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Bowers DF, Ciano KA. F-actin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan distribution in female mosquito salivary glands and ducts. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:1214-1221. [PMID: 39001615 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Directly involved in the "suck-and-spit" physiology, female mosquito salivary glands (SGs) primarily imbibe blood for egg development and release anticoagulants to keep blood flowing. Indirectly involved, mosquitoes can uptake arboviruses during blood feeding from a viremic host. This research examined the presence of the filamentous cytoplasmic contractile protein (F-actin) and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), in the female mosquito SGs. Immunofluorescent antibody labeling of actin molecules or HSPG combined with anatomy suggests that F-actin forms a network in the SG lobe parenchymal cells attached to intralobar ducts by HSPG. In addition, F-actin twists around intralobar SG ducts in a beaded manner, altogether involved in the expulsion of SG secretions. This arrangement in female Aedes aegypti SGs, suggests that F-actin structures are integrally involved in transmitting infectious agents into hosts.
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Tyler-Julian K, Darrisaw C, Lloyd A, Hoel D. The Use of Frozen, Food-Grade Blood to Successfully Maintain Colonies of Four Species of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6262227. [PMID: 33940606 PMCID: PMC8091034 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An essential component of all mosquito-rearing activities is the act of blood-feeding the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Many options exist for this purpose including live host animals and a diverse array of artificial-feeding methods. Most of the published artificial-feeding methods involve expensive materials, custom-built devices, or are labor-intensive. All of the previously published methods utilize blood sources, which are either expensive, or difficult to obtain. Additionally, much of the research into artificial blood-feeding methods for mosquitoes has focused on two species: Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). This article presents a modified artificial blood-feeding method that uses affordable and easily sourced materials, does not require any technical knowledge to assemble, and requires minimal time and effort. The combination of inexpensive aluminum plates, Parafilm and polytetrafluoroethylene tape membranes, an electric germination mat, and frozen, food-grade blood produces exceptional feeding rates and abundant egg production. The method has been used for 2 yr at the Lee County Mosquito Control District to successfully maintain laboratory colonies of four species of mosquito: Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Variations of this method are reported, which can be used for wild and laboratory colonies of multiple species. This modified method is highly accessible for any small-scale mosquito rearing facility with labor or budgetary constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Tyler-Julian
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971, USA
| | - Constance Darrisaw
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971, USA
| | - Aaron Lloyd
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971, USA
| | - David Hoel
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, 15191 Homestead Road, Lehigh Acres, FL 33971, USA
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Assessment of Synthetic Membranes for Artificial Blood Feeding of Culicidae. INSECTS 2020; 12:insects12010015. [PMID: 33383618 PMCID: PMC7824735 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Potential pathogen transmission through hematophagy in Culicidae is a major public-health problem, and several studies have been performed to better understand this phenomenon. Research on these insects often requires the maintenance of colonies in the laboratory. Due to the hematophagic habits of these organisms, blood must be provided in order to guarantee the reproduction of individuals that constitute the colonies. Some species of mammals and birds are used as a direct blood source in many laboratories. Due to current bioethical parameters, the direct use of animals has been replaced by artificial blood feeding by using synthetic membranes to simulate animal skin. In this study, the efficiency of collagen and latex in the artificial feeding of mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus species was evaluated and compared with Parafilm®, a standard membrane that is frequently used for this purpose. Important aspects of the feeding and reproduction of these insects were considered. For both species, latex showed the poorest performance. Collagen membrane performed well in most parameters, but was not as efficient as Parafilm® for fecundity in Aedes aegypti, and for the percentage of engorged females in Culex quinquefasciatus. We concluded that, although collagen is more resistant and easier to handle, Parafilm® was the most efficient among the three evaluated membranes for the artificial blood feeding of mosquitoes.
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Ahearn YP, Saredy JJ, Bowers DF. The Alphavirus Sindbis Infects Enteroendocrine Cells in the Midgut of Aedes aegypti. Viruses 2020; 12:E848. [PMID: 32759668 PMCID: PMC7472040 DOI: 10.3390/v12080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transit of the arthropod-borne-virus (arbovirus) Sindbis (SINV) throughout adult female mosquitoes initiates with its attachment to the gut lumen, entry and amplification in midgut cells, followed by dissemination into the hemolymph. Free-mated adult females, aged day 5-7, were proffered a viremic blood suspension via sausage casings containing SINV-TaV-Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) at a final titer of 106 PFU/mL. Midguts (MGs) from fully engorged mosquitoes were resected on days 5 and 7 post-bloodmeal, and immunolabeled using FMRFamide antibody against enteroendocrine cells (ECs) with a TX-Red secondary antibody. Following immunolabeling, the organs were investigated via laser confocal microscopy to identify the distribution of GFP and TX-Red. Infection using this reporter virus was observed as multiple GFP expression foci along the posterior midgut (PMG) epithelium and ECs were observed as TX-Red labeled cells scattered along the entire length of the MG. Our results demonstrated that SINVGFP did infect ECs, as indicated by the overlapping GFP and TX-Red channels shown as yellow in merged images. We propose that ECs may be involved in the SINV infection pathway in the mosquito MG. Due to the unique role that ECs have in the exocytosis of secretory granules from the MG and the apical-basolateral position of ECs in the PMG monolayer, we speculate that these cells may assist as a mechanism for arboviruses to cross the gut barriers. These findings suggest that MG ECs are involved in arbovirus infection of the invertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani P. Ahearn
- Department of Health, TB Lab, 1217 N Pearl St., Jacksonville, FL 32202, USA;
| | - Jason J. Saredy
- Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N 12th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122-6078, USA;
| | - Doria F. Bowers
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Shin D, Kang S, Smartt CT. Profiling Transcripts of Vector Competence between Two Different Aedes aegypti Populations in Florida. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080823. [PMID: 32751270 PMCID: PMC7472143 DOI: 10.3390/v12080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak in Italy in 2007 spread to include the islands of the Caribbean and most of the Americas and still circulates in Europe and Africa. Florida being close in distance to the Caribbean islands experienced a CHIKV outbreak in 2014 and continues to have a few travel-related cases each year. It is known that different environmental conditions in different regions can result in genetic variation that favor changes in competence to arbovirus. We evaluated the vector competence of Florida Aedes aegypti for CHIKV and determined if there is a geographic component that influences genes involved in CHIKV competence. We utilized a genomic approach to identify the candidate genes using RNA sequencing. The infection and dissemination results showed that field populations were more competent vectors for CHIKV than a lab population. The differentially expressed genes in the two field-collected CHIKV-infected populations, compared to the Rockefeller strain, were related to the Wnt/Notch signaling pathway, with similarity to genes scattered throughout the signaling pathway. This result suggested the possibility of identifying genes involved in the determination of vector competence in different gene pools of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoung Shin
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Seokyoung Kang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Chelsea T. Smartt
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (C.T.S.)
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Saredy JJ, Chim FY, Lyski ZL, Ahearn YP, Bowers DF. Confocal Analysis of the Distribution and Persistence of Sindbis Virus (TaV-GFP) Infection in Midguts of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:267-274. [PMID: 32189602 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620001270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) to vertebrate hosts by hematophagous insects poses a global threat because such arboviruses can result in a range of serious public health infectious diseases. Sindbis virus (SINV), the prototype Alphavirus, was used to track infections in the posterior midgut (PMG) of Aedes aegypti adult mosquitoes. Females were fed viremic blood containing a virus reporter, SINV [Thosea asigna virus-green fluorescent protein (TaV-GFP)], that leaves a fluorescent signal in infected cells. We assessed whole-mount PMGs to identify primary foci, secondary target tissues, distribution, and virus persistence. Following a viremic blood meal, PMGs were dissected and analyzed at various days of post blood-feeding. We report that virus foci indicated by GFP in midgut epithelial cells resulted in a 9.8% PMG infection and a 10.8% dissemination from these infected guts. The number of virus foci ranged from 1 to 3 per individual PMG and was more prevalent in the PMG-middle > PMG-frontal > PMG-caudal regions. SINV TaV-GFP was first observed in the PMG (primary target tissue) at 3 days post blood-feeding, was sequestered in circumscribed foci, replicated in PMG peristaltic muscles (secondary target tissue) following dissemination, and GFP was observed to persist in PMGs for 30 days postinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Saredy
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122, USA
| | - Florence Y Chim
- Saft America Inc., 13575 Waterworks St., Jacksonville, FL32221, USA
| | - Zoë L Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR97239, USA
| | - Yani P Ahearn
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Doria F Bowers
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
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Dias LDS, Bauzer LGSDR, Lima JBP. Artificial blood feeding for Culicidae colony maintenance in laboratories: does the blood source condition matter? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e45. [PMID: 30231167 PMCID: PMC6169092 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Culicidae colonization in laboratory is paramount to conduct studies aiming at a better understanding of mosquitoes' capacity to transmit pathogens that cause deadly diseases. Colonization requires female blood feeding, a necessary step for maturation of female's oocytes. Direct blood feeding on anesthetized mammals implies in a number of disadvantages when compared to artificial blood feeding. Consequently, laboratories worldwide have been trying to -feed female mosquitoes artificially in order to replace direct feeding. In this study, we compared the effects of direct blood feeding and artificial blood feeding on important life traits of three Culicidae species. Artificial feeding was performed using citrated or defibrinated sheep blood and citrated or defibrinated rabbit blood. Direct feeding was performed using anesthetized guinea pigs as the blood source and the experiment control. Results indicated that artificial feeding using sheep blood was not good enough to justify its use in the maintenance of laboratory colonies of Culicidae. However, artificial feeding using rabbit blood maintained a recovery rate always very close to the control, especially when blood was citrated. We concluded that artificial feeding using citrated rabbit blood can substitute direct feeding on mammals reducing the use of animals, eliminating the need to maintain a bioterium in the laboratory and reducing costs in scientific researches involving Culicidae vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Dos Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ote M, Kanuka H. A highly secure method for rearing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Trop Med Health 2018; 46:16. [PMID: 29849477 PMCID: PMC5966851 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-018-0098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector-borne infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms transmitted mainly by blood-sucking arthropod vectors. In laboratories, the handling of insects carrying human pathogens requires extra caution because of safety concerns over their escape risk. Based on standard insect containment practices, there have been cases where costly enhancements were required to definitely protect laboratory workers and neighbors from potential infection through mosquito bites. Here, we developed a mosquito rearing method that provides a reliable and cost-effective means to securely contain pathogen-infected females of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. RESULTS To debilitate the motility of A. aegypti females, mosquitoes were rendered completely flightless by ablation of either wing. The "single-winged" mosquitoes exhibited a severe defect in flying ability and were incubated in a container with inside surfaces covered with a net stretched to approximately 1-mm mesh, which helped the mosquitoes hold on and climb up the wall. In this container, flightless females consistently showed similar blood feeding and egg laying activities to intact females. Eighty-five percent of the flightless mosquitoes survived at 1 week after wing ablation, ensuring feasibility of the use of these mosquitoes for studying pathogen dynamics. CONCLUSIONS This mosquito rearing method, with a detailed protocol, is presented here and can be readily implemented as a highly secure insectary for vectors carrying human pathogens. For researchers in an environment where highly strict containment practices are mandatory, this method could offer appropriate opportunities to perform research on pathogen-mosquito interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ote
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Medical Entomology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Medical Entomology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang D, Li Y, Sun Q, Zheng X, Gilles JRL, Yamada H, Wu Z, Xi Z, Wu Y. Establishment of a medium-scale mosquito facility: tests on mass production cages for Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:189. [PMID: 29554945 PMCID: PMC5859650 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass egg production is an important component of Aedes albopictus mosquito control programs, such as the sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique, which requires the releases of large number of sterile males. Developing standard operating procedures and optimized cages for adult maintenance of Ae. albopictus can improve the mass rearing efficiency. METHODS Three different sex ratios of females to males with a total number of 4,000 mosquitoes were tested by evaluating the insemination rate, egg production (total number of eggs per cage), female fecundity and egg hatch rate in small cage (30 × 30 × 30 cm). Blood meals with adenosine triphosphate (ATP, 0.05 g/ml), cage structures (Big cage A: 90 × 30 × 30 cm; Big cage B: 90 × 30 × 50 cm or 90 × 50 × 30 cm) and rearing densities (12,000, 16,000 and 20,000 mosquitoes, corresponding to 0.9 cm2/mosquito, 0.675 cm2/mosquito and 0.54 cm2/mosquito, respectively) were also tested and evaluated on the basis of egg production, female fecundity and egg hatch rate. An adult rearing unit holding 15 of Big cage A with optimal egg production was designed to produce 10 million eggs per rearing cycle in a 1.8 m2 space. RESULTS Female to male ratios at 3:1 in small cages resulted in higher egg production but did not affect insemination rate, female fecundity and egg hatch rate. A concentration of 0.05 g/ml of ATP added to blood meals improved the blood-feeding frequency and thus increased the overall egg production per cage. Cage structures affected the egg production per cage, but not egg hatch rate. A medium rearing density at 0.675 cm2/mosquito (16,000 mosquitoes) resulted in higher egg production compared to both low and high densities. An adult rearing unit for Ae. albopictus on the basis of Big cage A has been developed with the capacity of producing 10 million eggs within 15 days. CONCLUSIONS Our results have indicated that the adult rearing methods and adult maintenance unit are recommended for Ae. albopictus mass rearing in support of the establishment of a medium-sized mosquito factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjing Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-vectors Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-vectors Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Jeremie R. L. Gilles
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A1130 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-vectors Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
| | - Zhiyong Xi
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Diseases-vectors Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 China
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Huang TH, Tien NY, Luo YP. An in vitro bioassay for the quantitative evaluation of mosquito repellents against Stegomyia aegypti (=Aedes aegypti) mosquitoes using a novel cocktail meal. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 29:238-244. [PMID: 25828787 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the efficacy of new insect repellents, an efficient and safe in vitro bioassay system using a multiple-membrane blood-feeding device and a cocktail meal was developed. The multiple-membrane blood-feeding device facilitates the identification of new insect repellents by the high-throughput screening of candidate chemicals. A cocktail meal was developed as a replacement for blood for feeding females of Stegomyia aegypti (=Aedes aegypti) (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The cocktail meal consisted of a mixture of salt, albumin and dextrose, to which adenosine triphosphate was added to induce engorging. Feeding rates of St. aegypti on the cocktail meal and pig blood, respectively, did not differ significantly, but were significantly higher than the feeding rate on citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine 1 (CPDA-1) solutions, which had been used to replace bloodmeals in previous repellent assays. Dose-dependent biting inhibition rates were analysed using probit analysis. The RD(50) (the dose producing 50% repellence of mosquito feeding) values of DEET, citronella, carvacrol, geraniol, eugenol and thymol were 1.62, 14.40, 22.51, 23.29, 23.83 and 68.05 µg/cm(2), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-H Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - N-Y Tien
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Y-P Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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11
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Ciano KA, Saredy JJ, Bowers DF. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan: an arbovirus attachment factor integral to mosquito salivary gland ducts. Viruses 2014; 6:5182-97. [PMID: 25533661 PMCID: PMC4276947 DOI: 10.3390/v6125182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of the prototype Alphavirus, Sindbis (SINV), were used in per os infections of adult female mosquitoes to investigate arbovirus interaction with the salivary gland (SG). Infection of Aedine mosquitoes with AR339, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-dependent variant, resulted in gross pathology in the SG lateral lobes while infection with TR339, a HSPG-independent variant, resulted in minimal SG pathology. HSPG was detected in the internal ducts of the SG lateral lobes by immunolabeling but not in the median lobe, or beyond the triad structure and external ducts. Reports that human lactoferrin interacts with HSPG, suggested an interference with virus attachment to receptors on vertebrate cells. Pre-incubation of Aedes albopictus cultured C7-10 cells with bovine lactoferrin (bLF) followed by adsorption of SINV resulted in earlier and greater intensity of cytopathic response to TR339 compared with AR339. Following pre-treatment of C7-10 cells with bLF, plaques from tissue culture-adapted high-titer SINVTaV-GFP-TC were observed at 48 h post-infection (p.i.), while plaques from low-titer SINVTaV-GFP-TC were not observed until 120 h p.i. Confocal optics detected this reporter virus at 30 days p.i. in the SG proximal lateral lobe, a region of HSPG-immunolocalization. Altogether these data suggest an association between SINV and HSPG in the host mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Ciano
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Jason J Saredy
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Doria F Bowers
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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12
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Luo YP. A novel multiple membrane blood-feeding system for investigating and maintaining Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2014; 39:271-277. [PMID: 25424255 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel multiple membrane blood-feeding system for mosquitoes has been developed for the study and routine maintenance of Aedes aegypti L. and Aedes albopictus Skuse that require a meal of vertebrate blood to produce eggs. This blood-feeding system uses cattle collagen sausage-casing membrane to facilitate feeding. The efficiency of this blood-feeding system was compared to a live mice blood source. We observed that Ae. aegypti that fed on pig whole blood had 89.7% (w/o ATP) and 90.7% (w/ ATP) blood-feeding rates, which were not significantly different from the mice-fed ones (98.0%). Ae. albopictus fed on pig whole blood (w/ ATP) had a success rate of 84.4%, which was significantly different from the mice-fed mosquitoes (51.1%). The feeding rates did not differ between sausage-casing membrane and Parafilm-M(®). The survival rate, fecundity, pupation, and pupal emergence rates of Aedes females fed on pig whole blood were not significantly different from the mice-fed ones. The artificial blood feeder can be applied to replace live animals as blood sources. Considering that this simple, inexpensive, convenient, and efficient feeding device can be built with common laboratory materials for research on Aedes mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Pey Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan, (ROC).
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13
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Balestrino F, Puggioli IA, Bellini R, Petric D, Gilles JRL. Mass production cage for Aedes albopictus (Diptera:Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:155-163. [PMID: 24605465 DOI: 10.1603/me13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mass production is an important co mponent of any pest or vector control program that requires the release of large number of insects. As part of efforts to develop an area-wide program involving the sterile insect technique (SIT) for the control of mosquitoes, the Insect Pest Control Laboratory of the Food and Agriculture Organization-International Atomic Energy Agency (FAO-IAEA Joint Division) has developed a mass production cage (Aedes MPC) for brood stock colonies in a mass production system for Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895). A preliminary experiment using Plexiglas cages was carried out to estimate the impact of cage volume on egg productivity. Transparent Plexiglas cages of different dimensions but loaded with the same adult density were tested. Egg productivity (number of eggs laid per adult female) and adult survival were recorded and analyzed. According to the results, the optimal volume of 100 liters has been chosen to develop the Aedes MPC. The numbers of adults introduced into the Aedes MPC did not affect the egg production and adult survival in comparison with the Plexiglas cage experiment data, confirming the possible use of Aedes MPC for mass-rearing procedures. Finally, the modification of Aedes MPC and creation of a new prototype model of MPC (Anopheles MPC) to effectively contain Anopheles arabiensis (Patton, 1905) adults is discussed with major changes pioneered to oviposition devices and systems for automatic collection of the eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Balestrino
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO-IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
| | - I A Puggioli
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Department, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli'- IAEA collaborating Centre, Via Argini Nerd 3351,40014 Crevalcore, Italy
| | - R Bellini
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Department, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli'- IAEA collaborating Centre, Via Argini Nerd 3351,40014 Crevalcore, Italy
| | - D Petric
- Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja ObradoviCa 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - J R L Gilles
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO-IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
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Bousema T, Churcher TS, Morlais I, Dinglasan RR. Can field-based mosquito feeding assays be used for evaluating transmission-blocking interventions? Trends Parasitol 2012; 29:53-9. [PMID: 23273727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A recent meta-analysis of mosquito feeding assays to determine the Plasmodium falciparum transmission potential of naturally infected gametocyte carriers highlighted considerable variation in transmission efficiency between assay methodologies and between laboratories. This begs the question as to whether mosquito feeding assays should be used for the evaluation of transmission-reducing interventions in the field and whether these field-based mosquito assays are currently standardized sufficiently to enable accurate evaluations. Here, we address biological and methodological reasons for the observed variations, discuss whether these preclude the use of field-based mosquito feeding assays in field evaluations of transmission-blocking interventions, and propose how we can maximize the precision of estimates. Altogether, we underscore the significant advantages of field-based mosquito feeding assays in basic malaria research and field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Bousema
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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