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Saraiva JF, Furtado NVR, Maitra A, Carvalho DP, Galardo AKR, Lima JBP. Trends of Mansonia (Diptera, Culicidae, Mansoniini) in Porto Velho: Seasonal patterns and meteorological influences. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303405. [PMID: 38718006 PMCID: PMC11078429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Entomological research is vital for shaping strategies to control mosquito vectors. Its significance also reaches into environmental management, aiming to prevent inconveniences caused by non-vector mosquitoes like the Mansonia Blanchard, 1901 mosquito. In this study, we carried out a five-year (2019-2023) monitoring of these mosquitoes at ten sites in Porto Velho, Rondônia, using SkeeterVac SV3100 automatic traps positioned between the two hydroelectric complexes on the Madeira River. Throughout this period, we sampled 153,125 mosquitoes, of which the Mansonia genus accounted for 54% of the total, indicating its prevalence in the region. ARIMA analysis revealed seasonal patterns of Mansonia spp., highlighting periods of peak density. Notably, a significant decreasing trend in local abundance was observed from July 2021 (25th epidemiological week) until the end of the study. Wind speed was observed to be the most relevant meteorological factor influencing the abundance of Mansonia spp. especially in the Joana D'Arc settlement, although additional investigation is needed to comprehensively analyze other local events and gain a deeper understanding of the ecological patterns of this genus in the Amazon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ferreira Saraiva
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá –IEPA, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Nercy Virginia Rabelo Furtado
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá –IEPA, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ahana Maitra
- Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Allan Kardec Ribeiro Galardo
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá –IEPA, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratory of Biology, Control, and Surveillance of Insect Vectors (LaBiCoVIV), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ouattara SB, Hien DFDS, Nao ET, Paré PSL, Guissou E, Cohuet A, Morlais I, Yerbanga RS, Dabiré KR, Ouédraogo JB, Mouline K, Lefèvre T. A simple, field-applicable method to increase the infectivity of wild isolates of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquito vectors. Malar J 2024; 23:135. [PMID: 38711028 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA), whereby gametocyte-infected blood is collected from human donors and from which mosquitoes feed through a membrane, is proving essential for assessing parameters influencing Plasmodium transmission potential in endemic countries. The success of DMFAs is closely tied to gametocyte density in the blood, with relatively high gametocytaemia ensuring optimal infection levels in mosquitoes. As transmission intensity declines with control efforts, the occurrence of asymptomatic individuals with low gametocyte densities, who can significantly contribute to the infectious reservoir, is increasing. This poses a limitation to studies relying on the experimental infection of large numbers of mosquitoes with natural isolates of Plasmodium. A simple, field-applicable method is presented for improving parasite infectivity by concentrating Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. METHODS Anopheles gambiae received one of the following 5 blood treatments through DMFA: (i) whole blood (WB) samples from naturally-infected donors; (ii) donor blood whose plasma was replaced with the same volume of Plasmodium-naive AB + serum (1:1 control); (iii) plasma replaced with a volume of malaria-naïve AB + serum equivalent to half (1:1/2), or to a quarter (1:1/4), of the initial plasma volume; and (v) donor blood whose plasma was fully removed (RBC). The experiment was repeated 4 times using 4 distinct wild parasite isolates. Seven days post-infection, a total of 1,095 midguts were examined for oocyst presence. RESULTS Substituting plasma with reduced amounts (1:1/2 and 1:1/4) of Plasmodium-naive AB + serum led to a 31% and 17% increase of the mosquito infection rate and to a 85% and 308% increase in infection intensity compared to the 1:1 control, respectively. The full removal of plasma (RBC) reduced the infection rate by 58% and the intensity by 64% compared to the 1:1 control. Reducing serum volumes (1:1/2; 1:1/4 and RBC) had no impact on mosquito feeding rate and survival when compared to the 1:1 control. CONCLUSIONS Concentrating gametocytic blood by replacing natural plasma by lower amount of naive serum can enhance the success of mosquito infection. In an area with low gametocyte density, this simple and practical method of parasite concentration can facilitate studies on human-to-mosquito transmission such as the evaluation of transmission-blocking interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seydou Bienvenu Ouattara
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Direction Régionale de L'Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Institut Des Sciences Et Techniques (INSTech Bobo), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Centre Hospitalier Régional de Gaoua (CHRG), Gaoua, Burkina Faso.
| | - Domonbabele F D S Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Direction Régionale de L'Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Ekôbié T Nao
- Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Prisca S L Paré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Direction Régionale de L'Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Edwige Guissou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Direction Régionale de L'Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, BP 376, Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Rakiswendé S Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Direction Régionale de L'Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut Des Sciences Et Techniques (INSTech Bobo), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Kounbobr R Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Direction Régionale de L'Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Direction Régionale de L'Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut Des Sciences Et Techniques (INSTech Bobo), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Karine Mouline
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Direction Régionale de L'Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Direction Régionale de L'Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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Mbare O, Njoroge MM, Ong'wen F, Bukhari T, Fillinger U. Evaluation of the solar-powered Silver Bullet 2.1 (Lumin 8) light trap for sampling malaria vectors in western Kenya. Malar J 2023; 22:277. [PMID: 37716987 PMCID: PMC10505323 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps are widely used for sampling mosquitoes. However, this trap, manufactured in the USA, poses challenges for use in sub-Saharan Africa due to procurement costs and shipping time. Traps that are equally efficient than the CDC light trap, but which are amenable for use in remote African settings and made in Africa, are desirable to improve local vector surveillance. This study evaluated a novel solar-powered light trap made in South Africa (Silver Bullet trap; SB), for its efficiency in malaria vector sampling in western Kenya. METHODS Large cage (173.7 m3) experiments and field evaluations were conducted to compare the CDC-incandescent light trap (CDC-iLT), CDC-UV fluorescent tube light trap (CDC-UV), SB with white diodes (SB-White) and SB with UV diodes (SB-UV) for sampling Anopheles mosquitoes. Field assessments were done indoors and outdoors following a Latin square design. The wavelengths and absolute spectral irradiance of traps were compared using spectrometry. RESULTS The odds of catching a released Anopheles in the large cage experiments with the SB-UV under ambient conditions in the presence of a CDC-iLT in the same system was three times higher than what would have been expected when the two traps were equally attractive (odds ratio (OR) 3.2, 95% confidence interval CI 2.8-3.7, P < 0.01)). However, when the white light diode was used in the SB trap, it could not compete with the CDC-iLT (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.48-0.66, p < 0.01) when the two traps were provided as choices in a closed system. In the field, the CDC and Silver Bullet traps were equally effective in mosquito sampling. Irrespective of manufacturer, traps emitting UV light performed better than white or incandescent light for indoor sampling, collecting two times more Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) (RR 2.5; 95% CI 1.7-3.8) and Anopheles gambiae s.l. (RR 2.5; 95% 1.7-3.6). Outdoor collections were lower than indoor collections and similar for all light sources and traps. CONCLUSIONS The solar-powered SB trap compared well with the CDC trap in the field and presents a promising new surveillance device especially when charging on mains electricity is challenging in remote settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Mbare
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Human Health Theme, 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Margaret Mendi Njoroge
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Human Health Theme, 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fedinand Ong'wen
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Human Health Theme, 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tullu Bukhari
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Human Health Theme, 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ulrike Fillinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Human Health Theme, 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Vajda ÉA, Saeung M, Ross A, McIver DJ, Tatarsky A, Moore SJ, Lobo NF, Chareonviriyaphap T. A semi-field evaluation in Thailand of the use of human landing catches (HLC) versus human-baited double net trap (HDN) for assessing the impact of a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent and pyrethroid-treated clothing on Anopheles minimus landing. Malar J 2023; 22:202. [PMID: 37400831 PMCID: PMC10318828 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito landing rate measured by human landing catches (HLC) is the conventional endpoint used to evaluate the impact of vector control interventions on human-vector exposure. Non-exposure based alternatives to the HLC are desirable to minimize the risk of accidental mosquito bites. One such alternative is the human-baited double net trap (HDN), but the estimated personal protection of interventions using the HDN has not been compared to the efficacy estimated using HLC. This semi-field study in Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, evaluates the performance of the HLC and the HDN for estimating the effect on Anopheles minimus landing rates of two intervention types characterized by contrasting modes of action, a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent (VSPR) and insecticide-treated clothing (ITC). METHODS Two experiments to evaluate the protective efficacy of (1) a VPSR and (2) ITC, were performed. A block randomized cross-over design over 32 nights was carried out with both the HLC or HDN. Eight replicates per combination of collection method and intervention or control arm were conducted. For each replicate, 100 An. minimus were released and were collected for 6 h. The odds ratio (OR) of the released An. minimus mosquitoes landing in the intervention compared to the control arm was estimated using logistic regression, including collection method, treatment, and experimental day as fixed effects. RESULTS For the VPSR, the protective efficacy was similar for the two methods: 99.3%, 95% CI (99.5-99.0) when measured by HLC, and 100% (100, Inf) when measured by HDN where no mosquitoes were caught (interaction test p = 0.99). For the ITC, the protective efficacy was 70% (60-77%) measured by HLC but there was no evidence of protection when measured by HDN [4% increase (15-27%)] (interaction test p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Interactions between mosquitoes, bite prevention tools and the sampling method may impact the estimated intervention protective efficacy. Consequently, the sampling method must be considered when evaluating these interventions. The HDN is a valid alternative trapping method (relative to the HLC) for evaluating the impact of bite prevention methods that affect mosquito behaviour at a distance (e.g. VPSR), but not for interventions that operate through tarsal contact (e.g., ITC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-2003, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Manop Saeung
- Kasetsart University, 50 Thanon Ngamwongwan, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Amanda Ross
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-2003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J McIver
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-2003, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Tanzania
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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de Araújo EC, Neta BMC, Brito JM, Silva FS. Effect of ultraviolet LED and trap height on catches of host-seeking anopheline mosquitoes by using a low-cost passive light trap in northeast Brazil. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1343-1349. [PMID: 37022501 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Light traps have been widely used for monitoring malaria vectors, although drawbacks remain. In this context, new tools and attractants are always becoming available to perform monitoring tasks, like the Silva trap, a passive and low-cost LED-light trap for host-seeking anopheline mosquitoes. In this work, the effectiveness of the Silva trap by using UV-LED and at different heights as well as a comparison with the conventional CDC-type (HP) light trap was studied. A total of 9009 mosquitoes and nine species were caught, Anopheles triannulatus, An. argyritarsis, and An. goeldii being the most frequent species. The green (520 nm) and blue (470 nm) LEDs attracted almost equal numbers of anopheline mosquitoes, but UV LEDs (395 nm) attracted a significantly lower number of individuals (Kruskal-Wallis = 19.68, P = 0.0001). Even with the predominance of mosquitoes trapped at the height of 1.5 m, no significant statistical difference was found among the four heights tested (0.5 m; 1.0 m; 1.5 m; 2.0 m). Green-baited Silva traps collected significantly more individuals than incandescent-baited CDC-type traps (U = 60.5; P = 0.0303). LEDs have been useful as light sources for attracting insect vectors and together with a low-cost trap, as the Silva trap, a feasible alternative to conventional trap-based monitoring Anopheles mosquitoes that can be implemented in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eudimara Carvalho de Araújo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, MA, 65500-000, Chapadinha, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP, 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Benedita Maria Costa Neta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, MA, 65500-000, Chapadinha, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP, 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Mesquita Brito
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, MA, 65500-000, Chapadinha, Brazil
| | - Francinaldo Soares Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, MA, 65500-000, Chapadinha, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP, 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP, MA, 65500-000, Chapadinha, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP, MA, 65080-805, São Luís, Brazil.
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Uelmen JA, Lamcyzk B, Irwin P, Bartlett D, Stone C, Mackay A, Arsenault-Benoit A, Ryan SJ, Mutebi JP, Hamer GL, Fritz M, Smith RL. Human biting mosquitoes and implications for West Nile virus transmission. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:2. [PMID: 36593496 PMCID: PMC9806905 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV), primarily vectored by mosquitoes of the genus Culex, is the most important mosquito-borne pathogen in North America, having infected thousands of humans and countless wildlife since its arrival in the USA in 1999. In locations with dedicated mosquito control programs, surveillance methods often rely on frequent testing of mosquitoes collected in a network of gravid traps (GTs) and CO2-baited light traps (LTs). Traps specifically targeting oviposition-seeking (e.g. GTs) and host-seeking (e.g. LTs) mosquitoes are vulnerable to trap bias, and captured specimens are often damaged, making morphological identification difficult. METHODS This study leverages an alternative mosquito collection method, the human landing catch (HLC), as a means to compare sampling of potential WNV vectors to traditional trapping methods. Human collectors exposed one limb for 15 min at crepuscular periods (5:00-8:30 am and 6:00-9:30 pm daily, the time when Culex species are most actively host-seeking) at each of 55 study sites in suburban Chicago, Illinois, for two summers (2018 and 2019). RESULTS A total of 223 human-seeking mosquitoes were caught by HLC, of which 46 (20.6%) were mosquitoes of genus Culex. Of these 46 collected Culex specimens, 34 (73.9%) were Cx. salinarius, a potential WNV vector species not thought to be highly abundant in upper Midwest USA. Per trapping effort, GTs and LTs collected > 7.5-fold the number of individual Culex specimens than HLC efforts. CONCLUSIONS The less commonly used HLC method provides important insight into the complement of human-biting mosquitoes in a region with consistent WNV epidemics. This study underscores the value of the HLC collection method as a complementary tool for surveillance to aid in WNV vector species characterization. However, given the added risk to the collector, novel mitigation methods or alternative approaches must be explored to incorporate HLC collections safely and strategically into control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny A. Uelmen
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3505 Veterinary Medicine Basic Sciences Building, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA
| | - Bennett Lamcyzk
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3505 Veterinary Medicine Basic Sciences Building, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA
| | - Patrick Irwin
- Northwest Mosquito Abatement District, 147 W. Hintz Rd, Wheeling, IL 60090 USA
| | - Dan Bartlett
- Northwest Mosquito Abatement District, 147 W. Hintz Rd, Wheeling, IL 60090 USA
| | - Chris Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Forbes Natural History Building, 1816 S. Oak Street, M/C 652, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
| | - Andrew Mackay
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Forbes Natural History Building, 1816 S. Oak Street, M/C 652, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
| | - Arielle Arsenault-Benoit
- Department of Entomology, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Department of Geography, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, 330 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - John-Paul Mutebi
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Disease Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology. College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Megan Fritz
- Department of Entomology, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Rebecca L. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3505 Veterinary Medicine Basic Sciences Building, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA
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Rahim MAFA, Munajat MB, Dian ND, Seri Rakna MIM, Wahid W, Ghazali N, Hassan NW, Abdul Manap SNA, Kasri MRM, Mohamed AI, Osman E, Chuangchaiya S, Lubis IND, Divis PCS, Kaneko A, Tetteh KKA, Idris ZM. Naturally acquired antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax among indigenous Orang Asli communities in Peninsular Malaysia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1165634. [PMID: 37153151 PMCID: PMC10157193 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1165634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a public health problem in many parts of the world. In Malaysia, the significant progress towards the national elimination programme and effective disease notification on malaria has resulted in zero indigenous human malaria cases since 2018. However, the country still needs to determine the extent of malaria exposure and transmission patterns, particularly in high-risk populations. In this study, a serological method was used to measure transmission levels of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax among indigenous Orang Asli communities in Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in three Orang Asli communities (i.e., Pos Bihai, Pos Gob, and Pos Kuala Betis) in Kelantan from June to July 2019. Antibody responses to malaria were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using two P. falciparum (PfAMA-1 and PfMSP-119) and two P. vivax (PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-119) antigens. Age-adjusted antibody responses were analysed using a reversible catalytic model to calculate seroconversion rates (SCRs). Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with malaria exposure. The overall malaria seroprevalence was 38.8% for PfAMA-1, 36.4% for PfMSP-119, 2.2% for PvAMA-1, and 9.3% for PvMSP-119. Between study areas, the proportion of seropositivity for any P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens was significantly highest in Pos Kuala Betis with 34.7% (p < 0.001) and 13.6% (p < 0.001), respectively. For all parasite antigens except for PvAMA-1, the proportion of seropositive individuals significantly increased with age (all p < 0.001). Based on the SCR, there was a higher level of P. falciparum transmission than P. vivax in the study area. Multivariate regression analyses showed that living in Pos Kuala Betis was associated with both P. falciparum (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.6, p < 0.001) and P. vivax (aOR 2.1, p < 0.001) seropositivities. Significant associations were also found between age and seropositivity to P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens. Analysis of community-based serological data helps describe the level of transmission, heterogeneity, and factors associated with malaria exposure among indigenous communities in Peninsular Malaysia. This approach could be an important adjunct tool for malaria monitoring and surveillance in low malaria transmission settings in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Amirul Fitri A. Rahim
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Bakhtiar Munajat
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Diyana Dian
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Wathiqah Wahid
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nuraffini Ghazali
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Wanie Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nor Azreen Abdul Manap
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Emelia Osman
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sriwipa Chuangchaiya
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Inke Nadia D. Lubis
- Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Paul C. S. Divis
- Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Akira Kaneko
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kevin K. A. Tetteh
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zulkarnain Md Idris
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Zulkarnain Md Idris,
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8
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Mucci LF, Bergo ES, de Deus JT, Reginato SL, Pereira M, de Camargo-Neves VLF. Evaluation of Methods for Collecting Mosquitoes (Culicidae: Diptera) in Canopy and Ground Strata in the Brazilian Savanna. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120446. [PMID: 36548701 PMCID: PMC9783515 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hand-net is the standard method for capturing mosquitoes with sylvatic diurnal activity in disease outbreaks in Brazil. However, occupational risks and biases related to the collectors' abilities and attractiveness are important limitations. In this study, we compared hand-nets with automatic traps (CDC) associated to CO2 and BG-Lure® in the Vassununga State Park, a Brazilian Savanna protection area. The collections carried out over 27 days on the ground and the forest canopy. A total of 1555 mosquitoes were obtained in 20 taxa. The diversity index ranged between 1.12 and 1.79 and the dominance index from 0.22 to 0.40. The dominant species on the ground was Aedes scapularis (46.0%), and in the canopy, Hg. janthinomys/capricornii (31.9%). Haemagogus leucocelaenus was rare (n = 2). The hand-net resulted in the greatest diversity and abundance of species in both strata, followed by the traps associated with CO2. A low degree of similarity was observed between the hand-net on the ground compared to the other capture methods. The use of BG-Lure® alone resulted in a low number of specimens. In conclusion, the hand-net is still the method of choice for collecting arbovirus vectors in the diurnal period, especially yellow fever vectors.
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9
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Eckert J, Oladipupo S, Wang Y, Jiang S, Patil V, McKenzie BA, Lobo NF, Zohdy S. Which trap is best? Alternatives to outdoor human landing catches for malaria vector surveillance: a meta-analysis. Malar J 2022; 21:378. [PMID: 36494724 PMCID: PMC9733232 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human landing catches (HLC) are an entomological collection technique in which humans are used as attractants to capture medically relevant host-seeking mosquitoes. The use of this method has been a topic of extensive debate for decades mainly due to ethical concerns. Many alternatives to HLC have been proposed; however, no quantitative review and meta-analysis comparing HLC to outdoor alternative trapping methods has been conducted. METHODS A total of 58 comparisons across 12 countries were identified. We conducted a meta-analysis comparing the standardized mean difference of Anopheles captured by HLC and alternative traps. To explain heterogeneity, three moderators were chosen for analysis: trap type, location of study, and species captured. A meta-regression was fit to understand how the linear combination of moderators helped in explaining heterogeneity. The possibility of biased results due to publication bias was also explored. RESULTS Random-effects meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference in the mean difference of Anopheles collected. Moderator analysis was conducted to determine the effects of trap type, geographical location of study, and the species of Anopheles captured. On average, tent-based traps captured significantly more Anopheles than outdoor HLC (95% CI: [- .9065, - 0.0544]), alternative traps in Africa captured on average more mosquitoes than outdoor HLC (95% CI: [- 2.8750, - 0.0294]), and alternative traps overall captured significantly more Anopheles gambiae s.l. than outdoor HLC (95% CI: [- 4.4613, - 0.2473]) on average. Meta-regression showed that up to 55.77% of the total heterogeneity found can be explained by a linear combination of the three moderators and the interaction between trap type and species. Subset analysis on An. gambiae s.l. showed that light traps specifically captured on average more of this species than HLC (95% CI: [- 18.3751, - 1.0629]). Publication bias likely exists. With 59.65% of studies reporting p-values less than 0.025, we believe there is an over representation in the literature of results indicating that alternative traps are superior to outdoor HLC. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there is no consensus on a single "magic bullet" alternative to outdoor HLC. The diversity of many alternative trap comparisons restricts potential metrics for comparisons to outdoor HLC. Further standardization and specific question-driven trap evaluations that consider target vector species and the vector control landscape are needed to allow for robust meta-analyses with less heterogeneity and to develop data-driven decision-making tools for malaria vector surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Eckert
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Auburn University, 221 Parker Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Seun Oladipupo
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Vivek Patil
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Benjamin A. McKenzie
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Geospatial Research, Analysis and Services Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069US President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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10
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Faber PA, Dorai AJ, Chown SL. A standardised low-cost membrane blood-feeder for Aedes aegypti made using common laboratory materials. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14247. [PMID: 36325181 PMCID: PMC9620972 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood feeding is a necessary part of laboratory studies involving mosquitoes and other hematophagous arthropods of interest in medical and ecological research. However, methods involving hosts may present serious risks, require ethics approvals and can be expensive. Here we describe an insect blood feeder made using common laboratory materials, which is low cost (<US$100) and can be constructed and operated with little technical expertise. We compared the blood feeder containing an artificial blood diet, Skitosnack, to direct human arm feeding for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), in terms of engorgement rate, fecundity and hatch rate. No significant difference in fecundity between the two approaches was found, (mean ± SD); direct human arm: 56 ± 26 eggs/female, artificial method: 47 ± 25 eggs/female, P = 0.569. Engorgement rates (direct human arm: 97.8 ± 4%, artificial: 64.1 ± 23%, P < 0.05) and hatch rates (direct human arm: 75 ± 12%, artificial: 59 ± 14%, P < 0.05) were lower in the artificially fed mosquitoes. Despite these differences, we maintained a healthy mosquito colony for 10 generations using the artificial feeding approach. Results from this comparison are within the range of other studies which compared direct host feeding with an artificial feeding method. We anticipate that the blood feeder presented here could substantially reduce costs usually required to establish a standardised and effective blood feeding method for maintaining mosquito colonies or conducting experiments, extending the capability of laboratories especially where research resources are limited, but vector-borne diseases common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Faber
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Hribar LJ, Boehmler MB, Murray HL, Pruszynski CA, Leal AL. Mosquito Surveillance and Insecticide Resistance Monitoring Conducted by the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Monroe County, Florida, USA. INSECTS 2022; 13:927. [PMID: 36292875 PMCID: PMC9603856 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito control programs in the State of Florida are charged with protecting human and animal health, fostering economic development of the State, permitting enjoyment of the natural attractions in Florida, and improving the quality of life of citizens. Mosquito control programs must accomplish these tasks in such a manner as will protect the environment and terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. The Florida Keys Mosquito Control District provides a science-based Integrated Pest Management mosquito control program to the residents of the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida. Operational decisions are based on surveillance of adult and immature mosquitoes. Mosquito populations are monitored by means of carbon dioxide-baited light traps BG Sentinel traps, truck traps, gravid traps, oviposition traps, and human landing rate counts. Larvae and pupae are monitored by inspections of natural and human-made immature habitats. Due to past and current reliance on chemical pesticides for control of mosquitoes, the District maintains a pesticide resistance detection program consisting of CDC bottle bioassays and larval bioassays, challenging local mosquito species with currently used adulticides and larvicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heidi L. Murray
- Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Marathon, FL 33030, USA
| | | | - Andrea L. Leal
- Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Marathon, FL 33030, USA
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12
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Ngowo HS, Limwagu AJ, Ferguson HM, Matthiopoulos J, Okumu FO, Nelli L. A statistical calibration tool for methods used to sample outdoor-biting mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:293. [PMID: 35978415 PMCID: PMC9386948 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved methods for sampling outdoor-biting mosquitoes are urgently needed to improve surveillance of vector-borne diseases. Such tools could potentially replace the human landing catch (HLC), which, despite being the most direct option for measuring human exposures, raises significant ethical and logistical concerns. Several alternatives are under development, but detailed evaluation still requires common frameworks for calibration relative to HLC. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a statistical framework for predicting human-biting rates from different exposure-free alternatives. Methods We obtained mosquito abundance data (Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus and Culex spp.) from a year-long Tanzanian study comparing six outdoor traps [Suna Trap (SUN), BG Sentinel (BGS), M-Trap (MTR), M-Trap + CDC (MTRC), Ifakara Tent Trap-C (ITT-C) and Mosquito Magnet-X Trap (MMX)] and HLC. Generalised linear models were developed within a Bayesian framework to investigate associations between the traps and HLC, taking intra- and inter-specific density dependence into account. The best model was used to create a calibration tool for predicting HLC-equivalents. Results For An. arabiensis, SUN catches had the strongest correlation with HLC (R2 = 19.4), followed by BGS (R2 = 17.2) and MTRC (R2 = 13.1) catches. The least correlated catch was MMX (R2 = 2.5). For An. funestus, BGS had the strongest correlation with the HLC (R2 = 53.4), followed by MTRC (R2 = 37.4) and MTR (R2 = 37.4). For Culex mosquitoes, the traps most highly correlated with the HLC were MTR (R2 = 45.4) and MTRC (R2 = 44.2). Density dependence, both between and within species, influenced the performance of only BGS traps. An interactive Shiny App calibration tool was developed for this and similar applications. Conclusion We successfully developed a calibration tool to assess the performance of different traps for assessing outdoor-biting risk, and established a valuable framework for estimating human exposures based on the trap catches. The performance of candidate traps varied between mosquito taxa; thus, there was no single optimum. Although all the traps tested underestimated the HLC-derived exposures, it was possible to mathematically define their representativeness of the true biting risk, with or without density dependence. The results of this study emphasise the need to aim for a consistent and representative sampling approach, as opposed to simply seeking traps that catch the most mosquitoes. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05403-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halfan S Ngowo
- Department of Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania. .,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Alex J Limwagu
- Department of Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Department of Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.,School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Blood feeding habits of mosquitoes: hardly a bite in South America. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1829-1852. [PMID: 35562516 PMCID: PMC9106385 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito blood feeding plays a key role in epidemiology. Despite its importance and large number of studies worldwide, less attention has been paid in South America. We summarized some general concepts and methodological issues related to the study of mosquito blood feeding habits, and compiled and analyzed all published information regarding the subject in the continent until 2020. Available literature comprised 152 scientific studies, that pursued different approaches: human landing catches (102 studies), baited trap (19), and blood meal analyses of collected specimens (38). Among the latter, 23 used serological and 15 molecular techniques. Species most frequently studied were those incriminated in malaria transmission, whereas relevant vectors such as Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Haemagogus janthinomys were surprisingly neglected. Brazil was the leading country both in number of works and species studied. For over 70% of the species and three out of 13 South American countries there is no single information on mosquito blood feeding habits. Data from baited traps included 143 mosquito species, 83.9% of which were attracted to humans, either exclusively (10.5%) or in combination with other vertebrates (73.4%). Host blood identification of field collected specimens provided data on 102 mosquito species, and 60.8% of these fed on humans (55.9% combined with other vertebrates). Only 17 of the 73 species assessed by both methods yielded similar feeding patterns. Finally, supplementary tables are provided in a comprehensive summary of all information available and information gaps are highlighted for future research in the continent.
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14
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Zembere K, Chirombo J, Nasoni P, McDermott DP, Tchongwe-Divala L, Hawkes FM, Jones CM. The human-baited host decoy trap (HDT) is an efficient sampling device for exophagic Anopheles arabiensis within irrigated lands in southern Malawi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3428. [PMID: 35236911 PMCID: PMC8891353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrigation schemes provide an ideal habitat for Anopheles mosquitoes particularly during the dry season. Reliable estimates of outdoor host-seeking behaviour are needed to assess the impact of vector control options and this is particularly the case for Anopheles arabiensis which displays a wide range of behaviours that circumvent traditional indoor-insecticide based control. In this study we compared the sampling efficiency of the host decoy trap (HDT) with the human landing catch (HLC) and Suna trap in a repeated Latin square design in two villages (Lengwe and Mwanza) on an irrigated sugar estate in southern Malawi. Over the course of 18 trapping nights, we caught 379 female Anopheles, the majority of which were identified as An. arabiensis. Across both villages, there was no detectable difference in Anopheles catch between the HDT compared with the HLC (RR = 0.85, P = 0.508). The overall sensitivity of the HLC was greater than the Suna trap regardless of mosquito density (Lengwe, α = 2.75, 95% credible interval: 2.03-3.73; Mwanza, α = 3.38, 95% credible interval: 1.50-9.30) whereas the sensitivity of the HDT was only greater than the Suna trap when mosquito numbers were high (Lengwe, α = 2.63, 95% credible interval: 2.00-3.85).We conclude that the HDT is an effective sampling device for outdoor host seeking An. arabiensis in southern Malawi. The presence of An. arabiensis in irrigated lands during the dry season poses a challenge for ongoing indoor vector control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Zembere
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - James Chirombo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Daniel P McDermott
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Frances M Hawkes
- Natural Resources Institute, Central Avenue, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Christopher M Jones
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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15
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Higgs S. An Introduction to Containment Recommendations for Gene Drive Mosquitoes and the Laboratory Rearing of Genetically Engineered Mosquitoes in Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:1-2. [PMID: 34995158 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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16
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Kumar S, Hol FJH, Pujhari S, Ellington C, Narayanan HV, Li H, Rasgon JL, Prakash M. A microfluidic platform for highly parallel bite by bite profiling of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6018. [PMID: 34650045 PMCID: PMC8516912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito bites transmit a number of pathogens via salivary droplets deposited during blood-feeding, resulting in potentially fatal diseases. Little is known about the genomic content of these nanodroplets, including the transmission dynamics of live pathogens. Here we introduce Vectorchip, a low-cost, scalable microfluidic platform enabling high-throughput molecular interrogation of individual mosquito bites. We introduce an ultra-thin PDMS membrane which acts as a biting interface to arrays of micro-wells. Freely-behaving mosquitoes deposit saliva droplets by biting into these micro-wells. By modulating membrane thickness, we observe species-dependent differences in mosquito biting capacity, utilizable for selective sample collection. We demonstrate RT-PCR and focus-forming assays on-chip to detect mosquito DNA, Zika virus RNA, as well as quantify infectious Mayaro virus particles transmitted from single mosquito bites. The Vectorchip presents a promising approach for single-bite-resolution laboratory and field characterization of vector-pathogen communities, and could serve as a powerful early warning sentinel for mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailabh Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Felix J H Hol
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Insect Virus Interactions Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France.,Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity, U1284 INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sujit Pujhari
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of The Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Clayton Ellington
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Hongquan Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of The Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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17
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Charlwood JD, Andegiorgish AK, Asfaha YE, Tekle Weldu L, Petros F, Legese L, Afewerki R, Mihreteab S, LeClair C, Kampango A. Novel sampling methods for monitoring Anopheles arabiensis from Eritrea. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11497. [PMID: 34322315 PMCID: PMC8297471 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies comparing novel collection methods for host seeking and resting mosquitoes A. arabiensis were undertaken in a village in Eritrea. Techniques included an odor baited trap, a novel tent-trap, human landing collection and three methods of resting collection. A technique for the collection of mosquitoes exiting vegetation is also described. Pre-gravid rates were determined by dissection of host seeking insects and post-prandial egg development among insects collected resting. Results Overall 5,382 host-seeking, 2,296 resting and 357 A. arabiensis exiting vegetation were collected. The Furvela tent-trap was the most efficient, risk-free method for the collection of outdoor host-seeking insects, whilst the Suna trap was the least effective method. Mechanical aspirators (the CDC backpack or the Prokopack aspirator) were superior to manual aspiration in a dark shelter but there was no advantage over manual aspiration in a well-lit one. An estimated two-thirds of newly-emerged mosquitoes went through a pre-gravid phase, feeding twice before producing eggs. Mosquitoes completed gonotrophic development in a dark shelter but left a well-lit shelter soon after feeding. One blood-fed female marked in the village was recaptured 2 days after release exiting vegetation close to the oviposition site and another, shortly after oviposition, attempting to feed on a human host 3 days after release. Exit rates of males from vegetation peaked 3 min after the initial male had left. Unfed and gravid females exited approximately 6 min after the first males. Conclusions Furvela tent-traps are suitable for the collection of outdoor biting A. arabiensis in Eritrea whilst the Prokopack sampler is the method of choice for the collection of resting insects. Constructing well-lit, rather than dark, animal shelters, may encourage otherwise endophilic mosquitoes to leave and so reduce their survival and hence their vectorial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques D Charlwood
- Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea.,Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amanuel Kidane Andegiorgish
- Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Liya Tekle Weldu
- Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Feven Petros
- Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Lidia Legese
- Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Robel Afewerki
- Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | | | | | - Ayubo Kampango
- Instituto Nacional de Saude, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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18
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Abong'o B, Gimnig JE, Longman B, Odongo T, Wekesa C, Webwile A, Oloo B, Nduta M, Muchoki M, Omoke D, Wacira D, Opondo K, Ochomo E, Munga S, Donnelly MJ, Oxborough RM. Comparison of four outdoor mosquito trapping methods as potential replacements for human landing catches in western Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:320. [PMID: 34118973 PMCID: PMC8196510 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Longitudinal monitoring of outdoor-biting malaria vector populations is becoming increasingly important in understanding the dynamics of residual malaria transmission. However, the human landing catch (HLC), the gold standard for measuring human biting rates indoors and outdoors, is costly and raises ethical concerns related to increased risk of infectious bites among collectors. Consequently, routine data on outdoor-feeding mosquito populations are usually limited because of the lack of a scalable tool with similar sensitivity to outdoor HLC. Methodology The Anopheles trapping sensitivity of four baited proxy outdoor trapping methods—Furvela tent trap (FTT), host decoy trap (HDT), mosquito electrocuting traps (MET) and outdoor CDC light traps (OLT)—was assessed relative to HLC in a 5 × 5 replicated Latin square conducted over 25 nights in two villages of western Kenya. Indoor CDC light trap (ILT) was run in one house in each of the compounds with outdoor traps, while additional non-Latin square indoor and outdoor HLC collections were performed in one of the study villages. Results The MET, FTT, HDT and OLT sampled approximately 4.67, 7.58, 5.69 and 1.98 times more An. arabiensis compared to HLC, respectively, in Kakola Ombaka. Only FTT was more sensitive relative to HLC in sampling An. funestus in Kakola Ombaka (RR = 5.59, 95% CI 2.49–12.55, P < 0.001) and Masogo (RR = 4.38, 95% CI 1.62–11.80, P = 0.004) and in sampling An. arabiensis in Masogo (RR = 5.37, 95% CI 2.17–13.24, P < 0.001). OLT sampled significantly higher numbers of An. coustani in Kakola Ombaka (RR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.65–5.56, P < 0.001) and Masogo (RR = 2.88, 95% CI 1.15–7.22, P = 0.02) compared to HLC. OLT, HLC and MET sampled mostly An. coustani, FTT had similar proportions of An. funestus and An. arabiensis, while HDT sampled predominantly An. arabiensis in both villages. FTT showed close correlation with ILT in vector abundance for all three species at both collection sites. Conclusion FTT and OLT are simple, easily scalable traps and are potential replacements for HLC in outdoor sampling of Anopheles mosquitoes. However, the FTT closely mirrored indoor CDC light trap in mosquito indices and therefore may be more of an indoor mimic than a true outdoor collection tool. HDT and MET show potential for sampling outdoor host-seeking mosquitoes. However, the traps as currently designed may not be feasible for large-scale, longitudinal entomological monitoring. Therefore, the baited outdoor CDC light trap may be the most appropriate tool currently available for assessment of outdoor-biting and malaria transmission risk. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04794-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Abong'o
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya. .,PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - John E Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Bradley Longman
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Tobias Odongo
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Celestine Wekesa
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Amos Webwile
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Oloo
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Mercy Nduta
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Margaret Muchoki
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Diana Omoke
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Daniel Wacira
- The United States President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), US Embassy Nairobi, United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Opondo
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Stephen Munga
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Richard M Oxborough
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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Evaluation of Mosquito Attractant Candidates Using a High-Throughput Screening System for Aedes aegypti (L.) , Culex quinquefasciatus Say. and Anopheles minimus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060528. [PMID: 34204117 PMCID: PMC8226803 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several types of olfactometers have been used to evaluate mosquito responses to agents that mimic natural volatiles that repel or attract. The Y-tube olfactometer has been widely used to study repellents and attractants, while the high-throughput screening system assay has only been used to study repellents. Whether the high-throughput screening system assay is suitable for evaluating attractants is unknown. We evaluated the responses to four lactic-acid-based mixtures and two non-lactic-acid-based chemical lure candidates using the high-throughput screening system (HITSS) for three mosquito species (laboratory strains and field populations of both Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say.; laboratory strain of Anopheles minimus Theobald) under laboratory-controlled conditions. HITSS assay results showed that KU-lure #1 elicited the greatest percent attraction for pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptible Ae. aegypti. KU-lure #6 elicited the strongest attractive response for pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus and pyrethroid-susceptible An. minimus. The response to the lures from each species was independent of the pyrethroid susceptibility status (Ae. aegypti, p = 0.825; Cx. quinquefasciatus, p = 0.056). However, a significant difference in attraction to KU-lure #6 was observed between diurnal and nocturnal mosquitoes (Cx. quinquefasciatus vs. Ae. aegypti, p = 0.014; An. minimus vs. Ae. aegypti, p = 0.001). The laboratory-level HITSS assay effectively selects potential lure candidates. Because the host-seeking behavior differs between mosquito species, further studies are needed to develop species-specific attractants. Additional studies in semi-field screen houses using commercial traps are necessary to evaluate the accuracy of these laboratory assay results.
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20
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Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL, Huang YJS, Thangamani S. The Use of Arthropod-Borne Challenge Models in BSL-3Ag and BSL-4 Biocontainment. ILAR J 2021; 61:18-31. [PMID: 33951733 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of many arthropod-borne pathogens requires high biosafety considerations, including the use of specialized facilities and equipment for arthropod containment. Mosquito- and tick-borne viruses such as yellow fever, West Nile, and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses require facilities that are suitable for housing vertebrates. Multidisciplinary studies that incorporate the vector, vertebrate, and pathogens are essential for a complete understanding of the interactions between these transmission cycle components, especially if they aim to evaluate and model relative susceptibilities of different arthropods and vertebrates to infection and transmission between these. Under laboratory conditions, these studies can be relatively simple, for example, involving colonized arthropods, small animals, and attenuated viruses. Other studies are complex with large animals, high-biocontainment pathogens, and field-collected arthropods. These require a higher level of containment and special design considerations. Both of these types of experiments have their relative merits. A thorough understanding of the issues related to these types of studies and the benefits and drawbacks to using various challenge models will enable the researcher to develop realistic goals for various experiments. This review examines the varied issues that should be considered prior to starting these experiments and covers the basics from the procurement of various arthropods, rearing, high-containment facilities and operational issues specific to work with arthropods, types of infection experiments, and specific issues with arthropod and animal experiments in biosafety levels 3 and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Higgs
- Director of the Biosecurity Research Institute and Associate Vice President for Research at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Director of the SUNY Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, and Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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21
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Jeyaprakasam NK, Pramasivan S, Liew JWK, Van Low L, Wan-Sulaiman WY, Ngui R, Jelip J, Vythilingam I. Evaluation of Mosquito Magnet and other collection tools for Anopheles mosquito vectors of simian malaria. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:184. [PMID: 33794965 PMCID: PMC8015311 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector surveillance is essential in determining the geographical distribution of mosquito vectors and understanding the dynamics of malaria transmission. With the elimination of human malaria cases, knowlesi malaria cases in humans are increasing in Malaysia. This necessitates intensive vector studies using safer trapping methods which are both field efficient and able to attract the local vector populations. Thus, this study evaluated the potential of Mosquito Magnet as a collection tool for Anopheles mosquito vectors of simian malaria along with other known collection methods. Methods A randomized 4 × 4 Latin square designed experiment was conducted to compare the efficiency of the Mosquito Magnet against three other common trapping methods: human landing catch (HLC), CDC light trap and human baited trap (HBT). The experiment was conducted over six replicates where sampling within each replicate was carried out for 4 consecutive nights. An additional 4 nights of sampling was used to further evaluate the Mosquito Magnet against the “gold standard” HLC. The abundance of Anopheles sampled by different methods was compared and evaluated with focus on the Anopheles from the Leucosphyrus group, the vectors of knowlesi malaria. Results The Latin square designed experiment showed HLC caught the greatest number of Anopheles mosquitoes (n = 321) compared to the HBT (n = 87), Mosquito Magnet (n = 58) and CDC light trap (n = 13). The GLMM analysis showed that the HLC method caught significantly more Anopheles mosquitoes compared to Mosquito Magnet (P = 0.049). However, there was no significant difference in mean nightly catch of Anopheles mosquitoes between Mosquito Magnet and the other two trapping methods, HBT (P = 0.646) and CDC light traps (P = 0.197). The mean nightly catch for both An. introlatus (9.33 ± 4.341) and An. cracens (4.00 ± 2.273) caught using HLC was higher than that of Mosquito Magnet, though the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This is in contrast to the mean nightly catch of An. sinensis (15.75 ± 5.640) and An. maculatus (15.78 ± 3.479) where HLC showed significantly more mosquito catches compared to Mosquito Magnet (P < 0.05). Conclusions Mosquito Magnet has a promising ability to catch An. introlatus and An. cracens, the important vectors of knowlesi and other simian malarias in Peninsular Malaysia. The ability of Mosquito Magnet to catch some of the Anopheles mosquito species is comparable to HLC and makes it an ethical and safer alternative. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04689-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lun Van Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan-Yusoff Wan-Sulaiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jenarun Jelip
- Division of Disease Control, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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22
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Oliva CF, Benedict MQ, Collins CM, Baldet T, Bellini R, Bossin H, Bouyer J, Corbel V, Facchinelli L, Fouque F, Geier M, Michaelakis A, Roiz D, Simard F, Tur C, Gouagna LC. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) against Aedes Species Mosquitoes: A Roadmap and Good Practice Framework for Designing, Implementing and Evaluating Pilot Field Trials. INSECTS 2021; 12:191. [PMID: 33668374 PMCID: PMC7996155 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti are invasive mosquito species that impose a substantial risk to human health. To control the abundance and spread of these arboviral pathogen vectors, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is emerging as a powerful complement to most commonly-used approaches, in part, because this technique is ecologically benign, specific, and non-persistent in the environment if releases are stopped. Because SIT and other similar vector control strategies are becoming of increasing interest to many countries, we offer here a pragmatic and accessible 'roadmap' for the pre-pilot and pilot phases to guide any interested party. This will support stakeholders, non-specialist scientists, implementers, and decision-makers. Applying these concepts will ensure, given adequate resources, a sound basis for local field trialing and for developing experience with the technique in readiness for potential operational deployment. This synthesis is based on the available literature, in addition to the experience and current knowledge of the expert contributing authors in this field. We describe a typical path to successful pilot testing, with the four concurrent development streams of Laboratory, Field, Stakeholder Relations, and the Business and Compliance Case. We provide a graphic framework with criteria that must be met in order to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clélia F. Oliva
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Centre Opérationnel de Balandran, 751 Chemin de Balandran, 30127 Bellegarde, France;
- Collectif TIS (Technique de l’Insecte Stérile), 751 Chemin de Balandran, 30127 Bellegarde, France
| | | | - C Matilda Collins
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 1NE, UK;
| | - Thierry Baldet
- ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, Ecosystèmes), Cirad, Univ Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France; (T.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “Giorgio Nicoli”, S.r.l. Via Sant’Agata, 835, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy;
| | - Hervé Bossin
- Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, 98713 Tahiti, French Polynesia;
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, Ecosystèmes), Cirad, Univ Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France; (T.B.); (J.B.)
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Vienna, Wagramer Strasse 5, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Corbel
- UMR MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), IRD-CNRS-Univ. Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; (V.C.); (D.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Luca Facchinelli
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Florence Fouque
- TDR (Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases), WHO, 20 Avenue Appia, 1121 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Martin Geier
- Biogents AG, Weissenburgstr. 22, 93055 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Antonios Michaelakis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute. 8, S. Delta str., Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece;
| | - David Roiz
- UMR MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), IRD-CNRS-Univ. Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; (V.C.); (D.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Frédéric Simard
- UMR MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), IRD-CNRS-Univ. Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; (V.C.); (D.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Carlos Tur
- Grupo Tragsa–KM. 4,5 Bajo, A28476208-EMPRE, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Louis-Clément Gouagna
- UMR MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), IRD-CNRS-Univ. Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; (V.C.); (D.R.); (F.S.)
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Romanenko T, Hunchenko N, Kharkhun T, Kardupel L, Honcharenko L, Higgs S. Surveillance of Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in Kyiv, Ukraine Between 2013 and 2017. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:200-207. [PMID: 33434100 PMCID: PMC7910419 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For effective control of vector-borne diseases and control of nuisance-biting insects, it is important to know which species are present and their relative abundance. In this study, we report data from a State-supported mosquito surveillance program in Kyiv, Ukraine's capital city. The surveillance identified 29 different species: 24 Culicines and 5 Anopheline species. Culicine mosquitoes included 17 in the genus Aedes, 3 Culex, 3 Culiseta, and 1 Mansonia species. The relative abundance of each genera was consistent in years 2014, 2015, and 2016; namely Aedes>Culex>Anopheles. In 2017, Aedes and Culex mosquitoes were approximately the same, predominating over Anopheles. A declining trend in the numbers of mosquitoes collected from 2013 to 2017 has not only several potential explanations, including increased urbanization and more effective control, but also may reflect changes in surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tata Romanenko
- State Institution Kyiv City Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalyia Hunchenko
- State Institution Kyiv City Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Kharkhun
- State Institution Kyiv City Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Kardupel
- State Institution Kyiv City Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Honcharenko
- State Institution Kyiv City Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Harrington LC, Foy BD, Bangs MJ. Considerations for Human Blood-Feeding and Arthropod Exposure in Vector Biology Research: An Essential Tool for Investigations and Disease Control. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:807-816. [PMID: 32905735 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eventually there may be a broadly acceptable, even perfected, substitute for the human host requirement for direct feeding experiments by arthropods, most notably mosquitoes. However, for now, direct and indirect feeding on human volunteers is an important, if not essential, tool in vector biology research (VBR). This article builds on the foundational publication by Achee et al. (2015) covering considerations for the use of human participants in VBR pursuits. The authors introduced methods involving human participation in VBR, while detailing human-landing collections (catches) as a prime example. Benedict et al. (2018) continued this theme with an overview of human participation and considerations for research that involves release of mosquito vectors into the environment. In this study, we discuss another important aspect of human use in VBR activities: considerations addressing studies that require an arthropod to feed on a live human host. Using mosquito studies as our principal example, in this study, we discuss the tremendous importance and value of this approach to support and allow study of a wide variety of factors and interactions related to our understanding of vector-borne diseases and their control. This includes establishment of laboratory colonies for test populations, characterization of essential nutrients that contribute to mosquito fitness, characterization of blood-feeding (biting) behavior and pathogen transmission, parameterization for modeling transmission dynamics, evaluation of human host attraction and/or agents that repel, and the effectiveness of antivector or parasite therapeutic drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Foy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory Fort Collins, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Indonesia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chan EYY, Sham TST, Shahzada TS, Dubois C, Huang Z, Liu S, Hung KK, Tse SL, Kwok KO, Chung PH, Kayano R, Shaw R. Narrative Review on Health-EDRM Primary Prevention Measures for Vector-Borne Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5981. [PMID: 32824754 PMCID: PMC7459832 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expanding the global at-risk population for vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The World Health Organization (WHO) health emergency and disaster risk management (health-EDRM) framework emphasises the importance of primary prevention of biological hazards and its value in protecting against VBDs. The framework encourages stakeholder coordination and information sharing, though there is still a need to reinforce prevention and recovery within disaster management. This keyword-search based narrative literature review searched databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Medline between January 2000 and May 2020, and identified 134 publications. In total, 10 health-EDRM primary prevention measures are summarised at three levels (personal, environmental and household). Enabling factor, limiting factors, co-benefits and strength of evidence were identified. Current studies on primary prevention measures for VBDs focus on health risk-reduction, with minimal evaluation of actual disease reduction. Although prevention against mosquito-borne diseases, notably malaria, has been well-studied, research on other vectors and VBDs remains limited. Other gaps included the limited evidence pertaining to prevention in resource-poor settings and the efficacy of alternatives, discrepancies amongst agencies' recommendations, and limited studies on the impact of technological advancements and habitat change on VBD prevalence. Health-EDRM primary prevention measures for VBDs require high-priority research to facilitate multifaceted, multi-sectoral, coordinated responses that will enable effective risk mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ying Yang Chan
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.H.); (S.L.); (K.K.C.H.)
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37BN, UK
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.S.T.S.); (T.S.S.); (S.L.A.T.); (K.O.K.); (P.-H.C.)
- GX Foundation, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Accident & Emergency Medicine Academic Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tiffany Sze Tung Sham
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.S.T.S.); (T.S.S.); (S.L.A.T.); (K.O.K.); (P.-H.C.)
- GX Foundation, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Tayyab Salim Shahzada
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.S.T.S.); (T.S.S.); (S.L.A.T.); (K.O.K.); (P.-H.C.)
- GX Foundation, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | | | - Zhe Huang
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.H.); (S.L.); (K.K.C.H.)
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.S.T.S.); (T.S.S.); (S.L.A.T.); (K.O.K.); (P.-H.C.)
| | - Sida Liu
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.H.); (S.L.); (K.K.C.H.)
- GX Foundation, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Kevin K.C. Hung
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response (CCOUC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (Z.H.); (S.L.); (K.K.C.H.)
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.S.T.S.); (T.S.S.); (S.L.A.T.); (K.O.K.); (P.-H.C.)
- Accident & Emergency Medicine Academic Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shelly L.A. Tse
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.S.T.S.); (T.S.S.); (S.L.A.T.); (K.O.K.); (P.-H.C.)
| | - Kin On Kwok
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.S.T.S.); (T.S.S.); (S.L.A.T.); (K.O.K.); (P.-H.C.)
| | - Pui-Hong Chung
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.S.T.S.); (T.S.S.); (S.L.A.T.); (K.O.K.); (P.-H.C.)
| | - Ryoma Kayano
- World Health Organization Centre for Health Development, Kobe 651-0073, Japan;
| | - Rajib Shaw
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa 252-0882, Japan;
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A comparison of supervised machine learning algorithms for mosquito identification from backscattered optical signals. ECOL INFORM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Davidson JR, Baskin RN, Hasan H, Burton TA, Wardiman M, Rahma N, Saputra FR, Aulya MS, Wahid I, Syafruddin D, Hawkes FM, Lobo NF. Characterization of vector communities and biting behavior in South Sulawesi with host decoy traps and human landing catches. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:329. [PMID: 32600472 PMCID: PMC7324974 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indonesia has high mosquito diversity, with circulating malaria and arboviruses. Human landing catches (HLC) are ethically questionable where arboviral transmission occurs. The host decoy trap (HDT) is an exposure-free alternative outdoor sampling device. To determine HDT efficacy for local culicids, and to characterize local mosquito fauna, the trapping efficacy of the HDT was compared to that of HLCs in one peri-urban (Lakkang) and one rural (Pucak) village in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Results In Lakkang the outdoor HLCs collected significantly more Anopheles per night (n = 22 ± 9) than the HDT (n = 3 ± 1), while the HDT collected a significantly greater nightly average of Culex mosquitoes (n = 110 ± 42), than the outdoor HLC (n = 15.1 ± 6.0). In Pucak, there was no significant difference in Anopheles collected between trap types; however, the HDT collected significantly more Culex mosquitoes than the outdoor HLC nightly average (n = 53 ± 11 vs 14 ± 3). Significantly higher proportions of blood-fed mosquitoes were found in outdoor HLC (n = 15 ± 2%) compared to HDT (n = 2 ± 0%). More blood-fed culicines were collected with outdoor HLC compared to the HDT, while Anopheles blood-fed proportions did not differ. For the HDT, 52.6%, 36.8% and 10.5% of identified blood meals were on cow, human, and dog, respectively. Identified blood meals for outdoor HLCs were 91.9% human, 6.3% cow, and 0.9% each dog and cat. Mosquitoes from Pucak were tested for arboviruses, with one Culex pool and one Armigeres pool positive for flavivirus, and one Anopheles pool positive for alphavirus. Conclusions The HDT collected the highest abundance of culicine specimens. Outdoor HLCs collected the highest abundance of Anopheles specimens. Although the HDT can attract a range of different Asian mosquito genera and species, it remains to be optimized for Anopheles in Asia. The high proportion of human blood meals in mosquitoes collected by outdoor HLCs raises concerns on the potential exposure risk to collectors using this methodology and highlights the importance of continuing to optimize a host-mimic trap such as the HDT.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA.
| | - Robert N Baskin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Hajar Hasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Muhammad Wardiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nur Rahma
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Fadly R Saputra
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Sultanul Aulya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frances M Hawkes
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
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Day CA, Richards SL, Reiskind MH, Doyle MS, Byrd BD. Context-Dependent Accuracy of the BG-Counter Remote Mosquito Surveillance Device in North Carolina. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2020; 36:74-80. [PMID: 33647123 DOI: 10.2987/19-6903.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a clear need for improved vector surveillance approaches that are affordable, labor efficient, and safer than traditional methods. The BG-Counter (Biogents USA, Moorefield, WV) is a device for remotely monitoring mosquito activity in combination with the BG-Sentinel (Biogents USA), a widely used trap for the collection of host-seeking mosquitoes. The BG-Counter uses a wireless connection to provide real-time counts of mosquitoes captured by the BG-Sentinel, allowing users to remotely monitor mosquito populations. This study tested the effectiveness of the BG-Counter in 5 North Carolina counties. A total of 96 trap-days resulted in the collection of >45,000 individual mosquitoes representing 35 species. Aedes albopictus was the most common species collected in all counties, except for New Hanover County where Culex nigripalpus was the most common. The mean daily accuracy ranged from 80.1% (New Hanover County) to 9.4% (Jackson County). There was a significant linear relationship between the actual number of mosquitoes collected and the device counts at all sites except Jackson County, the site with the lowest relative mosquito abundance compared with nontarget organisms. A linear regression of daily BG-Counter accuracy and the daily proportion of mosquitoes to the total number of arthropods collected revealed a significant positive linear relationship, supporting the premise that the BG-Counter is less effective when the relative abundance of mosquitoes is low. Mosquito surveillance programs using the BG-Counter should recognize its context-dependent accuracy and routinely evaluate the accuracy of the device based on local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Day
- Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Program, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723
| | - Stephanie L Richards
- Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, Department of Health Education and Promotion, 3403 Carol Belk Building, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858
| | - Michael H Reiskind
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7623, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Michael S Doyle
- Communicable Disease Branch, North Carolina Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, 1902 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1902
| | - Brian D Byrd
- Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Program, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723
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Ortega-López LD, Pondeville E, Kohl A, León R, Betancourth MP, Almire F, Torres-Valencia S, Saldarriaga S, Mirzai N, Ferguson HM. The mosquito electrocuting trap as an exposure-free method for measuring human-biting rates by Aedes mosquito vectors. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:31. [PMID: 31941536 PMCID: PMC6961254 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entomological monitoring of Aedes vectors has largely relied on surveillance of larvae, pupae and non-host-seeking adults, which have been poorly correlated with human disease incidence. Exposure to mosquito-borne diseases can be more directly estimated using human landing catches (HLC), although this method is not recommended for Aedes-borne arboviruses. We evaluated a new method previously tested with malaria vectors, the mosquito electrocuting trap (MET) as an exposure-free alternative for measuring landing rates of Aedes mosquitoes on people. Aims were to (i) compare the MET to the BG-sentinel (BGS) trap gold standard approach for sampling host-seeking Aedes vectors; and (ii) characterize the diel activity of Aedes vectors and their association with microclimatic conditions. METHODS The study was conducted over 12 days in Quinindé (Ecuador) in May 2017. Mosquito sampling stations were set up in the peridomestic area of four houses. On each day of sampling, each house was allocated either a MET or a BGS trap, which were rotated amongst the four houses daily in a Latin square design. Mosquito abundance and microclimatic conditions were recorded hourly at each sampling station between 7:00-19:00 h to assess variation between vector abundance, trapping methods, and environmental conditions. All Aedes aegypti females were tested for the presence of Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses. RESULTS A higher number of Ae. aegypti females were found in MET than in BGS collections, although no statistically significant differences in mean Ae. aegypti abundance between trapping methods were found. Both trapping methods indicated female Ae. aegypti had bimodal patterns of host-seeking, being highest during early morning and late afternoon hours. Mean Ae. aegypti daily abundance was negatively associated with daily temperature. No infection by ZIKV, DENV or CHIKV was detected in any Aedes mosquitoes caught by either trapping method. CONCLUSION We conclude the MET performs at least as well as the BGS standard and offers the additional advantage of direct measurement of per capita human-biting rates. If detection of arboviruses can be confirmed in MET-collected Aedes in future studies, this surveillance method could provide a valuable tool for surveillance and prediction on human arboviral exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D. Ortega-López
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Emilie Pondeville
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Renato León
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica & Medicina Tropical (LEMMT), Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, 170901 Ecuador
| | | | - Floriane Almire
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Sergio Torres-Valencia
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica & Medicina Tropical (LEMMT), Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, 170901 Ecuador
| | - Segundo Saldarriaga
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica & Medicina Tropical (LEMMT), Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, 170901 Ecuador
| | - Nosrat Mirzai
- Bioelectronics Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
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Sanou A, Moussa Guelbéogo W, Nelli L, Hyacinth Toé K, Zongo S, Ouédraogo P, Cissé F, Mirzai N, Matthiopoulos J, Sagnon N, Ferguson HM. Evaluation of mosquito electrocuting traps as a safe alternative to the human landing catch for measuring human exposure to malaria vectors in Burkina Faso. Malar J 2019; 18:386. [PMID: 31791336 PMCID: PMC6889701 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring human exposure to mosquito bites is a crucial component of vector-borne disease surveillance. For malaria vectors, the human landing catch (HLC) remains the gold standard for direct estimation of exposure. This method, however, is controversial since participants risk exposure to potentially infected mosquito bites. Recently an exposure-free mosquito electrocuting trap (MET) was developed to provide a safer alternative to the HLC. Early prototypes of the MET performed well in Tanzania but have yet to be tested in West Africa, where malaria vector species composition, ecology and behaviour are different. The performance of the MET relative to HLC for characterizing mosquito vector population dynamics and biting behaviour in Burkina Faso was evaluated. METHODS A longitudinal study was initiated within 12 villages in Burkina Faso in October 2016. Host-seeking mosquitoes were sampled monthly using HLC and MET collections over 14 months. Collections were made at 4 households on each night, with METs deployed inside and outside at 2 houses, and HLC inside and outside at another two. Malaria vector abundance, species composition, sporozoite rate and location of biting (indoor versus outdoor) were recorded. RESULTS In total, 41,800 mosquitoes were collected over 324 sampling nights, with the major malaria vector being Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) complex. Overall the MET caught fewer An. gambiae s.l. than the HLC (mean predicted number of 0.78 versus 1.82 indoors, and 1.05 versus 2.04 outdoors). However, MET collections gave a consistent representation of seasonal dynamics in vector populations, species composition, biting behaviour (location and time) and malaria infection rates relative to HLC. As the relative performance of the MET was somewhat higher in outdoor versus indoor settings, this trapping method slightly underestimated the proportion of bites preventable by LLINs compared to the HLC (MET = 82.08%; HLC = 87.19%). CONCLUSIONS The MET collected proportionately fewer mosquitoes than the HLC. However, estimates of An. gambiae s.l. density in METs were highly correlated with HLC. Thus, although less sensitive, the MET is a safer alternative than the HLC. Its use is recommended particularly for sampling vectors in outdoor environments where it is most sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Sanou
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Av. Kunda nyooré, PO Box 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - W Moussa Guelbéogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Av. Kunda nyooré, PO Box 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - K Hyacinth Toé
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Av. Kunda nyooré, PO Box 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Soumanaba Zongo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Av. Kunda nyooré, PO Box 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Pierre Ouédraogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Av. Kunda nyooré, PO Box 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Fatoumata Cissé
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Av. Kunda nyooré, PO Box 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nosrat Mirzai
- Bioelectronics Units, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - N'falé Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Av. Kunda nyooré, PO Box 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Davidson JR, Wahid I, Sudirman R, Makuru V, Hasan H, Arfah AM, Nur N, Hidayat MY, Hendershot AL, Xiao H, Yu X, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D, Lobo NF. Comparative field evaluation of kelambu traps, barrier screens and barrier screens with eaves for longitudinal surveillance of adult Anopheles mosquitoes in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:399. [PMID: 31409374 PMCID: PMC6693138 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sampling methodologies for mosquitoes that are capable of transmitting vector-borne infectious diseases provide critical information on entomological endpoints. Reliable and meaningful field data is vital to the understanding of basic vector biology as well as disease transmission. Various traps take advantage of different vector behaviors and are inevitably subject to sampling biases. This study represents the first comparison of kelambu traps (KT) to barrier screens (BS), barrier screens with eaves (BSE) and indoor and outdoor human landing catches (HLCs). Methods Two trap comparison studies were undertaken. In the first study, mosquitoes were collected in Karama over 26 trapping nights to evaluate the kelambu trap relative to indoor and outdoor HLCs. In the second study, mosquitoes were collected in Karama over 12 trapping nights to compare the kelambu trap, barrier screen, barrier screen with eaves and outdoor HLCs. The kelambu trap, barrier screen and barrier screen with eaves obstruct the flight of mosquitos. HLCs target host-seeking behaviors. Results There was no significant difference between indoor and outdoor HLCs for overall Anopheles mosquito abundance. All five of the molecularly identified Anopheles species collected by HLCs, An. aconitus, An. barbirostris, An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus and An. tessellatus, are reported as vectors of malaria in Indonesia. The kelambu trap (n = 2736) collected significantly more Anopheles mosquitoes than indoor HLCs (n = 1286; Z = 3.193, P = 0.004), but not the outdoor HLCs (n = 1580; Z = 2.325, P = 0.053). All traps collected statistically similar abundances for the primary species, An. barbirostris. However, both comparison studies found significantly higher abundances for the kelambu trap for several secondary species compared to all other traps: An. nigerriumus, An. parangensis, An. tessellatus and An. vagus. The kelambu trap retained the highest species richness and Gini-Simpson’s diversity index for both comparison studies. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the kelambu trap collects overall Anopheles abundance and species-specific abundances at statistically similar or higher rates than HLCs in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Therefore, the kelambu trap should be considered as an exposure-free alternative to HLCs for research questions regarding Anopheles species in this malaria endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rusdiyah Sudirman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Victoria Makuru
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Hajar Hasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Muhammad Arfah
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nirwana Nur
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf Hidayat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Allison L Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Honglin Xiao
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | - Din Syafruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute (BRI), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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33
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Morrison AC, Schwarz J, Long KC, Cordova J, Rios JE, Quiroz WL, Vizcarra SA, Hontz RD, Scott TW, Lambrechts L, Paz Soldan VA. Acceptability of Aedes aegypti blood feeding on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in Iquitos, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007090. [PMID: 30742621 PMCID: PMC6386403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a study to investigate drivers of dengue virus (DENV) transmission dynamics, this qualitative study explored whether DENV-infected residents of Iquitos, Peru, considered it acceptable (1) to participate in direct mosquito feeding experiments (lab-reared Aedes aegypti mosquitoes fed directly on human volunteers) and (2) to provide blood meals indirectly (Ae. aegypti fed on blood drawn from participants by venipuncture). Twelve focus group discussions (FGDs; 94 participants: 82 females and 12 males) were conducted in January 2014 to explore six themes: (1) concerns and preferences regarding direct mosquito feeds and blood draws, (2) comprehension of and misconceptions about study procedures, (3) motivating factors for participation, (4) acceptability of children's participation, (5) willingness to provide multiple samples over several days, and (6) preference for direct feedings in homes versus the study laboratory. Results of FGDs, including one with 5 of 53 past direct mosquito feed participants, indicated that mosquito feeding procedures are acceptable to Iquitos residents when they are provided with information and a few key messages are properly reinforced. FGD participants' concerns focused primarily on safety issues rather than discomfort associated with mosquito bites. A video explaining the study dramatically increased comprehension of the study procedures. The majority of participants expressed a preference for mosquito feeding over venipuncture. Adults supported child participation if the children themselves assented. For most participants, home feedings were preferred over those in a laboratory. A major impetus for participation was the idea that results would contribute to an improved understanding of DENV transmission in Iquitos. Findings from our study will support future large-scale studies that employ direct mosquito feeding, a low-risk, non-invasive procedure that is experimentally superior to artificial mosquito feeding methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Morrison
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Virology and Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Washington DC, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - Julia Schwarz
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kanya C. Long
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jhonny Cordova
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Rios
- Virology and Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Washington DC, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - W. Lorena Quiroz
- Virology and Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Washington DC, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - S. Alfonso Vizcarra
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Hontz
- Virology and Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Washington DC, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Insect-Virus Interactions Group, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | - Valerie A. Paz Soldan
- Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Abong'o B, Yu X, Donnelly MJ, Geier M, Gibson G, Gimnig J, Ter Kuile F, Lobo NF, Ochomo E, Munga S, Ombok M, Samuels A, Torr SJ, Hawkes FM. Host Decoy Trap (HDT) with cattle odour is highly effective for collection of exophagic malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:533. [PMID: 30318015 PMCID: PMC6191991 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As currently implemented, malaria vector surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa targets endophagic and endophilic mosquitoes, leaving exophagic (outdoor blood-feeding) mosquitoes underrepresented. We evaluated the recently developed host decoy trap (HDT) and compared it to the gold standard, human landing catch (HLC), in a 3 × 3 Latin square study design outdoors in western Kenya. HLCs are considered to represent the natural range of Anopheles biting-behaviour compared to other sampling tools, and therefore, in principle, provide the most reliable profile of the biting population transmitting malaria. The HDT incorporates the main host stimuli that attract blood-meal seeking mosquitoes and can be baited with the odours of live hosts. RESULTS Numbers and species diversity of trapped mosquitoes varied significantly between HLCs and HDTs baited with human (HDT-H) or cattle (HDT-C) odour, revealing important differences in behaviour of Anopheles species. In the main study in Kisian, the HDT-C collected a nightly mean of 43.2 (95% CI: 26.7-69.8) Anopheles, compared to 5.8 (95% CI: 4.1-8.2) in HLC, while HDT-H collected 0.97 (95% CI: 0.4-2.1), significantly fewer than the HLC. Significantly higher proportions of An. arabiensis were caught in HDT-Cs (0.94 ± 0.01; SE) and HDT-Hs (0.76 ± 0.09; SE) than in HLCs (0.45 ± 0.05; SE) per trapping night. The proportion of An. gambiae (s.s.) was highest in HLC (0.55 ± 0.05; SE) followed by HDT-H (0.20 ± 0.09; SE) and least in HDT-C (0.06 ± 0.01; SE). An unbaited HDT placed beside locales where cattle are usually corralled overnight caught mostly An. arabiensis with proportions of 0.97 ± 0.02 and 0.80 ± 0.2 relative to the total anopheline catch in the presence and absence of cattle, respectively. A mean of 10.4 (95% CI: 2.0-55.0) Anopheles/night were trapped near cattle, compared to 0.4 (95% CI: 0.1-1.7) in unbaited HDT away from hosts. CONCLUSIONS The capability of HDTs to combine host odours, heat and visual stimuli to simulate a host provides the basis of a system to sample human- and cattle-biting mosquitoes. HDT-C is particularly effective for collecting An. arabiensis outdoors. The HDT offers the prospect of a system to monitor and potentially control An. arabiensis and other outdoor-biting mosquitoes more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Abong'o
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK. .,Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya. .,Abt Associates Inc. PMI-VectorLink Kenya, Whitehouse, Milimani, Kisumu, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Gabriella Gibson
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - John Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Feiko Ter Kuile
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Stephen Munga
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Maurice Ombok
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Aaron Samuels
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisian Campus, Off Busia Road, P O Box 1578, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya
| | - Stephen J Torr
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Frances M Hawkes
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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Davidson JR, Sukowati S, Shinta, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D, Baskin RN, St Laurent B, Hawley WA, Liu F, Burkot TR, Collins FH, Lobo NF. Using barrier screens to characterize mosquito composition, flight activity, and abdominal status in South Lampung, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:440. [PMID: 30064507 PMCID: PMC6069869 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito sampling methods target different aspects of mosquito behavior and are subject to trap and location specific biases. The barrier screen sampling method was developed and tested to sample free-flying, blood-fed, and host-seeking mosquitoes. During a pilot study, this method was useful in obtaining an unbiased sample of mosquitoes flying between outdoor larval habitats, and sites where blood meals were obtained. However, a relatively small number of blood-fed Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in Indonesia during the pilot study. The sampling method was extended in South Lampung, Indonesia, to enable the collection of blood-fed mosquitoes. This study aimed to intercept mosquitoes flying between human habitations and larval habitats with a barrier screen and to characterize mosquito composition, flight characteristics (direction, height and time), abdominal status, and parity. Results Barrier screens intercepted 15 different mosquito species in South Lampung: eight Anopheles spp. and seven Culex spp. Species compositions varied among the villages in South Lampung. About 15% of Anopheles spp. caught were blood-fed, of which 28.2% of those tested had fed on humans. This is the first time human blood-fed anophelines have been collected in Indonesia using barrier screens. Blood meals identified included cow, dog, goat, and human, as well as mixed blood meals. Activity of unfed An. subpictus, the primary vector collected, flying towards human habitations peaked between 20:00–12:00 h, with a slow decline in activity until 18:00 h. Unfed and fed An. sundaicus, had a different activity profile compared to An. subpictus. Other species demonstrated varied peak activity times, with earlier activity occurring as a general trend. For the Anopheles mosquitoes collected, 55.5% were collected below 0.5 m and 83.9% were captured resting < 1 m from the ground. Parity dissections enabled age structure by species, which revealed species-specific traits such as nulliparous An. subpictus being more active early in the night relative to An. sundaicus. Conclusions This study demonstrates that barrier screens are an effective mosquito sampling method that can be used to gain insights into local mosquito species composition, flight characteristics (direction, height and time), abdominal status, and parity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Supratman Sukowati
- Pusat Teknologi Intervensi Kesehatan Masyarakat, Badan Litbangkes Kemenkes (Center for Public Health Intervention Technology, Ministry of Health), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shinta
- Pusat Teknologi Intervensi Kesehatan Masyarakat, Badan Litbangkes Kemenkes (Center for Public Health Intervention Technology, Ministry of Health), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Robert N Baskin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Brandy St Laurent
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - William A Hawley
- Child Development and Survival Cluster, UNICEF, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fang Liu
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- James Cook University, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, QLD, Cairns, 4870, Australia
| | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Cabrera OL, Santamaría E, Pardo RH. Experimental hut to study the indoor behaviour and effects of insecticide-treated bednets on phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180131. [PMID: 30043837 PMCID: PMC6052505 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioural effects of insecticides on endophagic phlebotomine sand fly vectors of Leishmania are poorly understood mainly because of the lack of an experimental hut (EH) in which to study them. OBJECTIVE To build an EH to evaluate the effects of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) on Lutzomyia longiflocosa. METHODS The study had two phases: (1) Laboratory experiments using tunnel tests to select the traps for the EH; and (2) EH construction and evaluation of the effects of deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin LLINs on L. longiflocosa females inside the EH. FINDINGS Phase 1: The horizontal-slit trap was the best trap. This trap collected the highest percentage of sand flies, and prevented them from escaping. Therefore, this trap was used in the EH. Phase 2: The main effects of LLINs on L. longiflocosa in the EH were: landing inhibition, inhibition from entering the bednet, induced exophily, and high mortality (total and inside exit traps). CONCLUSIONS The EH was effective for evaluating the effects of LLINs on endophagic sand flies. Although both types of LLINs showed high efficacy, the lambda-cyhalothrin-treated LLIN performed better. This is the first report of induced exophily in sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Santamaría
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Grupo de Entomología, Bogotá, Colombia
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James S, Collins FH, Welkhoff PA, Emerson C, Godfray HCJ, Gottlieb M, Greenwood B, Lindsay SW, Mbogo CM, Okumu FO, Quemada H, Savadogo M, Singh JA, Tountas KH, Touré YT. Pathway to Deployment of Gene Drive Mosquitoes as a Potential Biocontrol Tool for Elimination of Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recommendations of a Scientific Working Group †. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1-49. [PMID: 29882508 PMCID: PMC5993454 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene drive technology offers the promise for a high-impact, cost-effective, and durable method to control malaria transmission that would make a significant contribution to elimination. Gene drive systems, such as those based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein, have the potential to spread beneficial traits through interbreeding populations of malaria mosquitoes. However, the characteristics of this technology have raised concerns that necessitate careful consideration of the product development pathway. A multidisciplinary working group considered the implications of low-threshold gene drive systems on the development pathway described in the World Health Organization Guidance Framework for testing genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes, focusing on reduction of malaria transmission by Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in Africa as a case study. The group developed recommendations for the safe and ethical testing of gene drive mosquitoes, drawing on prior experience with other vector control tools, GM organisms, and biocontrol agents. These recommendations are organized according to a testing plan that seeks to maximize safety by incrementally increasing the degree of human and environmental exposure to the investigational product. As with biocontrol agents, emphasis is placed on safety evaluation at the end of physically confined laboratory testing as a major decision point for whether to enter field testing. Progression through the testing pathway is based on fulfillment of safety and efficacy criteria, and is subject to regulatory and ethical approvals, as well as social acceptance. The working group identified several resources that were considered important to support responsible field testing of gene drive mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie James
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Gottlieb
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian Greenwood
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hector Quemada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Moussa Savadogo
- New Partnership for Africa’s Development, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jerome A. Singh
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Karen H. Tountas
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeya T. Touré
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Benedict MQ, Charlwood JD, Harrington LC, Lounibos LP, Reisen WK, Tabachnick WJ. Guidance for Evaluating the Safety of Experimental Releases of Mosquitoes, Emphasizing Mark-Release-Recapture Techniques. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:39-48. [PMID: 29337660 PMCID: PMC5846569 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental releases of mosquitoes are performed to understand characteristics of populations related to the biology, ability to transmit pathogens, and ultimately their control. In this article, we discuss considerations related to the safety of experimental releases of living mosquitoes, applying principles of good practice in vector biology that protect human health and comfort. We describe specific factors of experimental releases of mosquitoes that we believe are critical to inform institutional biosafety committees and similar review boards to which proposals to conduct mosquito release experiments have been submitted. In this study, "experimental releases" means those that do not significantly increase vector capacity or nuisance biting relative to the unperturbed natural baseline. This document specifically does not address releases of mosquitoes for ongoing control programs or trials of new control methods for which broader assessments of risk are required. It also does not address releases of transgenic or exotic (non-native) mosquito species, both of which require particular regulatory approval. Experimental releases may include females and males and evaluation must consider their effects based on the number released, their genotype and phenotype, the environment into which they are released, and postrelease collection activities. We consider whether increases of disease transmission and nuisance biting might result from proposed experimental releases against the backdrop of natural population size variation. We recommend that experimental releases be conducted in a manner that can be reasonably argued to have insignificant negative effects. Reviewers of proposals for experimental releases should expect applicants to provide such an argument based on evidence from similar studies and their planned activities. This document provides guidance for creating and evaluating such proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Q. Benedict
- Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J. Derek Charlwood
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - L. Philip Lounibos
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - William K. Reisen
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Walter J. Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, IFAS, Vero Beach, Florida
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Exploiting Anopheles responses to thermal, odour and visual stimuli to improve surveillance and control of malaria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17283. [PMID: 29229938 PMCID: PMC5725576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito surveillance and control are at the heart of efforts to eliminate malaria, however, there remain significant gaps in our understanding of mosquito behaviour that impede innovation. We hypothesised that a combination of human-associated stimuli could be used to attract and kill malaria vectors more successfully than individual stimuli, and at least as well as a real human. To test this in the field, we quantified Anopheles responses to olfactory, visual and thermal stimuli in Burkina Faso using a simple adhesive trap. Traps baited with human odour plus high contrast visual stimuli caught more Anopheles than traps with odour alone, showing that despite their nocturnal habit, malaria vectors make use of visual cues in host-seeking. The best performing traps, however, combined odour and visual stimuli with a thermal signature in the range equivalent to human body temperature. When tested against a human landing catch during peak mosquito abundance, this “host decoy” trap caught nearly ten times the number of Anopheles mosquitoes caught by a human collector. Exploiting the behavioural responses of mosquitoes to the entire suite of host stimuli promises to revolutionise vector surveillance and provide new paradigms in disease control.
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Pilotte N, Unnasch TR, Williams SA. The Current Status of Molecular Xenomonitoring for Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:788-798. [PMID: 28756911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of vector insect surveillance to provide estimates of pathogen prevalence and transmission potential has long been recognized within the global communities tasked with eliminating lymphatic filariasis (LF), the underlying cause of elephantiasis and hydrocele, and onchocerciasis (river blindness). Initially restricted to the practice of dissection, the potential of vector monitoring has grown due to the advent of molecular methods capable of increasing the sensitivity and throughput of testing. However, despite such advancement, operational research gaps remain. If insufficiently addressed, these gaps will reduce the utility of molecular xenomonitoring (MX) for onchocerciasis as elimination efforts expand into Africa. Similarly, such shortcomings will limit the programmatic usefulness of MX for LF, resulting in this technique's significant underutilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Pilotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Thomas R Unnasch
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Steven A Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Hawkes F, Manin BO, Ng SH, Torr SJ, Drakeley C, Chua TH, Ferguson HM. Evaluation of electric nets as means to sample mosquito vectors host-seeking on humans and primates. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:338. [PMID: 28720113 PMCID: PMC5516363 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium knowlesi is found in macaques and is the only major zoonotic malaria to affect humans. Transmission of P. knowlesi between people and macaques depends on the host species preferences and feeding behavior of mosquito vectors. However, these behaviours are difficult to measure due to the lack of standardized methods for sampling potential vectors attracted to different host species. This study evaluated electrocuting net traps as a safe, standardised method for sampling P. knowlesi vectors attracted to human and macaque hosts. Field experiments were conducted within a major focus on P. knowlesi transmission in Malaysian Borneo to compare the performance of human (HENET) or macaque (MENET) odour-baited electrocuting nets, human landing catches (HLC) and monkey-baited traps (MBT) for sampling mosquitoes. The abundance and diversity of Anopheles sampled by different methods were compared over 40 nights, with a focus on the P. knowlesi vector Anopheles balabancensis. RESULTS HLC caught more An. balabacensis than any other method (3.6 per night). In contrast, no An. balabacensis were collected in MBT collections, which generally performed poorly for all mosquito taxa. Anopheles vector species including An. balabacensis were sampled in both HENET and MENET collections, but at a mean abundance of less than 1 per night. There was no difference between HENET and MENET in the overall abundance (P = 0.05) or proportion (P = 0.7) of An. balabacensis. The estimated diversity of Anopheles species was marginally higher in electrocuting net than HLC collections, and similar in collections made with humans or monkey hosts. CONCLUSIONS Host-baited electrocuting nets had moderate success for sampling known zoonotic malaria vectors. The primary vector An. balabacensis was collected with electrocuting nets baited both with humans and macaques, but at a considerably lower density than the HLC standard. However, electrocuting nets were considerably more successful than monkey-baited traps and representatively characterised anopheline species diversity. Consequently, their use allows inferences about relative mosquito attraction to be meaningfully interpreted while eliminating confounding factors due to trapping method. On this basis, electrocuting net traps should be considered as a useful standardised method for investigating vector contact with humans and wildlife reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Hawkes
- Agriculture Health & Environment Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Benny Obrain Manin
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
| | - Sui Han Ng
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
| | - Stephen J Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Tock H Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
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Hendy A, Sluydts V, Tushar T, De Witte J, Odonga P, Loum D, Nyaraga M, Lakwo T, Dujardin JC, Post R, Kalinga A, Echodu R. Esperanza Window Traps for the collection of anthropophilic blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Uganda and Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005688. [PMID: 28628653 PMCID: PMC5491316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need to evaluate the impact of chemotherapeutic and vector-based interventions as onchocerciasis affected countries work towards eliminating the disease. The Esperanza Window Trap (EWT) provides a possible alternative to human landing collections (HLCs) for the collection of anthropophilic blackflies, yet it is not known whether current designs will prove effective for onchocerciasis vectors throughout sub-Saharan Africa. EWTs were deployed for 41 days in northern Uganda and south eastern Tanzania where different Simulium damnosum sibling species are responsible for disease transmission. The relative efficacy of EWTs and HLCs was compared, and responses of host-seeking blackflies to odour baits, colours, and yeast-produced CO2 were investigated. Blue EWTs baited with CO2 and worn socks collected 42.3% (2,393) of the total S. damnosum s.l. catch in northern Uganda. Numbers were comparable with those collected by HLCs (32.1%, 1,817), and higher than those collected on traps baited with CO2 and BG-Lure (25.6%, 1,446), a synthetic human attractant. Traps performed less well for the collection of S. damnosum s.l. in Tanzania where HLCs (72.5%, 2,432) consistently outperformed both blue (16.8%, 563) and black (10.7%, 360) traps baited with CO2 and worn socks. HLCs (72.3%, 361) also outperformed sock-baited (6.4%, 32) and BG-Lure-baited (21.2%, 106) traps for the collection of anthropophilic Simulium bovis in northern Uganda. Contrasting blackfly distributions were observed on traps in Uganda and Tanzania, indicating differences in behaviour in each area. The success of EWT collections of S. damnosum s.l. in northern Uganda was not replicated in Tanzania, or for the collection of anthropophilic S. bovis. Further research to improve the understanding of behavioural responses of vector sibling species to traps and their attractants should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hendy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Taylor Tushar
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacobus De Witte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Odonga
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Loum
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Nyaraga
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Thomson Lakwo
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rory Post
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Akili Kalinga
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tukuyu Research Centre, Tukuyu, Tanzania
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Killeen GF, Marshall JM, Kiware SS, South AB, Tusting LS, Chaki PP, Govella NJ. Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimise malaria vector control impact. BMJ Glob Health 2017; 2:e000212. [PMID: 28589023 PMCID: PMC5444085 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual malaria transmission can persist despite high coverage with effective long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and/or indoor residual spraying (IRS), because many vector mosquitoes evade them by feeding on animals, feeding outdoors, resting outdoors or rapidly exiting from houses after entering them. However, many of these behaviours that render vectors resilient to control with IRS and LLINs also make them vulnerable to some emerging new alternative interventions. Furthermore, vector control measures targeting preferred behaviours of mosquitoes often force them to express previously rare alternative behaviours, which can then be targeted with these complementary new interventions. For example, deployment of LLINs against vectors that historically fed predominantly indoors on humans typically results in persisting transmission by residual populations that survive by feeding outdoors on humans and animals, where they may then be targeted with vapour-phase insecticides and veterinary insecticides, respectively. So while the ability of mosquitoes to express alternative behaviours limits the impact of LLINs and IRS, it also creates measurable and unprecedented opportunities for deploying complementary additional approaches that would otherwise be ineffective. Now that more diverse vector control methods are finally becoming available, well-established entomological field techniques for surveying adult mosquito behaviours should be fully exploited by national malaria control programmes, to rationally and adaptively map out new opportunities for their effective deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - John M Marshall
- Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Samson S Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Lucy S Tusting
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prosper P Chaki
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nicodem J Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
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A low technology emanator treated with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin confers long term protection against outdoor biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005455. [PMID: 28388682 PMCID: PMC5384659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vapor phase of the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin incapacitates mosquitoes and prevents them from feeding. Although existing emanator products for delivering volatile pyrethroids protect against outdoor mosquito bites, they are too short-lived to be practical or affordable for routine use in low-income settings. New transfluthrin emanators, comprised simply of treated hessian fabric strips, have recently proven highly protective against outdoor-biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria, but their full protective lifespan, minimum dose requirements, and range of protection have not previously been assessed. METHODOLOGY The effects of transfluthrin-treated hessian strips upon mosquito biting exposure of users and nearby non-users, as well as dependence of protection upon treatment dose, were measured outdoors in rural Tanzania using human landing catches (HLC). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Strips treated with 10ml of transfluthrin prevented at least three quarters (p < 0.001) of outdoor bites by Anopheles arabiensis, Culex spp. and Mansonia spp. mosquitoes, and >90% protection against bites on warmer nights with higher evaporation rates, for at least one year. Strips treated with this high dose also reduced biting exposure of non-users at a distance of up to 5m from the strips for An. arabiensis (p < 0.001) and up to 2m for Mansonia spp. (p = 0.008), but provided no protection to non-users against Culex spp. No evidence of increased risk for non-users, caused by diversion of mosquitoes to unprotected individuals, was found at any distance within an 80m radius. A dose of only 1ml provided equivalent protection to the 10ml dose against An. arabiensis, Culex spp. and Mansonia spp. mosquitoes over 6 months (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Transfluthrin-treated hessian emanators provide safe, affordable, long-term protection against several different pathogen-transmitting mosquito taxa that attack humans outdoors, where they are usually active and cannot be protected by bed nets or residual sprays with conventional, solid-phase insecticides.
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Lima JBP, Galardo AKR, Bastos LS, Lima AWDS, Rosa-Freitas MG. MosqTent: An individual portable protective double-chamber mosquito trap for anthropophilic mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005245. [PMID: 28278171 PMCID: PMC5344318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the development of the MosqTent, an innovative double-chamber mosquito trap in which a human being attracts mosquitoes while is protected from being bitten within the inner chamber of the trap, while mosquitoes are lured to enter an outer chamber where they are trapped. The MosqTent previously collected an average of 3,000 anophelines/man-hour compared to 240 anophelines/man-hour for the human landing catch (HLC), thereby providing high numbers of human host–seeking mosquitoes while protecting the collector from mosquito bites. The MosqTent performed well by collecting a high number of specimens of Anophelesmarajoara, a local vector and anthropophilic mosquito species present in high density, but not so well in collecting An. darlingi, an anthropophilic mosquito species considered the main vector in Brazil but is present in low-density conditions in the area. The HLC showed a higher efficiency in collecting An. darlingi in these low-density conditions. The MosqTent is light (<1 kg), portable (comes as a bag with two handles), flexible (can be used with other attractants), adaptable (can be deployed in a variety of environmental settings and weather conditions), and it can be used in the intra-, peri-, and in the extradomicile. Also, the MosqTent collected similar portions of parous females and anthropophilic mosquito species and collects specimens suitable for downstream analysis. Further developments may include testing for other fabric colors, different mesh sizes and dimensions for other hematophagous insects and conditions, additional chemical mosquito attractants, and even the replacement of the human attractant in favor of other attractants. MosqTent modifications that would allow the trap to be applied as a vector control tool with killing action could also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Arthur Weiss da Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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47
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Mains JW, Brelsfoard CL, Rose RI, Dobson SL. Female Adult Aedes albopictus Suppression by Wolbachia-Infected Male Mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33846. [PMID: 27659038 PMCID: PMC5034338 DOI: 10.1038/srep33846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses are pathogens with an increasing global impact. In the absence of an approved vaccine or therapy, their management relies on controlling the mosquito vectors. But traditional controls are inadequate, and the range of invasive species such as Aedes albopictus (Asian Tiger Mosquito) is expanding. Genetically modified mosquitoes are being tested, but their use has encountered regulatory barriers and public opposition in some countries. Wolbachia bacteria can cause a form of conditional sterility, which can provide an alternative to genetic modification or irradiation. It is unknown however, whether openly released, artificially infected male Ae. albopictus can competitively mate and sterilize females at a level adequate to suppress a field population. Also, the unintended establishment of Wolbachia at the introduction site could result from horizontal transmission or inadvertent female release. In 2014, an Experimental Use Permit from the United States Environmental Protection Agency approved a pilot field trial in Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Here, we present data showing localized reduction of both egg hatch and adult female numbers. The artificial Wolbachia type was not observed to establish in the field. The results are discussed in relation to the applied use of Wolbachia-infected males as a biopesticide to suppress field populations of Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Mains
- MosquitoMate, Inc., 2520 Regency Rd., Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | | | - Robert I Rose
- Biotechnology Regulatory Consultant, 8322 Sharon Dr., Frederick, MD 21704, USA
| | - Stephen L Dobson
- MosquitoMate, Inc., 2520 Regency Rd., Lexington, KY 40503, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Govella NJ, Maliti DF, Mlwale AT, Masallu JP, Mirzai N, Johnson PCD, Ferguson HM, Killeen GF. An improved mosquito electrocuting trap that safely reproduces epidemiologically relevant metrics of mosquito human-feeding behaviours as determined by human landing catch. Malar J 2016; 15:465. [PMID: 27618941 PMCID: PMC5020444 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable quantification of mosquito host—seeking behaviours is required to determine the efficacy of vector control methods. For malaria, the gold standard approach remains the risky human landing catch (HLC). Here compare the performance of an improved prototype of the mosquito electrocuting grid trap (MET) as a safer alternative with HLC for measuring malaria vector behaviour in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods Mosquito trapping was conducted at three sites within Dar es Salaam representing a range of urbanicity over a 7-month period (December 2012–July 2013, 168 sampling nights). At each site, sampling was conducted in a block of four houses, with two houses being allocated to HLC and the other to MET on each night of study. Sampling was conducted both indoors and outdoors (from 19:00 to 06:00 each night) at all houses, with trapping method (HLC and MET) being exchanged between pairs of houses at each site using a crossover design. Results The MET caught significantly more Anopheles gambiae sensu lato than the HLC, both indoors (RR [95 % confidence interval (CI)]) = 1.47 [1.23–1.76], P < 0.0001 and outdoors = 1.38 [1.14–1.67], P < 0.0001). The sensitivity of MET compared with HLC did not detectably change over the course of night for either An. gambiae s.l. (OR [CI]) = 1.01 [0.94–1.02], P = 0.27) or Culex spp. (OR [CI]) = 0.99 [0.99–1.0], P = 0.17) indoors and declined only slightly outdoors: An. gambiae s.l. (OR [CI]) = 0.92 [0.86–0.99], P = 0.04), and Culex spp. (OR [CI]) = 0.99 [0.98–0.99], P = 0.03). MET-based estimates of the proportions of mosquitoes caught indoors (Pi) or during sleeping hours (Pfl), as well as the proportion of human exposure to bites that would otherwise occurs indoors (πi), were statistically indistinguishable from those based on HLC for An. gambiae s.l. (P = 0.43, 0.07 and 0.48, respectively) and Culex spp. (P = 0.76, 0.24 and 0.55, respectively). Conclusions This improved MET prototype is highly sensitive tool that accurately quantifies epidemiologically-relevant metrics of mosquito biting densities, behaviours and human exposure distribution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1513-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicodem J Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Coordination Office, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Deodatus F Maliti
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Coordination Office, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amos T Mlwale
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Coordination Office, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - John P Masallu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Coordination Office, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nosrat Mirzai
- Bioelectronics Unit, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Paul C D Johnson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Coordination Office, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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49
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Maliti DV, Govella NJ, Killeen GF, Mirzai N, Johnson PCD, Kreppel K, Ferguson HM. Development and evaluation of mosquito-electrocuting traps as alternatives to the human landing catch technique for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors. Malar J 2015; 14:502. [PMID: 26670881 PMCID: PMC4681165 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-1025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human landing catch (HLC) is the gold standard method for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors. However, the HLC is ethically questionable because it requires exposure of humans to potentially infectious mosquito bites. Methods Two exposure-free methods for sampling host-seeking mosquitoes were evaluated using electrocuting surfaces as potential replacements for HLC: (1) a previously evaluated, commercially available electrocuting grid (CA-EG) designed for killing flies, and (2) a custom-made mosquito electrocuting trap (MET) designed to kill African malaria vectors.
The MET and the CA-EG were evaluated relative to the HLC in a Latin Square experiment conducted in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. The sampling consistency of the traps across the night and at varying mosquito densities was investigated. Estimates of the proportion of mosquitoes caught indoors (Pi), proportion of human exposure occurring indoors (πi), and proportion of mosquitoes caught when most people are likely to be indoors (Pfl) were compared for all traps. Results Whereas the CA-EG performed poorly (<10 % of catch of HLC), sampling efficiency of the MET for sampling Anopheles funestuss.l. was indistinguishable from HLC indoors and outdoors. For Anopheles gambiae s.l., sampling sensitivity of MET was 20.9 % (95 % CI 10.3–42.2) indoors and 58.5 % (95 % CI 32.2–106.2) outdoors relative to HLC. There was no evidence of density-dependent sampling by the MET or CA-EG. Similar estimates of Pi were obtained for An. gambiaes.l. and An. funestus s.l. from all trapping methods. The proportion of mosquitoes caught when people are usually indoors (Pfl) was underestimated by the CA-EG and MET for An. gambiae s.l., but similar to the HLC for An. funestus. Estimates of the proportion of human exposure occurring indoors (πi) obtained from the CA-EG and MET were similar to the HLC for An. gambiae s.l., but overestimated for An. funestus. Conclusions The MET showed promise as an outdoor sampling tool for malaria vectors where it achieved >50 % sampling sensitivity relative to the HLC. The CA-EG had poor sampling sensitivity outdoors and inside. With further modification, the MET could provide an efficient and safer alternative to the HLC for the surveillance of mosquito vectors outdoors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-1025-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deodatus V Maliti
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK. .,Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. .,School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology Tanzania, PO Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Nicodem J Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. .,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Nosrat Mirzai
- Bioelectronics Unit, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Paul C D Johnson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Katharina Kreppel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK. .,Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni B, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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50
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Sriwichai P, Karl S, Samung Y, Sumruayphol S, Kiattibutr K, Payakkapol A, Mueller I, Yan G, Cui L, Sattabongkot J. Evaluation of CDC light traps for mosquito surveillance in a malaria endemic area on the Thai-Myanmar border. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:636. [PMID: 26666683 PMCID: PMC4678759 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (CDC-LT) baited with CO2 are a routine tool for adult mosquito sampling used in entomological surveys, and for monitoring and surveillance of disease vectors. The present study was aimed at evaluating the performance of baited and unbaited CDC-LT for indoor and outdoor trapping of endemic mosquito species in northwestern Thailand. Methods CDC-LT (n = 112) with and without dry ice baits were set both indoors and outdoors in 88 selected houses for stretches of 5 consecutive nights per month in 7 villages in Tha Song Yang district, Tak province between January 2011 and March 2013. Individual traps were repeatedly placed in the same location for a median of 6 (range 1–10) times. Mosquitoes were identified by morphological characteristics and classified into blood-fed, empty, male/female and gravid. Absolute mosquito numbers were converted to capture rates (i.e., mosquitoes per trap and year). Capture rates were compared using multilevel negative binomial regression to account for multiple trap placements and adjust for regional and seasonal differences. Results A total of 6,668 mosquitoes from 9 genera were collected from 576 individual CDC-LT placements. Culex was the predominant captured genus (46 %), followed by anopheline mosquitoes (45 %). Overall, CO2 baited traps captured significantly more Culex (especially Culex vishnui Theobald) and Anopheles mosquitoes per unit time (adjusted capture rate ratio (aCRR) 1.64 and 1.38, respectively). Armigeres spp. mosquitoes were trapped in outdoor traps with significantly higher frequency (aCRR: 1.50), whereas Aedes albopictus (Skuse) had a tendency to be trapped more frequently indoors (aCRR: 1.89, p = 0.07). Furthermore, capture rate ratios between CO2 baited and non-baited CDC-LT were significantly influenced by seasonality and indoor vs. outdoor trap placement. Conclusion The present study shows that CDC-LT with CO2 baiting capture significantly more Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes, some of which (e.g., Cx. vishnui, Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, An. minimus s.l. Theobald, An. maculatus s.l. Theobald) represent important disease vectors in Thailand. This study also shows significant differences in the capture efficiency of CDC-LT when placed indoors or outdoors and in different seasons. Our study thus provides important guidelines for more targeted future vector trapping studies on the Thai-Myanmar border, which is an important cross-border malaria transmission region in Thailand. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1225-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchara Sriwichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Stephan Karl
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Yudthana Samung
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Suchada Sumruayphol
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Kirakorn Kiattibutr
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Anon Payakkapol
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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