, Seiler JA, Puehler T, Pommert NS, Berndt R, Meier D, Sellers SL, Sathananthan J, Zhang X, Hasler M, Gorb SN, Warnecke G, Lutter G. Optimization of Enzymatic and Chemical Decellularization of Native Porcine Heart Valves for the Generation of Decellularized Xenografts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4026. [PMID: 38612836 PMCID: PMC11012489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important medical interventions for individuals with heart valvular disease is heart valve replacement, which is not without substantial challenges, particularly for pediatric patients. Due to their biological properties and biocompatibility, natural tissue-originated scaffolds derived from human or animal sources are one type of scaffold that is widely used in tissue engineering. However, they are known for their high potential for immunogenicity. Being free of cells and genetic material, decellularized xenografts, consequently, have low immunogenicity and, thus, are expected to be tolerated by the recipient's immune system. The scaffold ultrastructure and ECM composition can be affected by cell removal agents. Therefore, applying an appropriate method that preserves intact the structure of the ECM plays a critical role in the final result. So far, there has not been an effective decellularization technique that preserves the integrity of the heart valve's ultrastructure while securing the least amount of genetic material left. This study demonstrates a new protocol with untraceable cells and residual DNA, thereby maximally reducing any chance of immunogenicity. The mechanical and biochemical properties of the ECM resemble those of native heart valves. Results from this study strongly indicate that different critical factors, such as ionic detergent omission, the substitution of Triton X-100 with Tergitol, and using a lower concentration of trypsin and a higher concentration of DNase and RNase, play a significant role in maintaining intact the ultrastructure and function of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Saeid Nia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Lena Maria Floder
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Jette Anika Seiler
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Puehler
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nina Sophie Pommert
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Rouven Berndt
- Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - David Meier
- Department of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Stephanie L. Sellers
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (S.L.S.); (J.S.)
- Cardiovascular Translational Laboratory, Providence Research & Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Janarthanan Sathananthan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (S.L.S.); (J.S.)
- Cardiovascular Translational Laboratory, Providence Research & Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xiling Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach Variationsstatistik, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Georg Lutter
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.N.); (L.M.F.); (J.A.S.); (N.S.P.); (X.Z.); (G.W.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 69120 Hamburg, Germany;
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Li X, Zhao W, Zhou D, Li P, Zhao C, Zhou Q, Wang Y. Construction of Integral Decellularized Cartilage Using a Novel Hydrostatic Pressure Bioreactor. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2024; 30:113-129. [PMID: 38183634 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage is a widely used natural bioscaffold for constructing tissue-engineered cartilage due to its good biocompatibility and regeneration properties. However, current decellularization methods for accessing decellularized cartilaginous tissues require multiple steps and a relatively long duration to produce decellularized cartilage. In addition, most decellularization strategies lead to damage of the microstructure and loss of functional components of the cartilaginous matrix. In this study, a novel decellularization strategy based on a hydrostatic pressure (HP) bioreactor was introduced, which aimed to improve the efficiency of producing integral decellularized cartilage pieces by combining physical and chemical decellularization methods in a perfusing manner. Two types of cartilaginous tissues, auricular cartilage (AC) and nucleus pulposus (NP) fibrocartilage, were selected for comparison of the effects of ordinary, positive, and negative HP-based decellularization according to the cell clearance ratio, microstructural changes, ECM components, and mechanical properties. The results indicated that applying positive HP improved the efficiency of producing decellularized AC, but no significant differences in decellularization efficiency were found between the ordinary and negative HP-treated groups. However, compared with the ordinary HP treatment, the application of the positive or negative HP did not affect the efficiency of decellularized NP productions. Moreover, neither positive nor negative HP influenced the preservation of the microstructure and components of the AC matrix. However, applying negative HP disarranged the fibril distribution of the NP matrix and reduced glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II contents, two essential ECM components. In addition, the positive HP was beneficial for maintaining the mechanical properties of decellularized cartilage. The recellularization experiments also verified the good biocompatibility of the decellularized cartilage produced by the present bioreactor-based decellularization method under positive HP. Overall, applying positive HP-based decellularization resulted in a superior effect on the production of close-to-natural scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Impact statement In this study, we successfully constructed a novel hydrostatic pressure (HP) bioreactor and used this equipment to produce decellularized cartilage by combining physical and chemical decellularization methods in a perfusing manner. We found that positive HP-based decellularization could improve the production efficiency of integral decellularized cartilage pieces and promote the maintenance of matrix components and mechanical properties. This new decellularization strategy exhibited a superior effect in the production of close-to-natural scaffolds and positively impacts cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weikang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiulongpo People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Mahdian M, Tabatabai TS, Abpeikar Z, Rezakhani L, Khazaei M. Nerve regeneration using decellularized tissues: challenges and opportunities. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1295563. [PMID: 37928728 PMCID: PMC10620322 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1295563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering, the decellularization of organs and tissues as a biological scaffold plays a critical role in the repair of neurodegenerative diseases. Various protocols for cell removal can distinguish the effects of treatment ability, tissue structure, and extracellular matrix (ECM) ability. Despite considerable progress in nerve regeneration and functional recovery, the slow regeneration and recovery potential of the central nervous system (CNS) remains a challenge. The success of neural tissue engineering is primarily influenced by composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The primary objective of restorative techniques is to guide existing axons properly toward the distal end of the damaged nerve and the target organs. However, due to the limitations of nerve autografts, researchers are seeking alternative methods with high therapeutic efficiency and without the limitations of autograft transplantation. Decellularization scaffolds, due to their lack of immunogenicity and the preservation of essential factors in the ECM and high angiogenic ability, provide a suitable three-dimensional (3D) substrate for the adhesion and growth of axons being repaired toward the target organs. This study focuses on mentioning the types of scaffolds used in nerve regeneration, and the methods of tissue decellularization, and specifically explores the use of decellularized nerve tissues (DNT) for nerve transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahdian
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Sadat Tabatabai
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Zahra Abpeikar
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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İnal MS, Darcan C, Akpek A. Characterization of a Decellularized Sheep Pulmonary Heart Valves and Analysis of Their Capability as a Xenograft Initial Matrix Material in Heart Valve Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:949. [PMID: 37627834 PMCID: PMC10451205 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to overcome the disadvantages of existing treatments in heart valve tissue engineering, decellularization studies are carried out. The main purpose of decellularization is to eliminate the immunogenicity of biologically derived grafts and to obtain a scaffold that allows recellularization while preserving the natural tissue architecture. SD and SDS are detergent derivatives frequently used in decellularization studies. The aim of our study is to decellularize the pulmonary heart valves of young Merino sheep by using low-density SDS and SD detergents together, and then to perform their detailed characterization to determine whether they are suitable for clinical studies. Pulmonary heart valves of 4-6-month-old sheep were decellularized in detergent solution for 24 h. The amount of residual DNA was measured to determine the efficiency of decellularization. Then, the effect of decellularization on the ECM by histological staining was examined. In addition, the samples were visualized by SEM to determine the surface morphologies of the scaffolds. A uniaxial tensile test was performed to examine the effect of decellularization on biomechanical properties. In vitro stability of scaffolds decellularized by collagenase treatment was determined. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of scaffolds on 3T3 cells was examined by MTT assay. The results showed DNA removal of 94% and 98% from the decellularized leaflet and pulmonary wall portions after decellularization relative to the control group. No cell nuclei were found in histological staining and it was observed that the three-layer leaflet structure was preserved. As a result of the tensile test, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the control and decellularized groups in the UTS and elasticity modulus, and the biomechanical properties did not change. It was also observed that decellularized sheep pulmonary heart valves had no cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, we suggest that the pulmonary valves of decellularized young Merino sheep can be used as an initial matrix in heart valve tissue engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müslüm Süleyman İnal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, Turkey;
| | - Cihan Darcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, Turkey;
| | - Ali Akpek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical-Electronics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey
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Simionescu D, Tharayil N, Leonard E, Carlyle W, Schwarz A, Ning K, Carsten C, Garcia JCC, Carter A, Owens C, Simionescu A. Binding of Pentagalloyl Glucose to Aortic Wall Proteins: Insights from Peptide Mapping and Simulated Docking Studies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:936. [PMID: 37627822 PMCID: PMC10451288 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is currently being investigated as a non-surgical treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs); however, the molecular mechanisms of action of PGG on the AAA matrix components and the intra-luminal thrombus (ILT) still need to be better understood. To assess these interactions, we utilized peptide fingerprinting and molecular docking simulations to predict the binding of PGG to vascular proteins in normal and aneurysmal aorta, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cytokines, and fibrin. We performed PGG diffusion studies in pure fibrin gels and human ILT samples. PGG was predicted to bind with high affinity to most vascular proteins, the active sites of MMPs, and several cytokines known to be present in AAAs. Finally, despite potential binding to fibrin, PGG was shown to diffuse readily through thrombus at physiologic pressures. In conclusion, PGG can bind to all the normal and aneurysmal aorta protein components with high affinity, potentially protecting the tissue from degradation and exerting anti-inflammatory activities. Diffusion studies showed that thrombus presence in AAAs is not a barrier to endovascular treatment. Together, these results provide a deeper understanding of the clinical potential of PGG as a non-surgical treatment of AAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Simionescu
- Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (J.C.C.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Multi-User Analytical Lab (MUAL) & Metabolomic Core, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (N.T.); (E.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Leonard
- Multi-User Analytical Lab (MUAL) & Metabolomic Core, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (N.T.); (E.L.)
| | - Wenda Carlyle
- Nectero Medical Inc., Mesa, AZ 85281, USA; (W.C.); (A.S.); (K.N.)
| | - Alex Schwarz
- Nectero Medical Inc., Mesa, AZ 85281, USA; (W.C.); (A.S.); (K.N.)
| | - Kelvin Ning
- Nectero Medical Inc., Mesa, AZ 85281, USA; (W.C.); (A.S.); (K.N.)
| | | | - Juan Carlos Carrillo Garcia
- Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (J.C.C.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexander Carter
- Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (J.C.C.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Collin Owens
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (C.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (C.O.); (A.S.)
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Wang B, Qinglai T, Yang Q, Li M, Zeng S, Yang X, Xiao Z, Tong X, Lei L, Li S. Functional acellular matrix for tissue repair. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100530. [PMID: 36601535 PMCID: PMC9806685 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In view of their low immunogenicity, biomimetic internal environment, tissue- and organ-like physicochemical properties, and functionalization potential, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) materials attract considerable attention and are widely used in tissue engineering. This review describes the composition of extracellular matrices and their role in stem-cell differentiation, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of existing decellularization techniques, and presents methods for the functionalization and characterization of decellularized scaffolds. In addition, we discuss progress in the use of dECMs for cartilage, skin, nerve, and muscle repair and the transplantation or regeneration of different whole organs (e.g., kidneys, liver, uterus, lungs, and heart), summarize the shortcomings of using dECMs for tissue and organ repair after refunctionalization, and examine the corresponding future prospects. Thus, the present review helps to further systematize the application of functionalized dECMs in tissue/organ transplantation and keep researchers up to date on recent progress in dECM usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Tang Qinglai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Shiying Zeng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xinming Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Zian Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xinying Tong
- Department of Hemodialysis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lanjie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shisheng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Wang B, Sierad LN, Mercuri JJ, Simionescu A, Simionescu DT, Williams LN, Vela R, Bajona P, Peltz M, Ramaswamy S, Hong Y, Liao J. Structural and biomechanical characterizations of acellular porcine mitral valve scaffolds: anterior leaflets, posterior leaflets, and chordae tendineae. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022; 3:374-386. [PMID: 38362305 PMCID: PMC10869114 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve (MV) tissue engineering is still in its early stage, and one major challenge in MV tissue engineering is to identify appropriate scaffold materials. With the potential of acellular MV scaffolds being demonstrated recently, it is important to have a full understanding of the biomechanics of the native MV components and their acellular scaffolds. In this study, we have successfully characterized the structural and mechanical properties of porcine MV components, including anterior leaflet (AL), posterior leaflet (PL), strut chordae, and basal chordae, before and after decellularization. Quantitative DNA assay showed more than 90% reduction in DNA content, and Griffonia simplicifolia (GS) lectin immunohistochemistry confirmed the complete lack of porcine α-Gal antigen in the acellular MV components. In the acellular AL and PL, the atrialis, spongiosa, and fibrosa trilayered structure, along with its ECM constitutes, i.e., collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and portion of GAGs, were preserved. Nevertheless, the ECM of both AL and PL experienced a certain degree of disruption, exhibiting a less dense, porous ECM morphology. The overall anatomical morphology of the strut and basal chordae were also maintained after decellularization, with longitudinal morphology experiencing minimum disruption, but the cross-sectional morphology exhibiting evenly-distributed porous structure. In the acellular AL and PL, the nonlinear anisotropic biaxial mechanical behavior was overall preserved; however, uniaxial tensile tests showed that the removal of cellular content and the disruption of structural ECM did result in small decreases in maximum tensile modulus, tissue extensibility, failure stress, and failure strain for both MV leaflets and chordae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Leslie N. Sierad
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Mercuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Dan T. Simionescu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Lakiesha N. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Ryan Vela
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Pietro Bajona
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
- Allegheny Health Network-Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, United States
| | - Matthias Peltz
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Sharan Ramaswamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, United States
| | - Jun Liao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, United States
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9
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Wang X, Chan V, Corridon PR. Decellularized blood vessel development: Current state-of-the-art and future directions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:951644. [PMID: 36003539 PMCID: PMC9394443 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.951644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases contribute to intensive and irreversible damage, and current treatments include medications, rehabilitation, and surgical interventions. Often, these diseases require some form of vascular replacement therapy (VRT) to help patients overcome life-threatening conditions and traumatic injuries annually. Current VRTs rely on harvesting blood vessels from various regions of the body like the arms, legs, chest, and abdomen. However, these procedures also produce further complications like donor site morbidity. Such common comorbidities may lead to substantial pain, infections, decreased function, and additional reconstructive or cosmetic surgeries. Vascular tissue engineering technology promises to reduce or eliminate these issues, and the existing state-of-the-art approach is based on synthetic or natural polymer tubes aiming to mimic various types of blood vessel. Burgeoning decellularization techniques are considered as the most viable tissue engineering strategy to fill these gaps. This review discusses various approaches and the mechanisms behind decellularization techniques and outlines a simplified model for a replacement vascular unit. The current state-of-the-art method used to create decellularized vessel segments is identified. Also, perspectives on future directions to engineer small- (inner diameter >1 mm and <6 mm) to large-caliber (inner diameter >6 mm) vessel substitutes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vincent Chan
- Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter R. Corridon
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Peter R. Corridon,
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10
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Strategies for development of decellularized heart valve scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Zhang X, Chen X, Hong H, Hu R, Liu J, Liu C. Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: Recent trends and emerging strategies in tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 2022; 10:15-31. [PMID: 34901526 PMCID: PMC8637010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of scaffolding materials is believed to hold enormous potential for tissue regeneration. Despite the widespread application and rapid advance of several tissue-engineered scaffolds such as natural and synthetic polymer-based scaffolds, they have limited repair capacity due to the difficulties in overcoming the immunogenicity, simulating in-vivo microenvironment, and performing mechanical or biochemical properties similar to native organs/tissues. Fortunately, the emergence of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffolds provides an attractive way to overcome these hurdles, which mimic an optimal non-immune environment with native three-dimensional structures and various bioactive components. The consequent cell-seeded construct based on dECM scaffolds, especially stem cell-recellularized construct, is considered an ideal choice for regenerating functional organs/tissues. Herein, we review recent developments in dECM scaffolds and put forward perspectives accordingly, with particular focus on the concept and fabrication of decellularized scaffolds, as well as the application of decellularized scaffolds and their combinations with stem cells (recellularized scaffolds) in tissue engineering, including skin, bone, nerve, heart, along with lung, liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hua Hong
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Rubei Hu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Jiashang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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12
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A New Decellularization Protocol of Porcine Aortic Valves Using Tergitol to Characterize the Scaffold with the Biocompatibility Profile Using Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061226. [PMID: 35335556 PMCID: PMC8949722 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common aortic valve diseases in adults are stenosis due to calcification and regurgitation. In pediatric patients, aortic pathologies are less common. When a native valve is surgically replaced by a prosthetic one, it is necessary to consider that the latter has a limited durability. In particular, current bioprosthetic valves have to be replaced after approximately 10 years; mechanical prostheses are more durable but require the administration of permanent anticoagulant therapy. With regard to pediatric patients, both mechanical and biological prosthetic valves have to be replaced due to their inability to follow patients’ growth. An alternative surgical substitute can be represented by the acellular porcine aortic valve that exhibits less immunogenic risk and a longer lifespan. In the present study, an efficient protocol for the removal of cells by using detergents, enzyme inhibitors, and hyper- and hypotonic shocks is reported. A new detergent (Tergitol) was applied to replace TX-100 with the aim to reduce toxicity and maximize ECM preservation. The structural integrity and efficient removal of cells and nuclear components were assessed by means of histology, immunofluorescence, and protein quantification; biomechanical properties were also checked by tensile tests. After decellularization, the acellular scaffold was sterilized with a standard protocol and repopulated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to analyze its biocompatibility profile.
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13
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Solarte David VA, Güiza-Argüello VR, Arango-Rodríguez ML, Sossa CL, Becerra-Bayona SM. Decellularized Tissues for Wound Healing: Towards Closing the Gap Between Scaffold Design and Effective Extracellular Matrix Remodeling. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:821852. [PMID: 35252131 PMCID: PMC8896438 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.821852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence or damage of a tissue is the main cause of most acute or chronic diseases and are one of the appealing challenges that novel therapeutic alternatives have, in order to recover lost functions through tissue regeneration. Chronic cutaneous lesions are the most frequent cause of wounds, being a massive area of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to have efforts to develop new bioactive medical products that not only allow an appropriate and rapid healing, but also avoid severe complications such as bacterial infections. In tissue repair and regeneration processes, there are several overlapping stages that involve the synergy of cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and biomolecules, which coordinate processes of ECM remodeling as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. Although these three components play a crucial role in the wound healing process, the ECM has the function of acting as a biological platform to permit the correct interaction between them. In particular, ECM is a mixture of crosslinked proteins that contain bioactive domains that cells recognize in order to promote migration, proliferation and differentiation. Currently, tissue engineering has employed several synthetic polymers to design bioactive scaffolds to mimic the native ECM, by combining biopolymers with growth factors including collagen and fibrinogen. Among these, decellularized tissues have been proposed as an alternative for reconstructing cutaneous lesions since they maintain the complex protein conformation, providing the required functional domains for cell differentiation. In this review, we present an in-depth discussion of different natural matrixes recently employed for designing novel therapeutic alternatives for treating cutaneous injuries, and overview some future perspectives in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Alfonso Solarte David
- Program of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Program of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Viviana Raquel Güiza-Argüello
- Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Faculty of Physicochemical Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Martha L. Arango-Rodríguez
- Multi-tissue Bank and Advanced Therapy Center, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Clínica Carlos Ardila Lulle, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Claudia L. Sossa
- Program of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Multi-tissue Bank and Advanced Therapy Center, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Clínica Carlos Ardila Lulle, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Silvia M. Becerra-Bayona
- Program of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Silvia M. Becerra-Bayona,
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14
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Ground M, Waqanivavalagi S, Walker R, Milsom P, Cornish J. Models of immunogenicity in preclinical assessment of tissue engineered heart valves. Acta Biomater 2021; 133:102-113. [PMID: 34082103 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered heart valves may one day offer an exciting alternative to traditional valve prostheses. Methods of construction vary, from decellularised animal tissue to synthetic hydrogels, but the goal is the same: the creation of a 'living valve' populated with autologous cells that may persist indefinitely upon implantation. Previous failed attempts in humans have highlighted the difficulty in predicting how a novel heart valve will perform in vivo. A significant hurdle in bringing these prostheses to market is understanding the immune reaction in the short and long term. With respect to innate immunity, the chronic remodelling of a tissue engineered implant by macrophages remains poorly understood. Also unclear are the mechanisms behind unknown antigens and their effect on the adaptive immune system. No silver bullet exists, rather researchers must draw upon a number of in vitro and in vivo models to fully elucidate the effect a host will exert on the graft. This review details the methods by which the immunogenicity of tissue engineered heart valves may be investigated and reveals areas that would benefit from more research. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Both academic and private institutions around the world are committed to the creation of a valve prosthesis that will perform safely upon implantation. To date, however, no truly non-immunogenic valves have emerged. This review highlights the importance of preclinical immunogenicity assessment, and summarizes the available techniques used in vitro and in vivo to elucidate the immune response. To the authors knowledge, this is the first review that details the immune testing regimen specific to a TEHV candidate.
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Williams DF, Bezuidenhout D, de Villiers J, Human P, Zilla P. Long-Term Stability and Biocompatibility of Pericardial Bioprosthetic Heart Valves. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:728577. [PMID: 34589529 PMCID: PMC8473620 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.728577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of bioprostheses for heart valve therapy has gradually evolved over several decades and both surgical and transcatheter devices are now highly successful. The rapid expansion of the transcatheter concept has clearly placed a significant onus on the need for improved production methods, particularly the pre-treatment of bovine pericardium. Two of the difficulties associated with the biocompatibility of bioprosthetic valves are the possibilities of immune responses and calcification, which have led to either catastrophic failure or slow dystrophic changes. These have been addressed by evolutionary trends in cross-linking and decellularization techniques and, over the last two decades, the improvements have resulted in somewhat greater durability. However, as the need to consider the use of bioprosthetic valves in younger patients has become an important clinical and sociological issue, the requirement for even greater longevity and safety is now paramount. This is especially true with respect to potential therapies for young people who are afflicted by rheumatic heart disease, mostly in low- to middle-income countries, for whom no clinically acceptable and cost-effective treatments currently exist. To extend longevity to this new level, it has been necessary to evaluate the mechanisms of pericardium biocompatibility, with special emphasis on the interplay between cross-linking, decellularization and anti-immunogenicity processes. These mechanisms are reviewed in this paper. On the basis of a better understanding of these mechanisms, a few alternative treatment protocols have been developed in the last few years. The most promising protocol here is based on a carefully designed combination of phases of tissue-protective decellularization with a finely-titrated cross-linking sequence. Such refined protocols offer considerable potential in the progress toward superior longevity of pericardial heart valves and introduce a scientific dimension beyond the largely disappointing 'anti-calcification' treatments of past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Williams
- Strait Access Technologies Ltd. Pty., Cape Town, South Africa
- Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Deon Bezuidenhout
- Strait Access Technologies Ltd. Pty., Cape Town, South Africa
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Paul Human
- Christiaan Barnard Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Zilla
- Strait Access Technologies Ltd. Pty., Cape Town, South Africa
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Christiaan Barnard Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Cecoltan S, Ciortan L, Macarie RD, Vadana M, Mihaila AC, Tucureanu M, Vlad ML, Droc I, Gherghiceanu M, Simionescu A, Simionescu DT, Butoi E, Manduteanu I. High Glucose Induced Changes in Human VEC Phenotype in a 3D Hydrogel Derived From Cell-Free Native Aortic Root. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:714573. [PMID: 34458339 PMCID: PMC8387830 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.714573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Valvular endothelial cells (VEC) have key roles in maintaining valvular integrity and homeostasis, and dysfunctional VEC are the initiators and major contributors to aortic valve disease in diabetes. Previous studies have shown that HG stimulated an inflammatory phenotype in VEC. Inflammation was shown to induce endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a process extensively involved in many pathologies, including calcification of the aortic valve. However, the effect of HG on EndMT in VEC is not known. In addition, there is evidence that endothelin (ET) is a proinflammatory agent in early diabetes and was detected in aortic stenosis, but it is not known whether HG induces ET and endothelin receptors and whether endothelin modulates HG-dependent inflammation in VEC. This study aims to evaluate HG effects on EndMT, on endothelin and endothelin receptors induction in VEC and their role in HG induced VEC inflammation. Methods and Results: We developed a new 3D model of the aortic valve consisting of a hydrogel derived from a decellularized extracellular cell matrix obtained from porcine aortic root and human valvular cells. VEC were cultured on the hydrogel surface and VIC within the hydrogel, and the resulted 3D construct was exposed to high glucose (HG) conditions. VEC from the 3D construct exposed to HG exhibited: attenuated intercellular junctions and an abundance of intermediate filaments (ultrastructural analysis), decreased expression of endothelial markers CD31 and VE–cadherin and increased expression of the mesenchymal markers α-SMA and vimentin (qPCR and immunocytochemistry), increased expression of inflammatory molecules ET-1 and its receptors ET-A and ET-B, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 (qPCR and Immunocytochemistry) and augmented adhesiveness. Blockade of ET-1 receptors, ET-A and ET-B reduced secretion of inflammatory biomarkers IL-1β and MCP-1 (ELISA assay). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that HG induces EndMT in VEC and indicates endothelin as a possible target to reduce HG-induced inflammation in VEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Cecoltan
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Letitia Ciortan
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan D Macarie
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Vadana
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea C Mihaila
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Tucureanu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela-Loredana Vlad
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionel Droc
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Central Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania.,Clemson University, Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering in Diabetes, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Dan Teodor Simionescu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania.,Clemson University, Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering in Diabetes, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Elena Butoi
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Movileanu I, Harpa M, Al Hussein H, Harceaga L, Chertes A, Al Hussein H, Lutter G, Puehler T, Preda T, Sircuta C, Cotoi O, Nistor D, Man A, Cordos B, Deac R, Suciu H, Brinzaniuc K, Casco M, Sierad L, Bruce M, Simionescu D, Simionescu A. Preclinical Testing of Living Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves for Pediatric Patients, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:707892. [PMID: 34490371 PMCID: PMC8416773 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.707892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pediatric patients with cardiac congenital diseases require heart valve implants that can grow with their natural somatic increase in size. Current artificial valves perform poorly in children and cannot grow; thus, living-tissue-engineered valves capable of sustaining matrix homeostasis could overcome the current drawbacks of artificial prostheses and minimize the need for repeat surgeries. Materials and Methods: To prepare living-tissue-engineered valves, we produced completely acellular ovine pulmonary valves by perfusion. We then collected autologous adipose tissue, isolated stem cells, and differentiated them into fibroblasts and separately into endothelial cells. We seeded the fibroblasts in the cusp interstitium and onto the root adventitia and the endothelial cells inside the lumen, conditioned the living valves in dedicated pulmonary heart valve bioreactors, and pursued orthotopic implantation of autologous cell-seeded valves with 6 months follow-up. Unseeded valves served as controls. Results: Perfusion decellularization yielded acellular pulmonary valves that were stable, no degradable in vivo, cell friendly and biocompatible, had excellent hemodynamics, were not immunogenic or inflammatory, non thrombogenic, did not calcify in juvenile sheep, and served as substrates for cell repopulation. Autologous adipose-derived stem cells were easy to isolate and differentiate into fibroblasts and endothelial-like cells. Cell-seeded valves exhibited preserved viability after progressive bioreactor conditioning and functioned well in vivo for 6 months. At explantation, the implants and anastomoses were intact, and the valve root was well integrated into host tissues; valve leaflets were unchanged in size, non fibrotic, supple, and functional. Numerous cells positive for a-smooth muscle cell actin were found mostly in the sinus, base, and the fibrosa of the leaflets, and most surfaces were covered by endothelial cells, indicating a strong potential for repopulation of the scaffold. Conclusions: Tissue-engineered living valves can be generated in vitro using the approach described here. The technology is not trivial and can provide numerous challenges and opportunities, which are discussed in detail in this paper. Overall, we concluded that cell seeding did not negatively affect tissue-engineered heart valve (TEHV) performance as they exhibited as good hemodynamic performance as acellular valves in this model. Further understanding of cell fate after implantation and the timeline of repopulation of acellular scaffolds will help us evaluate the translational potential of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela Movileanu
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplant, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Marius Harpa
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplant, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Hussam Al Hussein
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplant, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Lucian Harceaga
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Alexandru Chertes
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Hamida Al Hussein
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Georg Lutter
- Department for Experimental Cardiac Surgery and Heart Valve Replacement, School of Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Puehler
- Department for Experimental Cardiac Surgery and Heart Valve Replacement, School of Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Terezia Preda
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Carmen Sircuta
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Cotoi
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Dan Nistor
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplant, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Adrian Man
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Bogdan Cordos
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Radu Deac
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Horatiu Suciu
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplant, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Klara Brinzaniuc
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplant, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Megan Casco
- Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | | | - Margarita Bruce
- Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Dan Simionescu
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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Park Y, Huh KM, Kang SW. Applications of Biomaterials in 3D Cell Culture and Contributions of 3D Cell Culture to Drug Development and Basic Biomedical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2491. [PMID: 33801273 PMCID: PMC7958286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of drugs is important in the production of new drugs to treat diseases. Testing in humans is the most accurate method, but there are technical and ethical limitations. To overcome these limitations, various models have been developed in which responses to various external stimuli can be observed to help guide future trials. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has a great advantage in simulating the physical and biological functions of tissues in the human body. This article reviews the biomaterials currently used to improve cellular functions in 3D culture and the contributions of 3D culture to cancer research, stem cell culture and drug and toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering & Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering & Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
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19
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Rabbani M, Zakian N, Alimoradi N. Contribution of Physical Methods in Decellularization of Animal Tissues. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2021; 11:1-11. [PMID: 34026585 PMCID: PMC8043117 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are frequently used for clinical purposes of tissue regeneration. Different methods have been developed for this purpose. All methods of decellularization including chemical and physical approaches leave some damage on the ECM; however, the effects of these methods are different which make some of these procedures more proper to maintain ECM structure than other methods. This review is aimed to introduce and compare new physical methods for the decellularization of different tissues and organs in tissue engineering. All recent reports and research that have used at least one physical method in the procedure of decellularization, were included and evaluated in this paper. The advantages and drawbacks of each method were examined and compared considering the effectiveness. This review tried to highlight the prospective potentials and benefits of applying physical methods for decellularization protocols in tissue engineering instead of the current chemical methods. These chemical methods are harsh in nature and were shown to be destructive and harmful to essential substances of ECM and scaffold structure. Therefore, using physical methods as a partial or even a whole protocol could save time, costs, and quality of the final acellular tissue in complicated decellularization procedures. Moreover, regarding the control factor that could be achieved easily with physical methods, optimization of different decellularization protocols would be quite satisfactory. Combined methods take advantage of both chemical and physical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rabbani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Zakian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nima Alimoradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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20
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Pressurized Perfusion System for Obtaining Completely Acellular Pulmonary Valve Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. ARS MEDICA TOMITANA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/arsm-2019-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction. Xenogeneic tissues decellularization represents the obtaining process of extracellular matrix derived scaffolds. Most antigens being cell based, non-immunogenicity is obtained by cells removal. Scaffolds are temporary structures with biologic and mechanical role. Scaffolds, stem cells and bioreactors represent premise of regenerative medicine, aiming towards the ideal valvular substitute. In previous studies, we decellularized pulmonary valves root by immersion histology revealing cellular residue, requiring a more efficient approach. We hypothesized that immersion is insufficient and thus a pressure gradient was added.
Material and Method. This is part of a grant approved by the UMFTS. Eleven porcine pulmonary valves were included in the study: n=6 underwent immersion decellularization and n=5 were cyclically perfused with a 20-25mmHg pressure gradient during a 10-day protocol. The acellular valves obtained underwent a quality control using DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindol) nuclear staining, histological Haematoxylin-Eosin, DNA extraction and quantification, harvested from different structural levels: arterial wall, sinus, cusp.
Results. Histological assessments highlighted integrity of extracellular matrix in both groups and overall cells absence at the different levels of valvular structures analyzed. Immersion decellularized valves exhibited DAPI positive structures identified as potential residual nucleic material. Comparatively, the perfusion decellularized valves, lacked in those structures, result confirmed by DNA extraction and quantitation procedure.
Conclusions. Perfusion decellularization represents a feasible approach to obtain acellular cardiac valvular scaffolds derived from the extracellular matrix, being superior to immersion decellularization method. Their nonimmunogenic potential is underlined by total absence of nuclei. The process is fast, allowing production of an abundant number of valvular biomaterials in a short time.
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21
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Messner F, Guo Y, Etra JW, Brandacher G. Emerging technologies in organ preservation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: a blessing or curse for transplantation? Transpl Int 2019; 32:673-685. [PMID: 30920056 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of transplant medicine in the 1950s, advances in surgical technique and immunosuppressive therapy have created the success story of modern organ transplantation. However, today more than ever, we are facing a huge discrepancy between organ supply and demand, limiting the potential for transplantation to save and improve the lives of millions. To address the current limitations and shortcomings, a variety of emerging new technologies focusing on either maximizing the availability of organs or on generating new organs and organ sources hold great potential to eventully overcoming these hurdles. These advances are mainly in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This review gives an overview of this emerging field and its multiple sub-disciplines and highlights recent advances and existing limitations for widespread clinical application and potential impact on the future of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Messner
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yinan Guo
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Joanna W Etra
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Roderjan JG, Noronha L, Stimamiglio MA, Correa A, Leitolis A, Bueno RRL, da Costa FDA. Structural assessments in decellularized extracellular matrix of porcine semilunar heart valves: Evaluation of cell niches. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12503. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Gabriel Roderjan
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia Biomédica Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Lúcia Noronha
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
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23
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Haupt J, Lutter G, Gorb SN, Simionescu DT, Frank D, Seiler J, Paur A, Haben I. Detergent-based decellularization strategy preserves macro- and microstructure of heart valves. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2019; 26:230-236. [PMID: 29155942 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivx316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biological tissue has great potential to function as bioprostheses in patients for heart valve replacement. As these matrices are mainly xenogenic, the immunogenicity needs to be reduced by decellularization steps. Reseeding of bioscaffolds has tremendous potential to prevent calcification upon implantation, so intact microstructure of the material is mandatory. An optimal decellularization protocol of heart valves resulting in adequate preservation of the extracellular architecture has still not been developed. Biological scaffolds must be decellularized to remove the antigenic potential while preserving the complex mixture of structural and functional proteins that constitute the extracellular matrix. METHODS Here, we compared 3 different decellularization strategies for their efficiency to remove cells completely while preserving the porcine heart valve ultrastructure. Porcine pulmonary heart valves were treated either with trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (TRP), a protocol using detergents in combination with nucleases (DET + ENZ), or with Accutase® solution followed by nuclease treatment (ACC + ENZ). The treated heart valves then were subjected to histological, DNA and scanning electron microscopic analyses. RESULTS All DNA fragments were removed after ACC + ENZ treatment, whereas cellular removal was incomplete in the TRP group. TRP and ACC + ENZ-treated valves were enlarged and showed a disrupted architecture and degraded ultrastructure. In contrast, fully acellular heart valves with intact architecture, layer composition and surface topography were achieved with DET + ENZ treatment. DET + ENZ treatment yielded excellent results in terms of preservation of material architecture and removal of DNA content. CONCLUSIONS Compared to TRP and ACC + ENZ procedures, DET + ENZ-treated porcine pulmonary heart valves demonstrated well-preserved macroscopic structures and microscopic matrix components and represent an excellent scaffold for further application in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Haupt
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Georg Lutter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Biology, Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dan T Simionescu
- Department of Bioengineering, Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratories, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Derk Frank
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jette Seiler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alina Paur
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Irma Haben
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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24
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Sesli M, Akbay E, Onur MA. Decellularization of rat adipose tissue, diaphragm, and heart: a comparison of two decellularization methods. Turk J Biol 2018; 42:537-547. [PMID: 30983872 PMCID: PMC6451849 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1807-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularization is a process that involves the removal of cellular material from the tissues and organs while maintaining the structural, functional, and mechanical properties of extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to carry out decellularization of rat adipose tissue, diaphragm, and heart by using two different methods in order to compare their efficiency and investigate proliferation profiles of rat adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) on these scaffolds. Tissues were treated with an optimized detergent-based decellularization (Method A) and a freeze-and-thaw-based decellularization (Method B). AdMSCs were then seeded on scaffolds having a density of 2 × 105 cells/scaffold and AO/PI double-staining and MTT assays were performed in order to determine cell viability. In this study, which is the first research comparing two methods of decellularization of an adipose tissue, diaphragm, and heart scaffolds with AdMSCs, Method A provided efficient decellularization in these three tissues and it was shown that these porous scaffolds were cyto-compatible for the cells. Method B caused severe tissue damage in diaphragm and insufficient decellularization in heart whereas it also resulted in cyto-compatible adipose tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Sesli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Esin Akbay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Onur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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25
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Koenig F, Kilzer M, Hagl C, Thierfelder N. Successful decellularization of thick-walled tissue: Highlighting pitfalls and the need for a multifactorial approach. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 42:17-24. [PMID: 30442045 DOI: 10.1177/0391398818805624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Decellularization of thick tissue is challenging and varying. Therefore, we tried to establish a multifactorial approach for reliable aortic wall decellularization. METHODS: Porcine aortic walls were decellularized according to different procedures. Decellularization was performed for 24 (G1), 48 (G2), and 72 h (G3) with a solution of 0.5% desoxycholate and 0.5% dodecyl sulfate. The procedure was characterized using intermittent washing steps, the inclusion of sonication as well as DNase and α-galactosidase treatment. The decellularization efficiency was measured by the evaluation of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and hematoxylin and eosin staining and quantitative DNA assays. Pentachrome and picrosirius red staining, scanning electron microscopy as well as glycosaminoglycan assays were performed to evaluate the effect of the procedure on the extracellular matrix. RESULTS: 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole and hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a large amount of remaining nuclei in all groups. However, consecutive DNase treatment had a significant effect. While the remaining DNA was detected in some samples of G1 and G2, samples of G3 were fully decellularized. Glycosaminoglycan content was significantly reduced to 50% after 24 h (G1) but remained constant for G2 and G3. Picrosirius red staining revealed an intact and stable collagen network without any visible defects. Pentachrome staining substantiated these results. Nonetheless, the fiber network remains intact, which could be confirmed by reflection electron microscopy analysis. CONCLUSION: In this study, we developed a procedure that grants successful decellularization of porcine aortic wall while maintaining the fibrous microstructure. We highlighted the significant effect of DNase and α-galactosidase treatment. In addition, we could show the need for a multifactorial treatment and comprehensive evaluation protocols for thick tissue decellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Koenig
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Kilzer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hagl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Thierfelder
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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26
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Wu J, Brazile B, McMahan SR, Liao J, Hong Y. Heart valve tissue-derived hydrogels: Preparation and characterization of mitral valve chordae, aortic valve, and mitral valve gels. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1732-1740. [PMID: 30419146 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heart valve (HV) diseases are among the leading causes of death and continue to threaten public health worldwide. The current clinical options for HV replacement include mechanical and biological prostheses. However, an ongoing problem with current HV prostheses is their failure to integrate with the host tissue and their inability grow and remodel within the body. Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs) are a promising solution to these problems, as they are able to grow and remodel somatically with the rest of the body. Recently, decellularized HVs have demonstrated great potential as valve replacements because they are tissue specific, but recellularization is still a challenge due to the dense HV extracellular matrix (ECM) network. In this proof-of-concept work, we decellularized porcine mitral valve chordae, aortic valve leaflets, and mitral valve leaflets and processed them into injectable hydrogels that could accommodate any geometry. While the three valvular ECMs contained various amounts of collagen, they displayed similar glycosaminoglycan contents. The hydrogels had similar nanofibrous structures and gelation kinetics with various compressive strengths. When encapsulated with NIH 3 T3 fibroblasts, all the hydrogels supported cell survivals up to 7 days. Decellularized HV ECM hydrogels may show promising potential HV tissue engineering applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1732-1740, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019.,Joint Graduate Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| | - Bryn Brazile
- Department of Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, 39762
| | - Sara R McMahan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019.,Joint Graduate Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| | - Jun Liao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019.,Joint Graduate Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390.,Department of Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, 39762
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019.,Joint Graduate Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
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27
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Onwuka E, King N, Heuer E, Breuer C. The Heart and Great Vessels. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031922. [PMID: 28289246 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. We have made large strides over the past few decades in management, but definitive therapeutic options to address this health-care burden are still limited. Given the ever-increasing need, much effort has been spent creating engineered tissue to replaced diseased tissue. This article gives a general overview of this work as it pertains to the development of great vessels, myocardium, and heart valves. In each area, we focus on currently studied methods, limitations, and areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekene Onwuka
- Tissue Engineering and Surgical Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205.,College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Nakesha King
- Tissue Engineering and Surgical Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205.,College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Eric Heuer
- Tissue Engineering and Surgical Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Christopher Breuer
- Tissue Engineering and Surgical Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205.,College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205
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28
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Casali DM, Handleton RM, Shazly T, Matthews MA. A novel supercritical CO 2 -based decellularization method for maintaining scaffold hydration and mechanical properties. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Nachlas ALY, Li S, Davis ME. Developing a Clinically Relevant Tissue Engineered Heart Valve-A Review of Current Approaches. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 29171921 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs) have the potential to address the shortcomings of current implants through the combination of cells and bioactive biomaterials that promote growth and proper mechanical function in physiological conditions. The ideal TEHV should be anti-thrombogenic, biocompatible, durable, and resistant to calcification, and should exhibit a physiological hemodynamic profile. In addition, TEHVs may possess the capability to integrate and grow with somatic growth, eliminating the need for multiple surgeries children must undergo. Thus, this review assesses clinically available heart valve prostheses, outlines the design criteria for developing a heart valve, and evaluates three types of biomaterials (decellularized, natural, and synthetic) for tissue engineering heart valves. While significant progress has been made in biomaterials and fabrication techniques, a viable tissue engineered heart valve has yet to be translated into a clinical product. Thus, current strategies and future perspectives are also discussed to facilitate the development of new approaches and considerations for heart valve tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline L. Y. Nachlas
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Siyi Li
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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30
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VeDepo MC, Detamore MS, Hopkins RA, Converse GL. Recellularization of decellularized heart valves: Progress toward the tissue-engineered heart valve. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417726327. [PMID: 28890780 PMCID: PMC5574480 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417726327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissue-engineered heart valve portends a new era in the field of valve replacement. Decellularized heart valves are of great interest as a scaffold for the tissue-engineered heart valve due to their naturally bioactive composition, clinical relevance as a stand-alone implant, and partial recellularization in vivo. However, a significant challenge remains in realizing the tissue-engineered heart valve: assuring consistent recellularization of the entire valve leaflets by phenotypically appropriate cells. Many creative strategies have pursued complete biological valve recellularization; however, identifying the optimal recellularization method, including in situ or in vitro recellularization and chemical and/or mechanical conditioning, has proven difficult. Furthermore, while many studies have focused on individual parameters for increasing valve interstitial recellularization, a general understanding of the interacting dynamics is likely necessary to achieve success. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore and compare the various processing strategies used for the decellularization and subsequent recellularization of tissue-engineered heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C VeDepo
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of the Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Michael S Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Richard A Hopkins
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of the Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Gabriel L Converse
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of the Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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31
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Qiao WH, Liu P, Hu D, Al Shirbini M, Zhou XM, Dong NG. Sequential hydrophile and lipophile solubilization as an efficient method for decellularization of porcine aortic valve leaflets: Structure, mechanical property and biocompatibility study. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e828-e840. [PMID: 27957807 DOI: 10.1002/term.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antigenicity of xenogeneic tissues is the major obstacle to increased use of these materials in clinical medicine. Residual xenoantigens in decellularized tissue elicit the immune response after implantation, causing graft failure. With this in mind, the potential use is proposed of three protein solubilization-based protocols for porcine aortic valve leaflets decellularization. It was demonstrated that hydrophile solubilization alone achieved incomplete decellularization; lipophile solubilization alone (LSA) completely removed all cells and two most critical xenoantigens - galactose-α(1,3)-galactose (α-Gal) and major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) - but caused severe alterations of the structure and mechanical properties; sequential hydrophile and lipophile solubilization (SHLS) resulted in a complete removal of cells, α-Gal and MHC I, and good preservation of the structure and mechanical properties. In contrast, a previously reported method using Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate and IGEPAL CA-630 resulted in a complete removal of all cells and MHC I, but with remaining α-Gal epitope. LSA- and SHLS-treated leaflets showed significantly reduced leucocyte activation (polymorphonuclear elastase) upon interaction with human blood in vitro. When implanted subdermally in rats for 6 weeks, LSA- or SHLS-treated leaflets were presented with more biocompatible implants and all four decellularized leaflets were highly resistant to calcification. These findings illustrate that the SHLS protocol could be considered as a promising decellularization method for the decellularization of xenogeneic tissues in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Cardiovascular Disease Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mahmoud Al Shirbini
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Ming Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian-Guo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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32
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VeDepo MC, Buse EE, Quinn RW, Williams TD, Detamore MS, Hopkins RA, Converse GL. Species-specific effects of aortic valve decellularization. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:249-258. [PMID: 28069510 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized heart valves have great potential as a stand-alone valve replacement or as a scaffold for tissue engineering heart valves. Before decellularized valves can be widely used clinically, regulatory standards require pre-clinical testing in an animal model, often sheep. Numerous decellularization protocols have been applied to both human and ovine valves; however, the ways in which a specific process may affect valves of these species differently have not been reported. In the current study, the comparative effects of decellularization were evaluated for human and ovine aortic valves by measuring mechanical and biochemical properties. Cell removal was equally effective for both species. The initial cell density of the ovine valve leaflets (2036±673cells/mm2) was almost triple the cell density of human leaflets (760±386cells/mm2; p<0.001). Interestingly, post-decellularization ovine leaflets exhibited significant increases in biaxial areal strain (p<0.001) and circumferential peak stretch (p<0.001); however, this effect was not observed in the human counterparts (p>0.10). This species-dependent difference in the effect of decellularization was likely due to the higher initial cellularity in ovine valves, as well as a significant decrease in collagen crosslinking following the decellularization of ovine leaflets that was not observed in the human leaflet. Decellularization also caused a significant decrease in the circumferential relaxation of ovine leaflets (p<0.05), but not human leaflets (p>0.30), which was credited to a greater reduction of glycosaminoglycans in the ovine tissue post-decellularization. These results indicate that an identical decellularization process can have differing species-specific effects on heart valves. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The decellularized heart valve offers potential as an improved heart valve substitute and as a scaffold for the tissue engineered heart valve; however, the consequences of processing must be fully characterized. To date, the effects of decellularization on donor valves from different species have not been evaluated in such a way that permits direct comparison between species. In this manuscript, we report species-dependent variation in the biochemical and biomechanical properties of human and ovine aortic heart valve leaflets following decellularization. This is of clinical significance, as current regulatory guidelines required pre-clinical use of the ovine model to evaluate candidate heart valve substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C VeDepo
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of The Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States; Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, 3135A Learned Hall, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Eric E Buse
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of The Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Rachael W Quinn
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of The Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Todd D Williams
- University of Kansas Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, 3006 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Michael S Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Richard A Hopkins
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of The Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Gabriel L Converse
- Cardiac Regenerative Surgery Research Laboratories of The Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States.
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Kawecki M, Łabuś W, Klama-Baryla A, Kitala D, Kraut M, Glik J, Misiuga M, Nowak M, Bielecki T, Kasperczyk A. A review of decellurization methods caused by an urgent need for quality control of cell-free extracellular matrix' scaffolds and their role in regenerative medicine. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:909-923. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kawecki
- Dr Stanislaw Sakiel Centre for Burns Treatment in Siemianowice Slaskie; Poland
- University of Technology and Humanities in Bielsko-Biała; Department of Health Science in Bielsko-Biała; Poland
| | - Wojciech Łabuś
- Dr Stanislaw Sakiel Centre for Burns Treatment in Siemianowice Slaskie; Poland
| | | | - Diana Kitala
- Dr Stanislaw Sakiel Centre for Burns Treatment in Siemianowice Slaskie; Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kraut
- Dr Stanislaw Sakiel Centre for Burns Treatment in Siemianowice Slaskie; Poland
| | - Justyna Glik
- Dr Stanislaw Sakiel Centre for Burns Treatment in Siemianowice Slaskie; Poland
- The Medical University of Silesia in Katowice; Unit for Chronic Wound Treatment Organization, Nursery Division; School of Healthcare in Zabrze Poland
| | - Marcelina Misiuga
- Dr Stanislaw Sakiel Centre for Burns Treatment in Siemianowice Slaskie; Poland
| | - Mariusz Nowak
- Dr Stanislaw Sakiel Centre for Burns Treatment in Siemianowice Slaskie; Poland
| | - Tomasz Bielecki
- Saint Barbara's Clinical Hospital number 5 in Sosnowiec; Clinical Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma; Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kasperczyk
- Medical University of Silesia in Katowice; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze
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Starnecker F, König F, Hagl C, Thierfelder N. Tissue-engineering acellular scaffolds-The significant influence of physical and procedural decellularization factors. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 106:153-162. [PMID: 27898187 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of decellularized medical products has significantly increased during the last years. In this paper, we evaluated the effects of selected physical and procedural decellularization (DC) factors with the aim to systematically assess their influence on DC results. 72 porcine aortic walls (AW) were divided into three groups and exposed to a DC solution for 4 h and 8 h, either continuously or in repeated cycles. The AW were rocked (90bpm), whirled (10 l/min), sonicated (120W, 45 kHz) or exposed to a combination of these treatments, followed by 10 washing cycles. Defining successful DC as removal of nuclei while keeping an intact extracellular matrix (ECM), we equalized the efficiency to the penetration depth (PD), obtained by DAPI fluorescence and H&E staining. Additionally, we performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Pentachrome and Picrosirius-Red staining. Results showed that significantly higher DC depths are achieved on outer compared to inner surfaces (61 ± 7%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the PD showed a high time dependency for all samples. Compared to continuous rocking, we achieved a significant increase in the DC efficiency through cyclic treatments ( ∼ 43%), whirling ( ∼ 19%) and sonication ( ∼ 49%). The combined treatment supported these results. In all procedures, a skeletonized but intact Collagen fibrous network was obtained as confirmed by SEM analysis. In conclusion, we systematically identified essential factors to significantly enhance DC procedures. We highly recommend considering these factors in future DC protocols. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 153-162, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Starnecker
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - F König
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - C Hagl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - N Thierfelder
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, Munich, 81377, Germany
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Deborde C, Simionescu DT, Wright C, Liao J, Sierad LN, Simionescu A. Stabilized Collagen and Elastin-Based Scaffolds for Mitral Valve Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:1241-1251. [PMID: 27608885 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant clinical need for new approaches to treatment of mitral valve disease. The aim of this study was to develop a tissue-engineered mitral valve scaffold possessing appropriate composition and structure to ensure ideal characteristics of mitral valves, such as large orifice, rapid opening and closure, maintenance of mitral annulus-papillary muscle continuity, in vivo biocompatibility and extended durability. An extracellular matrix-based scaffold was generated, based on the native porcine mitral valve as starting material and a technique for porcine cell removal without causing damage to the matrix components. To stabilize these structures and slow down their degradation, acellular scaffolds were treated with penta-galloyl glucose (PGG), a well-characterized polyphenol with high affinity for collagen and elastin. Biaxial mechanical testing presented similar characteristics for the PGG-treated scaffolds compared to fresh tissues. The extracellular matrix components, crucial for maintaining the valve shape and function, were well preserved in leaflets, and in chordae, as shown by their resistance to collagenase and elastin. When extracted with strong detergents, the PGG-treated scaffolds released a reduced amount of soluble matrix peptides, compared to untreated scaffolds; this correlated with diminished activation of fibroblasts seeded on scaffolds treated with PGG. Cell-seeded scaffolds conditioned for 5 weeks in a valve bioreactor showed good cell viability. Finally, rat subdermal implantation studies showed that PGG-treated mitral valve scaffolds were biocompatible, nonimmunogenic, noninflammatory, and noncalcifying. In conclusion, a biocompatible mitral valve scaffold was developed, which preserved the biochemical composition and structural integrity of the valve, essential for its highly dynamic mechanical demands, and its biologic durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Deborde
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina
| | | | - Cristopher Wright
- 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Greenville Memorial Hospital , Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Jun Liao
- 3 Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineeering, Mississippi state university , Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Leslie Neil Sierad
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina
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Harpa M, Movileanu I, Sierad L, Cotoi O, Suciu H, Preda T, Nistor D, Sircuta C, Brânzaniuc K, Deac R, Gurzu S, Harceaga L, Olah P, Simionescu D, Dandel M, Simionescu A. In Vivo Testing of Xenogeneic Acellular Aortic Valves Seeded with Stem Cells. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2016; 24:343-346. [PMID: 31098341 PMCID: PMC6516535 DOI: 10.1515/rrlm-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Harpa
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Ionela Movileanu
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | | | - Ovidiu Cotoi
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Horatiu Suciu
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation, Cardiovascular Surgery, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Terezia Preda
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Dan Nistor
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation, Cardiovascular Surgery, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Carmen Sircuta
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation, Cardiovascular Surgery, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Klara Brânzaniuc
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Radu Deac
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Simona Gurzu
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Lucian Harceaga
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Peter Olah
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | | | - Michael Dandel
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- Clemson University, Clemson, SUA
- Corresponding author: Agneta Simionescu,
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