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Sevilla A, Grichnik J. Therapeutic modulation of KIT ligand in melanocytic disorders with implications for mast cell diseases. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15091. [PMID: 38711220 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
KIT ligand and its associated receptor KIT serve as a master regulatory system for both melanocytes and mast cells controlling survival, migration, proliferation and activation. Blockade of this pathway results in cell depletion, while overactivation leads to mastocytosis or melanoma. Expression defects are associated with pigmentary and mast cell disorders. KIT ligand regulation is complex but efficient targeting of this system would be of significant benefit to those suffering from melanocytic or mast cell disorders. Herein, we review the known associations of this pathway with cutaneous diseases and the regulators of this system both in skin and in the more well-studied germ cell system. Exogenous agents modulating this pathway will also be presented. Ultimately, we will review potential therapeutic opportunities to help our patients with melanocytic and mast cell disease processes potentially including vitiligo, hair greying, melasma, urticaria, mastocytosis and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lakeland Regional Health, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - James Grichnik
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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2
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Tieniber AD, Rossi F, Hanna AN, Liu M, Etherington MS, Loo JK, Param N, Zeng S, Do K, Wang L, DeMatteo RP. Multiple intratumoral sources of kit ligand promote gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Oncogene 2023; 42:2578-2588. [PMID: 37468679 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common human sarcoma and is typically driven by a single mutation in the Kit or PDGFRA receptor. While highly effective, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are not curative. The natural ligand for the Kit receptor is Kit ligand (KitL), which exists in both soluble and membrane-bound forms. While KitL is known to stimulate human GIST cell lines in vitro, we used a genetically engineered mouse model of GIST containing a common human KIT mutation to investigate the intratumoral sources of KitL, importance of KitL during GIST oncogenesis, and contribution of soluble KitL to tumor growth in vivo. We discovered that in addition to tumor cells, endothelia and smooth muscle cells produced KitL in KitV558Δ/+ tumors, even after imatinib therapy. Genetic reduction of total KitL in tumor cells of KitV558Δ/+ mice impaired tumor growth in vivo. Similarly, genetic reduction of tumor cell soluble KitL in KitV558Δ/+ mice decreased tumor size. By RNA sequencing, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry, KitL expression was heterogeneous in human GIST specimens. In particular, PDGFRA-mutant tumors had much higher KitL expression than Kit-mutant tumors, suggesting the benefit of Kit activation in the absence of mutant KIT. Serum KitL was higher in GIST patients with tumors resistant to imatinib and in those with tumors expressing more KitL RNA. Overall, KitL supports the growth of GIST at baseline and after imatinib therapy and remains a potential biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Tieniber
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ferdinando Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew N Hanna
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marion Liu
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark S Etherington
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Loo
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nesteene Param
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Do
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Wang
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald P DeMatteo
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Kim J, You YJ. Oocyte Quiescence: From Formation to Awakening. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6572508. [PMID: 35452125 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Decades of work using various model organisms have resulted in an exciting and emerging field of oocyte maturation. High levels of insulin and active mammalian target of rapamycin signals, indicative of a good nutritional environment, and hormones such as gonadotrophin, indicative of the growth of the organism, work together to control oocyte maturation to ensure that reproduction happens at the right timing under the right conditions. In the wild, animals often face serious challenges to maintain oocyte quiescence under long-term unfavorable conditions in the absence of mates or food. Failure to maintain oocyte quiescence will result in activation of oocytes at the wrong time and thus lead to exhaustion of the oocyte pool and sterility of the organism. In this review, we discuss the shared mechanisms in oocyte quiescence and awakening and a conserved role of noradrenergic signals in maintenance of the quiescent oocyte pool under unfavorable conditions in simple model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Jai You
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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4
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Gaudichon J, Jakobczyk H, Debaize L, Cousin E, Galibert MD, Troadec MB, Gandemer V. Mechanisms of extramedullary relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Reconciling biological concepts and clinical issues. Blood Rev 2019; 36:40-56. [PMID: 31010660 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term survival rates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are currently above 85% due to huge improvements in treatment. However, 15-20% of children still experience relapses. Relapses can either occur in the bone marrow or at extramedullary sites, such as gonads or the central nervous system (CNS), formerly referred to as ALL-blast sanctuaries. The reason why ALL cells migrate to and stay in these sites is still unclear. In this review, we have attempted to assemble the evidence concerning the microenvironmental factors that could explain why ALL cells reside in such sites. We present criteria that make extramedullary leukemia niches and solid tumor metastatic niches comparable. Indeed, considering extramedullary leukemias as metastases could be a useful approach for proposing more effective treatments. In this context, we conclude with several examples of potential niche-based therapies which could be successfully added to current treatments of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Gaudichon
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France; Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, University Hospital, Caen, France.
| | - Hélène Jakobczyk
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Lydie Debaize
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Elie Cousin
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France; Pediatric Hematology Department, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Marie-Bérengère Troadec
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Virginie Gandemer
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France; Pediatric Hematology Department, University Hospital, Rennes, France.
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Fonseca W, Rasky AJ, Ptaschinski C, Morris SH, Best SK, Phillips M, Malinczak CA, Lukacs NW. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are regulated by stem cell factor during chronic asthmatic disease. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:445-456. [PMID: 30617299 PMCID: PMC6375742 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) binds to the receptor c-Kit that is expressed on a number of myeloid and lymphoid cell populations, including Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). However the importance of the SCF/c-Kit interaction in ILC2 has not been studied. Here we investigate the role of a specific SCF isoform, SCF248, in the allergic asthmatic response and SCF/c-Kit in ILC2 activation during chronic allergy. We observed that mice treated with a monoclonal antibody specific for SCF248 attenuated the development of chronic asthmatic disease by decreasing the number of mast cells, ILC2 and eosinophils, as well as reducing the accompanying pathogenic cytokine responses. These data were supported using SCFfl/fl-Col1-Cre-ERT mice and W/Wv mice that demonstrated the importance of the stem cell factor/c-Kit activation during chronic allergy and the accumulation of c-kit+ cells. Finally, these data demonstrate for the first time that SCF could activate ILC2 cells in vitro for the production of key allergic cytokines. Together these findings indicate that SCF is a critical cytokine involved in the activation of ILC2 that lead to more severe outcomes during chronic allergy and that the SCF248 isoform could be an important therapeutic target to control the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Susan H Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shannon K.K. Best
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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hnRNP A1/A2 and Sam68 collaborate with SRSF10 to control the alternative splicing response to oxaliplatin-mediated DNA damage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2206. [PMID: 29396485 PMCID: PMC5797138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how RNA binding proteins cooperate to control splicing, and how stress pathways reconfigure these assemblies to alter splice site selection. We have shown previously that SRSF10 plays an important role in the Bcl-x splicing response to DNA damage elicited by oxaliplatin in 293 cells. Here, RNA affinity assays using a portion of the Bcl-x transcript required for this response led to the recovery of the SRSF10-interacting protein 14-3-3ε and the Sam68-interacting protein hnRNP A1. Although SRSF10, 14-3-3ε, hnRNP A1/A2 and Sam68 do not make major contributions to the regulation of Bcl-x splicing under normal growth conditions, upon DNA damage they become important to activate the 5′ splice site of pro-apoptotic Bcl-xS. Our results indicate that DNA damage reconfigures the binding and activity of several regulatory RNA binding proteins on the Bcl-x pre-mRNA. Moreover, SRSF10, hnRNP A1/A2 and Sam68 collaborate to drive the DNA damage-induced splicing response of several transcripts that produce components implicated in apoptosis, cell-cycle control and DNA repair. Our study reveals how the circuitry of splicing factors is rewired to produce partnerships that coordinate alternative splicing across processes crucial for cell fate.
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8
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Liu S, Chen X, Wang Y, Li L, Wang G, Li X, Chen H, Guo J, Lin H, Lian QQ, Ge RS. A role of KIT receptor signaling for proliferation and differentiation of rat stem Leydig cells in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 444:1-8. [PMID: 28109954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the testis, KIT ligand (KITL, also called stem cell factor) is expressed by Sertoli cells and its receptor (c-kit, KIT) is expressed by spermatogonia and Leydig cells. Although KITL-KIT signaling is critical for the spermatogenesis, its roles in Leydig cell development during puberty are not clear. In the present study, we investigated effects of KITL on stem Leydig cell proliferation and differentiation. Using an in vitro culture system of seminiferous tubules from Leydig cell-depleted testis, we found that KITL increased the proliferation activity of putative stem Leydig cells at higher concentration (10 and 100 ng/ml). Low concentration (1 ng/ml) of KITL significantly induced the differentiation of stem Leydig cells via increasing the expression level of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star). In contrast, higher concentration (100 ng/ml) of KITL inhibited the differentiation of stem Leydig cells via inhibiting the steroidogenic enzyme (Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3) expression levels. We cultured rat progenitor Leydig cells with KITL for 48 h and did not find any influence of KITL on the proliferation and androgen production of these cells. In conclusion, KITL is a growth factor that regulates the development of the stem Leydig cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Linxi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Guimin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Quan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China.
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Dehbashi M, Kamali E, Vallian S. Comparative genomics of human stem cell factor (SCF). MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2017; 6:1-11. [PMID: 28447043 PMCID: PMC5396809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a critical protein with key roles in the cell such as hematopoiesis, gametogenesis and melanogenesis. In the present study a comparative analysis on nucleotide sequences of SCF was performed in Humanoids using bioinformatics tools including NCBI-BLAST, MEGA6, and JBrowse. Our analysis of nucleotide sequences to find closely evolved organisms with high similarity by NCBI-BLAST tools and MEGA6 showed that human and Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) were placed into the same cluster. By using JBrowse, we found that SCF in Neanderthal had a single copy number similar to modern human and partly conserved nucleotide sequences. Together, the results approved the gene flow and genetics similarity of SCF among human and P. troglodytes. This may suggest that during evolution, SCF gene transferred partly intact either on the basis of sequence or function from the same ancestors to P. troglodytes, the ancient human like Neanderthal, and then to the modern human.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sadeq Vallian
- Genetics Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Barroeta Seijas AB, Simonetti S, Vitale S, Runci D, Quinci AC, Soriani A, Criscuoli M, Filippi I, Naldini A, Sacchetti FM, Tarantino U, Oliva F, Piccirilli E, Santoni A, Di Rosa F. GM-CSF Inhibits c-Kit and SCF Expression by Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:147. [PMID: 28261209 PMCID: PMC5311071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF), the ligand of c-kit, is a key cytokine for hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic precursors express c-kit, whereas differentiated cells of hematopoietic lineage are negative for this receptor, with the exception of NK cells, mast cells, and a few others. While it has long been recognized that dendritic cells (DCs) can express c-kit, several questions remain concerning the SCF/c-kit axis in DCs. This is particularly relevant for DCs found in those organs wherein SCF is highly expressed, including the bone marrow (BM). We characterized c-kit expression by conventional DCs (cDCs) from BM and demonstrated a higher proportion of c-kit+ cells among type 1 cDC subsets (cDC1s) than type 2 cDC subsets (cDC2s) in both humans and mice, whereas similar levels of c-kit expression were observed in cDC1s and cDC2s from mouse spleen. To further study c-kit regulation, DCs were generated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from mouse BM, a widely used protocol. CD11c+ cells were purified from pooled non-adherent and slightly adherent cells collected after 7 days of culture, thus obtaining highly purified BM-derived DCs (BMdDCs). BMdDCs contained a small fraction of c-kit+ cells, and by replating them for 2 days with GM-CSF, we obtained a homogeneous population of c-kit+ CD40hi MHCIIhi cells. Not only did BMdDCs express c-kit but they also produced SCF, and both were striking upregulated if GM-CSF was omitted after replating. Furthermore, a small but significant reduction in BMdDC survival was observed upon SCF silencing. Incubation of BMdDCs with SCF did not modulate antigen presentation ability of these cells, nor it did regulate their membrane expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. We conclude that the SCF/c-kit-mediated prosurvival circuit may have been overlooked because of the prominent use of GM-CSF in DC cultures in vitro, including those human DC cultures destined for the clinics. We speculate that DCs more prominently rely on SCF in vivo in some microenvironments, with potential implications for graft-versus-host disease and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amairelys Belen Barroeta Seijas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza" , Rome , Italy
| | - Sara Vitale
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza" , Rome , Italy
| | - Daniele Runci
- Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza" , Rome , Italy
| | - Mattia Criscuoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Irene Filippi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Antonella Naldini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | | | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Eleonora Piccirilli
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza" , Rome , Italy
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Association of stem cell factor gene expression with severity and atopic state in patients with bronchial asthma. Respir Res 2017; 18:21. [PMID: 28100228 PMCID: PMC5241923 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory and remodeling disorder of the airways, in which many cells, cellular elements, and cytokines play important roles. Stem cell factor (SCF) may contribute to the inflammatory changes occurring in asthma. We aimed to show the expression of SCF gene in patients with asthma as a means of diagnosis and its association with severity and atopic state in these patients. Methods This study was carried out on 80 subjects, 50 asthmatic patients and 30 age and gender matched healthy control persons. They were subjected to full history taking, general and local chest examination, spirometric measurements (pre and post broncodilators) using a spirometer, serum IgE, and real time PCR for assessment of SCF mRNA expression. Results This study showed significant difference between the studied groups regarding pulmonary function tests (P < 0.001). Asthmatic patients had significant higher SCF expression compared to control (P < 0.001), also atopic patients vs non atopic (P = 0.03) and severe asthmatic patients vs mild ones (P < 0.001). SCF expression at cut off point (0.528) is sufficient to discriminate asthmatic patients from control while at cut off point (1.84) for discrimination of atopic patients from non-atopic patients and at cut off point (1.395) for discrimination of severe asthmatic patients from mild ones. A significant negative correlation between SCF expression and inhaled steroid while significant positive correlation with serum IgE was found. Conclusion Measuring SCF mRNA expression can be used as an efficient marker for evaluation of atopy and detection of severity of bronchial asthma.
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13
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Worrallo MJ, Moore RL, Glen KE, Thomas RJ. Immobilized hematopoietic growth factors onto magnetic particles offer a scalable strategy for cell therapy manufacturing in suspension cultures. Biotechnol J 2016; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Worrallo
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Enfineering; Loughborough University; LE11 3TU Loughborough Ashby Road UK
| | - Rebecca L.L. Moore
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Enfineering; Loughborough University; LE11 3TU Loughborough Ashby Road UK
| | - Katie E. Glen
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Enfineering; Loughborough University; LE11 3TU Loughborough Ashby Road UK
| | - Robert J. Thomas
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Enfineering; Loughborough University; LE11 3TU Loughborough Ashby Road UK
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14
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Lima PF, Ormond CM, Caixeta ES, Barros RG, Price CA, Buratini J. Effect of kit ligand on natriuretic peptide precursor C and oocyte maturation in cattle. Reproduction 2016; 152:481-9. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes in cattle is inefficient, and there is great interest in the development of approaches to improve maturation and fertilization rates. Intraovarian signalling molecules are being explored as potential additives to IVM media. One such factor is kit ligand (KITL), which stimulates the growth of oocytes. We determined if KITL enhances oocyte maturation in cattle. The two main isoforms of KITL (KITL1 and KITL2) were expressed in bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC), and levels of mRNA increased during FSH-stimulated IVM. The addition of KITL to the culture medium increased the percentage of oocytes that reached meiosis II but did not affect cumulus expansion after 22 h of IVM. Addition of KITL reduced the levels of mRNA encoding natriuretic peptide precursor C (NPPC), a protein that holds oocytes in meiotic arrest, and increased the levels of mRNA encoding YBX2, an oocyte-specific factor involved in meiosis. Removal of the oocyte from the COC resulted in increased KITL mRNA levels and decreased NPPC mRNA levels in cumulus cells, and addition of denuded oocytes reversed these effects. Taken together, our results suggest that KITL enhances bovine oocyte nuclear maturation through a mechanism that involves NPPC, and that the oocyte regulates cumulus expression of KITL mRNA.
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Abbaspour Babaei M, Kamalidehghan B, Saleem M, Huri HZ, Ahmadipour F. Receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Kit) inhibitors: a potential therapeutic target in cancer cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2443-59. [PMID: 27536065 PMCID: PMC4975146 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
c-Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in intracellular signaling, and the mutated form of c-Kit plays a crucial role in occurrence of some cancers. The function of c-Kit has led to the concept that inhibiting c-Kit kinase activity can be a target for cancer therapy. The promising results of inhibition of c-Kit for treatment of cancers have been observed in some cancers such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor, acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma, and other tumors, and these results have encouraged attempts toward improvement of using c-Kit as a capable target for cancer therapy. This paper presents the findings of previous studies regarding c-Kit as a receptor tyrosine kinase and an oncogene, as well as its gene targets and signaling pathways in normal and cancer cells. The c-Kit gene location, protein structure, and the role of c-Kit in normal cell have been discussed. Comprehending the molecular mechanism underlying c-Kit-mediated tumorogenesis is consequently essential and may lead to the identification of future novel drug targets. The potential mechanisms by which c-Kit induces cellular transformation have been described. This study aims to elucidate the function of c-Kit for future cancer therapy. In addition, it has c-Kit inhibitor drug properties and their functions have been listed in tables and demonstrated in schematic pictures. This review also has collected previous studies that targeted c-Kit as a novel strategy for cancer therapy. This paper further emphasizes the advantages of this approach, as well as the limitations that must be addressed in the future. Finally, although c-Kit is an attractive target for cancer therapy, based on the outcomes of treatment of patients with c-Kit inhibitors, it is unlikely that Kit inhibitors alone can lead to cure. It seems that c-Kit mutations alone are not sufficient for tumorogenesis, but do play a crucial role in cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh; Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Urology; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota; Section of Molecular Therapeutics & Cancer Health Disparity, The Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Clinical Investigation Centre, University Malaya Medical Centre, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadipour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Shen B, Jiang W, Fan J, Dai W, Ding X, Jiang Y. Residues 39-56 of Stem Cell Factor Protein Sequence Are Capable of Stimulating the Expansion of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141485. [PMID: 26505626 PMCID: PMC4624785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell factor (SCF) can stimulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) expansion; however, the specific structural region(s) of SCF protein that are critical for this function are still unknown. A novel monoclonal antibody (named 23C8) against recombinant human SCF (rhSCF) was previously found to inhibit the ability of rhSCF to enhance HSC expansion, making it possible to identify the relevant active region to HSC. Methods Eleven polypeptides were synthesized, which were designed to cover the full-length of rhSCF, with overlaps that are at least 3 amino acids long. ELISA was used to identify the polypeptide(s) that specifically react with the anti-SCF. The effects of the synthetic polypeptides on human HSC expansion, or on the ability of the full-length rhSCF to stimulate cell proliferation, were evaluated ex vivo. Total cell number was monitored using hemocytometer whereas CD34+ cell number was calculated based on the proportion determined via flow cytometry on day 6 of culture. Results Of all polypeptides analyzed, only one, named P0, corresponding to the SCF protein sequence at residues 39–56, was recognized by 23C8 mAb during ELISA. P0 stimulated the expansion of CD34+ cells derived from human umbilical cord blood (UCB). Addition of P0 increased the numbers of total mononucleated cells and CD34+ cells, by ~2 fold on day 6. P0 also showed partial competition against full-length rhSCF in the ex vivo cell expansion assay. Conclusion Residues 39–56 of rhSCF comprise a critical functional region for its ability to enhance expansion of human UCB CD34+ cells. The peptide P0 is a potential candidate for further development as a synthetic substitute for rhSCF in laboratory and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shen
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Jie Fan
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York, United States of America
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
- College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YJ); (XD)
| | - Yongping Jiang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (XD)
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Tuck AR, Mottershead DG, Fernandes HA, Norman RJ, Tilley WD, Robker RL, Hickey TE. Mouse GDF9 decreases KITL gene expression in human granulosa cells. Endocrine 2015; 48:686-95. [PMID: 24985063 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Kit ligand (KITL) is an important granulosa cell-derived growth factor in ovarian folliculogenesis, but its expression and function in human granulosa cells are currently poorly understood. Based on studies performed in animal models, it was hypothesised that KITL gene expression in human granulosa cells is regulated by androgens and/or growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9). We utilised two models of human granulosa cells, the KGN granulosa tumour cell line and cumulus granulosa cells obtained from preovulatory follicles of women undergoing assisted reproduction. Cells were treated with combinations of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), recombinant mouse GDF9, and the ALK4/5/7 inhibitor SB431542. KITL mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. No change in KITL mRNA expression was observed after DHT treatment under any experimental conditions, but GDF9 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in KITL mRNA levels in both KGN and cumulus cells. The effect of GDF9 was abolished by the addition of SB431542. These results indicate that KITL is not directly regulated by androgen signalling in human granulosa cells. Moreover, this study provides the first evidence that GDF9 negatively regulates KITL gene expression in human granulosa cells providing new information on the regulation of these important growth factors in the human ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrud R Tuck
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia,
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Chong AY, Kojima KK, Jurka J, Ray DA, Smit AFA, Isberg SR, Gongora J. Evolution and gene capture in ancient endogenous retroviruses - insights from the crocodilian genomes. Retrovirology 2014; 11:71. [PMID: 25499090 PMCID: PMC4299795 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Crocodilians are thought to be hosts to a diverse and divergent complement of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) but a comprehensive investigation is yet to be performed. The recent sequencing of three crocodilian genomes provides an opportunity for a more detailed and accurate representation of the ERV diversity that is present in these species. Here we investigate the diversity, distribution and evolution of ERVs from the genomes of three key crocodilian species, and outline the key processes driving crocodilian ERV proliferation and evolution. Results ERVs and ERV related sequences make up less than 2% of crocodilian genomes. We recovered and described 45 ERV groups within the three crocodilian genomes, many of which are species specific. We have also revealed a new class of ERV, ERV4, which appears to be common to crocodilians and turtles, and currently has no characterised exogenous counterpart. For the first time, we formally describe the characteristics of this ERV class and its classification relative to other recognised ERV and retroviral classes. This class shares some sequence similarity and sequence characteristics with ERV3, although it is phylogenetically distinct from the other ERV classes. We have also identified two instances of gene capture by crocodilian ERVs, one of which, the capture of a host KIT-ligand mRNA has occurred without the loss of an ERV domain. Conclusions This study indicates that crocodilian ERVs comprise a wide variety of lineages, many of which appear to reflect ancient infections. In particular, ERV4 appears to have a limited host range, with current data suggesting that it is confined to crocodilians and some lineages of turtles. Also of interest are two ERV groups that demonstrate evidence of host gene capture. This study provides a framework to facilitate further studies into non-mammalian vertebrates and highlights the need for further studies into such species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0071-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Chong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Kenji K Kojima
- Genetic Information Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, 94022, USA.
| | - Jerzy Jurka
- Genetic Information Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, 94022, USA.
| | - David A Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Plant Pathology and Entomology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, 39762, USA. .,Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, 39762, USA. .,Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Arian F A Smit
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, 98109-5234, USA.
| | - Sally R Isberg
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, NT, 0837, Australia.
| | - Jaime Gongora
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Cardoso HJ, Figueira MI, Correia S, Vaz CV, Socorro S. The SCF/c-KIT system in the male: Survival strategies in fertility and cancer. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:1064-79. [PMID: 25359157 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the delicate balance between cell survival and death is of the utmost importance for the proper development of germ cells and subsequent fertility. On the other hand, the fine regulation of tissue homeostasis by mechanisms that control cell fate is a factor that can prevent carcinogenesis. c-KIT is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase activated by its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF). c-KIT signaling plays a crucial role in cell fate decisions, specifically controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Indeed, deregulating the SCF/c-KIT system by attenuation or overactivation of its signaling strength is linked to male infertility and cancer, and rebalancing its activity via c-KIT inhibitors has proven beneficial in treating human tumors that contain gain-of-function mutations or overexpress c-KIT. This review addresses the roles of SCF and c-KIT in the male reproductive tract, and discusses the potential application of c-KIT target therapies in disorders of the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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20
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Dendritic cell c-kit signaling and adaptive immunity: implications for the upper airways. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 14:7-12. [PMID: 24300419 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Binding of the receptor tyrosine kinase, c-kit, to its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), mediates numerous biological functions. Important roles for c-kit in hematopoiesis, melanogenesis, erythropoiesis, spermatogenesis, and carcinogenesis are well documented. Similarly, activation of mast cells and eosinophils by c-kit ligation has long been known to result in degranulation with concomitant release of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines. This review will highlight a recently discovered function of c-kit in regulating the adaptive immune responses with relevance to allergic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in a number of laboratories including our own highlight the previously unappreciated functions for c-kit in immunological processes. Increased expression of c-kit and its ligand, SCF, on dendritic cells by Th2/Th17-inducing stimuli leads to c-kit activation and immune skewing toward these subsets and away from Th1 responses. Treatment of dendritic cells with inhibitors of c-kit activation such as imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) induces breach of T-cell tolerance, skewing of responses toward Th1, and activation of natural killer cells. SUMMARY Taken together, these observations suggest that the c-kit/SCF axis may be a useful target for redirecting deleterious immune responses in various disease settings, including allergic diseases that are often associated with Th2 and Th17 responses.
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Tabone-Eglinger S, Calderin-Sollet Z, Pinon P, Aebischer N, Wehrle-Haller M, Jacquier MC, Boettiger D, Wehrle-Haller B. Niche anchorage and signaling through membrane-bound Kit-ligand/c-kit receptor are kinase independent and imatinib insensitive. FASEB J 2014; 28:4441-56. [PMID: 25002122 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-249425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Kit ligand (KitL) and its tyrosine kinase receptor c-kit are critical for germ cells, melanocytes, mastocytes, and hematopoietic stem cells. Alternative splicing of KitL generates membrane-bound KitL (mb-KitL) or soluble KitL, providing survival or cell migration, respectively. Here we analyzed whether c-kit can function both as an adhesion and signaling receptor to mb-KitL presented by the environmental niche. At contacts between fibroblasts and MC/9 mast cells, mb-KitL, and c-kit formed ligand/receptor clusters that formed stable complexes, which resisted dissociation by c-kit blocking mAbs and provided cell anchorage under physiological shear stresses. Clusters recruited tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and induced spatially restricted F-actin polymerization. Mutational analysis of c-kit demonstrated kinase-independent mb-KitL/c-kit clustering, anchorage, F-actin polymerization, and Tyr567-dependent cluster phosphorylation. Kinase inhibition of c-kit by imatinib reduced cluster coalescence, but allowed cluster phosphorylation and F-actin polymerization, which required PI3K recruitment and a newly identified juxtamembrane residue. Synergies between integrin and c-kit-mediated spreading and adhesion of MC/9 cells were studied in vitro on immobilized-KitL/fibronectin surfaces. While c-kit blocking antibodies prevented spreading, imatinib blocked spreading induced by soluble- but not immobilized KitL. Thus, "mechanical" activation of c-kit provides signaling, niche-anchorage, and synergies with integrin-mediated adhesion, which is independent of kinase function and resistant to c-kit kinase inhibitors.-
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Tabone-Eglinger
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Zuleika Calderin-Sollet
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Perrine Pinon
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Nicole Aebischer
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Monique Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Marie-Claude Jacquier
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - David Boettiger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland; and
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Carvajal RD, Hamid O, Antonescu CR. Selecting patients for KIT inhibition in melanoma. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1102:137-62. [PMID: 24258978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-727-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For many years, melanoma has been regarded as a single disease in terms of therapeutic considerations. The more recent identification of multiple molecular mechanisms underlying the development, progression, and prognosis of melanoma has led to a new paradigm for the management of this disease, has created new therapeutic opportunities, and has led to improved clinical outcomes. Such advances, however, are dependent upon methods that can reproducibly identify key molecular alterations within an individual tumor, define clinically relevant genetic subgroups of disease, and permit improved patient selection for targeted therapies.Melanomas harboring genetic alterations of KIT have been demonstrated to constitute one such molecular subgroup of disease. In this chapter, we will discuss the biology of KIT in melanoma, review the rationale for and clinical data regarding KIT inhibition in melanomas harboring activating alterations of KIT, propose guidelines for the selection of patients for KIT inhibitor therapy, and, finally, present laboratory methods for KIT assessment in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Carvajal
- Melanoma/Sarcoma Medical Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Hesse M, Fleischmann BK, Kotlikoff MI. Concise Review: The Role of C-kit Expressing Cells in Heart Repair at the Neonatal and Adult Stage. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1701-12. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hesse
- Institute of Physiology 1, Life and Brain Center; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology 1, Life and Brain Center; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Michael I. Kotlikoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Alemán JO, Farooki A, Girotra M. Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibition on bone metabolism: untargeted consequences of targeted therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R247-59. [PMID: 24478055 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are at the forefront of molecular-targeted therapies for cancer. With the advent of imatinib for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, a new wave of small-molecule therapeutics redefined the oncologic treatment to become chronically administered medications with tolerable side-effect profiles compared with cytotoxic agents. Effects on bone mineral metabolism were observed during early imatinib treatment, in the form of hypophosphatemia with increased urinary phosphorus excretion. This finding led to detailed investigations of off-target effects responsible for changes in bone cell maturation, activity, and impact on bone mass. Subsequently, another BCR-Abl inhibitor (dasatinib), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors (sorafenib and sunitinib) as well as rearranged during transfection (RET) inhibitors (vandetanib and cabozantinib) were developed. Inhibition of bone resorption appears to be a class effect and is likely contributed by TKI effects on the hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. As long-term, prospective, clinical outcomes data accumulate on these targeted therapies, the full extent of off-target side effects on bone health will need to be considered along with the significant benefits of tyrosine kinase inhibition in oncologic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José O Alemán
- Endocrine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Yao K, Lau SW, Ge W. Differential regulation of Kit ligand A expression in the ovary by IGF-I via different pathways. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:138-50. [PMID: 24243489 PMCID: PMC5426649 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kit ligand (KITL) plays indispensable roles both in primordial follicle activation and in the maintenance of meiotic arrest of the oocyte. The regulation of KITL expression in the ovary, however, remains largely unknown. In the zebrafish, there are 2 paralogues of KITL, kitlga and kitlgb, and 2 Kit receptors, kita and kitb. Consistent with the situation in mammals, kitlga is only expressed in the ovarian follicle cells, and its cognate receptor kita is expressed in the oocyte. In the present study, we demonstrated that the expression of kitlga was promoted by IGF-I through its receptor IGF-IR. The stimulation involved transcription but not translation, suggesting that the kitlga gene is likely a direct downstream target of IGF-I signaling. Further experiments showed that the stimulatory effect of IGF-I was mediated by phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. IGF-I also activated MEK-ERK pathway; however, this pathway suppressed kitlga expression. The regulation of kitlga expression by IGF-I appeared to depend on the stage of follicle development with a greater induction at early stage than late stage. This may be related to changes in IGF-I signaling pathways and/or local paracrine environment. In support of this were the differential expression of IGF-I receptors (igf1ra and igf1rb) and responsiveness of IGF-I signaling pathways, especially the PI3K-Akt pathway. Furthermore, the IGF-I-induced kitlga expression was inhibited by epidermal growth factor, an oocyte-derived paracrine factor in the zebrafish follicle. This study provides evidence for a controlling mechanism underlying the regulation of KITL expression in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yao
- School of Life Sciences (K.Y., S.-W.L, W.G.) and Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology (W.G.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; and Faculty of Health Sciences (W.G.), University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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Adrain C, Freeman M. Regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase ligand processing. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:6/1/a008995. [PMID: 24384567 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A primary mode of regulating receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is to control access of ligand to its receptor. Many RTK ligands are synthesized as transmembrane proteins. Frequently, the active ligand must be released from the membrane by proteolysis before signaling can occur. Here, we discuss RTK ligand shedding and describe the proteases that catalyze it in flies and mammals. We focus principally on the control of EGF receptor ligand shedding, but also refer to ligands of other RTKs. Two prominent themes emerge. First, control by regulated trafficking and cellular compartmentalization of the proteases and their ligand substrates plays a key role in shedding. Second, many external signals converge on the shedding proteases and their control machinery. Proteases therefore act as regulatory hubs that integrate information that the cell receives and translate it into precise outgoing signals. The activation of signaling by proteases is therefore an essential element of the cellular communication machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Adrain
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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Farhadi B, Shekari Khaniani M, Mansoori Derakhshan S. Construction of pPIC9 Recombinant Vector Containing Human Stem Cell Factor. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:303-8. [PMID: 24312852 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Various cytokine regulates hematopoesis; they promote number of stages in stem cells biology such as proliferation, differentiation and endurance. Biological effects of SCF, as a hematopoietic cytokine; is triggered by binding to its ligand c-kit. Potential therapeutic applications of SCF include hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, exvivo stem/progenitor cell expansion, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. In this study we tried to construct of pPIC9 recombinant vector containing human SCF. METHODS hSCF cDNA was amplified by PCR and both hSCF cDNA and pPIC9 as yeast expression vector (shuttle vector) digested by EcoR I and Xho I restriction enzymes. Subsequent the digestion reaction, ligation reaction was carried out. In order to verifying of pPIC9 recombinant vector containing hSCF, PCR and sequence analysis was performed. RESULTS The construction of recombinant expression vector of pPIC9 containing hSCF cDNA was confirmed by sequencing method successfully. CONCLUSION rhSCF/pPIC9 vector can be transformed into the Picha pastoris yeast as a eukaryotic host in order to produce human SCF at industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Farhadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran
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Olgasi C, Dentelli P, Rosso A, Iavello A, Togliatto G, Toto V, Liberatore M, Barutello G, Musiani P, Cavallo F, Brizzi MF. DNA vaccination against membrane-bound Kit ligand: a new approach to inhibiting tumour growth and angiogenesis. Eur J Cancer 2013; 50:234-46. [PMID: 24144734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A functional c-Kit/Kit ligand (KitL) signalling network is required for tumour angiogenesis and growth, and therefore the c-Kit/KitL system might well be a suitable target for the cancer immunotherapy approach. We herein describe a strategy that targets membrane-bound KitL (mbKitL) via DNA vaccination. The vaccination procedure generated antibodies which are able to detect mbKitL on human tumour endothelial cells (TECs) and on the breast cancer cell line: TSA. DNA vaccination, interferes with tumour vessel formation and transplanted tumour growth in vivo. Histological analysis demonstrates that, while tumour cell proliferation and vessel stabilisation are impaired, vessel permeability is increased in mice that produce mbKitL-targeting antibodies. We also demonstrate that vessel stabilisation and tumour growth require Akt activation in endothelial cells but not in pericytes. Moreover, we found that regulatory T cells (Treg) and tumour infiltrating inflammatory cells, involved in tumour growth and angiogenesis, were reduced in number in the tumour microenvironment of mice that generate anti-mbKitL antibodies. These data provide evidence that mbKitL targeted vaccination is an effective means of inhibiting tumour angiogenesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arturo Rosso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentina Toto
- Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Piero Musiani
- Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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KIT signaling regulates primordial follicle formation in the neonatal mouse ovary. Dev Biol 2013; 382:186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Guijarro P, Wang Y, Ying Y, Yao Y, Jieyi X, Yuan X. In vivoknockdown of ckit impairs neuronal migration and axonal extension in the cerebral cortex. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:871-87. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guijarro
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience (ION); Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS); Shanghai 200031 China
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB); Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS); Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience (ION); Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS); Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Yanting Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience (ION); Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS); Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Yini Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience (ION); Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS); Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Xiong Jieyi
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB); Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS); Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Xiaobing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience (ION); Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS); Shanghai 200031 China
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Musiychuk K, Sivalenka R, Jaje J, Bi H, Flores R, Shaw B, Jones RM, Golovina T, Schnipper J, Khandker L, Sun R, Li C, Kang L, Voskinarian-Berse V, Zhang X, Streatfield S, Hambor J, Abbot S, Yusibov V. Plant-produced human recombinant erythropoietic growth factors support erythroid differentiation in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2326-40. [PMID: 23517237 PMCID: PMC3730378 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically available red blood cells (RBCs) for transfusions are at high demand, but in vitro generation of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells requires significant quantities of growth factors. Here, we describe the production of four human growth factors: erythropoietin (EPO), stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), either as non-fused proteins or as fusions with a carrier molecule (lichenase), in plants, using a Tobacco mosaic virus vector-based transient expression system. All growth factors were purified and their identity was confirmed by western blotting and peptide mapping. The potency of these plant-produced cytokines was assessed using TF1 cell (responsive to EPO, IL-3 and SCF) or MCF-7 cell (responsive to IGF-1) proliferation assays. The biological activity estimated here for the cytokines produced in plants was slightly lower or within the range cited in commercial sources and published literature. By comparing EC50 values of plant-produced cytokines with standards, we have demonstrated that all four plant-produced growth factors stimulated the expansion of umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells and their differentiation toward erythropoietic precursors with the same potency as commercially available growth factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the generation of all key bioactive cytokines required for the erythroid development in a cost-effective manner using a plant-based expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Jaje
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Hong Bi
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Rosemary Flores
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Brenden Shaw
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - R. Mark Jones
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Tatiana Golovina
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | | | | | - Ruiqiang Sun
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey
| | - Chang Li
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey
| | - Lin Kang
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - John Hambor
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey
| | | | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
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Heldin CH, Lennartsson J. Structural and functional properties of platelet-derived growth factor and stem cell factor receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009100. [PMID: 23906712 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) are members of the type III class of PTK receptors, which are characterized by five Ig-like domains extracellularly and a split kinase domain intracellularly. The receptors are activated by ligand-induced dimerization, leading to autophosphorylation on specific tyrosine residues. Thereby the kinase activities of the receptors are activated and docking sites for downstream SH2 domain signal transduction molecules are created; activation of these pathways promotes cell growth, survival, and migration. These receptors mediate important signals during the embryonal development, and control tissue homeostasis in the adult. Their overactivity is seen in malignancies and other diseases involving excessive cell proliferation, such as atherosclerosis and fibrotic diseases. In cancer, mutations of PDGF and SCF receptors-including gene fusions, point mutations, and amplifications-drive subpopulations of certain malignancies, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, hypereosinophilic syndrome, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, mastocytosis, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Cheng YH, Hooker RA, Nguyen K, Gerard-O'Riley R, Waning DL, Chitteti BR, Meijome TE, Chua HL, Plett AP, Orschell CM, Srour EF, Mayo LD, Pavalko FM, Bruzzaniti A, Kacena MA. Pyk2 regulates megakaryocyte-induced increases in osteoblast number and bone formation. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1434-45. [PMID: 23362087 PMCID: PMC3663900 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical evidence from megakaryocyte (MK)-related diseases suggests that MKs play a significant role in maintaining bone homeostasis. Findings from our laboratories reveal that MKs significantly increase osteoblast (OB) number through direct MK-OB contact and the activation of integrins. We, therefore, examined the role of Pyk2, a tyrosine kinase known to be regulated downstream of integrins, in the MK-mediated enhancement of OBs. When OBs were co-cultured with MKs, total Pyk2 levels in OBs were significantly enhanced primarily because of increased Pyk2 gene transcription. Additionally, p53 and Mdm2 were both decreased in OBs upon MK stimulation, which would be permissive of cell cycle entry. We then demonstrated that OB number was markedly reduced when Pyk2-/- OBs, as opposed to wild-type (WT) OBs, were co-cultured with MKs. We also determined that MKs inhibit OB differentiation in the presence and absence of Pyk2 expression. Finally, given that MK-replete spleen cells from GATA-1-deficient mice can robustly stimulate OB proliferation and bone formation in WT mice, we adoptively transferred spleen cells from these mice into Pyk2-/- recipient mice. Importantly, GATA-1-deficient spleen cells failed to stimulate an increase in bone formation in Pyk2-/- mice, suggesting in vivo the important role of Pyk2 in the MK-induced increase in bone volume. Further understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the MK-mediated enhancement of OB number and bone formation will facilitate the development of novel anabolic therapies to treat bone loss diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Dooley CM, Mongera A, Walderich B, Nüsslein-Volhard C. On the embryonic origin of adult melanophores: the role of ErbB and Kit signalling in establishing melanophore stem cells in zebrafish. Development 2013; 140:1003-13. [PMID: 23364329 DOI: 10.1242/dev.087007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pigment cells in vertebrates are derived from the neural crest (NC), a pluripotent and migratory embryonic cell population. In fishes, larval melanophores develop during embryogenesis directly from NC cells migrating along dorsolateral and ventromedial paths. The embryonic origin of the melanophores that emerge during juvenile development in the skin to contribute to the striking colour patterns of adult fishes remains elusive. We have identified a small set of melanophore progenitor cells (MPs) in the zebrafish (Danio rerio, Cyprinidae) that is established within the first 2 days of embryonic development in close association with the segmentally reiterated dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Lineage analysis and 4D in vivo imaging indicate that progeny of these embryonic MPs spread segmentally, giving rise to the melanophores that create the adult melanophore stripes. Upon depletion of larval melanophores by morpholino knockdown of Mitfa, the embryonic MPs are prematurely activated; their progeny migrate along the spinal nerves restoring the larval pattern and giving rise to postembryonic MPs associated with the spinal nerves. Mutational or chemical inhibition of ErbB receptors blocks all early NC migration along the ventromedial path, causing a loss of DRGs and embryonic MPs. We show that the sparse like (slk) mutant lacks larval and metamorphic melanophores and identify kit ligand a (kitlga) as the underlying gene. Our data suggest that kitlga is required for the establishment or survival of embryonic MPs. We propose a model in which DRGs provide a niche for the stem cells of adult melanophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Dooley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Sun Z, Lee CJ, Mejia-Guerrero S, Zhang Y, Higuchi K, Li RK, Medin JA. Neonatal Transfer of Membrane-Bound Stem Cell Factor Improves Survival and Heart Function in Aged Mice After Myocardial Ischemia. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:1280-9. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Sun
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | | | - Yuemei Zhang
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Koji Higuchi
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. Medin
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
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Giannuzzi G, Siswara P, Malig M, Marques-Bonet T, Mullikin JC, Ventura M, Eichler EE. Evolutionary dynamism of the primate LRRC37 gene family. Genome Res 2012; 23:46-59. [PMID: 23064749 PMCID: PMC3530683 DOI: 10.1101/gr.138842.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Core duplicons in the human genome represent ancestral duplication modules shared by the majority of intrachromosomal duplication blocks within a given chromosome. These cores are associated with the emergence of novel gene families in the hominoid lineage, but their genomic organization and gene characterization among other primates are largely unknown. Here, we investigate the genomic organization and expression of the core duplicon on chromosome 17 that led to the expansion of LRRC37 during primate evolution. A comparison of the LRRC37 gene family organization in human, orangutan, macaque, marmoset, and lemur genomes shows the presence of both orthologous and species-specific gene copies in all primate lineages. Expression profiling in mouse, macaque, and human tissues reveals that the ancestral expression of LRRC37 was restricted to the testis. In the hominid lineage, the pattern of LRRC37 became increasingly ubiquitous, with significantly higher levels of expression in the cerebellum and thymus, and showed a remarkable diversity of alternative splice forms. Transfection studies in HeLa cells indicate that the human FLAG-tagged recombinant LRRC37 protein is secreted after cleavage of a transmembrane precursor and its overexpression can induce filipodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Giannuzzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70126, Italy
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Saravanaperumal SA, Pediconi D, Renieri C, La Terza A. Skipping of exons by premature termination of transcription and alternative splicing within intron-5 of the sheep SCF gene: a novel splice variant. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38657. [PMID: 22719917 PMCID: PMC3376141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a growth factor, essential for haemopoiesis, mast cell development and melanogenesis. In the hematopoietic microenvironment (HM), SCF is produced either as a membrane-bound (-) or soluble (+) forms. Skin expression of SCF stimulates melanocyte migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. We report for the first time, a novel mRNA splice variant of SCF from the skin of white merino sheep via cloning and sequencing. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and molecular prediction revealed two different cDNA products of SCF. Full-length cDNA libraries were enriched by the method of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE-PCR). Nucleotide sequencing and molecular prediction revealed that the primary 1519 base pair (bp) cDNA encodes a precursor protein of 274 amino acids (aa), commonly known as 'soluble' isoform. In contrast, the shorter (835 and/or 725 bp) cDNA was found to be a 'novel' mRNA splice variant. It contains an open reading frame (ORF) corresponding to a truncated protein of 181 aa (vs 245 aa) with an unique C-terminus lacking the primary proteolytic segment (28 aa) right after the D(175)G site which is necessary to produce 'soluble' form of SCF. This alternative splice (AS) variant was explained by the complete nucleotide sequencing of splice junction covering exon 5-intron (5)-exon 6 (948 bp) with a premature termination codon (PTC) whereby exons 6 to 9/10 are skipped (Cassette Exon, CE 6-9/10). We also demonstrated that the Northern blot analysis at transcript level is mediated via an intron-5 splicing event. Our data refine the structure of SCF gene; clarify the presence (+) and/or absence (-) of primary proteolytic-cleavage site specific SCF splice variants. This work provides a basis for understanding the functional role and regulation of SCF in hair follicle melanogenesis in sheep beyond what was known in mice, humans and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Pediconi
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Carlo Renieri
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Antonietta La Terza
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino (MC), Italy
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Tabone‐Eglinger S, Wehrle‐Haller M, Aebischer N, Jacquier M, Wehrle‐Haller B. Membrane‐bound Kit ligand regulates melanocyte adhesion and survival, providing physical interaction with an intraepithelial niche. FASEB J 2012; 26:3738-53. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-206045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Severine Tabone‐Eglinger
- Department of Cell Physiology and MetabolismCentre Médical UniversitaireUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Monique Wehrle‐Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and MetabolismCentre Médical UniversitaireUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Nicole Aebischer
- Department of Cell Physiology and MetabolismCentre Médical UniversitaireUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Marie‐Claude Jacquier
- Department of Cell Physiology and MetabolismCentre Médical UniversitaireUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Bernhard Wehrle‐Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and MetabolismCentre Médical UniversitaireUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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Electroacupuncture improves behavioral recovery and increases SCF/c-kit expression in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:487-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lee JE, Seo I, Jeong SJ, Koh W, Jung JH, Kwon TR, Lee HJ, Han I, Lee HJ, Lee EO, Kim SH, Jung HJ, Lu J, Kim SH. Herbal Cocktail Ka-Mi-Kae-Kyuk-Tang Stimulates Mouse Bone Marrow Stem Cell Hematopoiesis and Janus-Activated Kinase 2/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:1235-52. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11009524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ka-mi-kae-kyuk-tang (KMKKT) is an Oriental herbal medicinal cocktail. Our collaborative team has shown that it has potent anti-angiogenic, anti-cancer and anti-metastatic activities in vivo without observable side effects. We have documented evidence for KMKKT to alleviate drug-induced hematotoxicity in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the mechanistic and signaling events through which KMKKT enhances hematopoiesis, using hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) isolated from the bone marrow of 8–12 week-old C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that KMKKT significantly increased the expression of the hematopoietic cytokines interleukin (IL)-3, stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), thrombopoietin (TPO) and erythropoietin (EPO) at the level of mRNA and secretion in HSCs. KMKKT also increased the expression of c-Kit, a cytokine receptor expressed in HSCs. In addition, KMKKT enhanced phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), and increased the binding activity of STAT5 to gamma interferon activated sites (GAS) that mediate JAK2 downstream signaling. Furthermore, we found that KMKKT significantly enhanced the growth rate of colony-forming unit granulocyte erythrocyte monocyte macrophages (CFU-GEMM) and burst forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) of mouse HSCs (mHSCs) stimulated by IL-3/EPO. Overall, our results demonstrated that KMKKT alleviated drug-induced side effects through enhanced hematopoiesis, at least in part through cytokine-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Inweon Seo
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Wonil Koh
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Tae-Rin Kwon
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Ihn Han
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Jung
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Junxuan Lu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Engraftment of human HSCs in nonirradiated newborn NOD-scid IL2rγ null mice is enhanced by transgenic expression of membrane-bound human SCF. Blood 2012; 119:2778-88. [PMID: 22246028 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-353243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with human HSCs support multidisciplinary translational experimentation, including the study of human hematopoiesis. Heightened levels of human HSC engraftment are observed in immunodeficient mice expressing mutations in the IL2-receptor common γ chain (IL2rg) gene, including NOD-scid IL2rγ(null) (NSG) mice. Engraftment of human HSC requires preconditioning of immunodeficient recipients, usually with irradiation. Such preconditioning increases the expression of stem cell factor (SCF), which is critical for HSC engraftment, proliferation, and survival. We hypothesized that transgenic expression of human membrane-bound stem cell factor Tg(hu-mSCF)] would increase levels of human HSC engraftment in nonirradiated NSG mice and eliminate complications associated with irradiation. Surprisingly, detectable levels of human CD45(+) cell chimerism were observed after transplantation of cord blood-derived human HSCs into nonirradiated adult as well as newborn NSG mice. However, transgenic expression of human mSCF enabled heightened levels of human hematopoietic cell chimerism in the absence of irradiation. Moreover, nonirradiated NSG-Tg(hu-mSCF) mice engrafted as newborns with human HSCs rejected human skin grafts from a histoincompatible donor, indicating the development of a functional human immune system. These data provide a new immunodeficient mouse model that does not require irradiation preconditioning for human HSC engraftment and immune system development.
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Xu X, Huang H, Cai M, Qian Y, Han Y, Xiao L, Zhou W, Wang X, Shi B. Serum hematopoietic growth factors as diagnostic and prognostic markers of acute renal allograft rejection: A potential role for serum stem cell factor. Cytokine 2011; 56:779-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kimura Y, Ding B, Imai N, Nolan DJ, Butler JM, Rafii S. c-Kit-mediated functional positioning of stem cells to their niches is essential for maintenance and regeneration of adult hematopoiesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26918. [PMID: 22046410 PMCID: PMC3202594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) through interaction with their niches maintain and reconstitute adult hematopoietic cells is unknown. To functionally and genetically track localization of HSPCs with their niches, we employed novel mutant loxPs, lox66 and lox71 and Cre-recombinase technology to conditionally delete c-Kit in adult mice, while simultaneously enabling GFP expression in the c-Kit-deficient cells. Conditional deletion of c-Kit resulted in hematopoietic failure and splenic atrophy both at steady state and after marrow ablation leading to the demise of the treated adult mice. Within the marrow, the c-Kit-expressing GFP+ cells were positioned to Kit ligand (KL)-expressing niche cells. This c-Kit-mediated cellular adhesion was essential for long-term maintenance and expansion of HSPCs. These results lay the foundation for delivering KL within specific niches to maintain and restore hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kimura
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YK); (SR)
| | - Bisen Ding
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Norikazu Imai
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Nolan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Butler
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YK); (SR)
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Lima IMT, Brito IR, Rodrigues GQ, Silva CMG, Magalhães-Padilha DM, Lima LF, Celestino JJH, Campello CC, Silva JRV, Figueiredo JR, Rodrigues APR. Presence of c-kit mRNA in goat ovaries and improvement of in vitro preantral follicle survival and development with kit ligand. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 345:38-47. [PMID: 21763396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the levels of c-kit mRNA in goat follicles and the effects of kit ligand (KL) on the in vitro development of cultured preantral follicles. Preantral follicles isolated from goat ovarian cortex were cultured for 18 days in α-MEM(+) supplemented with KL (0, 50 or 100 ng/mL) in the absence or presence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Real-time PCR showed that c-kit mRNA was higher in primordial and primary follicles than in secondary stage. Regarding the culture, KL addition in the absence of FSH improved the follicular survival, antrum formation, oocyte growth and meiotic resumption. KL-positive effects were not observed in the presence of FSH. In conclusion, c-kit mRNAs are detected in all follicular categories. KL promotes the survival and antral cavity formation of caprine preantral follicles after in vitro culture, as well as the growth and meiotic resumption of their oocytes in the absence of FSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M T Lima
- Faculty of Veterinary, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Ferraro F, Lymperi S, Méndez-Ferrer S, Saez B, Spencer JA, Yeap BY, Masselli E, Graiani G, Prezioso L, Rizzini EL, Mangoni M, Rizzoli V, Sykes SM, Lin CP, Frenette PS, Quaini F, Scadden DT. Diabetes impairs hematopoietic stem cell mobilization by altering niche function. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:104ra101. [PMID: 21998408 PMCID: PMC3754876 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Success with transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in patients depends on adequate collection of these cells after mobilization from the bone marrow niche by the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). However, some patients fail to achieve sufficient HSPC mobilization. Retrospective analysis of bone marrow transplant patient records revealed that diabetes correlated with poor mobilization of CD34+ HSPCs. In mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes (streptozotocin-induced and db/db mice, respectively), we found impaired egress of murine HSPCs from the bone marrow after G-CSF treatment. Furthermore, HSPCs were aberrantly localized in the marrow niche of the diabetic mice, and abnormalities in the number and function of sympathetic nerve termini were associated with this mislocalization. Aberrant responses to β-adrenergic stimulation of the bone marrow included an inability of marrow mesenchymal stem cells expressing the marker nestin to down-modulate the chemokine CXCL12 in response to G-CSF treatment (mesenchymal stem cells are reported to be critical for HSPC mobilization). The HSPC mobilization defect was rescued by direct pharmacological inhibition of the interaction of CXCL12 with its receptor CXCR4 using the drug AMD3100. These data suggest that there are diabetes-induced changes in bone marrow physiology and microanatomy and point to a potential intervention to overcome poor HSPC mobilization in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferraro
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stefania Lymperi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Department. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Saez
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joel A Spencer
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for System Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Beow Y Yeap
- Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Elena Masselli
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gallia Graiani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Science University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy
| | - Lucia Prezioso
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Science University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy
| | - Elisa Lodi Rizzini
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marcellina Mangoni
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vittorio Rizzoli
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stephen M Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Charles P. Lin
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for System Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Paul S. Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Science University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy
| | - David T. Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Gu Y, Runyan C, Shoemaker A, Surani MA, Wylie C. Membrane-bound steel factor maintains a high local concentration for mouse primordial germ cell motility, and defines the region of their migration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25984. [PMID: 21998739 PMCID: PMC3188585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Steel factor, the protein product of the Steel locus in the mouse, is a multifunctional signal for the primordial germ cell population. We have shown previously that its expression accompanies the germ cells during migration to the gonads, forming a “travelling niche” that controls their survival, motility, and proliferation. Here we show that these functions are distributed between the alternatively spliced membrane-bound and soluble forms of Steel factor. The germ cells normally migrate as individuals from E7.5 to E11.5, when they aggregate together in the embryonic gonads. Movie analysis of Steel-dickie mutant embryos, which make only the soluble form, at E7.5, showed that the germ cells fail to migrate normally, and undergo “premature aggregation” in the base of the allantois. Survival and directionality of movement is not affected. Addition of excess soluble Steel factor to Steel-dickie embryos rescued germ cell motility, and addition of Steel factor to germ cells in vitro showed that a fourfold higher dose was required to increase motility, compared to survival. These data show that soluble Steel factor is sufficient for germ cell survival, and suggest that the membrane-bound form provides a higher local concentration of Steel factor that controls the balance between germ cell motility and aggregation. This hypothesis was tested by addition of excess soluble Steel factor to slice cultures of E11.5 embryos, when migration usually ceases, and the germ cells aggregate. This reversed the aggregation process, and caused increased motility of the germ cells. We conclude that the two forms of Steel factor control different aspects of germ cell behavior, and that membrane-bound Steel factor controls germ cell motility within a “motility niche” that moves through the embryo with the germ cells. Escape from this niche causes cessation of motility and death by apoptosis of the ectopic germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher Runyan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amanda Shoemaker
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - M. Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Wylie
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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An XP, Hou JX, Li G, Song YX, Wang JG, Chen QJ, Cui YH, Wang YF, Cao BY. Polymorphism identification in the goat KITLG gene and association analysis with litter size. Anim Genet 2011; 43:104-7. [PMID: 22221032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study reported the analysis of KIT ligand (KITLG) gene polymorphisms in 681 goats of three breeds: Xinong Saanen (SN), Guanzhong (GZ), and Boer (BG). In addition, the study identified three allelic variants: g.769T>C and g.817G>T in SN and GZ breeds, and g.9760G>C in the three goat breeds. The g.769T>C and g.817G>T loci were closely linked (r(2) > 0.33). All the single nucleotide polymorphism loci were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (P < 0.05). Significant associations were found for litter size with all three loci. Therefore, these results suggest that the KITLG gene is a strong candidate gene affecting litter size in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Baccari GC, Pinelli C, Santillo A, Minucci S, Rastogi RK. Mast Cells in Nonmammalian Vertebrates. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 290:1-53. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386037-8.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stokman G, Stroo I, Claessen N, Teske GJD, Weening JJ, Leemans JC, Florquin S. Stem cell factor expression after renal ischemia promotes tubular epithelial survival. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14386. [PMID: 21200435 PMCID: PMC3006174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal ischemia leads to apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells and results in decreased renal function. Tissue repair involves re-epithelialization of the tubular basement membrane. Survival of the tubular epithelium following ischemia is therefore important in the successful regeneration of renal tissue. The cytokine stem cell factor (SCF) has been shown to protect the tubular epithelium against apoptosis. Methodology/Principal Findings In a mouse model for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, we studied how expression of c-KIT on tubular epithelium and its ligand SCF protect cells against apoptosis. Administration of SCF specific antisense oligonucleotides significantly decreased specific staining of SCF following ischemia. Reduced SCF expression resulted in impaired renal function, increased tubular damage and increased tubular epithelial apoptosis, independent of inflammation. In an in vitro hypoxia model, stimulation of tubular epithelial cells with SCF activated survival signaling and decreased apoptosis. Conclusions/Significance Our data indicate an important role for c-KIT and SCF in mediating tubular epithelial cell survival via an autocrine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geurt Stokman
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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