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A Perspective of Molecular Cytogenomics, Toxicology, and Epigenetics for the Increase of Heterochromatic Regions and Retrotransposable Elements in Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) Exposed to the Parasiticide Trichlorfon. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151945. [PMID: 35953934 PMCID: PMC9367383 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Trichlorfon effects on the retrotransposable elements in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) genome, which is a highly popular and well-known fish in the Amazon with a large reproduction number mediated by pisciculture. Thereby, tambaqui specimens were submitted to two different Trichlorfon concentrations (30% and 50% of LC50–96 h) under experimental conditions. The retrotransposons were analyzed using the FISH technique and the heterochromatin standard with the C-band technique. The retrotransposons studied presented a dispersed distribution profile in the tambaqui karyotype with Rex3 being more prominent than the others, showing the greatest increase in markings. Furthermore, the heterochromatin profile showed that these retrotransposons can be found in the heterochromatic portions of the chromosomes. Thus, it was observed that Trichlorfon has an activation mechanism for these retroelements, especially Rex3. Abstract Rex retroelements are the best-known transposable elements class and are broadly distributed through fish and also individual genomes, playing an important role in their evolutionary dynamics. Several agents can stress these elements; among them, there are some parasitic compounds such as the organochlorophosphate Trichlorfon. Consequently, knowing that the organochlorophosphate Trichlorfon is indiscriminately used as an antiparasitic in aquaculture, the current study aimed to analyze the effects of this compound on the activation of the Transposable Elements (TEs) Rex1, Rex3, and Rex6 and the structure of heterochromatin in the mitotic chromosomes of the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). For this, two concentrations of the pesticide were used: 30% (0.261 mg/L) and 50% (0.435 mg/L) of the recommended LC50–96 h concentration (0.87 mg/L) for this fish species. The results revealed a dispersed distribution for Rex1 and Rex6 retroelements. Rex3 showed an increase in both marking intensity and distribution, as well as enhanced chromosomal heterochromatinization. This probably happened by the mediation of epigenetic adaptive mechanisms, causing the retroelement mobilization to be repressed. However, this behavior was most evident when Trichlorfon concentrations and exposure times were the greatest, reflecting the genetic flexibility necessary for this species to successfully adapt to environmental changes.
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da Silva FA, Corrêa Guimarães EM, Carvalho ND, Ferreira AM, Schneider CH, Carvalho-Zilse GA, Feldberg E, Gross MC. Transposable DNA Elements in Amazonian Fish: From Genome Enlargement to Genetic Adaptation to Stressful Environments. Cytogenet Genome Res 2020; 160:148-155. [DOI: 10.1159/000507104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements have driven genome evolution and plasticity in many ways across a range of organisms. Different types of biotic and abiotic stresses can stimulate the expression or transposition of these mobile elements. Here, we cytogenetically analyzed natural fish populations of the same species living under different environmental conditions to test the influence and organization of transposable elements in their genome. Differential behavior was observed for the markers Rex 1, Rex 3, and Rex 6 in the chromosomes of individuals of the same species but coming from different environments (polluted and unpolluted). An increase in the number of Rex transposable elements in the chromosomes and their influence on the genome of populations living in a polluted environment indicates that they must be under constant adaptive evolution.
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Viana Ferreira AM, Marajó L, Matoso DA, Ribeiro LB, Feldberg E. Chromosomal Mapping of Rex Retrotransposons in Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) Exposed to Three Climate Change Scenarios. Cytogenet Genome Res 2019; 159:39-47. [PMID: 31593951 DOI: 10.1159/000502926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions are known to influence the planet's temperature, mainly due to human activities. To allow hypothesis testing, as well as to seek viable alternatives for mitigation, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggested 3 main scenarios for changes projected for the year 2100. In this paper, we subjected Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818 (tambaqui) individuals in a microcosm to IPCC scenarios B1 (mild), A1B (intermediate), and A2 (extreme) to test possible impacts on their genome. We found chromosome heterochromatinization in specimens exposed to the A2 scenario, where terminal blocks and interstitial bands were detected on several chromosome pairs. The behavior of Rex1 and Rex3 sequences differed between the test scenarios. Hybridization of Rex1 resulted in diffuse signals which showed a gradual increase in the tested scenarios. For Rex3, an increase was observed in the A2 scenario with blocks on several chromosomes, some of which coincided with heterochromatin. Heterochromatinization is an epigenetic process, which may have occurred as a mechanism for regulating Rex3 activity. The signal pattern of Rex6 did not change, suggesting that other mechanisms are acting to regulate its activity.
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Araújo da Silva F, Feldberg E, Moura Carvalho ND, Hernández Rangel SM, Schneider CH, Carvalho-Zilse GA, Fonsêca da Silva V, Gross MC. Effects of environmental pollution on the rDNAomics of Amazonian fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:180-187. [PMID: 31146233 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollution is a growing environmental problem throughout the world, and the impact of human activities on biodiversity and the genetic variability of natural populations is increasingly preoccupying, given that adaptive processes depend on this variability, in particular that found in the repetitive DNA. In the present study, the mitochondrial DNA (COI) and the distribution of repetitive DNA sequences (18S and 5S rDNA) in the fish genome were analysed in fish populations inhabiting both polluted and unpolluted waters in the northern Amazon basin. The results indicate highly complex ribosomal sequences in the fish genome from the polluted environment because these sequences are involved primarily in the maintenance of genome integrity, mediated by a systematic increase in the number of copies of the ribosomal DNA in response to changes in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francijara Araújo da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Natália Dayane Moura Carvalho
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gislene Almeida Carvalho-Zilse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Claudia Gross
- Instituto de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Integração Latino Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
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Araújo MC, Assis CRD, Silva KCC, Souza KS, Azevedo RS, Alves MHME, Silva LC, Silva VL, Adam ML, Carvalho Junior LB, Souza Bezerra R, Oliveira MBM. Characterization of brain acetylcholinesterase of bentonic fish Hoplosternum littorale: Perspectives of application in pesticides and metal ions biomonitoring. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 205:213-226. [PMID: 30408655 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is a serine hydrolase, whose main function is to modulate neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses. It is, therefore, the primary target of some pesticides and heavy metals. Its inhibition in aquatic organisms has been used as an indicator of the presence of these pollutants in water bodies. The present study aimed to characterize physicochemical and kinetic parameters of brain AChE in the benthic fish Hoplosternum littorale and to analyze the in vitro effects of pesticides (dichlorvos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, parathion-methyl, temephos, carbaryl, carbofuran, aldicarb, diflubenzuron, novaluron and pyriproxyfen) and metal ions (As3+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, K+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Zn2+) investigating the potential of this enzyme as environmental biomarker based on current regulations. Specific substrates and inhibitors have indicated AChE to be the predominant cholinesterase (ChE) in the brain of H. littorale. Peak activity was observed at pH 8.0 and 30 °C. The enzymatic activity is otherwise moderately thermostable (≈ 50% activity at 45 °C). The enzyme can reduce the activation energy of acetylthiocholine hydrolysis reaction to 8.34 kcal mol-1 while reaching a rate enhancement of 106. Among the pesticides under study, dichlorvos presented an IC50 value below the maximum concentrations allowed by legislation. This study presents the first report on the inhibition of brain AChE activity from Siluriformes by the pesticides novaluron and pyriproxyfen. Mercury ion also exerted a strong inhibitory effect on its enzymatic activity. The H. littorale enzyme thus has the potential to function as an in vitro biomarker for the presence of the pesticide dichlorvos as well as mercury in areas of mining and industrial discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyete Chagas Araújo
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular - BioMol, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Caio Rodrigo Dias Assis
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil; Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos - OrganoMAR, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Kaline Catiely Campos Silva
- Departamento de Educação, Colegiado de Biologia, Universidade do Estado da Bahia - UNEB, Paulo Afonso, BA, Brazil
| | - Kelma Sirleide Souza
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Rafael Souto Azevedo
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Luciano Clemente Silva
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil; Laboratório de Fisiologia Comparada e Comportamento Animal - LabFCCA, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Valdir Luna Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Comparada e Comportamento Animal - LabFCCA, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lúcia Adam
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória de Santo Antão - CAV, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Ranilson Souza Bezerra
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Maria Betânia Melo Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular - BioMol, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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