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Wyre NR. Emerging Zoonotic Diseases in Ferrets. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:299-308. [PMID: 32327037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As veterinarians, we may be the first to diagnose emerging zoonotic diseases in ferrets and may be at increased risk of exposure. Pseudomonas luteola is a bacterial infection that causes respiratory disease, panniculitis, sialadenitis, and abscess formation. Hepatitis E virus can cause subclinical infection, acute hepatitis, and persistent infection. Since the 2013 article discussing the 2009 influenza pandemic affecting ferrets, there has been an additional case of suspected anthroponotic infection in a pet ferret and experimental infection with influenza viruses from humans, cats, and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Wyre
- Zodiac Pet & Exotic Hospital, Victoria Centre, Shop 101A, 1/F, Fortress Hill, Hong Kong.
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2
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Liu T, Dai C, Sang H, Chen F, Huang Y, Liao H, Liu S, Zhu Q, Yang J. Discovery of dihydropyrrolidones as novel inhibitors against influenza A virus. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112334. [PMID: 32408213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat influenza viruses are urgently required worldwide because the conventional anti-influenza drugs are facing drug resistance. Here, dihydropyrrolidones (DHPs), the products of an efficient multi-components reaction, were found to possess good activities against influenza A virus (IAV). Primary structure-activity relationship indicated that the activities of DHPs were greatly influenced by substituents and four of them had IC50 values lower than 10 μM (DHPs 5-2, 8, 14 and 19: IC50 = 3.11-9.23 μM). The activities against multiple IAV strains and mechanism of DHPs were further investigated by using 5-2 (IC50 = 3.11 μM). It was found that 5-2 possessed antiviral effects against all the investigated subtypes of IAVs with the IC50 values from 3.11 to 7.13 μM. Moreover, 5-2 showed very low cytotoxicity with CC50 > 400 μM. Results of mechanism study indicated that 5-2 could efficiently inhibit replication of IAV, up-regulate the expression of key antiviral cytokines IFN-β and antiviral protein MxA, and suppress the production of the NDAPH oxidase NOX1 in MDCK cells. These results indicated that 5-2 could be used as a potential inhibitor against wide subtypes of IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chenshu Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huiting Sang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fangzhao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingna Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiuhua Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Gao J, Petraki S, Sun X, Brooks LA, Lynch TJ, Hsieh CL, Elteriefi R, Lorenzana Z, Punj V, Engelhardt JF, Parekh KR, Ryan AL. Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from ferret somatic cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L671-L683. [PMID: 32073882 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00456.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are an attractive mammalian model for several diseases, especially those affecting the lungs, liver, brain, and kidneys. Many chronic human diseases have been difficult to model in rodents due to differences in size and cellular anatomy. This is particularly the case for the lung, where ferrets provide an attractive mammalian model of both acute and chronic lung diseases, such as influenza, cystic fibrosis, A1A emphysema, and obliterative bronchiolitis, closely recapitulating disease pathogenesis, as it occurs in humans. As such, ferrets have the potential to be a valuable preclinical model for the evaluation of cell-based therapies for lung regeneration and, likely, for other tissues. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a great option for provision of enough autologous cells to make patient-specific cell therapies a reality. Unfortunately, they have not been successfully created from ferrets. In this study, we demonstrate the generation of ferret iPSCs that reflect the primed pluripotent state of human iPSCs. Ferret fetal fibroblasts were reprogrammed and acquired core features of pluripotency, having the capacity for self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and a high-level expression of the core pluripotency genes and pathways at both the transcriptional and protein level. In conclusion, we have generated ferret pluripotent stem cells that provide an opportunity for advancing our capacity to evaluate autologous cell engraftment in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Gao
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sophia Petraki
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xingshen Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Leonard A Brooks
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas J Lynch
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chih-Lin Hsieh
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Reem Elteriefi
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zareeb Lorenzana
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vasu Punj
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kalpaj R Parekh
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amy L Ryan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Wang S, Zhang L, Zhang R, Chi X, Yang Z, Xie Y, Shu S, Liao Y, Chen JL. Identification of two residues within the NS1 of H7N9 influenza A virus that critically affect the protein stability and function. Vet Res 2018; 49:98. [PMID: 30285871 PMCID: PMC6389221 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging avian-origin H7N9 influenza A virus, which causes mild to lethal human respiratory disease, continues to circulate in China, posing a great threat to public health. Influenza NS1 protein plays a key role in counteracting host innate immune responses, allowing the virus to efficiently replicate in the host. In this study, we compared NS1 amino acid sequences of H7N9 influenza A virus with those of other strains, and determined NS1 protein variability within the H7N9 virus and then evaluated the impact of amino acid substitutions on ability of the NS1 proteins to inhibit host innate immunity. Interestingly, the amino acid residue S212 was identified to have a profound effect on the primary function of NS1, since S212P substitution disabled H7N9 NS1 in suppressing the host RIG-I-dependent interferon response, as well as the ability to promote the virus replication. In addition, we identified another amino acid residue, I178, serving as a key site to keep NS1 protein high steady-state levels. When the isoleucine was replaced by valine at 178 site (I178V mutation), NS1 of H7N9 underwent rapid degradation through proteasome pathway. Furthermore, we observed that P212S and V178I mutation in NS1 of PR8 virus enhanced virulence and promoted the virus replication in vivo. Together, these results indicate that residues I178 and S212 within H7N9 NS1 protein are critical for stability and functioning of the NS1 protein respectively, and may contribute to the enhanced pathogenicity of H7N9 influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sicheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Ng YP, Yip TF, Peiris JSM, Ip NY, Lee SMY. Avian influenza A H7N9 virus infects human astrocytes and neuronal cells and induces inflammatory immune responses. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:752-760. [PMID: 29987581 PMCID: PMC7094989 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza virus infections may be associated with central nervous system pathology, albeit with varying frequency and different mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that differentiated human astrocytic (T98G) and neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cells can be infected by avian H7N9 and pandemic H1N1 viruses. However, infectious progeny viruses can only be detected in H7N9 virus infected human neuronal cells. Neither of these viral strains can generate infectious progeny virus in human astrocytes despite replication of viral genome was observed. Furthermore, H7N9 virus triggered high pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, while pandemic H1N1 virus induced only low cytokine expression in either brain cell type. The experimental finding here is the first data to demonstrate that avian H7N9 virus can infect, transcribe, and replicate its viral genome; induce cytokine upregulation; and cause cytopathic effects in human brain cells, which may potentially lead to profound central nervous system injury. Observation for neurological problems due to H7N9 virus infection deserves further attention when managing these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Ng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - T F Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suki M Y Lee
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01300-17. [PMID: 28931674 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01300-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cocirculation of zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 and avian influenza virus (AIV) of subtype H9N2 among poultry in Egypt for at least 6 years should render that country a hypothetical hot spot for the emergence of reassortant, phenotypically altered viruses, yet no reassortants have been detected in Egypt. The present investigations proved that reassortants of the Egyptian H5N1 clade 2.2.1.2 virus and H9N2 virus of the G1-B lineage can be generated by coamplification in embryonated chicken eggs. Reassortants were restricted to the H5N1 subtype and acquired between two and all six of the internal segments of the H9N2 virus. Five selected plaque-purified reassortant clones expressed a broad phenotypic spectrum both in vitro and in vivo Two groups of reassortants were characterized to have retarded growth characteristics in vitro compared to the H5N1 parent virus. One clone provoked reduced mortality in inoculated chickens, although the characteristics of a highly pathogenic phenotype were retained. Enhanced zoonotic properties were not predicted for any of these clones, and this prediction was confirmed by ferret inoculation experiments: neither the H5N1 parent virus nor two selected clones induced severe clinical symptoms or were transmitted to sentinel ferrets by contact. While the emergence of reassortants of Egyptian HPAIV of subtype H5N1 with internal gene segments of cocirculating H9N2 viruses is possible in principle, the spread of such viruses is expected to be governed by their fitness to outcompete the parental viruses in the field. The eventual spread of attenuated phenotypes, however, would negatively impact syndrome surveillance on poultry farms and might foster enzootic virus circulation.IMPORTANCE Despite almost 6 years of the continuous cocirculation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and avian influenza virus H9N2 in poultry in Egypt, no reassortants of the two subtypes have been reported. Here, the principal compatibility of the two subtypes is shown by forcing the reassortment between copassaged H5N1 und H9N2 viruses in embryonated chicken eggs. The resulting reassortant viruses displayed a wide range of pathogenicity including attenuated phenotypes in chickens, but did not show enhanced zoonotic propensities in the ferret model.
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Lai C, Wang K, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Gu H, Yang P, Wang X. C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) Mediates Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lethal Influenza H7N9 Virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:587. [PMID: 28421067 PMCID: PMC5379033 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus was a cause for concern in China in the spring of 2013. Most H7N9 infections resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a severe form of acute lung injury (ALI) that contributes to morbidity and mortality. In this study, we induced viral ALI by infecting wild-type and CCL2-deficient mice with influenza H7N9 virus. The results suggested a close association between C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expressions and ALI induced by a lethal H7N9 virus strain (A/Hebei/01/2013). Elevated CCL2 levels were also detected in confirmed human cases of H7N9 and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of H7N9-infected mice. Moreover, CCL2 was overexpressed in the lung tissue of infected mice. More importantly, CCL2 deficiency ameliorated H7N9-induced ALI in mice as determined by weight loss, survival rate, the wet:dry ratio of the lung, and pathology. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CCL2 is essential for H7N9 virus infection and thus that it is a potential therapeutic target for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing, China
| | - Keyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing, China
| | - Liangyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing, China
| | - Hongjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing, China
| | - Penghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing, China.,Beijing 302 HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing, China
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Porcine mast cells infected with H1N1 influenza virus release histamine and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1067-1071. [PMID: 28044192 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells reside in many tissues, including the lungs, and might play a role in enhancing influenza virus infections in animals. In this study, we cultured porcine mast cells from porcine bone marrow cells with IL-3 and stem cell factor to study the infectivity and activation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus of swine origin. Porcine mast cells were infected with H1N1 influenza virus, without the subsequent production of infectious viruses but were activated, as indicated by the release of histamines. Inflammatory cytokine- and chemokine-encoding genes, including IL-1α, IL-6, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, were upregulated in the infected porcine mast cells. Our results suggest that mast cells could be involved in enhancing influenza-virus-mediated disease in infected animals.
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