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Harmych SJ, Tydings CW, Meiler J, Singh B. Sequence and structural insights of monoleucine-based sorting motifs contained within the cytoplasmic domains of basolateral proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1379224. [PMID: 38495621 PMCID: PMC10940456 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1379224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Delivery to the correct membrane domain in polarized epithelial cells is a critical regulatory mechanism for transmembrane proteins. The trafficking of these proteins is directed by short amino acid sequences known as sorting motifs. In six basolaterally-localized proteins lacking the canonical tyrosine- and dileucine-based basolateral sorting motifs, a monoleucine-based sorting motif has been identified. This review will discuss these proteins with an identified monoleucine-based sorting motif, their conserved structural features, as well as the future directions of study for this non-canonical basolateral sorting motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Harmych
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Claiborne W. Tydings
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bhuminder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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2
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Kampf S, Micko A, Stojkovic S, Nackenhorst M, Demyanets S, Eilenberg WH, Krenn C, Wojta J, Neumayer C. Elevated EMMPRIN Serum Levels Indicate Plaque Vulnerability in Patients With Asymptomatic High Grade Carotid Stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2023; 65:474-483. [PMID: 36529365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carotid atherosclerosis is an important cause of cerebral ischaemic stroke. Sonographic plaque characteristics are inappropriate for exact prediction of possible future ischaemic events. Additional markers are needed to predict the clinical outcome in high grade carotid stenosis. This study aimed to test extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), due to its involvement in plaque formation and destabilisation, as a potential marker of high risk vulnerable plaques. METHODS EMMPRIN was analysed in pre-operative serum samples from patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis by a specific ELISA. Pre-operative duplex sonography classified the atherosclerotic plaque due to echogenicity. Histopathological analysis of vulnerable and non-vulnerable plaques was based on the American Heart Association (AHA) classification. RESULTS The study included 265 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: 90 (m:f, 69:21) patients with symptomatic and 175 (m:f, 118:57) with asymptomatic disease. Analysis of circulating EMMPRIN revealed significantly higher levels in patients with echolucent plaques (4 480; IQR 3 745, 6 144 pg/mL) compared with echogenic plaques (4 159; IQR 3 418, 5 402 pg/mL; p = .025). Asymptomatic patients with vulnerable plaques had significantly higher levels of EMMPRIN (4 875; IQR 3 850, 7 016 pg/mL) compared with non-vulnerable plaques (4 109; IQR 3 433, 5 402 pg/mL; p < .001). In logistic regression analysis, duplex sonography combined with age, gender, and clinical risk factors predicted vulnerable plaques in asymptomatic patients with an AUC of 0.71 (95% CI 0.61 - 0.80). EMMPRIN significantly improved the AUC in asymptomatic patients (AUC 0.79; 95% CI 0.71 - 0.87; p = .014). CONCLUSION Patients with high risk plaques according to ultrasound and histopathological characteristics demonstrated increased serum EMMPRIN levels. EMMPRIN on top of clinical risk factors, including age, gender, and duplex sonography may be used for pre-operative risk stratification in asymptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kampf
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Micko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maja Nackenhorst
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolf-Hans Eilenberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Krenn
- Department of Anaesthetics and General Intensive Care, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Bohley M, Dillinger AE, Tamm ER, Goepferich A. Targeted drug delivery to the retinal pigment epithelium: Untapped therapeutic potential for retinal diseases. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2497-2509. [PMID: 35654389 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a crucial part in sight-threatening diseases. In this review, we shed light on the pivotal implication of the RPE in age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity; and explain why a paradigm shift toward targeted RPE therapy is needed to efficiently fight these retinal diseases. We provide guidance for the development of RPE-specific nanotherapeutics by giving a comprehensive overview of the possibilities and challenges of drug delivery to the RPE and highlight successful nanotherapeutic approaches targeting the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Bohley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea E Dillinger
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Woogeng IN, Kaczkowski B, Abugessaisa I, Hu H, Tachibana A, Sahara Y, Hon CC, Hasegawa A, Sakai N, Nishida M, Sanyal H, Sho J, Kajita K, Kasukawa T, Takasato M, Carninci P, Maeda A, Mandai M, Arner E, Takahashi M, Kime C. Inducing human retinal pigment epithelium-like cells from somatic tissue. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:289-306. [PMID: 35030321 PMCID: PMC8828536 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine relies on basic research outcomes that are only practical when cost effective. The human eyeball requires the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to interface the neural retina and the choroid at large. Millions of people suffer from age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a blinding multifactor genetic disease among RPE degradation pathologies. Recently, autologous pluripotent stem-cell-derived RPE cells were prohibitively expensive due to time; therefore, we developed a faster reprogramming system. We stably induced RPE-like cells (iRPE) from human fibroblasts (Fibs) by conditional overexpression of both broad plasticity and lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs). iRPE cells displayed critical RPE benchmarks and significant in vivo integration in transplanted retinas. Herein, we detail the iRPE system with comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiling to interpret and characterize its best cells. We anticipate that our system may enable robust retinal cell induction for basic research and affordable autologous human RPE tissue for regenerative cell therapy. Human Fibs reprogrammed to stable RPE-like cells Reprogramming factors selected for pioneering, plasticity, lineage, and target cell Nicotinamide (NIC) and Chetomin (CTM) improved the reprogramming outcomes scRNA-seq analysis identifies high-quality subpopulation resembling model cells
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imad Abugessaisa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Haiming Hu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Sahara
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akira Hasegawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Hashimita Sanyal
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Junki Sho
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kajita
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeya Kasukawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Human Technopole, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Akiko Maeda
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michiko Mandai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Erik Arner
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Cody Kime
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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Fenizia C, Galbiati S, Vanetti C, Vago R, Clerici M, Tacchetti C, Daniele T. SARS-CoV-2 Entry: At the Crossroads of CD147 and ACE2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061434. [PMID: 34201214 PMCID: PMC8226513 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the viral agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronaviruses Spike proteins are responsible for their ability to interact with host membrane receptors and different proteins have been identified as SARS-CoV-2 interactors, among which Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and Basigin2/EMMPRIN/CD147 (CD147). CD147 plays an important role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. In particular, SARS-CoV recognizes the CD147 receptor expressed on the surface of host cells by its nucleocapsid protein binding to cyclophilin A (CyPA), a ligand for CD147. However, the involvement of CD147 in SARS-CoV-2 infection is still debated. Interference with both the function (blocking antibody) and the expression (knock down) of CD147 showed that this receptor partakes in SARS-CoV-2 infection and provided additional clues on the underlying mechanism: CD147 binding to CyPA does not play a role; CD147 regulates ACE2 levels and both receptors are affected by virus infection. Altogether, these findings suggest that CD147 is involved in SARS-CoV-2 tropism and represents a possible therapeutic target to challenge COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milano University Medical School, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, Milano University Medical School, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Galbiati
- Complication of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milano University Medical School, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, Milano University Medical School, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milano University Medical School, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, 20162 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Cancer Imaging Unit, Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Tiziana Daniele
- Cancer Imaging Unit, Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (T.D.)
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Christensen SC, Hudecz D, Jensen A, Christensen S, Nielsen MS. Basigin Antibodies with Capacity for Drug Delivery Across Brain Endothelial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4392-4403. [PMID: 34014436 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses challenges for delivering antibody-based therapeutics to the brain and is a main obstacle for the successful application of biotherapeutics for the treatment of brain disorders. As only a small fraction of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is penetrating the BBB, high doses of therapeutics are required to elicit a pharmacological effect. This limitation has evoked research to improve transport across the BBB through receptor-mediated transcytosis, and several receptors have been explored for mediating this process. A recently suggested candidate is the brain endothelial cells (BECs) expressed basigin. Here, we explore the transcytosis capacity of different basigin mAbs targeting distinct epitopes using the porcine in vitro BBB models and provide data showing the intracellular vesicle sorting of these basigin mAbs in porcine BECs. Our data suggest that basigin mAbs avoid the lysosomal degradation pathway and are internalized to vesicles used by recycling receptors. Engagement of basigin mAbs with basigin led to the translocation of the mAbs across the tight BECs into the astrocytes in our in vitro BBB co-culture model. Although mAbs with higher binding affinity to basigin showed a greater astrocyte internalization, based on our experiments, it is not clear whether the transcytosis is affinity- or epitope-dependent or a combination of both. Overall, this study provides information about the intra- and intercellular fate of basigin mAbs in BECs, which are valuable for the future design of basigin-mediated drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Christine Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, Building 1116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diána Hudecz
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, Building 1116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Allan Jensen
- Department of Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Christensen
- Department of Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Schallburg Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, Building 1116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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7
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Caceres PS, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Retinal pigment epithelium polarity in health and blinding diseases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:37-45. [PMID: 31518914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The polarized phenotype of the retinal pigment epithelium is crucial for the outer retina-blood barrier and support of photoreceptors and underlying choroid, and its disruption plays a central role in degenerative retinopathies. Although the mechanisms of polarization remain mostly unknown, they are fundamental for homeostasis of the outer retina. Recent research is revealing a growing picture of interconnected tissues in the outer retina, with the retinal pigment epithelium at the center. This review discusses how elements of epithelial polarity relate to emerging apical interactions with the neural retina, basolateral cross-talk with the underlying Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris, and tight junction biology. An integrated view of outer retina physiology is likely to provide insights into the pathogenesis of blinding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S Caceres
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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8
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CALHM1/CALHM3 channel is intrinsically sorted to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells including taste cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2681. [PMID: 30804437 PMCID: PMC6390109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The CALHM1/CALHM3 channel in the basolateral membrane of polarized taste cells mediates neurotransmitter release. However, mechanisms regulating its localization remain unexplored. Here, we identified CALHM1/CALHM3 in the basolateral membrane of type II taste cells in discrete puncta localized close to afferent nerve fibers. As in taste cells, CALHM1/CALHM3 was present in the basolateral membrane of model epithelia, although it was distributed throughout the membrane and did not show accumulation in puncta. We identified canonical basolateral sorting signals in CALHM1 and CALHM3: tyrosine-based and dileucine motifs. However, basolateral sorting remained intact in mutated channels lacking those signals, suggesting that non-canonical signals reside elsewhere. Our study demonstrates intrinsic basolateral sorting of CALHM channels in polarized cells, and provides mechanistic insights.
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9
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Martín M, Modenutti CP, Peyret V, Geysels RC, Darrouzet E, Pourcher T, Masini-Repiso AM, Martí MA, Carrasco N, Nicola JP. A Carboxy-Terminal Monoleucine-Based Motif Participates in the Basolateral Targeting of the Na+/I- Symporter. Endocrinology 2019; 160:156-168. [PMID: 30496374 PMCID: PMC6936561 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Na+/iodide (I-) symporter (NIS), a glycoprotein expressed at the basolateral plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells, mediates I- accumulation for thyroid hormonogenesis and radioiodide therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. However, differentiated thyroid tumors often exhibit lower I- transport than normal thyroid tissue (or even undetectable I- transport). Paradoxically, the majority of differentiated thyroid cancers show intracellular NIS expression, suggesting abnormal targeting to the plasma membrane. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that regulate NIS plasma membrane transport would have multiple implications for radioiodide therapy. In this study, we show that the intracellularly facing carboxy-terminus of NIS is required for the transport of the protein to the plasma membrane. Moreover, the carboxy-terminus contains dominant basolateral information. Using internal deletions and site-directed mutagenesis at the carboxy-terminus, we identified a highly conserved monoleucine-based sorting motif that determines NIS basolateral expression. Furthermore, in clathrin adaptor protein (AP)-1B-deficient cells, NIS sorting to the basolateral plasma membrane is compromised, causing the protein to also be expressed at the apical plasma membrane. Computer simulations suggest that the AP-1B subunit σ1 recognizes the monoleucine-based sorting motif in NIS carboxy-terminus. Although the mechanisms by which NIS is intracellularly retained in thyroid cancer remain elusive, our findings may open up avenues for identifying molecular targets that can be used to treat radioiodide-refractory thyroid tumors that express NIS intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI–CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Pablo Modenutti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN–CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence: Juan Pablo Nicola, PhD, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI–CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina. E-mail:
| | - Victoria Peyret
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI–CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Romina Celeste Geysels
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI–CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elisabeth Darrouzet
- Laboratoire Transporteurs en Imagerie et Radiothérapie en Oncologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis–Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Laboratoire Transporteurs en Imagerie et Radiothérapie en Oncologie, Faculté de Médecine, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Pourcher
- Laboratoire Transporteurs en Imagerie et Radiothérapie en Oncologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis–Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Laboratoire Transporteurs en Imagerie et Radiothérapie en Oncologie, Faculté de Médecine, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Nice, France
| | - Ana María Masini-Repiso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI–CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Adrián Martí
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN–CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Carrasco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Juan Pablo Nicola
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI–CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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Rosas NM, Alvarez Juliá A, Alzuri SE, Frasch AC, Fuchsova B. Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis of the C-Terminal Cytosolic End of Gpm6a Identifies Key Residues Essential for the Formation of Filopodia. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:314. [PMID: 30233315 PMCID: PMC6131581 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6a (Gpm6a) is a protein with four transmembrane regions and the N- and the C-ends facing the cytosol. It functions in processes of neuronal development, outgrowth of neurites, and formation of filopodia, spines, and synapsis. Molecular mechanisms by which Gpm6a acts in these processes are not fully comprehended. Structural similarities of Gpm6a with tetraspanins led us to hypothesize that, similarly to tetraspanins, the cytoplasmic tails function as connections with cytoskeletal and/or signaling proteins. Here, we demonstrate that the C- but not the N-terminal cytosolic end of Gpm6a is required for the formation of filopodia by Gpm6a in cultured neurons from rat hippocampus and in neuroblastoma cells N2a. Further immunofluorescence microcopy and flow cytometry analysis show that deletion of neither the N- nor the C-terminal intracellular domains interferes with the recognition of Gpm6a by the function-blocking antibody directed against the extracellular part of Gpm6a. Expression levels of both truncation mutants were not affected but we observed decrease in the amount of both truncated proteins on cell surface suggesting that the incapacity of the Gpm6a lacking C-terminus to induce filopodium formation is not due to the lower amount of Gpm6a on cell surface. Following colocalization assays shows that deletion of the C- but not the N-terminus diminishes the association of Gpm6a with clathrin implying involvement of clathrin-mediated trafficking events. Next, using comprehensive alanine scanning mutagenesis of the C-terminus we identify K250, K255, and E258 as the key residues for the formation of filopodia by Gpm6a. Substitution of these charged residues with alanine also diminishes the amount of Gpm6a on cell surface and in case of K255 and E258 leads to the lower amount of total expressed protein. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis of Gpm6a amino acid sequence reveals that highly conserved and functional residues cluster preferentially within the C- and not within the N-terminus and that K250, K255, and E258 are predicted as part of sorting signals of transmembrane proteins. Altogether, our results provide evidence that filopodium outgrowth induced by Gpm6a requires functionally critical residues within the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Rosas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH, CONICET-UNSAM, San Martin, Argentina
| | - Anabel Alvarez Juliá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH, CONICET-UNSAM, San Martin, Argentina
| | - Sofia E Alzuri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH, CONICET-UNSAM, San Martin, Argentina
| | - Alberto C Frasch
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH, CONICET-UNSAM, San Martin, Argentina
| | - Beata Fuchsova
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH, CONICET-UNSAM, San Martin, Argentina
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11
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Lu M, Wu J, Hao Z, Shang Y, Xu J, Nan G, Li X, Chen Z, Bian H. Basolateral CD147 induces hepatocyte polarity loss by E-cadherin ubiquitination and degradation in hepatocellular carcinoma progress. Hepatology 2018; 68:317-332. [PMID: 29356040 PMCID: PMC6055794 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocytes are epithelial cells with highly specialized polarity. The disorder and loss of hepatocyte polarity leads to a weakness of cell adhesion and connection, the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and eventually the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), a tumor-related glycoprotein, promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the invasion of HCC. However, the function of CD147 in hepatocyte depolarization is unknown. Here we identified that CD147 was basolaterally polarized in hepatocyte membrane of liver tissues and HepG2 cells. CD147 not only promoted transforming growth factor-β1-mediated hepatocyte polarity loss but also directly induced endocytosis and down-regulation of E-cadherin which contributed to hepatocyte depolarization. Overexpression of CD147 induced Src activation and subsequently recruited ubiquitin ligase Hakai for E-cadherin ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation, leading to decreases of partitioning defective 3 expression and β-catenin nuclear translocation. This signal transduction was initiated by competitive binding of CD147 with integrin β1 that interrupted the interaction between the Arg-Gly-Asp motif of fibronectin and integrin β1. The specific antibodies targeting integrin α5 and β1 reversed the decrease of E-cadherin and partitioning defective 3 levels induced by CD147 overexpression. In human liver tissues, CD147 polarity rates significantly declined from liver cirrhosis (71.4%) to HCC (10.4%). CD147-polarized localization negatively correlated with Child-Pugh scores in human liver cirrhosis (r = -0.6092, P < 0.0001) and positively correlated with differentiation grades in HCC (r = 0.2060, P = 0.004). HCC patients with CD147-polarized localization had significantly better overall survival than patients with CD147 nonpolarity (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION The ectopic CD147-polarized distribution on basolateral membrane promotes hepatocyte depolarization by activation of the CD147-integrin α5β1-E-cadherin ubiquitination-partitioning defective 3 decrease and β-catenin translocation signaling cascade, replenishing a molecular pathway in hepatic carcinogenesis. (Hepatology 2018;68:317-332).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiao Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhi‐Wei Hao
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yu‐Kui Shang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- College of Life Sciences and BioengineeringBeijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Gang Nan
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhi‐Nan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Huijie Bian
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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12
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Zhu X, Wang S, Shao M, Yan J, Liu F. The origin and evolution of Basigin(BSG) gene: A comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 72:79-88. [PMID: 28223252 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Basigin (BSG), also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), plays various fundamental roles in the intercellular recognition involved in immunologic phenomena, differentiation, and development. In this study, we aimed to compare the similarities and differences of BSG among organisms and explore possible evolutionary relationships based on the comparison result. We used the extensive BLAST tool to search the metazoan genomes, N-glycosylation sites, the transmembrane region and other functional sites. We then identified BSG homologs from genomic sequences and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships. We identified that BSG genes exist not only in the vertebrate metazoans but also in the invertebrate metazoans such as Amphioxus B. floridae, D. melanogaster, A. mellifera, S. japonicum, C. gigas, and T. patagoniensis. After sequence analysis, we confirmed that only vertebrate metazoans and Cephalochordate (amphioxus B. floridae) have the classic structure (a signal peptide, two Ig-like domains (IgC2 and IgI), a transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain). The invertebrate metazoans (excluding amphioxus B. floridae) lack the N-terminal signal peptides and IgC2 domain. We then generated a phylogenetic tree, genome organization comparison, and chromosomal disposition analysis based on the biological information obtained from the NCBI and Ensembl databases. Finally, we established the possible evolutionary scenario of the BSG gene, which showed the restricted exon rearrangement that has occurred during evolution, forming the present-day BSG gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shenglan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Mingjie Shao
- Organ Transplant Center, Xiangya 3rd Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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13
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Caceres PS, Benedicto I, Lehmann GL, Rodriguez-Boulan EJ. Directional Fluid Transport across Organ-Blood Barriers: Physiology and Cell Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a027847. [PMID: 28003183 PMCID: PMC5334253 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Directional fluid flow is an essential process for embryo development as well as for organ and organism homeostasis. Here, we review the diverse structure of various organ-blood barriers, the driving forces, transporters, and polarity mechanisms that regulate fluid transport across them, focusing on kidney-, eye-, and brain-blood barriers. We end by discussing how cross talk between barrier epithelial and endothelial cells, perivascular cells, and basement membrane signaling contribute to generate and maintain organ-blood barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S Caceres
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Guillermo L Lehmann
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Enrique J Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
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14
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Claudin-3 and claudin-19 partially restore native phenotype to ARPE-19 cells via effects on tight junctions and gene expression. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:179-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Evdokimov K, Biswas S, Schledzewski K, Winkler M, Gorzelanny C, Schneider SW, Goerdt S, Géraud C. Leda-1/Pianp is targeted to the basolateral plasma membrane by a distinct intracellular juxtamembrane region and modulates barrier properties and E-Cadherin processing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:342-9. [PMID: 27216462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leda-1/Pianp is a type-I transmembrane protein which is sorted to the basolateral membrane domain of polarized epithelial cells. Here, we investigated trafficking mechanisms and functions of Leda-1/Pianp in MDCK and MCF-7 cells. Basolateral sorting and posttranslational modifications depended on the intracellular juxtamembrane region. Functionally, Leda-1/Pianp increased the transepithelial electrical resistance generated by a polarized cell sheet. Furthermore, resistance to junctional destabilization by tumor cells was enhanced by Leda-1/Pianp indicating increased stability and tightness of intercellular junctions. While Claudin 1 and 4 expression and activities of small GTPases were not affected, γ-Secretase-mediated cleavage of E-Cadherin was attenuated by Leda-1/Pianp. Regulation of proteolytic processing is thus a molecular mechanism by which Leda-1/Pianp can affect junctional integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Evdokimov
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Siladitta Biswas
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kai Schledzewski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manuel Winkler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sergij Goerdt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cyrill Géraud
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Mannheim, Germany.
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16
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Proteomic analysis of proteins surrounding occludin and claudin-4 reveals their proximity to signaling and trafficking networks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117074. [PMID: 25789658 PMCID: PMC4366163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are complex membrane structures that regulate paracellular movement of material across epithelia and play a role in cell polarity, signaling and cytoskeletal organization. In order to expand knowledge of the tight junction proteome, we used biotin ligase (BioID) fused to occludin and claudin-4 to biotinylate their proximal proteins in cultured MDCK II epithelial cells. We then purified the biotinylated proteins on streptavidin resin and identified them by mass spectrometry. Proteins were ranked by relative abundance of recovery by mass spectrometry, placed in functional categories, and compared not only among the N- and C- termini of occludin and the N-terminus of claudin-4, but also with our published inventory of proteins proximal to the adherens junction protein E-cadherin and the tight junction protein ZO-1. When proteomic results were analyzed, the relative distribution among functional categories was similar between occludin and claudin-4 proximal proteins. Apart from already known tight junction- proteins, occludin and claudin-4 proximal proteins were enriched in signaling and trafficking proteins, especially endocytic trafficking proteins. However there were significant differences in the specific proteins comprising the functional categories near each of the tagging proteins, revealing spatial compartmentalization within the junction complex. Taken together, these results expand the inventory of known and unknown proteins at the tight junction to inform future studies of the organization and physiology of this complex structure.
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17
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Lehmann GL, Benedicto I, Philp NJ, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Plasma membrane protein polarity and trafficking in RPE cells: past, present and future. Exp Eye Res 2014; 126:5-15. [PMID: 25152359 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) comprises a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells that is strategically interposed between the neural retina and the fenestrated choroid capillaries. The RPE performs a variety of vectorial transport functions (water, ions, metabolites, nutrients and waste products) that regulate the composition of the subretinal space and support the functions of photoreceptors (PRs) and other cells in the neural retina. To this end, RPE cells display a polarized distribution of channels, transporters and receptors in their plasma membrane (PM) that is remarkably different from that found in conventional extra-ocular epithelia, e.g. intestine, kidney, and gall bladder. This characteristic PM protein polarity of RPE cells depends on the interplay of sorting signals in the RPE PM proteins and sorting mechanisms and biosynthetic/recycling trafficking routes in the RPE cell. Although considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the RPE trafficking machinery, most available data have been obtained from immortalized RPE cell lines that only partially maintain the RPE phenotype and by extrapolation of data obtained in the prototype Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line. The increasing availability of RPE cell cultures that more closely resemble the RPE in vivo together with the advent of advanced live imaging microscopy techniques provides a platform and an opportunity to rapidly expand our understanding of how polarized protein trafficking contributes to RPE PM polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L Lehmann
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 100652, USA
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 100652, USA
| | - Nancy J Philp
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 100652, USA.
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18
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Moreno V, Gonzalo P, Gómez-Escudero J, Pollán Á, Acín-Pérez R, Breckenridge M, Yáñez-Mó M, Barreiro O, Orsenigo F, Kadomatsu K, Chen CS, Enríquez JA, Dejana E, Sánchez-Madrid F, Arroyo AG. An EMMPRIN-γ-catenin-Nm23 complex drives ATP production and actomyosin contractility at endothelial junctions. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3768-81. [PMID: 24994937 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.149518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesions are important sites through which cells experience and resist forces. In endothelial cells, these forces regulate junction dynamics and determine endothelial barrier strength. We identify the Ig superfamily member EMMPRIN (also known as basigin) as a coordinator of forces at endothelial junctions. EMMPRIN localization at junctions correlates with endothelial junction strength in different mouse vascular beds. Accordingly, EMMPRIN-deficient mice show altered junctions and increased junction permeability. Lack of EMMPRIN alters the localization and function of VE-cadherin (also known as cadherin-5) by decreasing both actomyosin contractility and tugging forces at endothelial cell junctions. EMMPRIN ensures proper actomyosin-driven maturation of competent endothelial junctions by forming a molecular complex with γ-catenin (also known as junction plakoglobin) and Nm23 (also known as NME1), a nucleoside diphosphate kinase, thereby locally providing ATP to fuel the actomyosin machinery. These results provide a novel mechanism for the regulation of actomyosin contractility at endothelial junctions and might have broader implications in biological contexts such as angiogenesis, collective migration and tissue morphogenesis by coupling compartmentalized energy production to junction assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreno
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ángela Pollán
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Barreiro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Orsenigo
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, University of Milan, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - José A Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, University of Milan, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Rodriguez-Boulan E, Macara IG. Organization and execution of the epithelial polarity programme. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:225-42. [PMID: 24651541 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells require apical-basal plasma membrane polarity to carry out crucial vectorial transport functions and cytoplasmic polarity to generate different cell progenies for tissue morphogenesis. The establishment and maintenance of a polarized epithelial cell with apical, basolateral and ciliary surface domains is guided by an epithelial polarity programme (EPP) that is controlled by a network of protein and lipid regulators. The EPP is organized in response to extracellular cues and is executed through the establishment of an apical-basal axis, intercellular junctions, epithelial-specific cytoskeletal rearrangements and a polarized trafficking machinery. Recent studies have provided insight into the interactions of the EPP with the polarized trafficking machinery and how these regulate epithelial polarization and depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, LC-301 New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Avenue South, U 3209 MRB III, Nashville Tennessee 37232, USA
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20
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Stoops EH, Caplan MJ. Trafficking to the apical and basolateral membranes in polarized epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1375-86. [PMID: 24652803 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013080883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal epithelial cells must maintain distinct protein compositions in their apical and basolateral membranes in order to perform their transport functions. The creation of these polarized protein distributions depends on sorting signals that designate the trafficking route and site of ultimate functional residence for each protein. Segregation of newly synthesized apical and basolateral proteins into distinct carrier vesicles can occur at the trans-Golgi network, recycling endosomes, or a growing assortment of stations along the cellular trafficking pathway. The nature of the specific sorting signal and the mechanism through which it is interpreted can influence the route a protein takes through the cell. Cell type-specific variations in the targeting motifs of a protein, as are evident for Na,K-ATPase, demonstrate a remarkable capacity to adapt sorting pathways to different developmental states or physiologic requirements. This review summarizes our current understanding of apical and basolateral trafficking routes in polarized epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Stoops
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael J Caplan
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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21
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Doumanov JA, Zeitz C, Gimenez PD, Audo I, Krishna A, Alfano G, Diaz MLB, Moskova-Doumanova V, Lancelot ME, Sahel JA, Nandrot EF, Bhattacharya SS. Disease-causing mutations in BEST1 gene are associated with altered sorting of bestrophin-1 protein. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15121-40. [PMID: 23880862 PMCID: PMC3742291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140715121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in BEST1 gene, encoding the bestrophin-1 (Best1) protein are associated with macular dystrophies. Best1 is predominantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and is inserted in its basolateral membrane. We investigated the cellular localization in polarized MDCKII cells of disease-associated Best1 mutant proteins to study specific sorting motifs of Best1. Real-time PCR and western blots for endogenous expression of BEST1 in MDCK cells were performed. Best1 mutant constructs were generated using site-directed mutagenesis and transfected in MDCK cells. For protein sorting, confocal microscopy studies, biotinylation assays and statistical methods for quantification of mislocalization were used. Analysis of endogenous expression of BEST1 in MDCK cells revealed the presence of BEST1 transcript but no protein. Confocal microscopy and quantitative analyses indicate that transfected normal human Best1 displays a basolateral localization in MDCK cells, while cell sorting of several Best1 mutants (Y85H, Q96R, L100R, Y227N, Y227E) was altered. In contrast to constitutively active Y227E, constitutively inactive Y227F Best1 mutant localized basolaterally similar to the normal Best1 protein. Our data suggest that at least three basolateral sorting motifs might be implicated in proper Best1 basolateral localization. In addition, non-phosphorylated tyrosine 227 could play a role for basolateral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Doumanov
- Biological Faculty, Sofia University “Saint Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov str, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +359-2-8167-204; Fax: +359-2-8656-641
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France; E-Mails: (C.Z.); (I.A.); (M.-E.L.); (J.-A.S.); (E.F.N.); (S.S.B.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
- Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Paloma Dominguez Gimenez
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Parque Cientifico y Tecnologico, Isla de la Cartuja 41092, Sevilla, Spain; E-Mails: (P.D.G.); (A.K.); (M.L.B.D.)
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France; E-Mails: (C.Z.); (I.A.); (M.-E.L.); (J.-A.S.); (E.F.N.); (S.S.B.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
- Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares/Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CMR/CIC), 503 INSERM, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Abhay Krishna
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Parque Cientifico y Tecnologico, Isla de la Cartuja 41092, Sevilla, Spain; E-Mails: (P.D.G.); (A.K.); (M.L.B.D.)
| | - Giovanna Alfano
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Maria Luz Bellido Diaz
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Parque Cientifico y Tecnologico, Isla de la Cartuja 41092, Sevilla, Spain; E-Mails: (P.D.G.); (A.K.); (M.L.B.D.)
| | - Veselina Moskova-Doumanova
- Biological Faculty, Sofia University “Saint Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov str, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria; E-Mail:
| | - Marie-Elise Lancelot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France; E-Mails: (C.Z.); (I.A.); (M.-E.L.); (J.-A.S.); (E.F.N.); (S.S.B.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
- Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France; E-Mails: (C.Z.); (I.A.); (M.-E.L.); (J.-A.S.); (E.F.N.); (S.S.B.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
- Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares/Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CMR/CIC), 503 INSERM, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris F-75012, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris F-75019, France
| | - Emeline F. Nandrot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France; E-Mails: (C.Z.); (I.A.); (M.-E.L.); (J.-A.S.); (E.F.N.); (S.S.B.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
- Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Shomi S. Bhattacharya
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France; E-Mails: (C.Z.); (I.A.); (M.-E.L.); (J.-A.S.); (E.F.N.); (S.S.B.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
- Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Parque Cientifico y Tecnologico, Isla de la Cartuja 41092, Sevilla, Spain; E-Mails: (P.D.G.); (A.K.); (M.L.B.D.)
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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Maldonado-Báez L, Cole NB, Krämer H, Donaldson JG. Microtubule-dependent endosomal sorting of clathrin-independent cargo by Hook1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:233-47. [PMID: 23589492 PMCID: PMC3628520 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201208172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hook1, a microtubule and cargo tethering protein, is important for the sorting of clathrin-independent cargoes away from EEA1+ endosomes and promotes their recycling. Many plasma membrane (PM) proteins enter cells nonselectively through clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE). Here, we present evidence that cytoplasmic sequences in three CIE cargo proteins—CD44, CD98, and CD147—were responsible for the rapid sorting of these proteins into endosomal tubules away from endosomes associated with early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1). We found that Hook1, a microtubule- and cargo-tethering protein, recognized the cytoplasmic tail of CD147 to help sort it and CD98 into Rab22a-dependent tubules associated with recycling. Depletion of Hook1 from cells altered trafficking of CD44, CD98, and CD147 toward EEA1 compartments and impaired the recycling of CD98 back to the PM. In contrast, another CIE cargo protein, major histocompatibility complex class I, which normally traffics to EEA1 compartments, was not affected by depletion of Hook1. Loss of Hook1 also led to an inhibition of cell spreading, implicating a role for Hook1 sorting of specific CIE cargo proteins away from bulk membrane and back to the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lymarie Maldonado-Báez
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Epithelial cells have an apical-basolateral axis of polarity, which is required for epithelial functions including barrier formation, vectorial ion transport and sensory perception. Here we review what is known about the sorting signals, machineries and pathways that maintain this asymmetry, and how polarity proteins interface with membrane-trafficking pathways to generate membrane domains de novo. It is becoming apparent that membrane traffic does not simply reinforce polarity, but is critical for the generation of cortical epithelial cell asymmetry.
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Masaki T. Polarization and myelination in myelinating glia. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:769412. [PMID: 23326681 PMCID: PMC3544266 DOI: 10.5402/2012/769412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myelinating glia, oligodendrocytes in central nervous system and Schwann cells in peripheral nervous system, form myelin sheath, a multilayered membrane system around axons enabling salutatory nerve impulse conduction and maintaining axonal integrity. Myelin sheath is a polarized structure localized in the axonal side and therefore is supposed to be formed based on the preceding polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, myelination process is closely associated with polarization of myelinating glia. However, cell polarization has been less extensively studied in myelinating glia than other cell types such as epithelial cells. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide insights for the field of myelination research by applying the information obtained in polarity study in other cell types, especially epithelial cells, to cell polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, in this paper, the main aspects of cell polarization study in general are summarized. Then, they will be compared with polarization in oligodendrocytes. Finally, the achievements obtained in polarization study for epithelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and other types of cells will be translated into polarization/myelination process by Schwann cells. Then, based on this model, the perspectives in the study of Schwann cell polarization/myelination will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Masaki
- Department of Medical Science, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju-Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
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26
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Fukuoka M, Hamasaki M, Koga K, Hayashi H, Aoki M, Kawarabayashi T, Miyamoto S, Nabeshima K. Expression patterns of emmprin and monocarboxylate transporter-1 in ovarian epithelial tumors. Virchows Arch 2012; 461:457-66. [PMID: 22926487 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Emmprin is a transmembrane glycoprotein known as a matrix metalloproteinase inducer and is highly up-regulated in malignant cancer cells. The monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are responsible for H(+)-linked transport of monocarboxylates across the cell membrane. It was recently demonstrated that proper plasma membrane localization and activity of MCTs require the presence of emmprin as a chaperone and that MCT-1 also acts as chaperone for emmprin. The objectives of this study were to clarify emmprin and MCT-1 expression patterns in ovarian epithelial tumors and to elucidate the clinicopathological significance of co-localization of the two molecules. Immunohistochemical analysis of 205 epithelial tumors indicated that emmprin is always localized in cell membranes but its distribution differs according to tumor type: in lateral membranes in 89 % of adenomas, in lateral and basal membranes in 76 % of borderline tumors, and in membranes surrounding the entire cell in 98 % of carcinomas. Most carcinomas in situ also showed a lateral and basal expression pattern. In only 21 % of the carcinomas, the cells expressing membranous MCT-1 showed co-localized emmprin expression. Poor co-localization of the two molecules was more frequently found in serous carcinomas. However, the overall survival was not significantly different for the good and poor co-localization carcinoma groups. These findings indicate that the emmprin expression pattern might discriminate between invasive carcinomas and borderline tumors including carcinoma in situ. Moreover, there may be an as yet unidentified regulatory mechanism(s), for localization of MCT-1 and emmprin in cell membranes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoko Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Vasopressin increases S261 phosphorylation in AQP2-P262L, a mutant in recessive nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:4389-97. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Abstract
The polarized distribution of proteins and lipids at the surface membrane of epithelial cells results in the formation of an apical and a basolateral domain, which are separated by tight junctions. The generation and maintenance of epithelial polarity require elaborate mechanisms that guarantee correct sorting and vectorial delivery of cargo molecules. This dynamic process involves the interaction of sorting signals with sorting machineries and the formation of transport carriers. Here we review the recent advances in the field of polarized sorting in epithelial cells. We especially highlight the role of lipid rafts in apical sorting.
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Gephart JD, Singh B, Higginbotham JN, Franklin JL, Gonzalez A, Fölsch H, Coffey RJ. Identification of a novel mono-leucine basolateral sorting motif within the cytoplasmic domain of amphiregulin. Traffic 2011; 12:1793-804. [PMID: 21917092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells establish apical and basolateral (BL) membranes with distinct protein and lipid compositions. To achieve this spatial asymmetry, the cell utilizes a variety of mechanisms for differential sorting, delivery and retention of cell surface proteins. The EGF receptor (EGFR) and its ligand, amphiregulin (AREG), are transmembrane proteins delivered to the BL membrane in polarized epithelial cells. Herein, we show that the cytoplasmic domain of AREG (ACD) contains dominant BL sorting information; replacement of the cytoplasmic domain of apically targeted nerve growth factor receptor with the ACD redirects the chimera to the BL surface. Using sequential truncations and site-directed mutagenesis of the ACD, we identify a novel BL sorting motif consisting of a single leucine C-terminal to an acidic cluster (EEXXXL). In adaptor protein (AP)-1B-deficient cells, newly synthesized AREG is initially delivered to the BL surface as in AP-1B-expressing cells. However, in these AP-1B-deficient cells, recycling of AREG back to the BL surface is compromised, leading to its appearance at the apical surface. These results show that recycling, but not delivery, of AREG to the BL surface is AP-1B dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Gephart
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Neural retina and MerTK-independent apical polarity of alphavbeta5 integrin receptors in the retinal pigment epithelium. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 664:123-31. [PMID: 20238010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The apical plasma membrane domain of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in the eye faces the outer segment portions of rods and cones and the interphotoreceptor matrix in the subretinal space. Two important receptor-mediated interactions between the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and adjacent photoreceptors are adhesion ensuring outer segment alignment and diurnal phagocytosis of shed outer segment fragments contributing to outer segment renewal. Both depend on the apical distribution of the integrin family adhesion receptor alphavbeta5 as lack of alphavbeta5 in mice causes weakened retinal adhesion and asynchronous phagocytosis. With age, lack of alphavbeta5 leads to accumulation of harmful lipofuscin in the RPE and to vision loss. Here, we discuss three different possible mechanisms that could generate the exclusive apical distribution of alphavbeta5 integrin receptors in the RPE. (1) alphavbeta5 could be apical in the RPE because RPE attachment to neural retina generally or alphavbeta5 ligands specifically in the subretinal space stabilize apical but not basolateral alphavbeta5 surface receptors. (2) alphavbeta5 could be apical in the RPE because it resides in a complex with other components of the phagocytic machinery that assembles at the apical, phagocytic surface of the RPE. (3) alphavbeta5 could be apical due to mechanisms intrinsic to this receptor protein and specifically to its beta5 integrin subunit.
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Guziewicz KE, Slavik J, Lindauer SJP, Aguirre GD, Zangerl B. Molecular consequences of BEST1 gene mutations in canine multifocal retinopathy predict functional implications for human bestrophinopathies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:4497-505. [PMID: 21498618 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bestrophin-1 gene (BEST1) mutations are responsible for a broad spectrum of human retinal phenotypes, jointly called bestrophinopathies. Canine multifocal retinopathy (cmr), caused by mutations in the dog gene ortholog, shares numerous phenotypic features with human BEST1-associated disorders. The purpose of this study was the assessment of molecular consequences and pathogenic outcomes of the cmr1 (C(73)T/R(25)X) premature termination and the cmr2 (G(482)A/G(161)D) missense mutation of the canine model compared with the C(87)G/Y(29)X mutation observed in human patients. METHODS Dogs carrying the BEST1 mutation were introduced into a breeding colony and used to produce either carrier or affected offspring. Eyes were collected immediately after euthanatization at the disease-relevant ages and were harvested for expression studies. In parallel, an in vitro cell culture model system was developed and compared with in vivo RESULTS RESULTS The results demonstrate that cmr1 and human C(87)G-mutated transcripts bypass the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay machinery, suggesting the AUG proximity effect as an underlying transcriptional mechanism. The truncated protein, however, is not detectable in either species. The in vitro model accurately recapitulates transcriptional and translational expression events observed in vivo and, thus, implies loss of bestrophin-1 function in cmr1-dogs and Y(29)X-affected patients. Immunofluorescence microscopy of cmr2 mutant showed mislocalization of the protein. CONCLUSIONS Molecular evaluation of cmr mutations in vivo and in vitro constitutes the next step toward elucidating genotype-phenotype interactions concerning human bestrophinopathies and emphasizes the importance of the canine models for studying the complexity of the BEST1 disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina E Guziewicz
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6010, USA
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Rizzolo LJ, Peng S, Luo Y, Xiao W. Integration of tight junctions and claudins with the barrier functions of the retinal pigment epithelium. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:296-323. [PMID: 21704180 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) forms the outer blood-retinal barrier by regulating the movement of solutes between the fenestrated capillaries of the choroid and the photoreceptor layer of the retina. Blood-tissue barriers use various mechanisms to accomplish their tasks including membrane pumps, transporters, and channels, transcytosis, metabolic alteration of solutes in transit, and passive but selective diffusion. The last category includes tight junctions, which regulate transepithelial diffusion through the spaces between neighboring cells of the monolayer. Tight junctions are extraordinarily complex structures that are dynamically regulated. Claudins are a family of tight junctional proteins that lend tissue specificity and selectivity to tight junctions. This review discusses how the claudins and tight junctions of the RPE differ from other epithelia and how its functions are modulated by the neural retina. Studies of RPE-retinal interactions during development lend insight into this modulation. Notably, the characteristics of RPE junctions, such as claudin composition, vary among species, which suggests the physiology of the outer retina may also vary. Comparative studies of barrier functions among species should deepen our understanding of how homeostasis is maintained in the outer retina. Stem cells provide a way to extend these studies of RPE-retinal interactions to human RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Rizzolo
- Department of Surgery and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA.
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Castorino JJ, Deborde S, Deora A, Schreiner R, Gallagher-Colombo SM, Rodriguez-Boulan E, Philp NJ. Basolateral sorting signals regulating tissue-specific polarity of heteromeric monocarboxylate transporters in epithelia. Traffic 2011; 12:483-98. [PMID: 21199217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many solute transporters are heterodimers composed of non-glycosylated catalytic and glycosylated accessory subunits. These transporters are specifically polarized to the apical or basolateral membranes of epithelia, but this polarity may vary to fulfill tissue-specific functions. To date, the mechanisms regulating the tissue-specific polarity of heteromeric transporters remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the sorting signals that determine the polarity of three members of the proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family, MCT1, MCT3 and MCT4, and their accessory subunit CD147. We show that MCT3 and MCT4 harbor strong redundant basolateral sorting signals (BLSS) in their C-terminal cytoplasmic tails that can direct fusion proteins with the apical marker p75 to the basolateral membrane. In contrast, MCT1 lacks a BLSS and its polarity is dictated by CD147, which contains a weak BLSS that can direct Tac, but not p75 to the basolateral membrane. Knockdown experiments in MDCK cells indicated that basolateral sorting of MCTs was clathrin-dependent but clathrin adaptor AP1B-independent. Our results explain the consistently basolateral localization of MCT3 and MCT4 and the variable localization of MCT1 in different epithelia. They introduce a new paradigm for the sorting of heterodimeric transporters in which a hierarchy of apical and BLSS in the catalytic and/or accessory subunits regulates their tissue-specific polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Castorino
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Torres J, Funk HM, Zegers MMP, ter Beest MBA. The syntaxin 4 N terminus regulates its basolateral targeting by munc18c-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10834-46. [PMID: 21278252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.186668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To generate and maintain epithelial cell polarity, specific sorting of proteins into vesicles destined for the apical and basolateral domain is required. Syntaxin 3 and 4 are apical and basolateral SNARE proteins important for the specificity of vesicle fusion at the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains, respectively, but how these proteins are specifically targeted to these domains themselves is unclear. Munc18/SM proteins are potential regulators of this process. Like syntaxins, they are crucial for exocytosis and vesicle fusion. However, how munc18c and syntaxin 4 regulate the function of each other is unclear. Here, we investigated the requirement of syntaxin 4 in the delivery of basolateral membrane and secretory proteins, the basolateral targeting of syntaxin 4, and the role of munc18c in this targeting. Depletion of syntaxin 4 resulted in significant reduction of basolateral targeting, suggesting no compensation by other syntaxin forms. Mutational analysis identified amino acids Leu-25 and to a lesser extent Val-26 as essential for correct localization of syntaxin 4. Recently, it was shown that the N-terminal peptide of syntaxin 4 is involved in binding to munc18c. A mutation in this region that affects munc18c binding shows that munc18c binding is required for stabilization of syntaxin 4 at the plasma membrane but not for its correct targeting. We conclude that the N terminus serves two functions in membrane targeting. First, it harbors the sorting motif, which targets syntaxin 4 basolaterally in a munc18c-independent manner and second, it allows for munc18c binding, which stabilizes the protein in a munc18c-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Torres
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Yurchenko V, Constant S, Eisenmesser E, Bukrinsky M. Cyclophilin-CD147 interactions: a new target for anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:305-17. [PMID: 20345978 PMCID: PMC2883100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD147 is a widely expressed plasma membrane protein that has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological activities. It is best known for its ability to function as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (hence the other name for this protein, EMMPRIN), but has also been shown to regulate lymphocyte responsiveness, monocarboxylate transporter expression and spermatogenesis. These functions reflect multiple interacting partners of CD147. Among these CD147-interacting proteins cyclophilins represent a particularly interesting class, both in terms of structural considerations and potential medical implications. CD147 has been shown to function as a signalling receptor for extracellular cyclophilins A and B and to mediate chemotactic activity of cyclophilins towards a variety of immune cells. Recent studies using in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated a role for cyclophilin-CD147 interactions in the regulation of inflammatory responses in a number of diseases, including acute lung inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. Agents targeting either CD147 or cyclophilin activity showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models, suggesting CD147-cyclophilin interactions may be a good target for new anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Here, we review the recent literature on different aspects of cyclophilin-CD147 interactions and their role in inflammatory diseases.
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Gonzalez A, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Clathrin and AP1B: key roles in basolateral trafficking through trans-endosomal routes. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:3784-95. [PMID: 19854182 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research following introduction of the MDCK model system to study epithelial polarity (1978) led to an initial paradigm that posited independent roles of the trans Golgi network (TGN) and recycling endosomes (RE) in the generation of, respectively, biosynthetic and recycling routes of plasma membrane (PM) proteins to apical and basolateral PM domains. This model dominated the field for 20 years. However, studies over the past decade and the discovery of the involvement of clathrin and clathrin adaptors in protein trafficking to the basolateral PM has led to a new paradigm. TGN and RE are now believed to cooperate closely in both biosynthetic and recycling trafficking routes. Here, we critically review these recent advances and the questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Gonzalez
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología and Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6510260 Santiago, Chile.
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Shimada M, Yamabe H, Osawa H, Nakamura N, Kumasaka R, Murakami R, Fujita T, Osanai T, Okumura K. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer is expressed in the proximal tubular epithelial cells of the human kidney. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009; 14:171-8. [PMID: 19019167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) affect matrix remodelling, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) has been reported to increase the levels of several MMP. However, the expression of EMMPRIN in the human kidney and its regulatory mechanisms are not well known. In this study, we examined EMMPRIN expression in the human kidney with the biopsied specimens, cultured proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) and human mesangial cells (HMC). METHODS EMMPRIN expression was examined by immunofluorescent (IF) study, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also examined soluble EMMPRIN in the conditioned medium of PTEC stimulated by various agents and its effect in the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Also, IF study in the several kidney diseases was performed to elucidate its role in pathological condition. RESULTS EMMPRIN expression was diffusely observed in the tubular epithelial cells of most patients and healthy adults, but was never observed in glomeruli. Cultured PTEC expressed EMMPRIN, while HMC did not. Soluble EMMPRIN was also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the conditioned medium of PTEC. Epidermal growth factor (50 ng/mL) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10(-7) mol/L) stimulated the secretion of soluble EMMPRIN and increased the MMP-2 activity, although these agents did not increase the level of EMMPRIN mRNA. From the IF study, EMMPRIN expression was shown to decrease in tubulointerstitial nephritis. CONCLUSION EMMPRIN is widely distributed in the tubular epithelial cells of the adult human kidney and may regulate MMP-2 activity via its secretion from PTEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Shimada
- Department of Nephrology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Japan.
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Damkier HH, Prasad V, Hübner CA, Praetorius J. Nhe1 is a luminal Na+/H+ exchanger in mouse choroid plexus and is targeted to the basolateral membrane in Ncbe/Nbcn2-null mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1291-300. [PMID: 19369449 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00062.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) secretes the major fraction of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The Na(+)-HCO(3)(-) transporter Ncbe/Nbcn2 in the basolateral membrane of CPE cells is important for Na(+)-dependent pH(i) increases and probably for CSF secretion. In the current study, the anion transport inhibitor DIDS had no effect on the residual pH(i) recovery in acidified CPE from Ncbe/Nbcn2 knockout mouse by 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF)-fluorescence microscopy in the presence of CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) (Ncbe/Nbcn2-ko+DIDS 109% of control, P = 0.76, n = 5). Thus Ncbe/Nbcn2 mediates the DIDS-sensitive Na(+)-dependent pH(i) recovery in the CPE. The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger-1 Nhe1 is proposed to mediate similar functions as Ncbe/Nbcn2 in CPE. Here, we immunolocalize the Nhe1 protein to the luminal membrane domain in mouse and human CPE. The Na(+)-dependent pH(i) recovery of Nhe1 wild-type (Nhe1-wt) mice in the absence of CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) was abolished in the Nhe1 knockout CPE (Nhe1-ko 0.37% of Nhe1-wt, P = 0.0007, n = 5). In Ncbe/Nbcn2-ko mice, Nhe1 was targeted to the basolateral membrane. Nevertheless, the luminal Na(+)-dependent pH(i) recovery was increased in Ncbe/Nbcn2-ko compared with wild-type littermates (Nhe1-ko 146% of Nhe1-wt, P = 0.007, n = 5). Whereas the luminal Nhe activity was inhibited by the Nhe blocker EIPA (10 microM) in the Ncbe/Nbcn2-wt, it was insensitive to the inhibitor in Ncbe/Nbcn2-ko (Ncbe/Nbcn2-ko+EIPA 100% of control, P = 0.98, n = 5). This indicates that a luminal EIPA-insensitive Nhe was induced in Ncbe/Nbcn2-ko CPE and that EIPA-sensitive Nhe activity was basolateral. The Nhe1 translocation in Ncbe/Nbcn2-ko CPE may reflect a compensatory response, which provides the cells with better means of regulating pH(i) or transporting Na(+) after Ncbe/Nbcn2 disruption.
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Nejsum LN, Nelson WJ. Epithelial cell surface polarity: the early steps. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2009; 14:1088-98. [PMID: 19273117 DOI: 10.2741/3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell surface polarity is of vital importance for the correct function of transporting epithelia. To maintain normal cell function, the distribution of apical and basal-lateral proteins is highly regulated and defects in expression levels or plasma membrane targeting can have severe consequences. It has been shown recently that initiation of cell-surface polarity occurs immediately upon cell-cell contact, and requires components of the lateral targeting patch, the Exocyst and the lateral SNARE complex to specify delivery of basolateral proteins to the site of cell-cell adhesion. The Exocyst and SNARE complex are present in the cytoplasm in single epithelial cells before adhesion. Upon initial cell-cell adhesion, E-cadherin accumulates at the forming contact between cells. Shortly hereafter, components of the lateral targeting patch, the Exocyst and the lateral SNARE complex, co-localize with E-cadherin at the forming contact, where they function in specifying the delivery of basal-lateral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene N Nejsum
- Departments of Biology, and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, The James H. Clark Center, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive E200, Stanford, CA 94305-5430, USA.
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The epithelial polarity program: machineries involved and their hijacking by cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27:6939-57. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Donoso M, Cancino J, Lee J, van Kerkhof P, Retamal C, Bu G, Gonzalez A, Cáceres A, Marzolo MP. Polarized traffic of LRP1 involves AP1B and SNX17 operating on Y-dependent sorting motifs in different pathways. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:481-97. [PMID: 19005208 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an endocytic recycling receptor with two cytoplasmic tyrosine-based basolateral sorting signals. Here we show that during biosynthetic trafficking LRP1 uses AP1B adaptor complex to move from a post-TGN recycling endosome (RE) to the basolateral membrane. Then it recycles basolaterally from the basolateral sorting endosome (BSE) involving recognition by sorting nexin 17 (SNX17). In the biosynthetic pathway, Y(29) but not N(26) from a proximal NPXY directs LRP1 basolateral sorting from the TGN. A N(26)A mutant revealed that this NPXY motif recognized by SNX17 is required for the receptor's exit from BSE. An endocytic Y(63)ATL(66) motif also functions in basolateral recycling, in concert with an additional endocytic motif (LL(86,87)), by preventing LRP1 entry into the transcytotic apical pathway. All this sorting information operates similarly in hippocampal neurons to mediate LRP1 somatodendritic distribution regardless of the absence of AP1B in neurons. LRP1 basolateral distribution results then from spatially and temporally segregation steps mediated by recognition of distinct tyrosine-based motifs. We also demonstrate a novel function of SNX17 in basolateral/somatodendritic recycling from a different compartment than AP1B endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Donoso
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología , Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and the Millenium Institute for Fundamental and Applied Biology, Santiago, Chile
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Burke JM. Epithelial phenotype and the RPE: is the answer blowing in the Wnt? Prog Retin Eye Res 2008; 27:579-95. [PMID: 18775790 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have a regular epithelial cell shape within the tissue in situ, but for reasons that remain elusive the RPE shows an incomplete and variable ability to re-develop an epithelial phenotype after propagation in vitro. In other epithelial cell cultures, formation of an adherens junction (AJ) composed of E-cadherin plays an important early inductive role in epithelial morphogenesis, but E-cadherin is largely absent from the RPE. In this review, the contribution of cadherins, both minor (E-cadherin) and major (N-cadherin), to RPE phenotype development is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance for future studies of actin cytoskeletal remodeling during assembly of the AJ, which in epithelial cells results in an actin organization that is characteristically zonular. Other markers of RPE phenotype that are used to gauge the maturation state of RPE cultures including tissue-specific protein expression, protein polarity, and pigmentation are described. An argument is made that RPE epithelial phenotype, cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion and melanization are linked by a common signaling pathway: the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Analyzing this pathway and its intersecting signaling networks is suggested as a useful framework for dissecting the steps in RPE morphogenesis. Also discussed is the effect of aging on RPE phenotype. Preliminary evidence is provided to suggest that light-induced sub-lethal oxidative stress to cultured ARPE-19 cells impairs organelle motility. Organelle translocation, which is mediated by stress-susceptible cytoskeletal scaffolds, is an essential process in cell phenotype development and retention. The observation of impaired organelle motility therefore raises the possibility that low levels of stress, which are believed to accompany RPE aging, may produce subtle disruptions of cell phenotype. Over time these would be expected to diminish the support functions performed by the RPE on behalf of photoreceptors, theoretically contributing to aging retinal disease such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Analyzing sub-lethal stress that produces declines in RPE functional efficiency rather than overt cell death is suggested as a useful future direction for understanding the effects of age on RPE organization and physiology. As for phenotype and pigmentation, a role for the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is also suggested in regulating the RPE response to oxidative stress. Exploration of this pathway in the RPE therefore may provide a unifying strategy for advancing our understanding of both RPE phenotype and the consequences of mild oxidative stress on RPE structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Burke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, The Eye Institute, 925 North 87th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53226-4812, USA.
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Clathrin is a key regulator of basolateral polarity. Nature 2008; 452:719-23. [PMID: 18401403 DOI: 10.1038/nature06828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles are vehicles for intracellular trafficking in all nucleated cells, from yeasts to humans. Many studies have demonstrated their essential roles in endocytosis and cellular signalling processes at the plasma membrane. By contrast, very few of their non-endocytic trafficking roles are known, the best characterized being the transport of hydrolases from the Golgi complex to the lysosome. Here we show that clathrin is required for polarity of the basolateral plasma membrane proteins in the epithelial cell line MDCK. Clathrin knockdown depolarized most basolateral proteins, by interfering with their biosynthetic delivery and recycling, but did not affect the polarity of apical proteins. Quantitative live imaging showed that chronic and acute clathrin knockdown selectively slowed down the exit of basolateral proteins from the Golgi complex, and promoted their mis-sorting into apical carrier vesicles. Our results demonstrate a broad requirement for clathrin in basolateral protein trafficking in epithelial cells.
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Belton RJ, Chen L, Mesquita FS, Nowak RA. Basigin-2 is a cell surface receptor for soluble basigin ligand. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17805-14. [PMID: 18434307 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801876200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic spread of a tumor is dependent upon the ability of the tumor to stimulate surrounding stromal cells to express enzymes required for tissue remodeling. The immunoglobulin superfamily protein basigin (EMMPRIN/CD147) is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by tumor cells that stimulates matrix metalloproteinase and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in stromal cells. The ability of basigin to stimulate expression of molecules involved in tissue remodeling and angiogenesis makes basigin a potential target for the development of strategies to block metastasis. However, the identity of the cell surface receptor for basigin remains controversial. The goal of this study was to determine the identity of the receptor for basigin. Using a novel recombinant basigin protein (rBSG) corresponding to the extracellular domain of basigin, it was demonstrated that the native, nonglycosylated rBSG protein forms dimers in solution. Furthermore, rBSG binds to the surface of uterine fibroblasts, activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and induces expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3. Proteins that interact with rBSG were isolated using a biotin label transfer technique and sequenced by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrophotometry. The results demonstrate that rBSG interacts with basigin expressed on the surface of fibroblasts and is subsequently internalized. During internalization, rBSG associates with a novel form of human basigin (basigin-3). It was concluded that cell surface basigin functions as a membrane receptor for soluble basigin and this homophilic interaction is not dependent upon glycosylation of the basigin ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Belton
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Lasiecka ZM, Yap CC, Vakulenko M, Winckler B. Chapter 7 Compartmentalizing the Neuronal Plasma Membrane. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 272:303-89. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Deora AA, Diaz F, Schreiner R, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Efficient electroporation of DNA and protein into confluent and differentiated epithelial cells in culture. Traffic 2007; 8:1304-12. [PMID: 17662027 PMCID: PMC4078794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation-mediated delivery of molecules is a procedure widely used for transfecting complementary DNA in bacteria, mammalian and plant cells. This technique has proven very efficient for the introduction of macromolecules into cells in suspension culture and even into cells in their native tissue environment, e.g. retina and embryonic tissues. However, in spite of several attempts to date, there are no well-established procedures to electroporate polarized epithelial cells adhering to a tissue culture substrate (glass, plastic or filter). We report here the development of a simple procedure that uses available commercial equipment and works efficiently and reproducibly for a variety of epithelial cell lines in culture.
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48
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Chen L, Nakai M, Belton RJ, Nowak RA. Expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer and matrix metalloproteinases during mouse embryonic development. Reproduction 2007; 133:405-14. [PMID: 17307908 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryo implantation is a highly invasive and controlled process that involves remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix of the uterus. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main proteinases facilitating this process. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) can stimulate the production of MMPs and is required for successful implantation in the mouse. The aims of the present study were to examine the expression profiles of mRNA and proteins for EMMPRIN and MMPs in the developing mouse embryoin vitro, and to study whether EMMPRIN protein induces the production of MMPs by mouse blastocysts. EMMPRIN mRNA, detected by RT-PCR, was present at all stages of embryo development from the one-cell to the blastocyst outgrowth. EMMPRIN protein, observed by confocal microscopy, was present on the cell surface at the same stages of development as was the mRNA. Of seven MMPs studied, murine collagenase-like A (Mcol-A), murine collagenase-like B (Mcol-B) and gelatinase A (MMP-2) mRNAs were detected only in blastocyst outgrowths by RT-PCR. Gelatinase B (MMP-9) mRNA was detected both in expanded blastocysts and blastocyst outgrowths. MMP-2 and -9 proteins were detected in the cytoplasm of outgrowing trophoblast cells. Collagenase-2 (MMP-8), collagenase-3 (MMP-13), or stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) mRNAs were not present at any stage of pre- or peri-implantation mouse embryo development. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that recombinant EMMPRIN protein did not stimulate MMP-2 or -9 expression by mouse blastocyst outgrowths. These data suggest that EMMPRIN may regulate physiological functions other than MMP production by mouse embryos during implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Schreiner A, Ruonala M, Jakob V, Suthaus J, Boles E, Wouters F, Starzinski-Powitz A. Junction protein shrew-1 influences cell invasion and interacts with invasion-promoting protein CD147. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:1272-81. [PMID: 17267690 PMCID: PMC1838978 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-07-0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrew-1 was previously isolated from an endometriotic cell line in our search for invasion-associated genes. It proved to be a membrane protein that targets to the basolateral membrane of polarized epithelial cells, interacting with E-cadherin-catenin complexes of adherens junctions. Paradoxically, the existence of adherens junctions is incompatible with invasion. To investigate whether shrew-1 can indeed influence cellular invasion, we overexpressed it in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. This resulted in enhanced invasiveness, accompanied by an increased matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 level in the supernatant, raising the question about the role of shrew-1 in this process. Logic suggested we looked for an interaction with CD147, a known promoter of invasiveness and MMP activity. Indeed, genetics-based, biochemical, and microscopy experiments revealed shrew-1- and CD147-containing complexes in invasive endometriotic cells and an interaction in epithelial cells, which was stronger in MCF7 tumor cells, but weaker in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In contrast to the effect mediated by overexpression, small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of either shrew-1 or CD147 in HeLa cells decreased invasiveness without affecting the proliferation behavior of HeLa cells, but the knockdown cells displayed decreased motility. Altogether, our results imply that shrew-1 has a function in the regulation of cellular invasion, which may involve its interaction with CD147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schreiner
- *Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mika Ruonala
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Viktor Jakob
- *Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Suthaus
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany; and
| | - Eckhard Boles
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fred Wouters
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Starzinski-Powitz
- *Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Gravotta D, Deora A, Perret E, Oyanadel C, Soza A, Schreiner R, Gonzalez A, Rodriguez-Boulan E. AP1B sorts basolateral proteins in recycling and biosynthetic routes of MDCK cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1564-9. [PMID: 17244703 PMCID: PMC1785260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-specific adaptor AP1B sorts basolateral proteins, but the trafficking routes where it performs its sorting role remain controversial. Here, we used an RNAi approach to knock down the medium subunit of AP1B (mu1B) in the prototype epithelial cell line Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK). Mu1B-knocked down MDCK cells displayed loss of polarity of several endogenous and exogenous basolateral markers transduced via adenovirus vectors, but exhibited normal polarity of apical markers. We chose two well characterized basolateral protein markers, the transferrin receptor (TfR) and the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein, to study the sorting role of AP1B. A surface-capture assay introduced here showed that mu1B-knocked down MDCK cells plated on filters at confluency and cultured for 4.5 d, sorted TfR correctly in the biosynthetic route but incorrectly in the recycling route. In contrast, these same cells missorted vesicular stomatitis virus G apically in the biosynthetic route. Strikingly, recently confluent MDCK cells (1-3 d) displayed AP1B-dependence in the biosynthetic route of TfR, which decreased with additional days in culture. Sucrose density gradient analysis detected AP1B predominantly in TfR-rich endosomal fractions in MDCK cells confluent for 1 and 4 d. Our results are consistent with the following model: AP1B sorts basolateral proteins in both biosynthetic and recycling routes of MDCK cells, as a result of its predominant functional localization in recycling endosomes, which constitute a post-Golgi station in the biosynthetic route of some plasma membrane proteins. TfR utilizes a direct route from Golgi to basolateral membrane that is established as the epithelial monolayer matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gravotta
- *Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ami Deora
- *Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Emilie Perret
- *Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Claudia Oyanadel
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6510260 Santiago, Chile; and
- Millennium Institute for Fundamental and Applied Biology, 7780344 Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Soza
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6510260 Santiago, Chile; and
- Millennium Institute for Fundamental and Applied Biology, 7780344 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ryan Schreiner
- *Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Alfonso Gonzalez
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6510260 Santiago, Chile; and
- Millennium Institute for Fundamental and Applied Biology, 7780344 Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- *Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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