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Jeyaraman M, Muthu S, Bapat A, Jain R, Sushmitha E, Gulati A, Channaiah Anudeep T, Dilip SJ, Jha NK, Kumar D, Kesari KK, Ojha S, Dholpuria S, Gupta G, Dureja H, Chellappan DK, Singh SK, Dua K, Jha SK. Bracing NK cell based therapy to relegate pulmonary inflammation in COVID-19. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07635. [PMID: 34312598 PMCID: PMC8294777 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The contagiosity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has startled mankind and has brought our lives to a standstill. The treatment focused mainly on repurposed immunomodulatory and antiviral agents along with the availability of a few vaccines for prophylaxis to vanquish COVID-19. This seemingly mandates a deeper understanding of the disease pathogenesis. This necessitates a plausible extrapolation of cell-based therapy to COVID-19 and is regarded equivalently significant. Recently, correlative pieces of clinical evidence reported a robust decline in lymphocyte count in severe COVID-19 patients that suggest dysregulated immune responses as a key element contributing to the pathophysiological alterations. The large granular lymphocytes also known as natural killer (NK) cells play a heterogeneous role in biological functioning wherein their frontline action defends the body against a wide array of infections and tumors. They prominently play a critical role in viral clearance and executing immuno-modulatory activities. Accumulated clinical evidence demonstrate a decrease in the number of NK cells in circulation with or without phenotypical exhaustion. These plausibly contribute to the progression of pulmonary inflammation in COVID-19 pneumonia and result in acute lung injury. In this review, we have outlined the present understanding of the immunological response of NK cells in COVID-19 infection. We have also discussed the possible use of these powerful biological cells as a therapeutic agent in view of preventing immunological harms of SARS-CoV-2 and the current challenges in advocating NK cell therapy for the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Orthopedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asawari Bapat
- Quality and Regulatory Affairs, Infohealth FZE, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rashmi Jain
- School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - E.S. Sushmitha
- Department of Dermatology, Raja Rajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka
| | - Arun Gulati
- Department of Orthopedics, Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College & Hospital, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Talagavadi Channaiah Anudeep
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering &Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076, Finland
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sunny Dholpuria
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow, 226002, UP, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering &Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
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Messina MF, Cannavò SP, Aversa S, De Luca F. Transient natural killer deficiency in a boy with herpes simplex virus-associated recurrent erythema multiforme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 43:550-2. [PMID: 21351816 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2011.560185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Erythema multiforme is characterized by itching macules, papules and bullae, symmetrically distributed on the dorsum of the hands. They can follow the administration of several drugs or infections with various agents, and in particular with herpes simplex virus. The recurrent variant is very rare, especially in the paediatric age group. We describe the case of a male adolescent with recurrent erythema multiforme caused by herpes virus and transient natural killer deficiency.
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Ellison AR, Yang L, Voytek C, Margolis TP. Establishment of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in resistant, sensitive, and immunodeficient mouse strains. Virology 2000; 268:17-28. [PMID: 10683323 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Productive infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 is limited by both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether these mechanisms also play a role in the establishment of latent HSV infection. First we examined the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), interferon-gamma knockout (GKO), and beige (a strain deficient in natural killer cell activity) mice following ocular inoculation with HSV. Although infection of SCID mice was invariably lethal, we consistently found latently infected neurons in the TG of these animals at 2-4 days postinoculation. HSV infection of GKO and beige mice, while not lethal, was characterized by a greater number of productively infected TG neurons and/or a delay in the time to peak productive infection compared to C57BL/6 controls. However, as assayed by both in situ hybridization for LAT expression and quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) for viral DNA, we found that HSV established a latent infection in GKO and beige mice as efficiently as in C57BL/6 controls. We subsequently examined the TG of "HSV-sensitive" strains of mice (Swiss-Webster, CBA, and BALB/c) following ocular infection with HSV. At the peak of acute ganglionic infection the number of productively infected TG neurons in each of these mouse strains was about sevenfold greater than in the "HSV-resistant" strain C57BL/6, consistent with previously reported differences in susceptibility to lethal challenge with HSV. However, as assayed by both in situ hybridization for LAT and Q-PCR for viral DNA, we found that HSV established a latent infection in Swiss-Webster, CBA, and BALB/c mice as efficiently as in C57BL/6 controls. We conclude that HSV efficiently establishes latent infection in the TG of mice in the absence of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that are essential for limiting productive viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ellison
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, 95 Kirkham Street, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes capable of efficient killing of virus-infected and tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner. The cytotoxic killing potential of NK cells can be modulated by a variety of factors, including cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-15, and interferon (IFN). IL-15 also plays an important role in NK cell development and survival. Killing of virally infected cells by NK cells is likely to represent an important antiviral defense mechanism, especially during the early phase of infection when antigen-specific immunity has yet to be generated. In the present work, we studied the potential of IL-15 to act as a modulator of NK cell-mediated antiviral defense. Our results clearly indicate that IL-15 can curtail infections by 3 human herpesviruses: Herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesvirus 6. The antiviral activity of IL-15 is dose-, time-, and NK cell-dependent. IL-15–treated NK cells showed an increased killing potential against a variety of cells, including virus-infected target cells. Lastly, using highly purified cell population, we report that IL-15 triggers the synthesis of IFN-γ from both CD4+ and NK cells, which can act in both autocrine and paracrine fashion to modulate NK cells cytotoxic potential. In conclusion, IL-15 is a cytokine that can contribute to the establishment of an antiviral state in 2 ways: first by increasing the killing ability of NK cells and second by stimulating the synthesis and secretion of IFN.
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes capable of efficient killing of virus-infected and tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner. The cytotoxic killing potential of NK cells can be modulated by a variety of factors, including cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-15, and interferon (IFN). IL-15 also plays an important role in NK cell development and survival. Killing of virally infected cells by NK cells is likely to represent an important antiviral defense mechanism, especially during the early phase of infection when antigen-specific immunity has yet to be generated. In the present work, we studied the potential of IL-15 to act as a modulator of NK cell-mediated antiviral defense. Our results clearly indicate that IL-15 can curtail infections by 3 human herpesviruses: Herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesvirus 6. The antiviral activity of IL-15 is dose-, time-, and NK cell-dependent. IL-15–treated NK cells showed an increased killing potential against a variety of cells, including virus-infected target cells. Lastly, using highly purified cell population, we report that IL-15 triggers the synthesis of IFN-γ from both CD4+ and NK cells, which can act in both autocrine and paracrine fashion to modulate NK cells cytotoxic potential. In conclusion, IL-15 is a cytokine that can contribute to the establishment of an antiviral state in 2 ways: first by increasing the killing ability of NK cells and second by stimulating the synthesis and secretion of IFN.
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Zimmer J, Donato L, Hanau D, Cazenave JP, Moretta A, Tongio MM, de la Salle H. Inefficient protection of human TAP-deficient fibroblasts from autologous NK cell-mediated lysis by cytokines inducing HLA class I expression. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:1286-91. [PMID: 10229096 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199904)29:04<1286::aid-immu1286>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We studied HLA class I expression and susceptibility to lysis of activated autologous NK cells in normal and TAP-deficient fibroblasts. These cells were cultured in the presence or absence of cytokines known to increase the surface expression of HLA class I molecules. All the cytokines tested (IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma + TNF-alpha) increased the expression of HLA class I molecules on fibroblasts after 48-h culture, but on TAP-deficient cells this expression remained very low as compared to that of normal cells. In the presence of IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma + TNF-alpha, normal target cells became resistant to lysis by autologous NK cells, whereas this effect was much less pronounced in the case of TAP-deficient fibroblasts. Addition of an anti-HLA class I mAb to fibroblasts treated with cytokines increased lysis of normal but not of TAP-deficient cells. These results suggest that activated TAP-deficient NK cells are strongly cytotoxic to normal autologous cells and that these cells cannot be efficiently protected by cytokines inducing HLA class I expression. Thus, in human TAP deficiency, activated NK cells may contribute to the progressive lung degradation which characterizes the clinical course of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zimmer
- CJF INSERM 94-03, Etablissement de Transfusion Sanguine, Strasbourg, France
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Wallace MR, Woelfl I, Bowler WA, Olson PE, Murray NB, Brodine SK, Oldfield EC, Arvin AM. Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-2, and interferon-gamma in adult varicella. J Med Virol 1994; 43:69-71. [PMID: 8083651 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890430113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adult varicella can be a severe illness complicated by pneumonia, encephalitis, or prolonged fever. This study measured levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon gamma (IFN-G) in a consecutive group of 31 adult varicella patients presenting within 24 hours of rash onset. All cytokines were assayed using an ELISA technique. TNF-alpha was detectable in 71% of patients with a mean level of 52 pg/ml. IL-2 was detectable in 29% with a mean level of 1040 pg/ml. IFN-gamma was detectable in only 9%. There was no correlation between TNF, IL-2, or IFN-G level and clinical severity as determined by duration and severity of cutaneous findings, duration of fever, frequency of hepatitis, or thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naval Hospital, San Diego, California 92134-5000
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