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Sachdeva M, Taneja S, Sachdeva N. Stem cell-like memory T cells: Role in viral infections and autoimmunity. World J Immunol 2023; 13:11-22. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v13.i2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells possess stem cell properties including multipotency and self-renewal and are being recognized as emerging players in various human diseases. Advanced technologies such as multiparametric flowcytometry and single cell sequencing have enabled their identification and molecular characterization. In case of chronic viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus-1, CD4+ TSCM cells, serve as major reservoirs of the latent virus. However, during immune activation and functional exhaustion of effector T cells, these cells also possess the potential to replenish the pool of functional effector cells to curtail the infection. More recently, these cells are speculated to play important role in protective immunity following acute viral infections such as coronavirus disease 2019 and might be amenable for therapeutics by ex vivo expansion. Similarly, studies are also investigating their pathological role in driving autoimmune responses. However, there are several gaps in the understanding of the role of TSCM cells in viral and autoimmune diseases to make them potential therapeutic targets. In this minireview, we have attempted an updated compilation of the dyadic role of these complex TSCM cells during such human diseases along with their biology and transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sachdeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Shivangi Taneja
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
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Sachdeva M, Sharma A, Arora SK. High frequency of memory stem cells with a distinct gene signature in HIV patients with treatment interruption. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13262. [PMID: 36853017 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Reservoirs of HIV remain a major obstacle to the complete eradication of virus despite regular anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Memory stem cells (Tscm), one of the major reservoirs, are relatively less studied owing to their presence in lower numbers and inaccessible anatomical locations. We have evaluated the molecular characteristics of Tscms in patients with ART interruption (n = 15) versus patients on uninterrupted ART (n = 12) using flow cytometry. RNA sequencing was done in the sorted Tscms to study the differential gene expression. Patients with ART interruption had significantly lower baseline CD4+T-cell counts and high viral loads as compared to patients on ART. The former group had significantly higher frequency of CD4+ and CD8+Tscms with a higher expression of PD-1 on CD8+Tscms. The transcriptome profile of Tscm was significantly different among the patient groups. The main pathways were cellular and metabolic pathways, cellular development pathways, cell differentiation and negative regulation of cellular migratory pathways. An increased yet dysfunctional CD8+ memory stem cells describe HIV-1-infected patients with break-in ART and a distinct transcriptional signature of CD4+ Tscm as compared to those of patients on ART. A more detailed understanding of the biology and dynamics of Tscm in future studies is warranted. Strategies to improve the functionality of the CD8+ Tscm will help these patients to tackle the outburst of viral replication that occurs after the cessation of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sachdeva
- Department of Translational and Regenerative medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil K Arora
- Department of Translational and Regenerative medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Lu X, Song B, Weng W, Su B, Wu H, Cheung AKL, Zhang T, Gao Y. Characteristics of CD8 + Stem Cell-Like Memory T Cell Subset in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:25-32. [PMID: 36346310 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of memory CD8+ T cell cannot be reverted by successful clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) after direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapy, increasing the risk of reinfection with HCV. Stem cell-like memory T cells (Tscm) with superior properties of long-lasting, self-renewing, and multipotency contribute to the maintenance of immune function. We investigated the impact of HCV infection on CD8+ Tscm, and their possible role in disease progression, by using DAA-naive HCV-infected and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-coinfected cohorts. The distribution of memory CD8+ T cell subsets and the level of T cell immune activation were determined by flow cytometry. Associations between CD8+ Tscm and other memory T cell subsets, HCV viral load, as well as the level of T cell immune activation were analyzed. We observed that the proportion of CD8+ Tscm increased in both HCV and HIV/HCV individuals. The proportion of CD8+ Tscm had positive and negative correlation with CD8+ Tcm (central memory T cells) and CD8+ Tem (effector memory T cell), respectively, representing the contribution of CD8+ Tscm in T cell homeostasis. In addition, higher frequency of CD8+ Tscm indicated lower HCV viral load and less T cell immune activation in HCV infection, which suggested that CD8+ Tscm is likely associated with effective control of HCV replication for protective immunity. Considering the characteristics of Tscm, our current findings provide implications for Tscm-based vaccine design and immunotherapy development to achieve HCV elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Song
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjia Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Wu D, Yang X, Zhou S. Immunotherapeutic Potential of T Memory Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:723888. [PMID: 34604060 PMCID: PMC8485052 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.723888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells include T memory stem cells (TSCM) and central memory T cells (TCM). Compared with effector memory T cells (TEM) and effector T cells (TEFF), they have better durability and anti-tumor immunity. Recent studies have shown that although TSCM has excellent self-renewal ability and versatility, if it is often exposed to antigens and inflammatory signals, TSCM will behave as a variety of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1, TIM-3 and LAG-3 expression, and metabolic changes from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. These changes can lead to the exhaustion of T cells. Cumulative evidence in animal experiments shows that it is the least differentiated cell in the memory T lymphocyte system and is a central participant in many physiological and pathological processes in humans. It has a good clinical application prospect, so it is more and more important to study the factors affecting the formation of TSCM. This article summarizes and prospects the phenotypic and functional characteristics of TSCM, the regulation mechanism of formation, and its application in treatment of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dengqiang Wu
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuejia Yang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Sufang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Stem cell-like memory T cells: A perspective from the dark side. Cell Immunol 2021; 361:104273. [PMID: 33422699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to a newly discovered subset of memory T (TM) cells-stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells for their high self-renewal ability, multi-differentiation potential and long-term effector function in adoptive therapy against tumors. Despite their application in cancer therapy, an excess of TSCM cells also contributes to the persistence of autoimmune diseases for their immune memory and HIV infection as a long-lived HIV reservoir. Signaling pathways Wnt, AMPK/mTOR and NF-κB are key determinants for TM cell generation, maintenance and proinflammatory effect. In this review, we focus on the phenotypic and functional characteristics of TSCM cells and discuss their role in autoimmune diseases and HIV-1 chronic infection. Also, we explore the potential mechanism and signaling pathways involved in immune memory and look into the future therapy strategies of targeting long-lived TM cells to suppress pathogenic immune memory.
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Veazey RS. Intestinal CD4 Depletion in HIV / SIV Infection. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:76-91. [PMID: 31431807 PMCID: PMC6701936 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605083448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the most significant findings in the pathogenesis of HIV infection was the discovery that almost total depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells occurs rapidly after SIV or HIV infection, regardless of the route of exposure, and long before CD4+ T cell losses occur in blood or lymph nodes. Since these seminal discoveries, we have learned much about mucosal and systemic CD4+ T cells, and found several key differences between the circulating and intestinal CD4+ T cell subsets, both in phenotype, relative proportions, and functional capabilities. Further, specific subsets of CD4+ T cells are selectively targeted and eliminated first, especially cells critically important for initiating primary immune responses, and for maintenance of mucosal integrity (Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells). This simultaneously results in loss of innate immune responses, and loss of mucosal integrity, resulting in mucosal, and systemic immune activation that drives proliferation and activation of new target cells throughout the course of infection. The propensity for the SIV/HIV to infect and efficiently replicate in specific cells also permits viral persistence, as the mucosal and systemic activation that ensues continues to damage mucosal barriers, resulting in continued influx of target cells to maintain viral replication. Finally, infection and elimination of recently activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells, and infection and dysregulation of Tfh and other key CD4+ T cell results in hyperactive, yet non-protective immune responses that support active viral replication and evolution, and thus persistence in host tissue reservoirs, all of which continue to challenge our efforts to design effective vaccine or cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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