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Chen X, Xu S, Chu B, Guo J, Zhang H, Sun S, Song L, Feng XQ. Applying Spatiotemporal Modeling of Cell Dynamics to Accelerate Drug Development. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39420743 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Cells act as physical computational programs that utilize input signals to orchestrate molecule-level protein-protein interactions (PPIs), generating and responding to forces, ultimately shaping all of the physiological and pathophysiological behaviors. Genome editing and molecule drugs targeting PPIs hold great promise for the treatments of diseases. Linking genes and molecular drugs with protein-performed cellular behaviors is a key yet challenging issue due to the wide range of involved spatial and temporal scales involved. Building predictive spatiotemporal modeling systems that can describe the dynamic behaviors of cells intervened by genome editing and molecular drugs at the intersection of biology, chemistry, physics, and computer science will greatly accelerate pharmaceutical advances. Here, we review the mechanical roles of cytoskeletal proteins in orchestrating cellular behaviors alongside significant advancements in biophysical modeling while also addressing the limitations in these models. Then, by integrating generative artificial intelligence (AI) with spatiotemporal multiscale biophysical modeling, we propose a computational pipeline for developing virtual cells, which can simulate and evaluate the therapeutic effects of drugs and genome editing technologies on various cell dynamic behaviors and could have broad biomedical applications. Such virtual cell modeling systems might revolutionize modern biomedical engineering by moving most of the painstaking wet-laboratory effort to computer simulations, substantially saving time and alleviating the financial burden for pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Chen
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- BioMap, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Shihao Xu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bizhu Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Antitumor Drug Transformation Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Huikai Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuyi Sun
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Le Song
- BioMap, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Smith IM, Ursitti JA, Majeti P, Givpoor N, Stemberger MB, Hengen A, Banerjee S, Stains J, Martin SS, Ward C, Stroka KM. High throughput cell mechanotyping of cell response to cytoskeletal modulations using a microfluidic cell deformation system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599307. [PMID: 38948841 PMCID: PMC11212920 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cellular mechanical properties influence cellular functions across pathological and physiological systems. The observation of these mechanical properties is limited in part by methods with a low throughput of acquisition or with low accessibility. To overcome these limitations, we have designed, developed, validated, and optimized a microfluidic cellular deformation system (MCDS) capable of mechanotyping suspended cells on a population level at a high throughput rate of ∼300 cells pers second. The MCDS provides researchers with a viable method for efficiently quantifying cellular mechanical properties towards defining prognostic implications of mechanical changes in pathology or screening drugs to modulate cytoskeletal integrity.
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3
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Aljammal R, Saravanan T, Guan T, Rhodes S, Robichaux MA, Ramamurthy V. Excessive tubulin glutamylation leads to progressive cone-rod dystrophy and loss of outer segment integrity. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:802-817. [PMID: 38297980 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Cytosolic Carboxypeptidase-like Protein 5 (CCP5) are associated with vision loss in humans. To decipher the mechanisms behind CCP5-associated blindness, we generated a novel mouse model lacking CCP5. In this model, we found that increased tubulin glutamylation led to progressive cone-rod dystrophy, with cones showing a more pronounced and earlier functional loss than rod photoreceptors. The observed functional reduction was not due to cell death, levels, or the mislocalization of major phototransduction proteins. Instead, the increased tubulin glutamylation caused shortened photoreceptor axonemes and the formation of numerous abnormal membranous whorls that disrupted the integrity of photoreceptor outer segments (OS). Ultimately, excessive tubulin glutamylation led to the progressive loss of photoreceptors, affecting cones more severely than rods. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining tubulin glutamylation for normal photoreceptor function. Furthermore, we demonstrate that murine cone photoreceptors are more sensitive to disrupted tubulin glutamylation levels than rods, suggesting an essential role for axoneme in the structural integrity of the cone outer segment. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of photoreceptor diseases linked to excessive tubulin glutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawaa Aljammal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Thamaraiselvi Saravanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Tongju Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Scott Rhodes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Michael A Robichaux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Visvanathan Ramamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, One Stadium Dr, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
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4
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McKenna ED, Sarbanes SL, Cummings SW, Roll-Mecak A. The Tubulin Code, from Molecules to Health and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:331-361. [PMID: 37843925 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-030123-032748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential dynamic polymers composed of α/β-tubulin heterodimers. They support intracellular trafficking, cell division, cellular motility, and other essential cellular processes. In many species, both α-tubulin and β-tubulin are encoded by multiple genes with distinct expression profiles and functionality. Microtubules are further diversified through abundant posttranslational modifications, which are added and removed by a suite of enzymes to form complex, stereotyped cellular arrays. The genetic and chemical diversity of tubulin constitute a tubulin code that regulates intrinsic microtubule properties and is read by cellular effectors, such as molecular motors and microtubule-associated proteins, to provide spatial and temporal specificity to microtubules in cells. In this review, we synthesize the rapidly expanding tubulin code literature and highlight limitations and opportunities for the field. As complex microtubule arrays underlie essential physiological processes, a better understanding of how cells employ the tubulin code has important implications for human disease ranging from cancer to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D McKenna
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Stephanie L Sarbanes
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Steven W Cummings
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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Lavrsen K, Rajendraprasad G, Leda M, Eibes S, Vitiello E, Katopodis V, Goryachev AB, Barisic M. Microtubule detyrosination drives symmetry breaking to polarize cells for directed cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300322120. [PMID: 37216553 PMCID: PMC10235987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300322120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To initiate directed movement, cells must become polarized, establishing a protrusive leading edge and a contractile trailing edge. This symmetry-breaking process involves reorganization of cytoskeleton and asymmetric distribution of regulatory molecules. However, what triggers and maintains this asymmetry during cell migration remains largely elusive. Here, we established a micropatterning-based 1D motility assay to investigate the molecular basis of symmetry breaking required for directed cell migration. We show that microtubule (MT) detyrosination drives cell polarization by directing kinesin-1-based transport of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein to cortical sites. This is essential for the formation of cell's leading edge during 1D and 3D cell migration. These data, combined with biophysical modeling, unveil a key role for MT detyrosination in the generation of a positive feedback loop linking MT dynamics and kinesin-1-based transport. Thus, symmetry breaking during cell polarization relies on a feedback loop driven by MT detyrosination that supports directed cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Lavrsen
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcin Leda
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Eibes
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisa Vitiello
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vasileios Katopodis
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew B. Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Zocchi R, Compagnucci C, Bertini E, Sferra A. Deciphering the Tubulin Language: Molecular Determinants and Readout Mechanisms of the Tubulin Code in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032781. [PMID: 36769099 PMCID: PMC9917122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton involved in several cellular functions, such as structural support, migration and intracellular trafficking. Despite their high similarity, MTs have functional heterogeneity that is generated by the incorporation into the MT lattice of different tubulin gene products and by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Such regulations, besides modulating the tubulin composition of MTs, create on their surface a "biochemical code" that is translated, through the action of protein effectors, into specific MT-based functions. This code, known as "tubulin code", plays an important role in neuronal cells, whose highly specialized morphologies and activities depend on the correct functioning of the MT cytoskeleton and on its interplay with a myriad of MT-interacting proteins. In recent years, a growing number of mutations in genes encoding for tubulins, MT-interacting proteins and enzymes that post-translationally modify MTs, which are the main players of the tubulin code, have been linked to neurodegenerative processes or abnormalities in neural migration, differentiation and connectivity. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which the cell writes and, downstream, MT-interacting proteins decipher the tubulin code are still largely uncharted. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular determinants and the readout mechanisms of the tubulin code, and briefly elucidate how they coordinate MT behavior during critical neuronal events, such as neuron migration, maturation and axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zocchi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
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7
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Pero ME, Chowdhury F, Bartolini F. Role of tubulin post-translational modifications in peripheral neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114274. [PMID: 36379274 PMCID: PMC11320756 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common disorder that results from nerve damage in the periphery. The degeneration of sensory axon terminals leads to changes or loss of sensory functions, often manifesting as debilitating pain, weakness, numbness, tingling, and disability. The pathogenesis of most peripheral neuropathies remains to be fully elucidated. Cumulative evidence from both early and recent studies indicates that tubulin damage may provide a common underlying mechanism of axonal injury in various peripheral neuropathies. In particular, tubulin post-translational modifications have been recently implicated in both toxic and inherited forms of peripheral neuropathy through regulation of axonal transport and mitochondria dynamics. This knowledge forms a new area of investigation with the potential for developing therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay peripheral neuropathy by restoring tubulin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Farihah Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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8
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Hotta T, McAlear TS, Yue Y, Higaki T, Haynes SE, Nesvizhskii AI, Sept D, Verhey KJ, Bechstedt S, Ohi R. EML2-S constitutes a new class of proteins that recognizes and regulates the dynamics of tyrosinated microtubules. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3898-3910.e14. [PMID: 35963242 PMCID: PMC9530018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter microtubule properties by affecting the binding of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Microtubule detyrosination, which occurs by proteolytic removal of the C-terminal tyrosine from ɑ-tubulin, generates the oldest known tubulin PTM, but we lack comprehensive knowledge of MAPs that are regulated by this PTM. We developed a screening pipeline to identify proteins that discriminate between Y- and ΔY-microtubules and found that echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 2 (EML2) preferentially interacts with Y-microtubules. This activity depends on a Y-microtubule interaction motif built from WD40 repeats. We show that EML2 tracks the tips of shortening microtubules, a behavior not previously seen among human MAPs in vivo, and influences dynamics to increase microtubule stability. Our screening pipeline is readily adapted to identify proteins that specifically recognize a wide range of microtubule PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hotta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas S McAlear
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology (FAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sarah E Haynes
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susanne Bechstedt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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Shi X, Jiang X, Chen C, Zhang Y, Sun X. The interconnections between the microtubules and mitochondrial networks in cardiocerebrovascular diseases: Implications for therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106452. [PMID: 36116706 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules, a highly dynamic cytoskeleton, participate in many cellular activities including mechanical support, organelles interactions, and intracellular trafficking. Microtubule organization can be regulated by modification of tubulin subunits, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) or agents modulating microtubule assembly. Increasing studies demonstrate that microtubule disorganization correlates with various cardiocerebrovascular diseases including heart failure and ischemic stroke. Microtubules also mediate intracellular transport as well as intercellular transfer of mitochondria, a power house in cells which produce ATP for various physiological activities such as cardiac mechanical function. It is known to all that both microtubules and mitochondria participate in the progression of cancer and Parkinson's disease. However, the interconnections between the microtubules and mitochondrial networks in cardiocerebrovascular diseases remain unclear. In this paper, we will focus on the roles of microtubules in cardiocerebrovascular diseases, and discuss the interplay of mitochondria and microtubules in disease development and treatment. Elucidation of these issues might provide significant diagnostic value as well as potential targets for cardiocerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjuan Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xuan Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Congwei Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Luo K, Wang X, Zhang X, Liu Z, Huang S, Li R. The Value of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Prognosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933645. [PMID: 35860591 PMCID: PMC9293050 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, tumor diagnosis and treatment theory have developed in a variety of directions. The number of people dying from pancreatic cancer increases while the mortality rate of other common tumors decreases. Traditional imaging methods show the boundaries of pancreatic tumor, but they are not sufficient to judge early micrometastasis. Although carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen19-9 (CA19-9) have the obvious advantages of simplicity and minimal invasiveness, these biomarkers obviously lack sensitivity and specificity. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have attracted attention as a non-invasive, dynamic, and real-time liquid biopsy technique for analyzing tumor characteristics. With the continuous development of new CTCs enrichment technologies, substantial progress has been made in the basic research of CTCs clinical application prospects. In many metastatic cancers, CTCs have been studied as an independent prognostic factor. This article reviews the research progress of CTCs in the treatment and prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
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11
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Grignard J, Lamamy V, Vermersch E, Delagrange P, Stephan JP, Dorval T, Fages F. Mathematical modeling of the microtubule detyrosination/tyrosination cycle for cell-based drug screening design. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010236. [PMID: 35759459 PMCID: PMC9236252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules and their post-translational modifications are involved in major cellular processes. In severe diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, tyrosinated tubulin and tyrosinated microtubules are in lower concentration. We present here a mechanistic mathematical model of the microtubule tyrosination cycle combining computational modeling and high-content image analyses to understand the key kinetic parameters governing the tyrosination status in different cellular models. That mathematical model is parameterized, firstly, for neuronal cells using kinetic values taken from the literature, and, secondly, for proliferative cells, by a change of two parameter values obtained, and shown minimal, by a continuous optimization procedure based on temporal logic constraints to formalize experimental high-content imaging data. In both cases, the mathematical models explain the inability to increase the tyrosination status by activating the Tubulin Tyrosine Ligase enzyme. The tyrosinated tubulin is indeed the product of a chain of two reactions in the cycle: the detyrosinated microtubule depolymerization followed by its tyrosination. The tyrosination status at equilibrium is thus limited by both reaction rates and activating the tyrosination reaction alone is not effective. Our computational model also predicts the effect of inhibiting the Tubulin Carboxy Peptidase enzyme which we have experimentally validated in MEF cellular model. Furthermore, the model predicts that the activation of two particular kinetic parameters, the tyrosination and detyrosinated microtubule depolymerization rate constants, in synergy, should suffice to enable an increase of the tyrosination status in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Grignard
- Pole of Activity Data Sciences and Data Management, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
- * E-mail: (JG); (TD); (FF)
| | - Véronique Lamamy
- Pole of Activity Cellular Sciences, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Eva Vermersch
- Pole of Activity Cellular Sciences, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Philippe Delagrange
- Therapeutic Area Neuropsychiatry and Immunoinflammation, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Stephan
- In Vitro Pharmacology Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Thierry Dorval
- Pole of Activity Data Sciences and Data Management, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
- * E-mail: (JG); (TD); (FF)
| | - François Fages
- Team Project Lifeware, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, Inria Saclay, Palaiseau, France
- * E-mail: (JG); (TD); (FF)
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12
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Caporizzo MA, Prosser BL. The microtubule cytoskeleton in cardiac mechanics and heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:364-378. [PMID: 35440741 PMCID: PMC9270871 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule network of cardiac muscle cells has unique architectural and biophysical features to accommodate the demands of the working heart. Advances in live-cell imaging and in deciphering the 'tubulin code' have shone new light on this cytoskeletal network and its role in heart failure. Microtubule-based transport orchestrates the growth and maintenance of the contractile apparatus through spatiotemporal control of translation, while also organizing the specialized membrane systems required for excitation-contraction coupling. To withstand the high mechanical loads of the working heart, microtubules are post-translationally modified and physically reinforced. In response to stress to the myocardium, the microtubule network remodels, typically through densification, post-translational modification and stabilization. Under these conditions, physically reinforced microtubules resist the motion of the cardiomyocyte and increase myocardial stiffness. Accordingly, modified microtubules have emerged as a therapeutic target for reducing stiffness in heart failure. In this Review, we discuss the latest evidence on the contribution of microtubules to cardiac mechanics, the drivers of microtubule network remodelling in cardiac pathologies and the therapeutic potential of targeting cardiac microtubules in acquired heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Caporizzo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal elements found in all eukaryotic cells. The structure and composition of microtubules regulate their function, and the dynamic remodeling of the network by posttranslational modifications and microtubule-associated proteins generates diverse populations of microtubules adapted for various contexts. In the cardiomyocyte, the microtubules must accommodate the unique challenges faced by a highly contractile, rigidly structured, and long-lasting cell. Through their canonical trafficking role and positioning of mRNA, proteins, and organelles, microtubules regulate essential cardiomyocyte functions such as electrical activity, calcium handling, protein translation, and growth. In a more specialized role, posttranslationally modified microtubules form load-bearing structures that regulate myocyte mechanics and mechanotransduction. Modified microtubules proliferate in cardiovascular diseases, creating stabilized resistive elements that impede cardiomyocyte contractility and contribute to contractile dysfunction. In this review, we highlight the most exciting new concepts emerging from recent studies into canonical and noncanonical roles of cardiomyocyte microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Uchida
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Emily A Scarborough
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Benjamin L Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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14
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Peris L, Parato J, Qu X, Soleilhac JM, Lanté F, Kumar A, Pero ME, Martínez-Hernández J, Corrao C, Falivelli G, Payet F, Gory-Fauré S, Bosc C, Blanca Ramirez M, Sproul A, Brocard J, Di Cara B, Delagrange P, Buisson A, Goldberg Y, Moutin MJ, Bartolini F, Andrieux A. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2486-2506. [PMID: 35148384 PMCID: PMC9337816 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules play fundamental roles in the maintenance of neuronal processes and in synaptic function and plasticity. While dynamic microtubules are mainly composed of tyrosinated tubulin, long-lived microtubules contain detyrosinated tubulin, suggesting that the tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination cycle is a key player in the maintenance of microtubule dynamics and neuronal homeostasis, conditions that go awry in neurodegenerative diseases. In the tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin is removed by tubulin carboxypeptidases and re-added by tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL). Here we show that TTL heterozygous mice exhibit decreased tyrosinated microtubules, reduced dendritic spine density and both synaptic plasticity and memory deficits. We further report decreased TTL expression in sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease, and reduced microtubule dynamics in human neurons harbouring the familial APP-V717I mutation. Finally, we show that synapses visited by dynamic microtubules are more resistant to oligomeric amyloid-β peptide toxicity and that expression of TTL, by restoring microtubule entry into spines, suppresses the loss of synapses induced by amyloid-β peptide. Together, our results demonstrate that a balanced tyrosination/detyrosination tubulin cycle is necessary for the maintenance of synaptic plasticity, is protective against amyloid-β peptide-induced synaptic damage and that this balance is lost in Alzheimer’s disease, providing evidence that defective tubulin retyrosination may contribute to circuit dysfunction during neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Peris
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Parato
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, SUNY ESC, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jean Marc Soleilhac
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Lanté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - José Martínez-Hernández
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Charlotte Corrao
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Giulia Falivelli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Floriane Payet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Gory-Fauré
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marian Blanca Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew Sproul
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jacques Brocard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Alain Buisson
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yves Goldberg
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Jo Moutin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
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15
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Sandonà M, Saccone V. Post-translational Modification in Muscular Dystrophies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1382:71-84. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05460-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Wareham LK, Echevarria FD, Sousa JL, Konlian DO, Dallas G, Formichella CR, Sankaran P, Goralski PJ, Gustafson JR, Sappington RM. Interleukin-6 promotes microtubule stability in axons via Stat3 protein-protein interactions. iScience 2021; 24:103141. [PMID: 34646984 PMCID: PMC8496173 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines and its downstream effector, STAT3, are important mediators of neuronal health, repair, and disease throughout the CNS, including the visual system. Here, we elucidate a transcription-independent mechanism for the neuropoietic activities of IL-6 related to axon development, regeneration, and repair. We examined the outcome of IL-6 deficiency on structure and function of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, which form the optic projection. We found that IL-6 deficiency substantially delays anterograde axon transport in vivo. The reduced rate of axon transport is accompanied by changes in morphology, structure, and post-translational modification of microtubules. In vivo and in vitro studies in mice and swine revealed that IL-6-dependent microtubule phenotypes arise from protein-protein interactions between STAT3 and stathmin. As in tumor cells and T cells, this STAT3-stathmin interaction stabilizes microtubules in RGCs. Thus, this IL-6-STAT3-dependent mechanism for axon architecture is likely a fundamental mechanism for microtubule stability systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Sousa
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Danielle O Konlian
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Gabrielle Dallas
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Cathryn R Formichella
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Priya Sankaran
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Peter J Goralski
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jenna R Gustafson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA
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17
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Chen J, Kholina E, Szyk A, Fedorov VA, Kovalenko I, Gudimchuk N, Roll-Mecak A. α-tubulin tail modifications regulate microtubule stability through selective effector recruitment, not changes in intrinsic polymer dynamics. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2016-2028.e4. [PMID: 34022132 PMCID: PMC8476856 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are non-covalent polymers of αβ-tubulin dimers. Posttranslational processing of the intrinsically disordered C-terminal α-tubulin tail produces detyrosinated and Δ2-tubulin. Although these are widely employed as proxies for stable cellular microtubules, their effect (and of the α-tail) on microtubule dynamics remains uncharacterized. Using recombinant, engineered human tubulins, we now find that neither detyrosinated nor Δ2-tubulin affect microtubule dynamics, while the α-tubulin tail is an inhibitor of microtubule growth. Consistent with the latter, molecular dynamics simulations show the α-tubulin tail transiently occluding the longitudinal microtubule polymerization interface. The marked differential in vivo stabilities of the modified microtubule subpopulations, therefore, must result exclusively from selective effector recruitment. We find that tyrosination quantitatively tunes CLIP-170 density at the growing plus end and that CLIP170 and EB1 synergize to selectively upregulate the dynamicity of tyrosinated microtubules. Modification-dependent recruitment of regulators thereby results in microtubule subpopulations with distinct dynamics, a tenet of the tubulin code hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ekaterina Kholina
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir A Fedorov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kovalenko
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia; Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Gudimchuk
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Actin/microtubule crosstalk during platelet biogenesis in mice is critically regulated by Twinfilin1 and Cofilin1. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2124-2134. [PMID: 32407474 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeleton are pivotal for platelet biogenesis. Hence, defects in actin- or MT-regulatory proteins are associated with platelet disorders in humans and mice. Previous studies in mice revealed that loss of the actin-depolymerizing factor homology (ADF-H) protein Cofilin1 (Cof1) in megakaryocytes (MKs) results in a moderate macrothrombocytopenia but normal MK numbers, whereas deficiency in another ADF-H protein, Twinfilin1 (Twf1), does not affect platelet production or function. However, recent studies in yeast have indicated a critical synergism between Twf1 and Cof1 in the regulation of actin dynamics. We therefore investigated platelet biogenesis and function in mice lacking both Twf1 and Cof1 in the MK lineage. In contrast to single deficiency in either protein, Twf1/Cof1 double deficiency (DKO) resulted in a severe macrothrombocytopenia and dramatically increased MK numbers in bone marrow and spleen. DKO MKs exhibited defective proplatelet formation in vitro and in vivo as well as impaired spreading and altered assembly of podosome-like structures on collagen and fibrinogen in vitro. These defects were associated with aberrant F-actin accumulation and, remarkably, the formation of hyperstable MT, which appears to be caused by dysregulation of the actin- and MT-binding proteins mDia1 and adenomatous polyposis coli. Surprisingly, the mild functional defects described for Cof1-deficient platelets were only slightly aggravated in DKO platelets suggesting that both proteins are largely dispensable for platelet function in the peripheral blood. In summary, these findings reveal critical redundant functions of Cof1 and Twf1 in ensuring balanced actin/microtubule crosstalk during thrombopoiesis in mice and possibly humans.
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19
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Hotta T, Haynes SE, Blasius TL, Gebbie M, Eberhardt EL, Sept D, Cianfrocco M, Verhey KJ, Nesvizhskii AI, Ohi R. Parthenolide Destabilizes Microtubules by Covalently Modifying Tubulin. Curr Biol 2021; 31:900-907.e6. [PMID: 33482110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Detyrosination of the α-tubulin C-terminal tail is a post-translational modification (PTM) of microtubules that is key for many biological processes.1 Although detyrosination is the oldest known microtubule PTM,2-7 the carboxypeptidase responsible for this modification, VASH1/2-SVBP, was identified only 3 years ago,8,9 precluding genetic approaches to prevent detyrosination. Studies examining the cellular functions of detyrosination have therefore relied on a natural product, parthenolide, which is widely believed to block detyrosination of α-tubulin in cells, presumably by inhibiting the activity of the relevant carboxypeptidase(s).10 Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone that forms covalent linkages predominantly with exposed thiol groups; e.g., on cysteine residues.11-13 Using mass spectrometry, we show that parthenolide forms adducts on both cysteine and histidine residues on tubulin itself, in vitro and in cells. Parthenolide causes tubulin protein aggregation and prevents the formation of microtubules. In contrast to epoY, an epoxide inhibitor of VASH1/2-SVBP,9 parthenolide does not block VASH1-SVBP activity in vitro. Lastly, we show that epoY is an efficacious inhibitor of microtubule detyrosination in cells, providing an alternative chemical means to block detyrosination. Collectively, our work supports the notion that parthenolide is a promiscuous inhibitor of many cellular processes and suggests that its ability to block detyrosination may be an indirect consequence of reducing the polymerization-competent pool of tubulin in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hotta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah E Haynes
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Teresa L Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margo Gebbie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily L Eberhardt
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Cianfrocco
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Roll-Mecak A. The Tubulin Code in Microtubule Dynamics and Information Encoding. Dev Cell 2020; 54:7-20. [PMID: 32634400 PMCID: PMC11042690 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are non-covalent mesoscale polymers central to the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Microtubule structure, dynamics, and mechanics are modulated by a cell's choice of tubulin isoforms and post-translational modifications, a "tubulin code," which is thought to support the diverse morphology and dynamics of microtubule arrays across various cell types, cell cycle, and developmental stages. We give a brief historical overview of research into tubulin diversity and highlight recent progress toward uncovering the mechanistic underpinnings of the tubulin code. As a large number of essential pathways converge upon the microtubule cytoskeleton, understanding how cells utilize tubulin diversity is crucial to understanding cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Freund RRA, Gobrecht P, Fischer D, Arndt HD. Advances in chemistry and bioactivity of parthenolide. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:541-565. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00049f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
(−)-Parthenolide is a germacrane sesquiterpene lactone, available in ample amounts from the traditional medical plant feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. A. Freund
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Philipp Gobrecht
- Lehrstuhl für Zellphysiologie
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- D-44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Lehrstuhl für Zellphysiologie
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- D-44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
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22
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Caporizzo MA, Chen CY, Prosser BL. Cardiac microtubules in health and heart disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1255-1272. [PMID: 31398994 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219868960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are large (∼40,000 µm3), rod-shaped muscle cells that provide the working force behind each heartbeat. These highly structured cells are packed with dense cytoskeletal networks that can be divided into two groups—the contractile (i.e. sarcomeric) cytoskeleton that consists of filamentous actin-myosin arrays organized into myofibrils, and the non-sarcomeric cytoskeleton, which is composed of β- and γ-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Together, microtubules and intermediate filaments form a cross-linked scaffold, and these networks are responsible for the delivery of intracellular cargo, the transmission of mechanical signals, the shaping of membrane systems, and the organization of myofibrils and organelles. Microtubules are extensively altered as part of both adaptive and pathological cardiac remodeling, which has diverse ramifications for the structure and function of the cardiomyocyte. In heart failure, the proliferation and post-translational modification of the microtubule network is linked to a number of maladaptive processes, including the mechanical impediment of cardiomyocyte contraction and relaxation. This raises the possibility that reversing microtubule alterations could improve cardiac performance, yet therapeutic efforts will strongly benefit from a deeper understanding of basic microtubule biology in the heart. The aim of this review is to summarize the known physiological roles of the cardiomyocyte microtubule network, the consequences of its pathological remodeling, and to highlight the open and intriguing questions regarding cardiac microtubules. Impact statement Advancements in cell biological and biophysical approaches and super-resolution imaging have greatly broadened our view of tubulin biology over the last decade. In the heart, microtubules and microtubule-based transport help to organize and maintain key structures within the cardiomyocyte, including the sarcomere, intercalated disc, protein clearance machinery and transverse-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. It has become increasingly clear that post translational regulation of microtubules is a key determinant of their sub-cellular functionality. Alterations in microtubule network density, stability, and post-translational modifications are hallmarks of pathological cardiac remodeling, and modified microtubules can directly impede cardiomyocyte contractile function in various forms of heart disease. This review summarizes the functional roles and multi-leveled regulation of the cardiac microtubule cytoskeleton and highlights how refined experimental techniques are shedding mechanistic clarity on the regionally specified roles of microtubules in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Caporizzo
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christina Yingxian Chen
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin L Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Zhou C, Yan L, Zhang WH, Liu Z. Structural basis of tubulin detyrosination by VASH2/SVBP heterodimer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3212. [PMID: 31324789 PMCID: PMC6642083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-terminus of α-tubulin undergoes a detyrosination/tyrosination cycle and dysregulation of this cycle is associated with cancer and other diseases. The molecular mechanisms of tubulin tyrosination are well studied, however it has remained unknown how tyrosine is cleaved from the tubulin tail. Here, we report the crystal structure of the long-sought detyrosination enzyme, the VASH2/SVBP heterodimer at 2.2 Å resolution and the structure of the tail/VASH2/SVBP complex at 2.5 Å resolution. VASH2 possesses a non-canonical Cys-His-Ser catalytic architecture for tyrosine cleavage. The dynamics of the α1- and α2- helices of VASH2 are related to the insolubility of VASH2. SVBP plays a chaperone-like role by extensively interacting with VASH2 and stabilizing these dynamic helices. A positively charged groove around the catalytic pocket and the α1- and α2- helices of VASH2 targets the tubulin tail for detyrosination. We provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the cycle of tubulin tyrosine cleavage and religation. The VASH2/SVBP heterodimer catalyzes the detyrosination of the α-tubulin C-terminus. Here the authors provide insights into the tubulin detyrosination mechanism by determining the crystal structures of VASH2/SVBP and VASH2/SVBP in complex with a tubulin tail peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ling Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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24
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Khan LA, Jafari G, Zhang N, Membreno E, Yan S, Zhang H, Gobel V. A tensile trilayered cytoskeletal endotube drives capillary-like lumenogenesis. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2403-2424. [PMID: 31239283 PMCID: PMC6605810 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unicellular tubes are components of internal organs and capillaries. It is unclear how they meet the architectural challenge to extend a centered intracellular lumen of uniform diameter. In an RNAi-based Caenorhabditis elegans screen, we identified three intermediate filaments (IFs)-IFA-4, IFB-1, and IFC-2-as interactors of the lumenal membrane-actin linker ERM-1 in excretory-canal tubulogenesis. We find that IFs, generally thought to affect morphogenesis indirectly by maintaining tissue integrity, directly promote lumenogenesis in this capillary-like single-cell tube. We show that ERM-1, ACT-5/actin, and TBB-2/tubulin recruit membrane-forming endosomal and flux-promoting canalicular vesicles to the lumen, whereas IFs, themselves recruited to the lumen by ERM-1 and TBB-2, restrain lateral vesicle access. IFs thereby prevent cystogenesis, equilibrate the lumen diameter, and promote lumen forward extension. Genetic and imaging analyses suggest that IFB-1/IFA-4 and IFB-1/IFC-2 polymers form a perilumenal triple IF lattice, sandwiched between actin and helical tubulin. Our findings characterize a novel mechanism of capillary-like lumenogenesis, where a tensile trilayered cytoskeletal endotube transforms concentric into directional growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liakot A Khan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gholamali Jafari
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Edward Membreno
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Siyang Yan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Verena Gobel
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Developmental Biology and Genetics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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25
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Structural basis of tubulin detyrosination by the vasohibin–SVBP enzyme complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:571-582. [DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Santander VS, Campetelli AN, Monesterolo NE, Rivelli JF, Nigra AD, Arce CA, Casale CH. Tubulin-Na + , K + -ATPase interaction: Involvement in enzymatic regulation and cellular function. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7752-7763. [PMID: 30378111 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new function for tubulin was described by our laboratory: acetylated tubulin forms a complex with Na+ ,K + -ATPase (NKA) and inhibits its activity. This process was shown to be a regulatory factor of physiological importance in cultured cells, human erythrocytes, and several rat tissues. Formation of the acetylated tubulin-NKA complex is reversible. We demonstrated that in cultured cells, high concentrations of glucose induce translocation of acetylated tubulin from cytoplasm to plasma membrane with a consequent inhibition of NKA activity. This effect is reversed by adding glutamate, which is coctransported to the cell with Na + . Another posttranslational modification of tubulin, detyrosinated tubulin, is also involved in the regulation of NKA activity: it enhances the NKA inhibition induced by acetylated tubulin. Manipulation of the content of these modifications of tubulin could work as a new strategy to maintain homeostasis of Na + and K + , and to regulate a variety of functions in which NKA is involved, such as osmotic fragility and deformability of human erythrocytes. The results summarized in this review show that the interaction between tubulin and NKA plays an important role in cellular physiology, both in the regulation of Na + /K + homeostasis and in the rheological properties of the cells, which is mechanically different from other roles reported up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica S Santander
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alexis N Campetelli
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Noelia E Monesterolo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan F Rivelli
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ayelen D Nigra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Arce
- entro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - César H Casale
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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27
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Kreitzer G, Myat MM. Microtubule Motors in Establishment of Epithelial Cell Polarity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a027896. [PMID: 28264820 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells play a key role in insuring physiological homeostasis by acting as a barrier between the outside environment and internal organs. They are also responsible for the vectorial transport of ions and fluid essential to the function of many organs. To accomplish these tasks, epithelial cells must generate an asymmetrically organized plasma membrane comprised of structurally and functionally distinct apical and basolateral membranes. Adherent and occluding junctions, respectively, anchor cells within a layer and prevent lateral diffusion of proteins in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and restrict passage of proteins and solutes through intercellular spaces. At a fundamental level, the establishment and maintenance of epithelial polarity requires that signals initiated at cell-substratum and cell-cell adhesions are transmitted appropriately and dynamically to the cytoskeleton, to the membrane-trafficking machinery, and to the regulation of occluding and adherent junctions. Rigorous descriptive and mechanistic studies published over the last 50 years have provided great detail to our understanding of epithelial polarization. Yet still, critical early steps in morphogenesis are not yet fully appreciated. In this review, we discuss how cytoskeletal motor proteins, primarily kinesins, contribute to coordinated modification of microtubule and actin arrays, formation and remodeling of cell adhesions to targeted membrane trafficking, and to initiating the formation and expansion of an apical lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geri Kreitzer
- Department of Pathobiology, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City College of New York, The City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, New York 10031
| | - Monn Monn Myat
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, Brooklyn, New York 11225.,The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York 10016
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28
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Yang X, Naughton SX, Han Z, He M, Zheng YG, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Mass Spectrometric Quantitation of Tubulin Acetylation from Pepsin-Digested Rat Brain Tissue Using a Novel Stable-Isotope Standard and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibody (SISCAPA) Method. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2155-2163. [PMID: 29320166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of α-tubulin at Lys-40 is a potential biomarker for cognitive deficits in various neurological disorders. However, this key post-translational modification (PTM) has not been previously studied with mass spectrometry, due to the inadequate distribution of tryptic cleavage sites. Following peptic digestion, a surrogate sequence containing this key PTM site was identified and was found to be stable and quantitatively reproducible. A highly sensitive and specific SISCAPA-LC-MS method for quantitating rat brain tubulin acetylation was developed, validated, and applied, and only required a small amount of tissue (2.2 mg). This workflow includes peptic digestion, stable-isotope dilution, capture with antiacetylated peptide antibody bound on protein G beads, and quantitation using LC-MS. The method allowed a lower limit of quantitation at 2.50 pmol/mg and provided a linear range of 2.50-62.50 pmol/mg. Selectivity, intra and interday precision and accuracy were also validated. This method has been successfully applied in a preclinical study of organophosphate neurotoxicity, and we found that chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos led to a significant and persistent inhibition of brain tubulin acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Maomao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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29
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Fernández-Barrera J, Bernabé-Rubio M, Casares-Arias J, Rangel L, Fernández-Martín L, Correas I, Alonso MA. The actin-MRTF-SRF transcriptional circuit controls tubulin acetylation via α-TAT1 gene expression. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:929-944. [PMID: 29321169 PMCID: PMC5839776 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of formins in microtubules is not well understood. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism by which INF2, a formin mutated in degenerative renal and neurological hereditary disorders, controls microtubule acetylation. We found that silencing of INF2 in epithelial RPE-1 cells produced a dramatic drop in tubulin acetylation, increased the G-actin/F-actin ratio, and impaired myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)/serum response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription, which is known to be repressed by increased levels of G-actin. The effect on tubulin acetylation was caused by the almost complete absence of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1) messenger RNA (mRNA). Activation of the MRTF-SRF transcriptional complex restored α-TAT1 mRNA levels and tubulin acetylation. Several functional MRTF-SRF-responsive elements were consistently identified in the α-TAT1 gene. The effect of INF2 silencing on microtubule acetylation was also observed in epithelial ECV304 cells, but not in Jurkat T cells. Therefore, the actin-MRTF-SRF circuit controls α-TAT1 transcription. INF2 regulates the circuit, and hence microtubule acetylation, in cell types where it has a prominent role in actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casares-Arias
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rangel
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Martín
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Correas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Loh JT, Su IH. Post-translational modification-regulated leukocyte adhesion and migration. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37347-37360. [PMID: 26993608 PMCID: PMC5095081 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes undergo frequent phenotypic changes and rapidly infiltrate peripheral and lymphoid tissues in order to carry out immune responses. The recruitment of circulating leukocytes into inflamed tissues depends on integrin-mediated tethering and rolling of these cells on the vascular endothelium, followed by transmigration into the tissues. This dynamic process of migration requires the coordination of large numbers of cytosolic and transmembrane proteins whose functional activities are typically regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Our recent studies have shown that the lysine methyltransferase, Ezh2, critically regulates integrin signalling and governs the adhesion dynamics of leukocytes via direct methylation of talin, a key molecule that controls these processes by linking integrins to the actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we will discuss the various modes of leukocyte migration and examine how PTMs of cytoskeletal/adhesion associated proteins play fundamental roles in the dynamic regulation of leukocyte migration. Furthermore, we will discuss molecular details of the adhesion dynamics controlled by Ezh2-mediated talin methylation and the potential implications of this novel regulatory mechanism for leukocyte migration, immune responses, and pathogenic processes, such as allergic contact dermatitis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tong Loh
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore
| | - I-Hsin Su
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore
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31
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Lyons JS, Joca HC, Law RA, Williams KM, Kerr JP, Shi G, Khairallah RJ, Martin SS, Konstantopoulos K, Ward CW, Stains JP. Microtubules tune mechanotransduction through NOX2 and TRPV4 to decrease sclerostin abundance in osteocytes. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/506/eaan5748. [PMID: 29162742 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan5748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of the skeleton to its mechanical environment is orchestrated by mechanosensitive osteocytes, largely by regulating the abundance of sclerostin, a secreted inhibitor of bone formation. We defined a microtubule-dependent mechanotransduction pathway that linked fluid shear stress to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium (Ca2+) signals that led to a reduction in sclerostin abundance in cultured osteocytes. We demonstrated that microtubules stabilized by detyrosination, a reversible posttranslational modification of polymerized α-tubulin, determined the stiffness of the cytoskeleton, which set the mechanoresponsive range of cultured osteocytes to fluid shear stress. We showed that fluid shear stress through the microtubule network activated NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-generated ROS that target the Ca2+ channel TRPV4 to elicit Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, tuning the abundance of detyrosinated tubulin affected cytoskeletal stiffness to define the mechanoresponsive range of cultured osteocytes to fluid shear stress. Finally, we demonstrated that NOX2-ROS elicited Ca2+ signals that activated the kinase CaMKII to decrease the abundance of sclerostin protein. Together, these discoveries may identify potentially druggable targets for regulating osteocyte mechanotransduction to affect bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Humberto C Joca
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert A Law
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Katrina M Williams
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jaclyn P Kerr
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Guoli Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Stuart S Martin
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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32
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Wloga D, Joachimiak E, Fabczak H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications and Microtubule Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102207. [PMID: 29065455 PMCID: PMC5666887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are hollow tube-like polymeric structures composed of α,β-tubulin heterodimers. They play an important role in numerous cellular processes, including intracellular transport, cell motility and segregation of the chromosomes during cell division. Moreover, microtubule doublets or triplets form a scaffold of a cilium, centriole and basal body, respectively. To perform such diverse functions microtubules have to differ in their properties. Post-translational modifications are one of the factors that affect the properties of the tubulin polymer. Here we focus on the direct and indirect effects of post-translational modifications of tubulin on microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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33
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Sanghvi-Shah R, Weber GF. Intermediate Filaments at the Junction of Mechanotransduction, Migration, and Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:81. [PMID: 28959689 PMCID: PMC5603733 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanically induced signal transduction has an essential role in development. Cells actively transduce and respond to mechanical signals and their internal architecture must manage the associated forces while also being dynamically responsive. With unique assembly-disassembly dynamics and physical properties, cytoplasmic intermediate filaments play an important role in regulating cell shape and mechanical integrity. While this function has been recognized and appreciated for more than 30 years, continually emerging data also demonstrate important roles of intermediate filaments in cell signal transduction. In this review, with a particular focus on keratins and vimentin, the relationship between the physical state of intermediate filaments and their role in mechanotransduction signaling is illustrated through a survey of current literature. Association with adhesion receptors such as cadherins and integrins provides a critical interface through which intermediate filaments are exposed to forces from a cell's environment. As a consequence, these cytoskeletal networks are posttranslationally modified, remodeled and reorganized with direct impacts on local signal transduction events and cell migratory behaviors important to development. We propose that intermediate filaments provide an opportune platform for cells to both cope with mechanical forces and modulate signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Sanghvi-Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-NewarkNewark, NJ, United States
| | - Gregory F Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-NewarkNewark, NJ, United States
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34
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Qu X, Yuan FN, Corona C, Pasini S, Pero ME, Gundersen GG, Shelanski ML, Bartolini F. Stabilization of dynamic microtubules by mDia1 drives Tau-dependent Aβ 1-42 synaptotoxicity. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3161-3178. [PMID: 28877993 PMCID: PMC5626542 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric Amyloid β1-42 (Aβ) plays a crucial synaptotoxic role in Alzheimer's disease, and hyperphosphorylated tau facilitates Aβ toxicity. The link between Aβ and tau, however, remains controversial. In this study, we find that in hippocampal neurons, Aβ acutely induces tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and stabilizes dynamic microtubules (MTs) by reducing their catastrophe frequency. Silencing or acute inhibition of the formin mDia1 suppresses these activities and corrects the synaptotoxicity and deficits of axonal transport induced by Aβ. We explored the mechanism of rescue and found that stabilization of dynamic MTs promotes tau-dependent loss of dendritic spines and tau hyperphosphorylation. Collectively, these results uncover a novel role for mDia1 in Aβ-mediated synaptotoxicity and demonstrate that inhibition of MT dynamics and accumulation of PTMs are driving factors for the induction of tau-mediated neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Feng Ning Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Carlo Corona
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Silvia Pasini
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Michael L Shelanski
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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35
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Leube RE, Moch M, Windoffer R. Intracellular Motility of Intermediate Filaments. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/6/a021980. [PMID: 28572456 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe establishment and continuous cell type-specific adaptation of cytoplasmic intermediate filament (IF) networks are linked to various types of IF motility. Motor protein-driven active transport, linkage to other cellular structures, diffusion of small soluble subunits, and intrinsic network elasticity all contribute to the motile behavior of IFs. These processes are subject to regulation by multiple signaling pathways. IF motility is thereby connected to and involved in many basic cellular processes guarding the maintenance of cell and tissue integrity. Disturbances of IF motility are linked to diseases that are characterized by cytoplasmic aggregates containing IF proteins together with other cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcin Moch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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36
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Cytoskeletal organization in microtentacles. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:291-298. [PMID: 28551375 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microtentacles are thin, flexible cell protrusions that have recently been described and whose presence enhances efficient attachment of circulating cells. They are found on circulating tumor cells and can be induced on a wide range of breast cancer cell lines, where they are promoted by factors that either stabilize microtubules or destabilize the actin cytoskeleton. Evidence suggests that they are relevant to the metastatic spread of cancer, so understanding their structure and formation may lead to useful therapies. Microtentacles are formed by microtubules and contain vimentin intermediate filaments, but beyond this, there is little information about their ultrastructure. We have used electron microscopy of high pressure frozen sections and tomography of cryo-prepared intact cells, along with super resolution fluorescence microscopy, to provide the first ultrastructural insights into microtubule and intermediate filament arrangement within microtentacles. By scanning electron microscopy it was seen that microtentacles form within minutes of addition of drugs that stabilize microtubules and destabilize actin filaments. Mature microtentacles were found to be well below one micrometer in diameter, tapering gradually to below 100nm at the distal ends. They also contained frequent branches and bulges suggestive of heterogeneous internal structure. Super resolution fluorescence microscopy and examination of sectioned samples showed that the microtubules and intermediate filaments can occupy different areas within the microtentacles, rather than interacting intimately as had been expected. Cryo-electron tomography of thin regions of microtentacles revealed densely packed microtubules and absence of intermediate filaments. The number of microtubules ranged from several dozen in some areas to just a few in the thinnest regions, with none of the regular arrangement found in axonemes. Improved understanding of the mechanism of microtentacle formation, as well as the resultant structure, will be valuable in developing therapies against metastasis, if the hypothesized role of microtentacles in metastasis is confirmed. This work provides a significant step in this direction.
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37
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Gomes ER, Cadot B. Molecular motors and nuclear movements in muscle. Commun Integr Biol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5501210 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1319537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fibers have the particularity of containing numerous nuclei evenly distributed and positioned next to the plasma membrane. This unique disposition is the result of sequential events of nuclear movements that start when myoblasts fuse together and end with the clustering of few nuclei under the neuromuscular junction. Nuclei are mispositioned in multiple muscle disorders therefore the mechanisms of nuclear positioning can be novel targets for muscle disorders therapies. The 2 first nuclear movements that occur upon myoblast fusion require different microtubule motors. We performed a siRNA screen against all the microtubules motors and quantified nuclei behavior after fusion and inside the myotube. The different motors we found to be involved in the nuclear behaviors and the analysis of motors expression suggest a competition between both movement mechanisms, which potentially relies on the discrepancy between myoblast and myotube microtubules stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - B. Cadot
- Center of Research in Myology, INSERM UPMC UMR974, CNRS FRE3617, Paris, France
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38
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Abstract
Microtubules are key cytoskeletal elements of all eukaryotic cells and are assembled of evolutionarily conserved α-tubulin-β-tubulin heterodimers. Despite their uniform structure, microtubules fulfill a large diversity of functions. A regulatory mechanism to control the specialization of the microtubule cytoskeleton is the 'tubulin code', which is generated by (i) expression of different α- and β-tubulin isotypes, and by (ii) post-translational modifications of tubulin. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular components of the tubulin code, and discuss the mechanisms by which these components contribute to the generation of functionally specialized microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Kathiresan Natarajan
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France .,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France
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39
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Robison P, Prosser BL. Microtubule mechanics in the working myocyte. J Physiol 2017; 595:3931-3937. [PMID: 28116814 DOI: 10.1113/jp273046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical role of cardiac microtubules (MTs) has been a topic of some controversy. Early studies, which relied largely on pharmacological interventions that altered the MT cytoskeleton as a whole, presented no consistent role. Recent advances in the ability to observe and manipulate specific properties of the cytoskeleton have strengthened our understanding. Direct observation of MTs in working myocytes suggests a spring-like function, one that is surprisingly tunable by post-translational modification (PTM). Specifically, detyrosination of MTs facilitates an interaction with intermediate filaments that complex with the sarcomere, altering myocyte stiffness, contractility, and mechanosignalling. Such results support a paradigm of cytoskeletal regulation based on not only polymerization, but also associations with binding partners and PTMs that divide the MT cytoskeleton into functionally distinct subsets. The evolutionary costs and benefits of tuning cytoskeletal mechanics remain an open question, one that we discuss herein. Nevertheless, mechanically distinct MT subsets provide a rich new source of therapeutic targets for a variety of phenomena in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Robison
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin L Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Robison P, Caporizzo MA, Ahmadzadeh H, Bogush AI, Chen CY, Margulies KB, Shenoy VB, Prosser BL. Detyrosinated microtubules buckle and bear load in contracting cardiomyocytes. Science 2016; 352:aaf0659. [PMID: 27102488 PMCID: PMC5441927 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton can transmit mechanical signals and resist compression in contracting cardiomyocytes. How MTs perform these roles remains unclear because of difficulties in observing MTs during the rapid contractile cycle. Here, we used high spatial and temporal resolution imaging to characterize MT behavior in beating mouse myocytes. MTs deformed under contractile load into sinusoidal buckles, a behavior dependent on posttranslational "detyrosination" of α-tubulin. Detyrosinated MTs associated with desmin at force-generating sarcomeres. When detyrosination was reduced, MTs uncoupled from sarcomeres and buckled less during contraction, which allowed sarcomeres to shorten and stretch with less resistance. Conversely, increased detyrosination promoted MT buckling, stiffened the myocyte, and correlated with impaired function in cardiomyopathy. Thus, detyrosinated MTs represent tunable, compression-resistant elements that may impair cardiac function in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Robison
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew A Caporizzo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hossein Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexey I Bogush
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christina Yingxian Chen
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin L Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Eira J, Silva CS, Sousa MM, Liz MA. The cytoskeleton as a novel therapeutic target for old neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 141:61-82. [PMID: 27095262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeleton defects, including alterations in microtubule stability, in axonal transport as well as in actin dynamics, have been characterized in several unrelated neurodegenerative conditions. These observations suggest that defects of cytoskeleton organization may be a common feature contributing to neurodegeneration. In line with this hypothesis, drugs targeting the cytoskeleton are currently being tested in animal models and in human clinical trials, showing promising effects. Drugs that modulate microtubule stability, inhibitors of posttranslational modifications of cytoskeletal components, specifically compounds affecting the levels of tubulin acetylation, and compounds targeting signaling molecules which regulate cytoskeleton dynamics, constitute the mostly addressed therapeutic interventions aiming at preventing cytoskeleton damage in neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will discuss in a critical perspective the current knowledge on cytoskeleton damage pathways as well as therapeutic strategies designed to revert cytoskeleton-related defects mainly focusing on the following neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Eira
- Neurodegeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Santos Silva
- Neurodegeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal; Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Almeida Liz
- Neurodegeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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Bartolini F, Andres-Delgado L, Qu X, Nik S, Ramalingam N, Kremer L, Alonso MA, Gundersen GG. An mDia1-INF2 formin activation cascade facilitated by IQGAP1 regulates stable microtubules in migrating cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1797-808. [PMID: 27030671 PMCID: PMC4884070 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The formin INF2 is required for stable Glu microtubule formation and inhibition of microtubule dynamics in NIH3T3 cells downstream of mDia1 and LPA. Evidence also shows that the formation of an mDia1/INF2 complex is necessary for microtubule stabilization stimulated by LPA and is regulated by IQGAP1. Multiple formins regulate microtubule (MT) arrays, but whether they function individually or in a common pathway is unknown. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) stimulates the formation of stabilized detyrosinated MTs (Glu MTs) in NIH3T3 fibroblasts through RhoA and the formin mDia1. Here we show that another formin, INF2, is necessary for mDia1-mediated induction of Glu MTs and regulation of MT dynamics and that mDia1 can be bypassed by activating INF2. INF2 localized to MTs after LPA treatment in an mDia1-dependent manner, suggesting that mDia1 regulates INF2. Mutants of either formin that disrupt their interaction failed to rescue MT stability in cells depleted of the respective formin, and the mDia1-interacting protein IQGAP1 regulated INF2’s localization to MTs and the induction of Glu MTs by either formin. The N-terminus of IQGAP1 associated with the C-terminus of INF2 directly, suggesting the possibility of a tripartite complex stimulated by LPA. Supporting this, the interaction of mDia1 and INF2 was induced by LPA and dependent on IQGAP1. Our data highlight a unique mechanism of formin action in which mDia1 and INF2 function in series to stabilize MTs and point to IQGAP1 as a scaffold that facilitates the activation of one formin by another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Laura Andres-Delgado
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sara Nik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nagendran Ramalingam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Nirschl JJ, Magiera MM, Lazarus JE, Janke C, Holzbaur ELF. α-Tubulin Tyrosination and CLIP-170 Phosphorylation Regulate the Initiation of Dynein-Driven Transport in Neurons. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2637-52. [PMID: 26972003 PMCID: PMC4819336 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor-cargo recruitment to microtubules is often the rate-limiting step of intracellular transport, and defects in this recruitment can cause neurodegenerative disease. Here, we use in vitro reconstitution assays with single-molecule resolution, live-cell transport assays in primary neurons, computational image analysis, and computer simulations to investigate the factors regulating retrograde transport initiation in the distal axon. We find that phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal-organelle linker protein CLIP-170 and post-translational modifications of the microtubule track combine to precisely control the initiation of retrograde transport. Computer simulations of organelle dynamics in the distal axon indicate that while CLIP-170 primarily regulates the time to microtubule encounter, the tyrosination state of the microtubule lattice regulates the likelihood of binding. These mechanisms interact to control transport initiation in the axon in a manner sensitive to the specialized cytoskeletal architecture of the neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Nirschl
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jacob E Lazarus
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Liu J, He Y, Benmerzouga I, Sullivan WJ, Morrissette NS, Murray JM, Hu K. An ensemble of specifically targeted proteins stabilizes cortical microtubules in the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:549-71. [PMID: 26680740 PMCID: PMC4751604 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-11-0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human parasite Toxoplasma gondii has 22 regularly spaced microtubules associated with the cortex. This work defines the differential localization of associated proteins, explores the biophysical constraints on specific targeting along the cortical microtubules, and investigates the function of these proteins in stabilizing the polymers. Although all microtubules within a single cell are polymerized from virtually identical subunits, different microtubule populations carry out specialized and diverse functions, including directional transport, force generation, and cellular morphogenesis. Functional differentiation requires specific targeting of associated proteins to subsets or even subregions of these polymers. The cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii, an important human parasite, contains at least five distinct tubulin-based structures. In this work, we define the differential localization of proteins along the cortical microtubules of T. gondii, established during daughter biogenesis and regulated by protein expression and exchange. These proteins distinguish cortical from mitotic spindle microtubules, even though the assembly of these subsets is contemporaneous during cell division. Finally, proteins associated with cortical microtubules collectively protect the stability of the polymers with a remarkable degree of functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Yudou He
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Imaan Benmerzouga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - William J Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Naomi S Morrissette
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - John M Murray
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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45
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Kerr JP, Robison P, Shi G, Bogush AI, Kempema AM, Hexum JK, Becerra N, Harki DA, Martin SS, Raiteri R, Prosser BL, Ward CW. Detyrosinated microtubules modulate mechanotransduction in heart and skeletal muscle. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8526. [PMID: 26446751 PMCID: PMC4633818 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In striated muscle, X-ROS is the mechanotransduction pathway by which mechanical stress transduced by the microtubule network elicits reactive oxygen species. X-ROS tunes Ca(2+) signalling in healthy muscle, but in diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), microtubule alterations drive elevated X-ROS, disrupting Ca(2+) homeostasis and impairing function. Here we show that detyrosination, a post-translational modification of α-tubulin, influences X-ROS signalling, contraction speed and cytoskeletal mechanics. In the mdx mouse model of DMD, the pharmacological reduction of detyrosination in vitro ablates aberrant X-ROS and Ca(2+) signalling, and in vivo it protects against hallmarks of DMD, including workload-induced arrhythmias and contraction-induced injury in skeletal muscle. We conclude that detyrosinated microtubules increase cytoskeletal stiffness and mechanotransduction in striated muscle and that targeting this post-translational modification may have broad therapeutic potential in muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn P. Kerr
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Patrick Robison
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Guoli Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Alexey I. Bogush
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Aaron M. Kempema
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Joseph K. Hexum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Natalia Becerra
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - Daniel A. Harki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Stuart S. Martin
- Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Roberto Raiteri
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - Benjamin L. Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Christopher W. Ward
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology (BioMET), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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46
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Song Y, Brady ST. Post-translational modifications of tubulin: pathways to functional diversity of microtubules. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:125-36. [PMID: 25468068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin and microtubules are subject to a remarkable number of post-translational modifications. Understanding the roles these modifications play in determining the functions and properties of microtubules has presented a major challenge that is only now being met. Many of these modifications are found concurrently, leading to considerable diversity in cellular microtubules, which varies with development, differentiation, cell compartment, and cell cycle. We now know that post-translational modifications of tubulin affect, not only the dynamics of the microtubules, but also their organization and interaction with other cellular components. Many early suggestions of how post-translational modifications affect microtubules have been replaced with new ideas and even new modifications as our understanding of cellular microtubule diversity comes into focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Song
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 065105, USA
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 808 S. Wood St., Rm 578 (M/C 512), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that are dynamically assembled from α/β-tubulin heterodimers. The primary sequence and structure of the tubulin proteins and, consequently, the properties and architecture of microtubules are highly conserved in eukaryotes. Despite this conservation, tubulin is subject to heterogeneity that is generated in two ways: by the expression of different tubulin isotypes and by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Identifying the mechanisms that generate and control tubulin heterogeneity and how this heterogeneity affects microtubule function are long-standing goals in the field. Recent work on tubulin PTMs has shed light on how these modifications could contribute to a “tubulin code” that coordinates the complex functions of microtubules in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 3306, 91405 Orsay, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1005, 91405 Orsay, France Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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48
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Kahn OI, Sharma V, González-Billault C, Baas PW. Effects of kinesin-5 inhibition on dendritic architecture and microtubule organization. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:66-77. [PMID: 25355946 PMCID: PMC4279230 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of kinesin-5, a molecular motor protein best known for its essential role in mitosis, has notable effects on the morphology and microtubule organization of dendrites of terminally postmitotic neurons. Kinesin-5 acts as a brake that can limit the capacity of other motor proteins to influence microtubule organization and distribution. Kinesin-5 is a slow homotetrameric motor protein best known for its essential role in the mitotic spindle, where it limits the rate at which faster motors can move microtubules. In neurons, experimental suppression of kinesin-5 causes the axon to grow faster by increasing the mobility of microtubules in the axonal shaft and the invasion of microtubules into the growth cone. Does kinesin-5 act differently in dendrites, given that they have a population of minus end–distal microtubules not present in axons? Using rodent primary neurons in culture, we found that inhibition of kinesin-5 during various windows of time produces changes in dendritic morphology and microtubule organization. Specifically, dendrites became shorter and thinner and contained a greater proportion of minus end–distal microtubules, suggesting that kinesin-5 acting normally restrains the number of minus end–distal microtubules that are transported into dendrites. Additional data indicate that, in neurons, CDK5 is the kinase responsible for phosphorylating kinesin-5 at Thr-926, which is important for kinesin-5 to associate with microtubules. We also found that kinesin-5 associates preferentially with microtubules rich in tyrosinated tubulin. This is consistent with an observed accumulation of kinesin-5 on dendritic microtubules, as they are known to be less detyrosinated than axonal microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Kahn
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Vandana Sharma
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Department of Biology and Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology (ICDB), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Nunoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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49
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Alieva IB. Role of microtubule cytoskeleton in regulation of endothelial barrier function. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:964-75. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Morris EJ, Nader GPF, Ramalingam N, Bartolini F, Gundersen GG. Kif4 interacts with EB1 and stabilizes microtubules downstream of Rho-mDia in migrating fibroblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91568. [PMID: 24658398 PMCID: PMC3962350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectively stabilized microtubules (MTs) form in the lamella of fibroblasts and contribute to cell migration. A Rho-mDia-EB1 pathway regulates the formation of stable MTs, yet how selective stabilization of MTs is achieved is unknown. Kinesin activity has been implicated in selective MT stabilization and a number of kinesins regulate MT dynamics both in vitro and in cells. Here, we show that the mammalian homolog of Xenopus XKLP1, Kif4, is both necessary and sufficient for the induction of selective MT stabilization in fibroblasts. Kif4 localized to the ends of stable MTs and participated in the Rho-mDia-EB1 MT stabilization pathway since Kif4 depletion blocked mDia- and EB1-induced selective MT stabilization and EB1 was necessary for Kif4 induction of stable MTs. Kif4 and EB1 interacted in cell extracts, and binding studies revealed that the tail domain of Kif4 interacted directly with the N-terminal domain of EB1. Consistent with its role in regulating formation of stable MTs in interphase cells, Kif4 knockdown inhibited migration of cells into wounded monolayers. These data identify Kif4 as a novel factor in the Rho-mDia-EB1 MT stabilization pathway and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Morris
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guilherme P. F. Nader
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nagendran Ramalingam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gregg G. Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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