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Wang H, Wu T, Li M, Tao Y. Recent advances in nanomaterials for colorimetric cancer detection. J Mater Chem B 2020; 9:921-938. [PMID: 33367450 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of cancer can significantly improve patient survival rates. Colorimetric methods for real-time naked-eye detection have aroused growing interest owing to their low cost, simplicity, and practicability. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, compared with conventional diagnostic methods, nanomaterials with unique physical and chemical properties were applied to improve selectivity and sensitivity in colorimetric detection of cancer biomarkers, such as MUC1 aptamer conjugated PtAuNPs to specifically recognize MUC1 proteins on the cancer cell surfaces, etching of silver nanoprisms to detect prostate-specific antigen, and aggregation or dispersion of AuNPs to sense prostate cancer antigen gene 3 or glutathione, by which the limit of detection (LOD) could approach values down to a few cancer cells per mL, several fg per mL proteins, several ng of nucleic acids, or even tens of nM of organic molecules. Herein, we review the recent progress achieved in developing colorimetric nanosensors for cancer diagnosis, particularly providing an overview of the sensing principles, target biomarkers, advanced nanomaterials employed in the fabrication of sensing platforms, and strategies for improving signal sensitivity and specificity. Finally, we sum up the nanomaterial-based colorimetric cancer detection as well as existing challenges that should be resolved to extend their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Wang C, Chen X, Takada M, Fan C, Zheng X, Wen H, Liu Y, Wang C, Pestell RG, Aird KM, Kaelin WG, Liu XS, Zhang Q. EglN2 associates with the NRF1-PGC1α complex and controls mitochondrial function in breast cancer. EMBO J 2015; 34:2953-70. [PMID: 26492917 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The EglN2/PHD1 prolyl hydroxylase is an important oxygen sensor contributing to breast tumorigenesis. Emerging studies suggest that there is functional cross talk between oxygen sensing and mitochondrial function, both of which play an essential role for sustained tumor growth. However, the potential link between EglN2 and mitochondrial function remains largely undefined. Here, we show that EglN2 depletion decreases mitochondrial respiration in breast cancer under normoxia and hypoxia, which correlates with decreased mitochondrial DNA in a HIF1/2α-independent manner. Integrative analyses of gene expression profile and genomewide binding of EglN2 under hypoxic conditions reveal nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) motif enrichment in EglN2-activated genes, suggesting NRF1 as an EglN2 binding partner. Mechanistically, by forming an activator complex with PGC1α and NRF1 on chromatin, EglN2 promotes the transcription of ferridoxin reductase (FDXR) and maintains mitochondrial function. In addition, FDXR, as one of effectors for EglN2, contributes to breast tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that EglN2 regulates mitochondrial function in ERα-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chengyang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mamoru Takada
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xingnan Zheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Program of Radiation Protection and Drug Discovery, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Aird
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xiaole Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Wang H, Yuan Y, Chai Y, Yuan R. Sandwiched Electrochemiluminescent Peptide Biosensor for the Detection of Prognostic Indicator in Early-Stage Cancer Based on Hollow, Magnetic, and Self-Enhanced Nanosheets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3703-3709. [PMID: 25833656 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, peptide-based protein-recognition has been recognized as an effective and promising approach for protein assays. However, sandwiched peptide-based biosensor with high sensitivity and low background has not been proposed before. Herein, a sandwiched electrochemiluminescence (ECL) peptide-based biosensor is constructed for Cyclin A(2) (CA2), a prognostic indicator in early stage of multiple cancers, based on nanosheets with hollow, magnetic, and ECL self-enhanced properties. First, hollow and magnetic manganese oxide nanocrystals (H-Mn(3)O(4)) are synthesized using triblock copolymeric micelles with core-shell-corona architecture as templates. Then, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and the composite of platinum nanoparticles and tris (4,4'-dicarboxylicacid-2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) (PtNPs-Ru) are immobilized on H-Mn(3)O(4) to form H-Mn(3)O(4) -PEI-PtNPs-Ru nanocomposite, in which PEI as coreactant can effectively enhance the luminous efficiency and PtNPs as nanochannels can greatly accelerate the electron transfer. Finally, due to the coordination between Eu(3+) and carboxyl, the obtained H-Mn(3)O(4) -PEI-PtNPs-Ru aggregates locally to form sheet-like nanostructures ((H-Mn(3)O(4) -PEI-PtNPs-Ru)(n) -Eu(3+)), by which the luminous efficiency is further increased. Based on the nanosheets and two designed peptides, a sandwiched ECL biosensor, using palladium nanocages synthesized through galvanic replacement reaction as substrate, is proposed for CA2 with a linear range from 0.001 to 100 ng mL(-1) and a detection limit of 0.3 pg mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-TimeAnalytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yali Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-TimeAnalytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-TimeAnalytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-TimeAnalytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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4
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Label-free colorimetric and quantitative detection of cancer marker protein using noncrosslinking aggregation of Au/Ag nanoparticles induced by target-specific peptide probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4804-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Boruc J, Mylle E, Duda M, De Clercq R, Rombauts S, Geelen D, Hilson P, Inzé D, Van Damme D, Russinova E. Systematic localization of the Arabidopsis core cell cycle proteins reveals novel cell division complexes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:553-65. [PMID: 20018602 PMCID: PMC2815867 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.148643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell division depends on the correct localization of the cyclin-dependent kinases that are regulated by phosphorylation, cyclin proteolysis, and protein-protein interactions. Although immunological assays can define cell cycle protein abundance and localization, they are not suitable for detecting the dynamic rearrangements of molecular components during cell division. Here, we applied an in vivo approach to trace the subcellular localization of 60 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) core cell cycle proteins fused to green fluorescent proteins during cell division in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis. Several cell cycle proteins showed a dynamic association with mitotic structures, such as condensed chromosomes and the preprophase band in both species, suggesting a strong conservation of targeting mechanisms. Furthermore, colocalized proteins were shown to bind in vivo, strengthening their localization-function connection. Thus, we identified unknown spatiotemporal territories where functional cell cycle protein interactions are most likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., E.M., M.D., R.D.C., S.R., P.H., D.I., D.V.D., E.R.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., E.M., M.D., R.D.C., S.R., P.H., D.I., D.V.D., E.R.); and Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B–9000 Ghent, Belgium (D.G.)
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Wang X, Ren J, Qu X. Biophysical Studies on the Full-Length Human Cyclin A2: Protein Stability and Folding/Unfolding Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8346-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jp712026m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Chemistry and Physics, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Chemistry and Physics, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Chemistry and Physics, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
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7
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Wang X, Ren J, Qu X. Targeted RNA Interference of Cyclin A2 Mediated by Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Induces Proliferation Arrest and Apoptosis in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:940-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zschemisch NH, Liedtke C, Dierssen U, Nevzorova YA, Wüstefeld T, Borlak J, Manns MP, Trautwein C. Expression of a cyclin E1 isoform in mice is correlated with the quiescent cell cycle status of hepatocytes in vivo. Hepatology 2006; 44:164-73. [PMID: 16799991 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin E1 controls G1/S phase transition of the eukaryotic cell cycle. We report the impact of alternative spliced cyclin E1 isoforms on cell cycle regulation in hepatocytes. We show that expression of new cyclin E1 mRNA variants IN3, Delta4, and Delta5 is associated with retarded proliferation in murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, we demonstrate that a new cyclin E1 isoform Delta3/8 lacking the central part of wild-type mRNA is expressed predominantly in nonproliferating murine hepatocytes. Following partial hepatectomy, Delta3/8 is downregulated when hepatocytes enter the cell cycle from quiescence. The Delta3/8 protein does not exhibit any cyclin box motif but binds cyclin-dependent kinase 2 without stimulating kinase activity. We demonstrate that Delta3/8 lacks any nuclear localization signal and is exclusively located in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of Delta3/8 in cultured cells leads to a delayed G0-G1 transition, indicating that this splice variant helps to maintain a quiescent state of hepatocytes. In conclusion, we identified an isoform of cyclin E1 involved in G0 maintenance and suggest an additional mechanism for cell cycle control.
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Popov B, Chang LS, Serikov V. Cell cycle-related transformation of the E2F4-p130 repressor complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:762-9. [PMID: 16153605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During G0 phase the p130, member of the pRb tumor suppressor protein family, forms a repressor complex with E2F4 which is inactivated in G1/S by hyperphosphorylation of the p130. The role of p130 after G1/S remains poorly investigated. We found that in nuclear extracts of T98G cells, the p130-E2F4-DNA (pp-E2F4) complex does not dissociate at G1/S transition, but instead reverts to the p130-E2F4-cyclin E/A-cdk2 (cyc/cdk-pp-E2F4) complex, which is detected in S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Hyperphosphorylation of the p130 at G1/S transition is associated with a decrease of its total amount; however, this protein is still detected during the rest of the cell cycle, and it is increasingly hyperphosphorylated in the cytosol, but continuously dephosphorylated in the nucleus. Both nuclear and cytosol cell fractions in T98G cells contain a hyperphosphorylated form of p130 in complex with E2F4 at S and G2/M cell cycle phases. In contrast to T98G cells, transformation of the p130 containing cyc/cdk-pp-E2F4 complex into the p130-pp-E2F4 repressor does not occur in HeLa cells under growth restriction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Popov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4, Tikhoretsky Ave., St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
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Pierson-Mullany LK, Lange CA. Phosphorylation of progesterone receptor serine 400 mediates ligand-independent transcriptional activity in response to activation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:10542-57. [PMID: 15572662 PMCID: PMC533997 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.24.10542-10557.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human progesterone receptors (PR) are phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CDK2) at multiple sites, including Ser400. Herein, we have addressed the significance of phosphorylation of this residue. PR phospho-Ser400-specific antibodies revealed regulated phosphorylation of Ser400 in response to progestins and mitogens, and this correlated with increased CDK2 levels and activity. Expression of cyclin E elevated CDK2 activity and downregulated PR independently of ligand. Similarly, overexpression of activated mutant CDK2 increased PR transcriptional activity in the absence and presence of progestin. Mutation of PR Ser400 to alanine (S400A) blocked CDK2-induced PR activity in the absence, but not in the presence, of progestin. PR was unresponsive to activated CDK2 in breast cancer cells with elevated p27, and RNA interference knock-down of p27 partially restored CDK2-induced ligand-independent PR activation. Similarly, in p27(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, elevated CDK2 activity increased wild-type (wt) but not S400A PR transcriptional activity in the absence of progestin. CDK2 induced nuclear localization of unliganded wt but not S400A PR; liganded S400A PR exhibited delayed nuclear accumulation. These studies demonstrate that CDK2 regulates PR in the absence of progestins via phosphorylation of Ser400, thus revealing a novel mechanism for upregulated PR transcriptional activity in human breast cancer cells expressing altered cell cycle regulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Pierson-Mullany
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, MMC 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Cazzalini O, Perucca P, Valsecchi F, Stivala LA, Bianchi L, Vannini V, Prosperi E. Intracellular localization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21CDKN1A-GFP fusion protein during cell cycle arrest. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 121:377-81. [PMID: 15133678 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-004-0650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21CDKN1A is known to induce cell cycle arrest by inhibiting CDK activity and by interfering with DNA replication through binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Although the molecular mechanisms have been elucidated, the temporal dynamics, as well as the intracellular sites of the activity of p21 bound to cyclin/CDK complexes during cell cycle arrest, have not been fully investigated. In this study we have induced the expression of p21CDKN1A fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) in HeLa cells, in order to visualize the intracellular localization of the inhibitor during the cell cycle arrest. We show that p21-GFP is preferentially expressed in association with cyclin E in cells arrested in G1 phase, and with cyclin A more than with cyclin B1 in cells arrested in the G2/M compartment. In addition, we show for the first time that p21-GFP colocalizes with cyclin E in the nucleolus of HeLa cells during the G1 phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cazzalini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, sez. Patologia generale C. Golgi, Università di Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Frouin I, Montecucco A, Spadari S, Maga G. DNA replication: a complex matter. EMBO Rep 2003; 4:666-70. [PMID: 12835753 PMCID: PMC1326325 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/21/2003] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the essential function of DNA replication is carried out by a network of enzymes and proteins, which work together to rapidly and accurately duplicate the genetic information of the cell. Many of the components of this DNA replication apparatus associate with other cellular factors as components of multiprotein complexes, which act cooperatively in networks to regulate cell cycle progression and checkpoint control, but are distinct from the pre-replication complexes that associate with the origins and regulate their firing. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the composition and dynamics of these large multiprotein complexes in mammalian cells and their relationships to the replication factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Frouin
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100
Pavia, Italy
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8050
Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Montecucco
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100
Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvio Spadari
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100
Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100
Pavia, Italy
- Tel: +39 0382 546355; Fax: +39 0382 422286;
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Abstract
The restriction point in the G1 phase of the mammalian cell cycle is the oldest, best-known, and widely accepted control point regulating division cycle in mammalian cells. Origins of the restriction point and its subsequent history are reanalyzed here. The initial proposal of the restriction point has an alternative explanation, which is that cells arrested with a G1 phase amount of DNA can arise from the inhibition of a process or processes occurring throughout the cell cycle and are not restricted to any particular phase of the cell cycle or specifically related to any event in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The initial evidence and subsequent analyses require reexamination. It is proposed that the arrest of cells with a particular DNA content equivalent to that in cells in the G1 phase of the division cycle does not mean there is any particular G1 phase control point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA.
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Abstract
Cell cycle activation is coordinated by D-type cyclins which are rate limiting and essential for the progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. D-type cyclins bind to and activate the cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk4 and Cdk6, which in turn phosphorylate their downstream target, the retinoblastoma protein Rb. Upon Rb phosphorylation, the E2F transcription factors activate the expression of S-phase genes and thereby induce cell cycle progression. The raise of cyclin D levels in early G1 also serves to titrate Kip/Cip proteins away from cyclinE/Cdk2 complexes, further accelerating cell cycle progression. Therefore, cyclin D plays essential roles in the response to mitogens, transmitting their signal to the Rb/E2F pathway. Surprisingly, cyclin D1-deficient animals are viable and have developmental abnormalities limited to restricted tissues, such as retina, the nervous system and breast epithelium. This observation, combined with several other studies, have raised the possibility that cyclin D1 may have new activities that are unrelated to its function as a cdk regulatory subunit and as regulator of Rb. Effectively, cyclin D has been reported to have transcriptional functions since it interacts with several transcription factors to regulate their activity. Most often, this effect does not rely on the kinase function of Cdk4, indicating that this function is probably independent of cell cycle progression. Further extending its role in gene regulation, cyclin D interacts with histone acetylases such as P/CAF or NcoA/SRC1a but also with components of the transcriptional machinery such as TAF(II)250. Therefore, these studies suggest that the functions of cyclin D might need to be reevaluated. They have established a new cdk-independent role of cyclin D1 as a transcriptional regulator, indicating that cyclin D1 can act via two different mechanisms, as a cdk activator it regulates cell cycle progression and as a transcriptional regulator, it modulates the activity of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Coqueret
- INSERM U564, 4 rue Larrey, CHU Angers, 49033 Angers Cedex, France.
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Frouin I, Montecucco A, Biamonti G, Hübscher U, Spadari S, Maga G. Cell cycle-dependent dynamic association of cyclin/Cdk complexes with human DNA replication proteins. EMBO J 2002; 21:2485-95. [PMID: 12006500 PMCID: PMC125998 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.10.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously described the isolation of a replication competent (RC) complex from calf thymus, containing DNA polymerase alpha, DNA polymerase delta and replication factor C. Here, we describe the isolation of the RC complex from nuclear extracts of synchronized HeLa cells, which contains DNA replication proteins associated with cell-cycle regulation factors like cyclin A, cyclin B1, Cdk2 and Cdk1. In addition, it contains a kinase activity and DNA polymerase activities able to switch from a distributive to a processive mode of DNA synthesis, which is dependent on proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In vivo cross-linking of proteins to DNA in synchronized HeLa cells demonstrates the association of this complex to chromatin. We show a dynamic association of cyclins/Cdks with the RC complex during the cell cycle. Indeed, cyclin A and Cdk2 associated with the complex in S phase, and cyclin B1 and Cdk1 were present exclusively in G(2)/M phase, suggesting that the activity, as well the localization, of the RC complex might be regulated by specific cyclin/Cdk complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ulrich Hübscher
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare–CNR, Pavia, Italy and
Institute for Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Zürich–Irchel, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare–CNR, Pavia, Italy and
Institute for Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Zürich–Irchel, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland Corresponding author e-mail:
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