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Desanti-Consoli H, Bouillon J, Chapuis RJJ. Equids' Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:398. [PMID: 35335029 PMCID: PMC8955191 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against infectious diseases is a cornerstone of veterinary medicine in the prevention of disease transmission, illness severity, and often death in animals. In North American equine medicine, equine vaccines protecting against tetanus, rabies, Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, and West Nile are core vaccines as these have been classified as having a heightened risk of mortality, infectiousness, and endemic status. Some guidelines differ from the label of vaccines, to improve the protection of patients or to decrease the unnecessary administration to reduce potential side effects. In North America, resources for the equine practitioners are available on the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) website. Conversely, in small companion animals, peer review materials are regularly published in open access journals to guide the vaccination of dogs and cats. The aims of this review are to present how the vaccine guidelines have been established for small companion animals and horses in North America, to review the equine literature to solidify or contrast the current AAEP guidelines of core vaccines, and to suggest future research directions in the equine vaccine field considering small companion animal strategies and the current available resources in equine literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliette Bouillon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Ronan J. J. Chapuis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
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Barton AJ, Prow NA, Hall RA, Kidd L, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. A case of Murray Valley encephalitis in a 2-year-old Australian Stock Horse in south-east Queensland. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:53-7. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AJ Barton
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland 4343 Australia
| | - NA Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - RA Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - L Kidd
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland 4343 Australia
| | - H Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland 4343 Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
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Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases affect horses worldwide. Mosquito-borne diseases generally cause encephalomyelitis in the horse and can be difficult to diagnose antemortem. In addition to general disease, and diagnostic and treatment aspects, this review article summarizes the latest information on these diseases, covering approximately the past 5 years, with a focus on new equine disease encroachments, diagnostic and vaccination aspects, and possible therapeutics on the horizon.
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Sun E, Zhao J, Liu N, Yang T, Xu Q, Qin Y, Bu Z, Yang Y, Lunt RA, Wang L, Wu D. Comprehensive mapping of common immunodominant epitopes in the West Nile virus nonstructural protein 1 recognized by avian antibody responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31434. [PMID: 22347477 PMCID: PMC3276514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that primarily infects birds but occasionally infects humans and horses. Certain species of birds, including crows, house sparrows, geese, blue jays and ravens, are considered highly susceptible hosts to WNV. The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of WNV can elicit protective immune responses, including NS1-reactive antibodies, during infection of animals. The antigenicity of NS1 suggests that NS1-reactive antibodies could provide a basis for serological diagnostic reagents. To further define serological reagents for diagnostic use, the antigenic sites in NS1 that are targeted by host immune responses need to be identified and the potential diagnostic value of individual antigenic sites also needs to be defined. The present study describes comprehensive mapping of common immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes in the WNV NS1 using avian WNV NS1 antisera. We screened antisera from chickens, ducks and geese immunized with purified NS1 for reactivity against 35 partially overlapping peptides covering the entire WNV NS1. This study identified twelve, nine and six peptide epitopes recognized by chicken, duck and goose antibody responses, respectively. Three epitopes (NS1-3, 14 and 24) were recognized by antibodies elicited by immunization in all three avian species tested. We also found that NS1-3 and 24 were WNV-specific epitopes, whereas the NS1-14 epitope was conserved among the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serocomplex viruses based on the reactivity of avian WNV NS1 antisera against polypeptides derived from the NS1 sequences of viruses of the JEV serocomplex. Further analysis showed that the three common polypeptide epitopes were not recognized by antibodies in Avian Influenza Virus (AIV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Duck Plague Virus (DPV) and Goose Parvovirus (GPV) antisera. The knowledge and reagents generated in this study have potential applications in differential diagnostic approaches and subunit vaccines development for WNV and other viruses of the JEV serocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encheng Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nihong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ross A. Lunt
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
| | - Linfa Wang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
| | - Donglai Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Sun EC, Ma JN, Liu NH, Yang T, Zhao J, Geng HW, Wang LF, Qin YL, Bu ZG, Yang YH, Lunt RA, Wang LF, Wu DL. Identification of two linear B-cell epitopes from West Nile virus NS1 by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:160. [PMID: 21729328 PMCID: PMC3158561 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The West Nile virus (WNV) nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is an important antigenic protein that elicits protective antibody responses in animals and can be used for the serological diagnosis of WNV infection. Although previous work has demonstrated the vital role of WNV NS1-specific antibody responses, the specific epitopes in the NS1 have not been identified. Results The present study describes the identification of two linear B-cell epitopes in WNV NS1 through screening a phage-displayed random 12-mer peptide library with two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 3C7 and 4D1 that directed against the NS1. The mAbs 3C7 and 4D1 recognized phages displaying peptides with the consensus motifs LTATTEK and VVDGPETKEC, respectively. Exact sequences of both motifs were found in the NS1 (895LTATTEK901 and 925VVDGPETKEC934). Further identification of the displayed B cell epitopes were conducted using a set of truncated peptides expressed as MBP fusion proteins. The data indicated that 896TATTEK901 and925VVDGPETKEC934 are minimal determinants of the linear B cell epitopes recognized by the mAbs 3C7 and 4D1, respectively. Antibodies present in the serum of WNV-positive horses recognized the minimal linear epitopes in Western blot analysis, indicating that the two peptides are antigenic in horses during infection. Furthermore, we found that the epitope recognized by 3C7 is conserved only among WNV strains, whereas the epitope recognized by 4D1 is a common motif shared among WNV and other members of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serocomplex. Conclusions We identified TATTEK and VVDGPETKEC as NS1-specific linear B-cell epitopes recognized by the mAbs 3C7 and 4D1, respectively. The knowledge and reagents generated in this study may have potential applications in differential diagnosis and the development of epitope-based marker vaccines against WNV and other viruses of JEV serocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Cheng Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
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