1
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Sanni O, Fasemore T, Nkomozepi P. Non-Genetic-Induced Zebrafish Model for Type 2 Diabetes with Emphasis on Tools in Model Validation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:240. [PMID: 38203409 PMCID: PMC10778736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The unrelenting increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) necessitates the urgent need for effective animal models to mimic its pathophysiology. Zebrafish possess human-like metabolic traits and share significant genetic similarities, making them valuable candidates for studying metabolic disorders, including T2D. This review emphasizes the critical role of animal models in diabetes research, especially focusing on zebrafish as an alternative model organism. Different approaches to a non-genetic model of T2D in zebrafish, such as the glucose solution, diet-induced, chemical-induced, and combined diet-induced and glucose solution methods, with an emphasis on model validation using indicators of T2D, were highlighted. However, a significant drawback lies in the validation of these models. Some of these models have not extensively demonstrated persistent hyperglycemia or response to insulin resistance and glucose tolerance tests, depicted the morphology of the pancreatic β-cell, or showed their response to antidiabetic drugs. These tools are crucial in T2D pathology. Future research on non-genetic models of T2D in zebrafish must extensively focus on validating the metabolic deficits existing in the model with the same metabolic defects in humans and improve on the existing models for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying T2D and exploring potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle Sanni
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (T.F.); (P.N.)
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2
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Myrov VO, Polovian AI, Kolchanova S, Galumov GK, Schiöth HB, Bozhko DV. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Based Pattern Recognition Approach Illustrates a Biphasic Behavioral Effect of Ethanol in Zebrafish: A High-Throughput Method for Animal Locomotor Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3215. [PMID: 38137436 PMCID: PMC10740670 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in stress responses between individuals are linked to factors ranging from stress coping styles to the sensitivity of neurotransmitter systems. Many anxiolytic compounds can increase stressor engagement through the modulation of neurotransmitter systems and are used to investigate stress response mechanisms. The effect of such modulation may vary in time depending on concentration or environment, but those effects are hard to dissect because of the slow transition. We investigated the temporal effect of ethanol and found that ethanol-treated individual zebrafish larvae showed altered behavior that is different between drug concentrations and decreases with time. We used an artificial neural network approach with a time-dependent method for analyzing long (90 min) experiments on zebrafish larvae and found that individuals from the 0.5% group begin to show locomotor activity corresponding to the control group starting from the 60th minute. The locomotor activity of individuals from the 2% group after the 80th minute is classified as the activity of individuals from the 1.5% group. Our method shows three clusters of different concentrations in comparison with two clusters, which were obtained with the usage of a statistical approach for analyzing just the speed of fish movements. In addition, we show that such changes are not explained by basic behavior statistics such as speed and are caused by shifts in locomotion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandr I. Polovian
- ZebraML, Inc., Houston, TX 77043, USA
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | | | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Dmitrii V. Bozhko
- ZebraML, Inc., Houston, TX 77043, USA
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
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3
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Gong L, Zhou H, Zhang S, Wang C, Fu K, Ma C, Zhang Y, Peng C, Li Y. CD44-Targeting Drug Delivery System of Exosomes Loading Forsythiaside A Combats Liver Fibrosis via Regulating NLRP3-Mediated Pyroptosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202228. [PMID: 36603210 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathological process induced by various stimuli and may progress to liver cirrhosis and cancer. Forsythiaside A (FA) is an active ingredient extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Forsythiae Fructus and has prominent hepatoprotective activities. However, the unsatisfactory pharmacokinetic properties restrict its clinical application. In this study, the nanocarrier of CD44-specific ligand Hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified milk-derived exosomes (mExo) encapsulated with FA (HA-mExo-FA) is developed. As a result, HA modification could deliver drug-loaded exosomes to the target cells and form a specific ligand-receptor interaction with CD44, thus improving the anti-liver fibrosis effect of FA. In vitro findings indicate that HA-mExo-FA could inhibit TGF-β1-induced LX2 cell proliferation, reduce α-SMA and collagen gene and protein levels, and promote the apoptosis of activated LX2 cells. In vivo results demonstrate that HA-mExo-FA could improve liver morphology and function changes in zebrafish larvae. The anti-liver fibrosis mechanism of HA-mExo-FA may be attributed to the inhibition of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis. In addition, the effect of HA-mExo-FA on TAA-induced increase in NLRP3 production is attenuated by NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950. Collectively, this study demonstrates the promising application of HA-mExo-FA in drug delivery with high specificity and provides a powerful and novel delivery platform for liver fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Honglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shenglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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4
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Liu C, Zhou L, Zheng Y, Man H, Ye Z, Zhang X, Xie L, Xiao Y. A Golgi-targeted viscosity rotor for monitoring early alcohol-induced liver injury. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10052-10055. [PMID: 35993173 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04069g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We proposed to monitor the early stage of alcohol-induced liver injury through quantitatively detecting Golgi viscosity. Therefore, the first Golgi-targeted fluorescent rotor (GA-Vis) was developed. With the aid of GA-Vis, the changes in Golgi viscosity during alcohol-induced liver injury were quantitatively evaluated by fluorescence lifetime imaging in live cells and zebrafish. GA-Vis was qualified as a practical tool for future diagnoses of alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhao Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362021, China. .,State key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Lin Zhou
- State key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ying Zheng
- State key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Huizi Man
- State key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- State key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362021, China.
| | - Yi Xiao
- State key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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5
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Clayman CL, Connaughton VP. Neurochemical and Behavioral Consequences of Ethanol and/or Caffeine Exposure: Effects in Zebrafish and Rodents. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:560-578. [PMID: 34766897 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211111142027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly being utilized to model the behavioral and neurochemical effects of pharmaceuticals and, more recently, pharmaceutical interactions. Zebrafish models of stress establish that both caffeine and ethanol influence anxiety, though few studies have implemented co-administration to assess the interaction of anxiety and reward-seeking. Caffeine exposure in zebrafish is teratogenic, causing developmental abnormalities in the cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and nervous systems of embryos and larvae. Ethanol is also a teratogen and, as an anxiolytic substance, may be able to offset the anxiogenic effects of caffeine. Co-exposure to caffeine and alcohol impacts neuroanatomy and behavior in adolescent animal models, suggesting stimulant substances may moderate the impact of alcohol on neural circuit development. Here, we review the literature describing neuropharmacological and behavioral consequences of caffeine and/or alcohol exposure in the zebrafish model, focusing on neurochemistry, locomotor effects, and behavioral assessments of stress/anxiety as reported in adolescent/juvenile and adult animals. The purpose of this review is twofold: (1) describe the work in zebrafish documenting the effects of ethanol and/or caffeine exposure and (2) compare these zebrafish studies with comparable experiments in rodents. We focus on specific neurochemical pathways (dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, GABA, adenosine), anxiety-type behaviors (assessed with novel tank, thigmotaxis, shoaling), and locomotor changes resulting from both individual and co-exposure. We compare findings in zebrafish with those in rodent models, revealing similarities across species and identifying conservation of mechanisms that potentially reinforce co-addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly L Clayman
- Department of Biology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
| | - Victoria P Connaughton
- Department of Biology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
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6
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Wang X, Copmans D, de Witte PAM. Using Zebrafish as a Disease Model to Study Fibrotic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126404. [PMID: 34203824 PMCID: PMC8232822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug discovery, often animal models are used that mimic human diseases as closely as possible. These animal models can be used to address various scientific questions, such as testing and evaluation of new drugs, as well as understanding the pathogenesis of diseases. Currently, the most commonly used animal models in the field of fibrosis are rodents. Unfortunately, rodent models of fibrotic disease are costly and time-consuming to generate. In addition, present models are not very suitable for screening large compounds libraries. To overcome these limitations, there is a need for new in vivo models. Zebrafish has become an attractive animal model for preclinical studies. An expanding number of zebrafish models of human disease have been documented, for both acute and chronic diseases. A deeper understanding of the occurrence of fibrosis in zebrafish will contribute to the development of new and potentially improved animal models for drug discovery. These zebrafish models of fibrotic disease include, among others, cardiovascular disease models, liver disease models (categorized into Alcoholic Liver Diseases (ALD) and Non-Alcoholic Liver Disease (NALD)), and chronic pancreatitis models. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the usage of zebrafish models in fibrotic disease studies, highlighting their potential for high-throughput drug discovery and current technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixin Wang
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KULeuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49-Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.W.); (D.C.)
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan 250103, China
| | - Daniëlle Copmans
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KULeuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49-Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Peter A. M. de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KULeuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49-Box 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.W.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-323432
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7
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Schneider ACR, de Moura AC, Carvalho FB, Alves T, Meurer F, Porawski M, da Silveira TR. Effect of Melatonin on the Reduction of Hepatic Steatosis and Intestinal Leptin Expression in Zebrafish Exposed to Fructose. Zebrafish 2021; 18:184-189. [PMID: 33983041 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone related to circadian rhythms and has potential clinical applications. Our objectives were to verify the effect of melatonin on the liver of zebrafish exposed to fructose and evaluate the expression of appetite-related genes (leptin, ghrelin, and melanocortin receptor 4 [MC4R]). Animals were divided into three groups: control (CG, n = 25), fructose (FG, n = 25), and fructose+melatonin (FMG, n = 25). The study was carried out in 8 weeks. FG and FMG were exposed to 2% fructose and FMG treated with 1 μM of melatonin. Histological liver studies and gene expression analyses of Leptin, Ghrelin, and MC4R (liver and intestines) were performed. FG developed hepatic steatosis, which did not occur with CG and FMG. Genetic expression of hepatic leptin and MC4R did not show significant difference among the groups. Animals exposed to fructose (FG) presented an increased expression of intestinal leptin compared to those administered with melatonin. Animals exposed to fructose gained weight and developed an important hepatic steatosis, but melatonin reduced significantly the hepatic damage. Intestinal leptin showed increased expression in the group exposed to fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Reis Schneider
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Moura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Comportamental e Metabólica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barbosa Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves
- Grupo de Pesquisa Experimental em Zebrafish/Biotério, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabio Meurer
- Campus Avançado de Jandaia do Sul, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Jandaia do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Hepatologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Themis Reverbel da Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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8
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Lin JN, Lai CH, Huang YH, Yang CH. Antimicrobial Effects of Minocycline, Tigecycline, Ciprofloxacin, and Levofloxacin against Elizabethkingia anophelis Using In Vitro Time-Kill Assays and In Vivo Zebrafish Animal Models. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030285. [PMID: 33801839 PMCID: PMC7999888 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elizabethkingia anophelis is a multidrug-resistant pathogen. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of minocycline, tigecycline, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin using in vitro time-kill assays and in vivo zebrafish animal models. The E. anophelis strain ED853-49 was arbitrarily selected from a bacterial collection which was concomitantly susceptible to minocycline, tigecycline, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin. The antibacterial activities of single agents at 0.5-4 × minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and dual-agent combinations at 2 × MIC using time-kill assays were investigated. The therapeutic effects of antibiotics in E. anophelis-infected zebrafish were examined. Both minocycline and tigecycline demonstrated bacteriostatic effects but no bactericidal effect. Minocycline at concentrations ≥2 × MIC and tigecycline at concentrations ≥3 × MIC exhibited a long-standing inhibitory effect for 48 h. Bactericidal effects were observed at ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin concentrations of ≥3 × MIC within 24 h of initial inoculation. Rapid regrowth of E. anophelis occurred after the initial killing phase when ciprofloxacin was used, regardless of the concentration. Levofloxacin treatment at the concentration of ≥2 × MIC consistently resulted in the long-lasting and sustainable inhibition of bacterial growth for 48 h. The addition of minocycline or tigecycline weakened the killing effect of fluoroquinolones during the first 10 h. The minocycline-ciprofloxacin or minocycline-levofloxacin combinations achieved the lowest colony-forming unit counts at 48 h. Zebrafish treated with minocycline or a combination of minocycline and levofloxacin had the highest survival rate (70%). The results of these in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the combination of minocycline and levofloxacin is the most effective therapy approach for E. anophelis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Nong Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Chung-Hsu Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Han Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho University, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
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9
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Choi Y, Seo H, Cho M, Kim J, Chung HS, Lee I, Kim MJ. Rutin inhibits DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission and prevents ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells and zebrafish. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:74-81. [PMID: 33717419 PMCID: PMC7935124 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1882565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption causes the cellular and tissue damage. The toxic metabolites of ethanol are harmful to multiple organ systems, such as the central nervous system, skeletal muscles, and liver, and cause alcohol-induced diseases like cancer, as well as induce hepatotoxicity, and alcoholic myopathy. Alcohol exposure leads to a surge in hepatic alcohol metabolism and oxygen consumption, a decrease in hepatic ATP, and the rapid accumulation of lipid within hepatocytes. Several pathologies are closely linked to defective mitochondrial dynamics triggered by abnormal mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis, raising the possibility that novel drugs targeting mitochondrial dynamics may have therapeutic potential in restoring cellular homeostasis in ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Rutin is a phytochemical polyphenol known to protect cells from cytotoxic chemicals. We investigated the effects of rutin on mitochondrial dynamics induced by ethanol. We found that rutin enhances mitochondrial dynamics by suppressing mitochondrial fission and restoring the balance of the mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrial elongation following rutin treatment of ethanol exposed cells was accompanied by reduced DRP1 expression. These data suggest that rutin plays an important role in remodeling of mitochondrial dynamics to alleviate hepatic steatosis and enhance mitochondrial function and cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsook Choi
- Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heymin Seo
- Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mina Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Suk Chung
- Center for Teragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Park KH, Kim SH. Adult zebrafish as an in vivo drug testing model for ethanol induced acute hepatic injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110836. [PMID: 33035832 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse is common and a leading cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, a safe and effective therapy for ALD is still elusive. In this study, we evaluated the utility of adult zebrafish as an in vivo model for rapid assessment of drug efficacy in ethanol-induced acute hepatic injury. We exposed adult zebrafish to 0.5 % ethanol for 24, 48, and 72 hours and measured serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. This treatment resulted in a significant increase in ALT levels at 48 and 72 h of ethanol treatment, compared to untreated control groups. Accompanying this, significant increases in mRNA expression of genes associated with inflammation was observed in the liver during ethanol exposure. To evaluate the effectiveness of drug testing using our zebrafish model for ethanol-induced acute hepatic injury, we investigated the protective function of nicotinamide riboside, a substrate for NAD+, previously shown to be protective in a rodent model of alcoholic liver disease and TES-1025, an inhibitor of α-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD), that increases NAD+. We found that both nicotinamide riboside and TES-1025 treatment suppressed ethanol-induced serum ALT levels, post 48 h of ethanol exposure. In a similar manner, riboflavin supplementation also suppressed ethanol-induced serum ALT increase during ethanol exposure. Additionally, both nicotinamide riboside and riboflavin supplementation inhibited the upregulation of mRNA expression of genes associated with inflammation and de novo lipogenesis. In conclusion, we established an adult zebrafish model of ethanol-induced acute hepatic injury that will be valuable for cost-effective in vivo drug screening, which may in the future offer identification of novel therapeutics to mitigate hepatic injury, associated with excessive alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hoon Park
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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11
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The hepatoprotective effects of squid gonad phospholipids on fatty liver disease in zebrafish. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Shwartz A, Goessling W, Yin C. Macrophages in Zebrafish Models of Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2840. [PMID: 31867007 PMCID: PMC6904306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages are key components of the liver immunity and consist of two main populations. Liver resident macrophages, known as Kupffer cells in mammals, are crucial for maintaining normal liver homeostasis. Upon injury, they become activated to release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and recruit a large population of inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages to the liver. During the progression of liver diseases, macrophages are highly plastic and have opposing functions depending on the signaling cues that they receive from the microenvironment. A comprehensive understanding of liver macrophages is essential for developing therapeutic interventions that target these cells in acute and chronic liver diseases. Mouse studies have provided the bulk of our current knowledge of liver macrophages. The emergence of various liver disease models and availability of transgenic tools to visualize and manipulate macrophages have made the teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) an attractive new vertebrate model to study liver macrophages. In this review, we summarize the origin and behaviors of macrophages in healthy and injured livers in zebrafish. We highlight the roles of macrophages in zebrafish models of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver regeneration, and how they compare with the roles that have been described in mammals. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of using zebrafish to study liver macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadi Shwartz
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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13
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Park KH, Ye ZW, Zhang J, Kim SH. Palmitic Acid-Enriched Diet Induces Hepatic Steatosis and Injury in Adult Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2019; 16:497-504. [PMID: 31355732 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is the most abundant saturated fatty acid in fast foods and is known to induce inflammation and cellular injury in various tissues. In this study, we investigated whether a PA-enriched diet can induce hepatic steatosis and injury in adult zebrafish. The adult zebrafish exhibited increased body weight, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and steatosis and a hepatic injury phenotype after being fed with a PA-enriched diet for 6 weeks. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that genes associated with hepatic injury were all significantly increased in the liver. Furthermore, livers from the PA-fed group showed an increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression associated with oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses. We also found significant upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and triacylglyceride accumulation. Ultrastructural analysis revealed mitochondrial cristae injury and a dilated ER phenotype in the PA-fed hepatocytes, which can be causes of hepatic injury. PA-enriched diet induced hepatic steatosis and injury in adult zebrafish that recapitulated typical metabolic changes and pathophysiological changes as well as increased oxidative stress and ER stress observed in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hoon Park
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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14
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Park KH, Kim SH. Low dose of chronic ethanol exposure in adult zebrafish induces hepatic steatosis and injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109179. [PMID: 31387182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Adult zebrafish have emerged as a new vertebrate model of alcoholic liver disease. In previous research, a high dose of chronic ethanol treatment induced characteristic features of steatosis and hepatic injury in adult zebrafish, yet the ethanol concentration in that study was significantly higher than the lethal dose in humans. In the current study, we examined whether a low dose of chronic ethanol exposure in adult zebrafish induced the metabolic and pathological features seen in alcoholic liver disease. We found that chronic ethanol treatment at 0.2% ethanol (v/v) concentration for 4 weeks induced a significant elevation of serum glucose and triacylglycerol in adult zebrafish. In addition, serum alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly elevated after ethanol treatment. Histological analysis revealed steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning phenotype. Gene expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR suggested that ethanol treatment induced inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. In addition, we found significant increases in gene expression involved in glucose and lipid metabolism as well as mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Importantly, expression of genes involved in oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, two major stress signaling pathways underlying hepatic injury in alcoholic liver disease, were highly upregulated in the livers of adult zebrafish after chronic ethanol treatment. In conclusion, we found that 4 weeks of low dose ethanol exposure leads to typical ethanol-induced liver disease, with pathological and gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hoon Park
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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15
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Wrighton PJ, Oderberg IM, Goessling W. There Is Something Fishy About Liver Cancer: Zebrafish Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:347-363. [PMID: 31108233 PMCID: PMC6713889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the mortality resulting from HCC are both increasing. Most patients with HCC are diagnosed at advanced stages when curative treatments are impossible. Current drug therapy extends mean overall survival by only a short period of time. Genetic mutations associated with HCC vary widely. Therefore, transgenic and mutant animal models are needed to investigate the molecular effects of specific mutations, classify them as drivers or passengers, and develop targeted treatments. Cirrhosis, however, is the premalignant state common to 90% of HCC patients. Currently, no specific therapies are available to halt or reverse the progression of cirrhosis to HCC. Understanding the genetic drivers of HCC as well as the biochemical, mechanical, hormonal, and metabolic changes associated with cirrhosis could lead to novel treatments and cancer prevention strategies. Although additional therapies recently received Food and Drug Administration approval, significant clinical breakthroughs have not emerged since the introduction of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, necessitating alternate research strategies. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are effective for disease modeling because of their high degree of gene and organ architecture conservation with human beings, ease of transgenesis and mutagenesis, high fecundity, and low housing cost. Here, we review zebrafish models of HCC and identify areas on which to focus future research efforts to maximize the advantages of the zebrafish model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wrighton
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaac M Oderberg
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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16
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Mesenchymal stromal cells prevent progression of liver fibrosis in a novel zebrafish embryo model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16005. [PMID: 30375438 PMCID: PMC6207680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver damage leads to the onset of fibrogenesis. Rodent models for liver fibrosis have been widely used, but are less suitable for screening purposes. Therefore the aim of our study was to design a novel model for liver fibrosis in zebrafish embryos, suitable for high throughput screening. Furthermore, we evaluated the efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to inhibit the fibrotic process and thereby the applicability of this model to evaluate therapeutic responses. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to TAA or CCL4 and mRNA levels of fibrosis-related genes (Collagen-1α1, Hand-2, and Acta-2) and tissue damage-related genes (TGF-β and SDF-1a, SDF-1b) were determined, while Sirius-red staining was used to estimate collagen deposition. Three days after start of TAA exposure, MSCs were injected after which the fibrotic response was determined. In contrast to CCL4, TAA resulted in an upregulation of the fibrosis-related genes, increased extracellular matrix deposition and decreased liver sizes suggesting the onset of fibrosis. The applicability of this model to evaluate therapeutic responses was shown by local treatment with MSCs which resulted in decreased expression of the fibrosis-related RNA markers. In conclusion, TAA induces liver fibrosis in zebrafish embryos, thereby providing a promising model for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies.
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Abstract
Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality and affects more than 2 million people in the United States. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury is crucial for developing effective treatment for ALD. Zebrafish larvae exhibit hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis after just 24 h of exposure to 2% ethanol, making them useful for the study of acute alcoholic liver injury. This work describes the procedure for acute ethanol treatment in zebrafish larvae and shows that it causes steatosis and swelling of the hepatic blood vessels. A detailed protocol for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining that is optimized for the histological analysis of the zebrafish larval liver, is also described. H&E staining has several unique advantages over immunofluorescence, as it marks all liver cells and extracellular components simultaneously and can readily detect hepatic injury, such as steatosis and fibrosis. Given the increasing usage of zebrafish in modeling toxin and virus-induced liver injury, as well as inherited liver diseases, this protocol serves as a reference for the histological analyses performed in all these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Ellis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center;
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18
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Pham DH, Zhang C, Yin C. Using zebrafish to model liver diseases-Where do we stand? CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:207-221. [PMID: 29098121 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The liver is the largest internal organ and performs both exocrine and endocrine function that is necessary for survival. Liver failure is among the leading causes of death and represents a major global health burden. Liver transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Animal models advance our understanding of liver disease etiology and hold promise for the development of alternative therapies. Zebrafish has become an increasingly popular system for modeling liver diseases and complements the rodent models. Recent Findings The zebrafish liver contains main cell types that are found in mammalian liver and exhibits similar pathogenic responses to environmental insults and genetic mutations. Zebrafish have been used to model neonatal cholestasis, cholangiopathies, such as polycystic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It also provides a unique opportunity to study the plasticity of liver parenchymal cells during regeneration. Summary In this review, we summarize the recent work of building zebrafish models of liver diseases. We highlight how these studies have brought new knowledge of disease mechanisms. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of using zebrafish to model liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hung Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Changwen Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
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Chronic alcohol exposure induces muscle atrophy (myopathy) in zebrafish and alters the expression of microRNAs targeting the Notch pathway in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:590-595. [PMID: 27671199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Muscle wasting is estimated to affect 40-60% of alcoholics, and is more common than cirrhosis among chronic alcohol abusers. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying alcohol-related musculoskeletal dysfunction are, however, poorly understood. Muscle-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) referred to as myoMirs are now known to play a key role in both myogenesis and muscle atrophy. Yet, no studies have investigated a role for myoMirs in alcohol-related skeletal muscle damage. We developed a zebrafish model of chronic ethanol exposure to better define the mechanisms mediating alcohol-induced muscle atrophy. Adult fish maintained at 0.5% ethanol for eight weeks demonstrated significantly reduced muscle fiber cross-sectional area (∼12%, P < 0.05) compared to fish housed in normal water. Zebrafish miRNA microarray revealed marked changes in several miRNAs with ethanol treatment. Importantly, miR-140, a miRNA that shows 100% sequence homology with miR-140 from both mouse and human, is decreased 10-fold in ethanol treated fish. miR-140 targets several members of the Notch signaling pathway such as DNER, JAG1, and Hey1, and PCR data show that both Hey1 and Notch 1 are significantly up-related (3-fold) in muscle of ethanol treated fish. In addition, miR-146a, which targets the Notch antagonist Numb, is elevated in muscle from ethanol-treated fish. Upregulation of Notch signaling suppresses myogenesis and maintains muscle satellite cell quiescence. These data suggest that miRNAs targeting Notch are likely to play important roles in alcohol-related myopathy. Furthermore, zebrafish may serve as a useful model for better understanding the role of microRNAs in alcohol-related tissue damage.
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Zhang C, Ellis JL, Yin C. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling facilitates liver repair from acute ethanol-induced injury in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1383-1396. [PMID: 27562099 PMCID: PMC5117223 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) results from alcohol overconsumption and is among the leading causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors has been observed in ALD, but how it contributes to ALD pathophysiology is unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of VEGF signaling inhibition on an established zebrafish model of acute alcoholic liver injury. Kdrl activity was blocked by chemical inhibitor treatment or by genetic mutation. Exposing 4-day-old zebrafish larvae to 2% ethanol for 24 h induced hepatic steatosis, angiogenesis and fibrogenesis. The liver started self-repair once ethanol was removed. Although inhibiting Kdrl did not block the initial activation of hepatic stellate cells during ethanol treatment, it suppressed their proliferation, extracellular matrix protein deposition and fibrogenic gene expression after ethanol exposure, thus enhancing the liver repair. It also ameliorated hepatic steatosis and attenuated hepatic angiogenesis that accelerated after the ethanol treatment. qPCR showed that hepatic stellate cells are the first liver cell type to increase the expression of VEGF ligand and receptor genes in response to ethanol exposure. Both hepatic stellate cells and endothelial cells, but not hepatic parenchymal cells, expressed kdrl upon ethanol exposure and were likely the direct targets of Kdrl inhibition. Ethanol-induced steatosis and fibrogenesis still occurred in cloche mutants that have hepatic stellate cells but lack hepatic endothelial cells, and Kdrl inhibition suppressed both phenotypes in the mutants. These results suggest that VEGF signaling mediates interactions between activated hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes that lead to steatosis. Our study demonstrates the involvement of VEGF signaling in regulating sustained liver injuries after acute alcohol exposure. It also provides a proof of principle of using the zebrafish model to identify molecular targets for developing ALD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwen Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jillian L Ellis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA .,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Huang M, Xu J, Shin CH. Development of an Ethanol-induced Fibrotic Liver Model in Zebrafish to Study Progenitor Cell-mediated Hepatocyte Regeneration. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27214059 DOI: 10.3791/54002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained liver fibrosis with continuation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein build-up results in the loss of cellular competency of the liver, leading to cirrhosis with hepatocellular dysfunction. Among multiple hepatic insults, alcohol abuse can lead to significant health problems including liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nonetheless, the identity of endogenous cellular sources that regenerate hepatocytes in response to alcohol has not been properly investigated. Moreover, few studies have effectively modeled hepatocyte regeneration upon alcohol-induced injury. We recently reported on establishing an ethanol (EtOH)-induced fibrotic liver model in zebrafish in which hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) gave rise to hepatocytes upon near-complete hepatocyte loss in the presence of fibrogenic stimulus. Furthermore, through chemical screens using this model, we identified multiple small molecules that enhance hepatocyte regeneration. Here we describe in detail the procedures to develop an EtOH-induced fibrotic liver model and to perform chemical screens using this model in zebrafish. This protocol will be a critical tool to delineate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how hepatocyte regenerates in the fibrotic liver. Furthermore, these methods will facilitate potential discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianbo Huang
- School of Biology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Biology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Chong Hyun Shin
- School of Biology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology;
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