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Milani GP, Corsello A, Schulz PJ, Fadda M, Giannì ML, Alberti I, Comotti A, Marchisio P, Chiappini E, Peroni D. Childhood fever and medical students: A multicentre, educational intervention. Acta Paediatr 2023; 112:1954-1961. [PMID: 37059701 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Misconceptions and non-evidence-based practices toward childhood fever are reported worldwide. Medical students might be ideal candidates to introduce long-lasting changes in clinical practice. However, no study has gauged the effectiveness of an educational intervention to improve fever management in this population. We conducted an educational, interventional study on childhood fever among final-year medical students. METHODS We conducted a prospective, multicentre interventional study employing a pre/post-test design. Participants from three Italian Universities filled in a questionnaire just before the intervention (T0), immediately after (T1) and 6 months later (T2) in 2022. The intervention was a two-hour lecture focused on the pathophysiology of fever, recommendations for its treatment and risks associated with improper management. RESULTS 188 final-year medical students (median age of 26 years, 67% females) were enrolled. Relevant improvements in the criterion for treating fever and conceptions about the beneficial effects of fever were observed at T1 and T2. Similar data were found for the reduction of physical methods advice to decrease body temperature and concerns for brain damage from fever. CONCLUSION This study shows for the first time that an educational intervention is effective in changing students' conceptions and attitudes toward fever both in the short and medium term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio P Milani
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter J Schulz
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Communication & Media, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marta Fadda
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Alberti
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Comotti
- Occupational Health Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Diego Peroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Peng Z, Zhang Y, Ai Z, Pandiselvam R, Guo J, Kothakota A, Liu Y. Current physical techniques for the degradation of aflatoxins in food and feed: Safety evaluation methods, degradation mechanisms and products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4030-4052. [PMID: 37306549 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are the most toxic natural mycotoxins discovered so far, posing a serious menace to the food safety and trading economy of the world, especially developing countries. How to effectively detoxify has persistently occupied a place on the list of "global hot-point" concerns. Among the developed detoxification methods, physical methods, as the authoritative techniques for aflatoxins degradation, could rapidly induce irreversible denaturation of aflatoxins. This review presents a brief overview of aflatoxins detection and degradation product structure identification methods. Four main safety evaluation methods for aflatoxins and degradation product toxicity assessment are highlighted combined with an update on research of aflatoxins decontamination in the last decade. Furthermore, the latest applications, degradation mechanisms and products of physical aflatoxin decontamination techniques including microwave heating, irradiation, pulsed light, cold plasma and ultrasound are discussed in detail. Regulatory issues related to "detoxification" are also explained. Finally, we put forward the challenges and future work in studying aflatoxin degradation based on the existing research. The purpose of supplying this information is to help researchers have a deeper understanding on the degradation of aflatoxins, break through the existing bottleneck, and further improve and innovate the detoxification methods of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekang Peng
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziping Ai
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Division of Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Jiale Guo
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro-Processing & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Yanhong Liu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Komary M, Komarizadehasl S, Tošić N, Segura I, Lozano-Galant JA, Turmo J. Low-Cost Technologies Used in Corrosion Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1309. [PMID: 36772348 PMCID: PMC9920423 DOI: 10.3390/s23031309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Globally, corrosion is the costliest cause of the deterioration of metallic and concrete structures, leading to significant financial losses and unexpected loss of life. Therefore, corrosion monitoring is vital to the assessment of structures' residual performance and for the identification of pathologies in early stages for the predictive maintenance of facilities. However, the high price tag on available corrosion monitoring systems leads to their exclusive use for structural health monitoring applications, especially for atmospheric corrosion detection in civil structures. In this paper a systematic literature review is provided on the state-of-the-art electrochemical methods and physical methods used so far for corrosion monitoring compatible with low-cost sensors and data acquisition devices for metallic and concrete structures. In addition, special attention is paid to the use of these devices for corrosion monitoring and detection for in situ applications in different industries. This analysis demonstrates the possible applications of low-cost sensors in the corrosion monitoring sector. In addition, this study provides scholars with preferred techniques and the most common microcontrollers, such as Arduino, to overcome the corrosion monitoring difficulties in the construction industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyad Komary
- Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech. C/ Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seyedmilad Komarizadehasl
- Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech. C/ Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nikola Tošić
- Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech. C/ Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - I. Segura
- Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech. C/ Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Lozano-Galant
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jose Turmo
- Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech. C/ Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Rabbani M, Zakian N, Alimoradi N. Contribution of Physical Methods in Decellularization of Animal Tissues. J Med Signals Sens 2021; 11:1-11. [PMID: 34026585 PMCID: PMC8043117 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are frequently used for clinical purposes of tissue regeneration. Different methods have been developed for this purpose. All methods of decellularization including chemical and physical approaches leave some damage on the ECM; however, the effects of these methods are different which make some of these procedures more proper to maintain ECM structure than other methods. This review is aimed to introduce and compare new physical methods for the decellularization of different tissues and organs in tissue engineering. All recent reports and research that have used at least one physical method in the procedure of decellularization, were included and evaluated in this paper. The advantages and drawbacks of each method were examined and compared considering the effectiveness. This review tried to highlight the prospective potentials and benefits of applying physical methods for decellularization protocols in tissue engineering instead of the current chemical methods. These chemical methods are harsh in nature and were shown to be destructive and harmful to essential substances of ECM and scaffold structure. Therefore, using physical methods as a partial or even a whole protocol could save time, costs, and quality of the final acellular tissue in complicated decellularization procedures. Moreover, regarding the control factor that could be achieved easily with physical methods, optimization of different decellularization protocols would be quite satisfactory. Combined methods take advantage of both chemical and physical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rabbani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Zakian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nima Alimoradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Razumov AN, Ponomarenko GN, Badtieva VA. [Medical rehabilitation of patients with pneumonia associated with the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection]. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2020; 97:5-13. [PMID: 32592564 DOI: 10.17116/kurort2020970315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective medical rehabilitation of patients with pneumonia caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is critical for the recovery and optimization of emergency and specialty care outcomes. In this regard, it is relevant to develop a scientifically based medical rehabilitation program for patients with the coronavirus infectious disease COVID-19, whose composition and structure includes methods and tools that have proven effectiveness. AIM To develop evidence-based approaches to medical rehabilitation for patients with pneumonia associated with the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection. RESULTS The clinical effects and suggested mechanisms of action of rehabilitation technologies in patients with pneumonia, including those associated with the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection, are considered in Detail. The most studied of the physical methods that have a proven effect are physical exercises, breathing exercises, the complex effect of factors of resort therapy, hydrotherapy, which affect the main clinical manifestations of the underlying disease, astheno-neurotic syndrome and increasing immunity. Clinical recommendations for medical rehabilitation are proposed and its promising methods are considered. CONCLUSION Regular generalization and analysis of high-quality randomized controlled clinical trials to evaluate various physical methods of treatment of patients with pneumonia associated with the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection is Necessary, which serve as a basis for the development of future valid clinical recommendations. Timely and adequate specialized medical rehabilitation care is critical to maintaining the health, reducing disability and mortality of patients with pneumonia associated with the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Razumov
- Sechenov First Moscow state medical University, Ministry of health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow scientific and practical center for medical rehabilitation, rehabilitation and sports medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - G N Ponomarenko
- Federal research center for rehabilitation of disabled people named after G.A. Albrecht, Ministry of labor of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia.,St. Petersburg state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Badtieva
- Sechenov First Moscow state medical University, Ministry of health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow scientific and practical center for medical rehabilitation, rehabilitation and sports medicine, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Oyama N, Takahashi H, Kawaguchi M, Miyamoto H, Nishida K, Tsurumaru M, Nakashima M, Yamashita F, Hashida M, Kawakami S. Effects of Tissue Pressure on Transgene Expression Characteristics via Renal Local Administration Routes from Ureter or Renal Artery in the Rat Kidney. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E114. [PMID: 32024046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a renal pressure-mediated transfection method (renal pressure method) as a kidney-specific in vivo gene delivery system. However, additional information on selecting other injection routes and applicable animals remains unclear. In this study, we selected renal arterial and ureteral injections as local administration routes and evaluated the characteristics of gene delivery such as efficacy, safety, and distribution in pressured kidney of rat. Immediately after the naked pDNA injection, via renal artery or ureter, the left kidney of the rat was pressured using a pressure controlling device. Transfection efficiency of the pressured kidney was about 100-fold higher than that of the injection only group in both administration routes. The optimal pressure intensity in the rat kidney was 1.2 N/cm2 for renal arterial injection and 0.9 N/cm2 for ureteral injection. We found that transgene expression site differs according to administration route: cortical fibroblasts and renal tubule in renal arterial injection and cortical and medullary tubule and medullary collecting duct in ureteral injection. This is the first report to demonstrate that the renal pressure method can also be effective, after renal arterial and ureteral injections, in rat kidney.
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7
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Luo D, Li Y, Li J, Lim KS, Nazal NAM, Ahmad H. A Recent Progress of Steel Bar Corrosion Diagnostic Techniques in RC Structures. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 19:s19010034. [PMID: 30583463 PMCID: PMC6339003 DOI: 10.3390/s19010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion of steel bar is one of key factors undermining reinforced concrete (RC) structures in a harsh environment. This paper attempts to review the non-destructive procedures from the aspect of the corrosion measurement techniques, especially their advantages and limitations. Systematical classification of diagnostic methods is carried out to determine any probable corrosion issues before the structures become severe, and helps choose the suitable method according to different construction features. Furthermore, the three electrochemical factors method is introduced to inspire researchers to combine various techniques to improve corrosion evaluation accuracy. The recommendations for future work are summarized, in conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Junnan Li
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Kok-Sing Lim
- Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | | | - Harith Ahmad
- Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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8
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Biswas A, Vanlalveni C, Adhikari PP, Lalfakzuala R, Rokhum L. Green biosynthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles using fruit extract of Solanum viarum. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:933-938. [PMID: 30247133 PMCID: PMC8676561 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of nanoparticles is considered an efficient method when compared with chemical and physical methods because of its bulk production, eco-friendliness and low cost norms. The present study reports, for the first time, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at room temperature using Solanum viarum fruit extract. The visual appearance of brownish colour with an absorption band at 450 nm, as detected by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer analysis, confirmed the formation of AgNPs. X-ray diffraction confirmed the AgNPs to be crystalline with a face-centred lattice. The transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy image showed the AgNPs are poly-dispersed and are mostly spherical and oval in shape with particle size ranging from 2 to 40 nm. Furthermore, Fourier transform-infrared spectra of the synthesised AgNPs confirmed the presence of phytoconstituents as a capping agent. The antimicrobial activity study showed that the AgNPs exhibited high microbial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus susp. aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. The highest antimicrobial activity of AgNPs synthesised by S. viarum fruit extract was observed in P. aeruginosa, S. aureus susp. aureus and C. albicans with zone of inhibition, 26.67 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar 788010, Assam, India
| | - Chhangte Vanlalveni
- Department of Botany, Mizoram University, Aizawl Tanhril 796001, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Ralte Lalfakzuala
- Department of Botany, Mizoram University, Aizawl Tanhril 796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Lalthazuala Rokhum
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar 788010, Assam, India.
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Rezaei Somee L, Ghadam P, Abdi-Ali A, Fallah S, Panahi G. Biosynthesised AgCl NPs using Bacillus sp. 1/11 and evaluation of their cytotoxic activity and antibacterial and antibiofilm effects on multi-drug resistant bacteria. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:764-772. [PMID: 30104450 PMCID: PMC8676579 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted the attention of researchers due to their properties. Biological synthesis of AgNPs is eco-friendly and cost-effective preferred to physical and chemical methods, which utilize environmentally harmful agents and large amounts of energy. Microorganisms have been explored as potential biofactories to synthesize AgNPs. Bacterial NP synthesis is affected by Ag salt concentration, pH, temperature and bacterial species. In this study, Bacillus spp., isolated from soil, were screened for AgNP synthesis at pH 12 with 5 mM Ag nitrate (AgNO3) final concentration at room temperature. The isolate with fastest color change and the best ultraviolet-visible spectrum in width and height were chosen as premier one. AgNO3 and citrate salts were compared in terms of their influence on NP synthesis. Spherical Ag chloride (AgCl) NPs with a size range of 35-40 nm were synthesized in 1.5 mM Ag citrate solution. Fourier transform infrared analysis demonstrated that protein and carbohydrates were capping agents for NPs. In this study, antimicrobial and antitumor properties of the AgNP were investigated. The resulting AgCl NPs had bacteriostatic activity against four standard spp. And multi-drug resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These NPs are also cytotoxic to cancer cell lines MCF-7, U87MG and T293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rezaei Somee
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parinaz Ghadam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahya Abdi-Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Fallah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Panahi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Cancer is the largest family of diseases that involve abnormal uncontrolled cell growth which metastasizes to other parts of the body. The most common type of cancers includes lung, liver, colorectal, prostate, stomach, breast and cervical cancer with skin cancer excluding melanoma (contribute up to 40% of the cases). The conventional treatment approaches like surgery, chemotherapy, etc., have several side effects such as severe inflammation and pain. Hence, pharmacotherapeutic approaches of antineoplastic agents can be advantageous for treating various forms of cancer through the skin. Novel transdermal techniques and preparations have been emerged to overcome the limitations of skin and to penetrate inside the cancerous cells by transporting through the deeper tissues of the skin. The transdermal penetration of drugs using different formulations such as nanocarriers, physical penetration enhancement techniques, chemical penetration enhancers and newer technologies such as gels, dendrimers, needle-free injection jet etc., show improved patient compliance, abolition of scars and economic value. The topical delivery of antineoplastic agents is an attractive choice for increasing site-specific delivery, reducing side effects and improving therapeutic effects. The objective of this review is to present insights into pharmacotherapeutic techniques, which can be used for transdermal delivery of anticancer agents through skin due to its potential to create a new frontier in treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Shende
- a Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management , SVKM's NMIMS , V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West) , Mumbai , India
| | - Jai Vaidya
- a Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management , SVKM's NMIMS , V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West) , Mumbai , India
| | - R S Gaud
- a Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management , SVKM's NMIMS , V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West) , Mumbai , India
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Walsh JL, Percival A, Turner PV. Efficacy of Blunt Force Trauma, a Novel Mechanical Cervical Dislocation Device, and a Non-Penetrating Captive Bolt Device for On-Farm Euthanasia of Pre-Weaned Kits, Growers, and Adult Commercial Meat Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7120100. [PMID: 29244782 PMCID: PMC5742794 DOI: 10.3390/ani7120100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Developing effective and humane on-farm euthanasia methods is essential for all livestock industries to ensure that animals do not suffer and are killed humanely. Approved methods are lacking for commercial meat rabbits, potentially leading to poor welfare. We assessed several methods of on-farm killing of cull rabbits of different ages to determine which methods were most effective and humane. These included blunt force trauma (the most commonly used method on rabbit farms), a novel mechanical cervical dislocation device, and a non-penetrating captive bolt device. We evaluated method effectiveness by examining animal reflexes and behaviours after applying the method as well as by examining radiographs of rabbit heads for signs of skull damage, and by assessing the degree of trauma to the brain through dissection and microscopy, because more trauma is generally correlated with enhanced method effectiveness and irreversibility. We found that blunt force trauma resulted in an unacceptably high failure rate, particularly in mature rabbits, whereas the mechanical cervical dislocation and non-penetrating captive bolt devices were both highly effective for killing rabbits humanely and irreversibly. The non-penetrating captive bolt device was the most effective with a 100% success rate and could be used on all rabbits weighing more than 150 g. Abstract The commercial meat rabbit industry is without validated on-farm euthanasia methods, potentially resulting in inadequate euthanasia protocols. We evaluated blunt force trauma (BFT), a mechanical cervical dislocation device (MCD), and a non-penetrating captive bolt device (NPCB) for euthanasia of pre-weaned kits, growers, and adult rabbits. Trials were conducted on three commercial meat rabbit farms using 170 cull rabbits. Insensibility was assessed by evaluating absence of brainstem and spinal reflexes, rhythmic breathing, and vocalizations. Survey radiographs on a subsample of rabbits (n = 12) confirmed tissue damage prior to gross dissection and microscopic evaluation. All 63 rabbits euthanized by the NPCB device were rendered immediately and irreversibly insensible. The MCD device was effective in 46 of 49 (94%) rabbits. Method failure was highest for BFT with euthanasia failures in 13 of 58 (22%) rabbits. Microscopically, brain sections from rabbits killed with the NPCB device had significantly more damage than those from rabbits killed with BFT (p = 0.001). We conclude that BFT is neither consistently humane nor effective as a euthanasia method. MCD is an accurate and reliable euthanasia method generally causing clean dislocation and immediate and irreversible insensibility, and the NPCB device was 100% effective and reliable in rabbits >150 g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Walsh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Aaron Percival
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Pinela J, Ferreira ICFR. Nonthermal physical technologies to decontaminate and extend the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables: Trends aiming at quality and safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2095-2111. [PMID: 26192014 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1046547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Minimally processed fruits and vegetables are one of the major growing sectors in food industry. This growing demand for healthy and convenient foods with fresh-like properties is accompanied by concerns surrounding efficacy of the available sanitizing methods to appropriately deal with food-borne diseases. In fact, chemical sanitizers do not provide an efficient microbial reduction, besides being perceived negatively by the consumers, dangerous for human health, and harmful to the environment, and the conventional thermal treatments may negatively affect physical, nutritional, or bioactive properties of these perishable foods. For these reasons, the industry is investigating alternative nonthermal physical technologies, namely innovative packaging systems, ionizing and ultraviolet radiation, pulsed light, high-power ultrasound, cold plasma, high hydrostatic pressure, and dense phase carbon dioxide, as well as possible combinations between them or with other preservation factors (hurdles). This review discusses the potential of these novel or emerging technologies for decontamination and shelf-life extension of fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Advantages, limitations, and challenges related to its use in this sector are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pinela
- a Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança , Bragança , Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- a Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança , Bragança , Portugal
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Abstract
Introduction Malaria prevention methods are diverse. Their availability sometimes does not guarantee effective usage and the use of each method in isolation may not provide the necessary results for the fight against malaria. Pregnant women are relatively more vulnerable and so it is recommended that they should be protected against malaria. Proper protection will require malaria prevention methods in combination. This study seeks to find out what methods pregnant women use and how many of them use these methods. Methods Information on the use of malaria prevention methods was collected from pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in health institutions within the Biyem Assi health district of Yaounde VI subdivision using a pretested questionnaire. Analysis was done using SPSS version 16 (Chicago IL USA). Results The study revealed that 82.5% of women used at least one method of malaria prevention; 12% used four methods (insecticides, bednets, indoor residual spraying and Sulphadoxine Pyrimethamine) in combination. The most used method was mosquito bednet, 82.5%. Some of the women 17.5% did not use any of the prevention methods. Conclusion Use of malaria prevention methods in combination is not considered a priority by pregnant women. Sensitization campaigns by governments and NGOs should give that a priority position.
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Joseph B, Jeschke G, Goetz BA, Locher KP, Bordignon E. Transmembrane gate movements in the type II ATP-binding cassette (ABC) importer BtuCD-F during nucleotide cycle. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41008-17. [PMID: 21953468 PMCID: PMC3220498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.269472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are ubiquitous integral membrane proteins that translocate substrates across cell membranes. The alternating access of their transmembrane domains to opposite sides of the membrane powered by the closure and reopening of the nucleotide binding domains is proposed to drive the translocation events. Despite clear structural similarities, evidence for considerable mechanistic diversity starts to accumulate within the importers subfamily. We present here a detailed study of the gating mechanism of a type II ABC importer, the BtuCD-F vitamin B(12) importer from Escherichia coli, elucidated by EPR spectroscopy. Distance changes at key positions in the translocation gates in the nucleotide-free, ATP- and ADP-bound conformations of the transporter were measured in detergent micelles and liposomes. The translocation gates of the BtuCD-F complex undergo conformational changes in line with a "two-state" alternating access model. We provide the first direct evidence that binding of ATP drives the gates to an inward-facing conformation, in contrast to type I importers specific for maltose, molybdate, or methionine. Following ATP hydrolysis, the translocation gates restore to an apo-like conformation. In the presence of ATP, an excess of vitamin B(12) promotes the reopening of the gates toward the periplasm and the dislodgment of BtuF from the transporter. The EPR data allow a productive translocation cycle of the vitamin B(12) transporter to be modeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benesh Joseph
- From the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland and
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- From the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland and
| | - Birke A. Goetz
- the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, HPK D17, Schafmattstrasse 20, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar P. Locher
- the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, HPK D17, Schafmattstrasse 20, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrica Bordignon
- From the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland and
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