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Wishart TFL, Lovicu FJ. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) of the ocular lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101118. [PMID: 36068128 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) reside in most cells; on their surface, in the pericellular milieu and/or extracellular matrix. In the eye, HSPGs can orchestrate the activity of key signalling molecules found in the ocular environment that promote its development and homeostasis. To date, our understanding of the specific roles played by individual HSPG family members, and the heterogeneity of their associated sulfated HS chains, is in its infancy. The crystalline lens is a relatively simple and well characterised ocular tissue that provides an ideal stage to showcase and model the expression and unique roles of individual HSPGs. Individual HSPG core proteins are differentially localised to eye tissues in a temporal and spatial developmental- and cell-type specific manner, and their loss or functional disruption results in unique phenotypic outcomes for the lens, and other ocular tissues. More recent work has found that different HS sulfation enzymes are also presented in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, and that disruption of these different sulfation patterns affects specific HS-protein interactions. Not surprisingly, these sulfated HS chains have also been reported to be required for lens and eye development, with dysregulation of HS chain structure and function leading to pathogenesis and eye-related phenotypes. In the lens, HSPGs undergo significant and specific changes in expression and function that can drive pathology, or in some cases, promote tissue repair. As master signalling regulators, HSPGs may one day serve as valuable biomarkers, and even as putative targets for the development of novel therapeutics, not only for the eye but for many other systemic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayler F L Wishart
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Quinlan RA, Clark JI. Insights into the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms mediating the longevity of the transparent optics of the eye lens. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102537. [PMID: 36174677 PMCID: PMC9638808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human eye, a transparent cornea and lens combine to form the "refracton" to focus images on the retina. This requires the refracton to have a high refractive index "n," mediated largely by extracellular collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma and the highly concentrated crystallin proteins in the cytoplasm of the lens fiber cells. Transparency is a result of short-range order in the spatial arrangement of corneal collagen fibrils and lens crystallins, generated in part by post-translational modifications (PTMs). However, while corneal collagen is remodeled continuously and replaced, lens crystallins are very long-lived and are not replaced and so accumulate PTMs over a lifetime. Eventually, a tipping point is reached when protein aggregation results in increased light scatter, inevitably leading to the iconic protein condensation-based disease, age-related cataract (ARC). Cataracts account for 50% of vision impairment worldwide, affecting far more people than other well-known protein aggregation-based diseases. However, because accumulation of crystallin PTMs begins before birth and long before ARC presents, we postulate that the lens protein PTMs contribute to a "cataractogenic load" that not only increases with age but also has protective effects on optical function by stabilizing lens crystallins until a tipping point is reached. In this review, we highlight decades of experimental findings that support the potential for PTMs to be protective during normal development. We hypothesize that ARC is preventable by protecting the biochemical and biophysical properties of lens proteins needed to maintain transparency, refraction, and optical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road Science Site, Durham, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - John I Clark
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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3
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Wu W, Lois N, Prescott AR, Brown AP, Van Gerwen V, Tassignon MJ, Richards SA, Saunter CD, Jarrin M, Quinlan RA. The importance of the epithelial fibre cell interface to lens regeneration in an in vivo rat model and in a human bag-in-the-lens (BiL) sample. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108808. [PMID: 34762932 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human lens regeneration and the Bag-in-the-Lens (BIL) surgical treatment for cataract both depend upon lens capsule closure for their success. Our studies suggest that the first three days after surgery are critical to their long-term outcomes. Using a rat model of lens regeneration, we evidenced lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation increased some 50 fold in the first day before rapidly declining to rates observed in the germinative zone of the contra-lateral, un-operated lens. Cell multi-layering at the lens equator occurred on days 1 and 2, but then reorganised into two discrete layers by day 3. E- and N-cadherin expression preceded cell polarity being re-established during the first week. Aquaporin 0 (AQP0) was first detected in the elongated cells at the lens equator at day 7. Cells at the capsulotomy site, however, behaved very differently expressing the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) from day 3 onwards. The physical interaction between the apical surfaces of the anterior and posterior LECs from day 3 after surgery preceded cell elongation. In the human BIL sample fibre cell formation was confirmed by both histological and proteome analyses, but the cellular response is less ordered and variable culminating in Soemmerring's ring (SR) formation and sometimes Elschnig's pearls. This we evidence for lenses from a single patient. No bow region or recognisable epithelial-fibre cell interface (EFI) was evident and consequently the fibre cells were disorganised. We conclude that lens cells require spatial and cellular cues to initiate, sustain and produce an optically functional tissue in addition to capsule integrity and the EFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiju Wu
- Department of Biosciences, South Road, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, England, UK
| | - Noemi Lois
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Alan R Prescott
- Dundee Imaging Facility & Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Adrian P Brown
- Department of Biosciences, South Road, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, England, UK
| | - Veerle Van Gerwen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marie-José Tassignon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Shane A Richards
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, Australia
| | | | - Miguel Jarrin
- Department of Biosciences, South Road, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, England, UK
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, South Road, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, England, UK.
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4
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Wishart TFL, Lovicu FJ. An Atlas of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Postnatal Rat Lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:5. [PMID: 34730792 PMCID: PMC8572486 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.14.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The arrangement of lens cells is regulated by ocular growth factors. Although the effects of these inductive molecules on lens cell behavior (proliferation, survival, and fiber differentiation) are well-characterized, the precise mechanisms underlying the regulation of growth factor-mediated signaling in lens remains elusive. Increasing evidence highlights the importance of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) for the signaling regulation of growth factors; however, the identity of the different lens HSPGs and the specific roles they play in lens biology are still unknown. Methods Semiquantitative real-time (RT)‐PCR and immunolabeling were used to characterize the spatial distribution of all known HSPG core proteins and their associated glycosaminoglycans (heparan and chondroitin sulfate) in the postnatal rat lens. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2-treated lens epithelial explants, cultured in the presence of Surfen (an inhibitor of heparan sulfate [HS]-growth factor binding interactions) were used to investigate the requirement for HS in FGF-2-induced proliferation, fiber differentiation, and ERK1/2-signaling. Results The lens expresses all HSPGs. These HSPGs are differentially localized to distinct functional regions of the lens. In vitro, inhibition of HS-sulfation with Surfen blocked FGF-2-mediated ERK1/2-signaling associated with lens epithelial cell proliferation and fiber differentiation, highlighting that these cellular processes are dependent on HS. Conclusions These findings support a requirement for HSPGs in FGF-2 driven lens cell proliferation and fiber differentiation. The identification of specific HSPG core proteins in key functional lens regions, and the divergent expression patterns of closely related HSPGs, suggests that different HSPGs may differentially regulate growth factor signaling networks leading to specific biological events involved in lens growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayler F L Wishart
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Rankenberg J, Rakete S, Wagner BD, Patnaik JL, Henning C, Lynch A, Glomb MA, Nagaraj RH. Advanced glycation end products in human diabetic lens capsules. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108704. [PMID: 34302851 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate with age in human lens capsules. AGEs in lens capsules potentiate the transforming growth factor beta-2-mediated mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells, which suggests that they play a role in posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery. We measured AGEs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in capsulorhexis specimens obtained during cataract surgery from nondiabetic and diabetic patients with and without established retinopathy. Our data showed that the levels of most AGEs (12 out of 13 measured) were unaltered in diabetic patients and diabetic patients with retinopathy compared to nondiabetic patients. There was one exception: glucosepane, which was significantly higher in diabetic patients, both with (6.85 pmol/μmol OH-proline) and without retinopathy (8.32 pmol/μmol OH-proline), than in nondiabetic patients (4.01 pmol/μmol OH-proline). Our study provides an explanation for the similar incidence of posterior capsule opacification between nondiabetic and diabetic cataract patients observed in several studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rankenberg
- Sue-Anschutz Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stefan Rakete
- Sue-Anschutz Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Present Address: Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Sue-Anschutz Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Patnaik
- Sue-Anschutz Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christian Henning
- Institute of Chemistry-Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Anne Lynch
- Sue-Anschutz Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marcus A Glomb
- Institute of Chemistry-Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Ram H Nagaraj
- Sue-Anschutz Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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6
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Prudovsky I. Cellular Mechanisms of FGF-Stimulated Tissue Repair. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071830. [PMID: 34360000 PMCID: PMC8304273 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors belonging to the FGF family play important roles in tissue and organ repair after trauma. In this review, I discuss the regulation by FGFs of the aspects of cellular behavior important for reparative processes. In particular, I focus on the FGF-dependent regulation of cell proliferation, cell stemness, de-differentiation, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell senescence, cell death, and the production of proteases. In addition, I review the available literature on the enhancement of FGF expression and secretion in damaged tissues resulting in the increased FGF supply required for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Dr., Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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7
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Wormstone IM, Wormstone YM, Smith AJO, Eldred JA. Posterior capsule opacification: What's in the bag? Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100905. [PMID: 32977000 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cataract, a clouding of the lens, is the most common cause of blindness in the world. It has a marked impact on the wellbeing and productivity of individuals and has a major economic impact on healthcare providers. The only means of treating cataract is by surgical intervention. A modern cataract operation generates a capsular bag, which comprises a proportion of the anterior capsule and the entire posterior capsule. The bag remains in situ, partitions the aqueous and vitreous humours, and in the majority of cases, houses an intraocular lens (IOL). The production of a capsular bag following surgery permits a free passage of light along the visual axis through the transparent intraocular lens and thin acellular posterior capsule. Lens epithelial cells, however, remain attached to the anterior capsule, and in response to surgical trauma initiate a wound-healing response that ultimately leads to light scatter and a reduction in visual quality known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO). There are two commonly-described forms of PCO: fibrotic and regenerative. Fibrotic PCO follows classically defined fibrotic processes, namely hyperproliferation, matrix contraction, matrix deposition and epithelial cell trans-differentiation to a myofibroblast phenotype. Regenerative PCO is defined by lens fibre cell differentiation events that give rise to Soemmerring's ring and Elschnig's pearls and becomes evident at a later stage than the fibrotic form. Both fibrotic and regenerative forms of PCO contribute to a reduction in visual quality in patients. This review will highlight the wealth of tools available for PCO research, provide insight into our current knowledge of PCO and discuss putative management of PCO from IOL design to pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Y M Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - A J O Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J A Eldred
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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8
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Requirement for Crk and CrkL during postnatal lens development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:603-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Yan Y, Yu H, Sun L, Liu H, Wang C, Wei X, Song F, Li H, Ge H, Qian H, Li X, Tang X, Liu P. Laminin α4 overexpression in the anterior lens capsule may contribute to the senescence of human lens epithelial cells in age-related cataract. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2699-2723. [PMID: 31076560 PMCID: PMC6535067 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a leading cause of age-related cataract (ARC). The current study indicated that the senescence-associated protein, p53, total laminin (LM), LMα4, and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) in the cataractous anterior lens capsules (ALCs) increase with the grades of ARC. In cataractous ALCs, patient age, total LM, LMα4, TGF-β1, were all positively correlated with p53. In lens epithelial cell (HLE B-3) senescence models, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) alleviated senescence by decreasing the expression of total LM and LMα4; TGF-β1 induced senescence by increasing the expression of total LM and LMα4. Furthermore, MMP-9 silencing increased p-p38 and LMα4 expression; anti-LMα4 globular domain antibody alleviated senescence by decreasing the expression of p-p38 and LMα4; pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling alleviated senescence by decreasing the expression of LMα4. Finally, in cataractous ALCs, positive correlations were found between LMα4 and total LM, as well as between LMα4 and TGF-β1. Taken together, our results implied that the elevated LMα4, which was possibly caused by the decreased MMP-9, increased TGF-β1 and activated p38 MAPK signaling during senescence, leading to the development of ARC. LMα4 and its regulatory factors show potential as targets for drug development for prevention and treatment of ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Eye Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Eye Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Liyao Sun
- Eye Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hanruo Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Eye Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Eye Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Fanqian Song
- Eye Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hongyan Ge
- Eye Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hua Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, and Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xianling Tang
- Eye Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Eye Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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10
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Avetisov K, Bakhchieva N, Avetisov S, Novikov I, Frolova A, Akovantseva A, Efremov Y, Kotova S, Timashev P. Biomechanical properties of the lens capsule: A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Wormstone IM. The human capsular bag model of posterior capsule opacification. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:225-231. [PMID: 31745327 PMCID: PMC7002671 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication following cataract surgery and affects millions of patients. PCO is a consequence of surgical injury promoting a wound-healing response. Following surgery, residual lens epithelial cells grow on acellular regions of the lens capsule, including the central posterior capsule. These cells can undergo fibrotic changes, such that cell transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts, matrix deposition and matrix contraction can occur, which contribute to light scatter and the need for further corrective Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in many patients. It is therefore of great importance to better understand how PCO develops and determine better approaches to manage the condition. To achieve this, experimental systems are required, and many are available to study PCO. While there may be a number of common features associated with PCO in different species, the mechanisms governing the condition can differ. Consequently, where possible, human systems should be employed. The human capsular bag model was established in a laboratory setting on donor eyes. A capsulorhexis is performed to create an opening in the anterior capsule followed by removal of the lens fibre mass. Residual fibre cells can be removed by irrigation/aspiration and if required, an intraocular lens can be implanted. The capsular bag is isolated from the eye and transferred to a dish for culture. The human capsular bag model has played an important role in understanding the biological processes driving PCO and enables evaluation of surgical approaches, IOLs and putative therapeutic agents to better manage PCO.
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12
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Saw S, Aiken A, Fang H, McKee TD, Bregant S, Sanchez O, Chen Y, Weiss A, Dickson BC, Czarny B, Sinha A, Fosang A, Dive V, Waterhouse PD, Kislinger T, Khokha R. Metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP proteins control FGF-2 bioavailability and regulate skeletal growth. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3134-3152. [PMID: 31371388 PMCID: PMC6719459 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Saw et al. show via the combinatorial deletion of Timp family members in mice that metalloprotease regulation of FGF-2 is a crucial event in the chondrocyte maturation program, underlying the growth plate development and bone elongation responsible for attaining proper body stature. Regulated growth plate activity is essential for postnatal bone development and body stature, yet the systems regulating epiphyseal fusion are poorly understood. Here, we show that the tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease (TIMP) gene family is essential for normal bone growth after birth. Whole-body quadruple-knockout mice lacking all four TIMPs have growth plate closure in long bones, precipitating limb shortening, epiphyseal distortion, and widespread chondrodysplasia. We identify TIMP/FGF-2/IHH as a novel nexus underlying bone lengthening where TIMPs negatively regulate the release of FGF-2 from chondrocytes to allow IHH expression. Using a knock-in approach that combines MMP-resistant or ADAMTS-resistant aggrecans with TIMP deficiency, we uncouple growth plate activity in axial and appendicular bones. Thus, natural metalloprotease inhibitors are crucial regulators of chondrocyte maturation program, growth plate integrity, and skeletal proportionality. Furthermore, individual and combinatorial TIMP-deficient mice demonstrate the redundancy of metalloprotease inhibitor function in embryonic and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Saw
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alison Aiken
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hui Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Trevor D McKee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Otto Sanchez
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Yan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Weiss
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Ankit Sinha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amanda Fosang
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Dive
- Institute of Biology and Technology, Saclay, France
| | - Paul D Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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13
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D'Antin JC, Barraquer RI, Tresserra F, Michael R. Prevention of posterior capsule opacification through intracapsular hydrogen peroxide or distilled water treatment in human donor tissue. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12739. [PMID: 30143742 PMCID: PMC6109042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine whether posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery, could be delayed or inhibited through the application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or distilled water (H2Od),we extracted lens capsules from 25 human donor eye globes. Samples were treated for 5 min with either 30 mM H2O2 or H2Od or used as controls, and cultured for one month, during which dark field and tilt illumination photos were taken. These were used to observe and quantify, time until cellular growth and confluence on the posterior capsule. After culture, histological sections were stained for H&E, α-SMA, Ki-67 and vimentin and evaluated. We prevented cellular growth in 50% of H2Od and 58% H2O2 of treated samples. The overall prevention of cell growth compared to cultured controls was significant for both treatments while there was no significant difference between them. In the cases where cellular growth was not prevented, both treatments significantly delay cellular growth. Until day 28 none of the treated samples of either type that had shown growth reached total confluence. All cultured controls reached total confluence before treated samples (median = day 11.5). Also, histologically, there was a clear morphological difference between cultured controls and treated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Christopher D'Antin
- Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael I Barraquer
- Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Ralph Michael
- Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Muncie JM, Weaver VM. The Physical and Biochemical Properties of the Extracellular Matrix Regulate Cell Fate. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 130:1-37. [PMID: 29853174 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a complex network of hydrated macromolecular proteins and sugars that, in concert with bound soluble factors, comprise the acellular stromal microenvironment of tissues. Rather than merely providing structural information to cells, the extracellular matrix plays an instructive role in development and is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In this chapter, we review the composition of the extracellular matrix and summarize data illustrating its importance in embryogenesis, tissue-specific development, and stem cell differentiation. We discuss how the biophysical and biochemical properties of the extracellular matrix ligate specific transmembrane receptors to activate intracellular signaling that alter cell shape and cytoskeletal dynamics to modulate cell growth and viability, and direct cell migration and cell fate. We present examples describing how the extracellular matrix functions as a highly complex physical and chemical entity that regulates tissue organization and cell behavior through a dynamic and reciprocal dialogue with the cellular constituents of the tissue. We suggest that the extracellular matrix not only transmits cellular and tissue-level force to shape development and tune cellular activities that are key for coordinated tissue behavior, but that it is itself remodeled such that it temporally evolves to maintain the integrated function of the tissue. Accordingly, we argue that perturbations in extracellular matrix composition and structure compromise key developmental events and tissue homeostasis, and promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon M Muncie
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco and University of California Berkeley, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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15
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Böhm G, Groll J, Heffels KH, Heussen N, Ink P, Alizai HP, Neumann UP, Schnabel R, Mirastschijski U. Influence of MMP inhibitor GM6001 loading of fibre coated polypropylene meshes on wound healing: Implications for hernia repair. J Biomater Appl 2018; 32:1343-1359. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328218759043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene meshes are standard for hernia repair. Matrix metalloproteinases play a central role in inflammation. To reduce the inflammatory response and improve remodelling with an associated reduction of hernia recurrence, we modified polypropylene meshes by nanofibre coating and saturation with the broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001. The aim was to modulate the inflammatory reaction, increase collagen deposition and improve mesh biointegration. Polypropylene meshes were surface-modified with star-configured NCO-sP(EO -stat-PO) and covered with electrospun nanofibres (polypropylene-nano) and GM6001 (polypropylene-nano-GM). In a hernia model, defects were reconstructed with one of the meshes. Inflammation, neovascularization, bio-integration, proliferation and apoptosis were assessed histologically, collagen content and gelatinases biochemically. Mesh surface modification resulted in higher inflammatory response compared to polypropylene. Pro-inflammatory matrix metalloproteinase-9 paralleled findings while GM6001 reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 significantly. Significantly increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 beneficial for remodelling was noted with polypropylene-nano-meshes. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor, neo-vascularization and collagen content were measured in polypropylene-nano-meshes compared to polypropylene. GM6001 significantly reduced myofibroblasts. This effect ended after d14 due to engineering limitations with release of maximal GM6001 loading. Nanofibre-coating of polypropylene-meshes confers better tissue vascularization to the cost of increased inflammation. This phenomenon can be only partially compensated by GM6001. Future research will enable higher GM6001 uptake in nano-coated meshes and may alter mesh biointegration in a more pronounced way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Böhm
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Klinikum Bremen-Ost, Bremen, Germany
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, Technical University of Aachen (RWTH), Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Heffels
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Heussen
- Department of Medical Statistics, Technical University of Aachen (RWTH), Germany
- Center of Biostatistic and Epidemiology, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ink
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, Technical University of Aachen (RWTH), Germany
| | - Hamid Patrick Alizai
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, Technical University of Aachen (RWTH), Germany
| | - Ulf Peter Neumann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, Technical University of Aachen (RWTH), Germany
| | | | - Ursula Mirastschijski
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Germany
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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16
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Reply. Retina 2016; 36:e106-7. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Ainsbury EA, Barnard S, Bright S, Dalke C, Jarrin M, Kunze S, Tanner R, Dynlacht JR, Quinlan RA, Graw J, Kadhim M, Hamada N. Ionizing radiation induced cataracts: Recent biological and mechanistic developments and perspectives for future research. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:238-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Correspondence. Retina 2016; 36:e105-6. [PMID: 27579590 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Raghavan CT, Smuda M, Smith AJO, Howell S, Smith DG, Singh A, Gupta P, Glomb MA, Wormstone IM, Nagaraj RH. AGEs in human lens capsule promote the TGFβ2-mediated EMT of lens epithelial cells: implications for age-associated fibrosis. Aging Cell 2016; 15:465-76. [PMID: 26853893 PMCID: PMC4854921 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in basement membrane (BM) are long‐lived and accumulate chemical modifications during aging; advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation is one such modification. The human lens capsule is a BM secreted by lens epithelial cells. In this study, we have investigated the effect of aging and cataracts on the AGE levels in the human lens capsule and determined their role in the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells. EMT occurs during posterior capsule opacification (PCO), also known as secondary cataract formation. We found age‐dependent increases in several AGEs and significantly higher levels in cataractous lens capsules than in normal lens capsules measured by LC‐MS/MS. The TGFβ2‐mediated upregulation of the mRNA levels (by qPCR) of EMT‐associated proteins was significantly enhanced in cells cultured on AGE‐modified BM and human lens capsule compared with those on unmodified proteins. Such responses were also observed for TGFβ1. In the human capsular bag model of PCO, the AGE content of the capsule proteins was correlated with the synthesis of TGFβ2‐mediated α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Taken together, our data imply that AGEs in the lens capsule promote the TGFβ2‐mediated fibrosis of lens epithelial cells during PCO and suggest that AGEs in BMs could have a broader role in aging and diabetes‐associated fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibin T. Raghavan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA
| | - Mareen Smuda
- Institute of Chemistry Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | | | - Scott Howell
- Visual Sciences Research Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
| | - Dawn G. Smith
- Visual Sciences Research Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
| | | | - Pankaj Gupta
- University Hospitals Eye Institute Cleveland OH USA
| | - Marcus A. Glomb
- Institute of Chemistry Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | | | - Ram H. Nagaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA
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20
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Jarrin M, Young L, Wu W, Girkin JM, Quinlan RA. In vivo, Ex Vivo, and In Vitro Approaches to Study Intermediate Filaments in the Eye Lens. Methods Enzymol 2016; 568:581-611. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Xie Q, McGreal R, Harris R, Gao CY, Liu W, Reneker LW, Musil LS, Cvekl A. Regulation of c-Maf and αA-Crystallin in Ocular Lens by Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3947-58. [PMID: 26719333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates a multitude of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. In the vertebrate lens, FGF signaling regulates fiber cell differentiation characterized by high expression of crystallin proteins. However, a direct link between FGF signaling and crystallin gene transcriptional machinery remains to be established. Previously, we have shown that the bZIP proto-oncogene c-Maf regulates expression of αA-crystallin (Cryaa) through binding to its promoter and distal enhancer, DCR1, both activated by FGF2 in cell culture. Herein, we identified and characterized a novel FGF2-responsive region in the c-Maf promoter (-272/-70, FRE). Both c-Maf and Cryaa regulatory regions contain arrays of AP-1 and Ets-binding sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays established binding of c-Jun (an AP-1 factor) and Etv5/ERM (an Ets factor) to these regions in lens chromatin. Analysis of temporal and spatial expression of c-Jun, phospho-c-Jun, and Etv5/ERM in wild type and ERK1/2 deficient lenses supports their roles as nuclear effectors of FGF signaling in mouse embryonic lens. Collectively, these studies show that FGF signaling up-regulates expression of αA-crystallin both directly and indirectly via up-regulation of c-Maf. These molecular mechanisms are applicable for other crystallins and genes highly expressed in terminally differentiated lens fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Rebecca McGreal
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Raven Harris
- Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Chun Y Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Wei Liu
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Lixing W Reneker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, and
| | - Linda S Musil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Ales Cvekl
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461,
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22
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Prevention of posterior capsular opacification. Exp Eye Res 2015; 136:100-15. [PMID: 25783492 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common complication of cataract surgery. The development of PCO is due to a combination of the processes of proliferation, migration, and transdifferentiation of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) on the lens capsule. In the past decades, various forms of PCO prevention have been examined, including adjustments of techniques and intraocular lens materials, pharmacological treatments, and prevention by interfering with biological processes in LECs. The only method so far that seems effective is the implantation of an intraocular lens with sharp edged optics to mechanically prevent PCO formation. In this review, current knowledge of the prevention of PCO will be described. We illustrate the biological pathways underlying PCO formation and the various approaches to interfere with the biological processes to prevent PCO. In this type of prevention, the use of nanotechnological advances can play a role.
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23
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Lens Development and Crystallin Gene Expression. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:129-67. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Markitantova YV, Avdonin PP, Grigoryan EN. FGF2 signaling pathway components in tissues of the posterior eye sector in the adult newt Pleurodeles waltl. BIOL BULL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359014040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Santiago JJ, McNaughton LJ, Koleini N, Ma X, Bestvater B, Nickel BE, Fandrich RR, Wigle JT, Freed DH, Arora RC, Kardami E. High molecular weight fibroblast growth factor-2 in the human heart is a potential target for prevention of cardiac remodeling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97281. [PMID: 24827991 PMCID: PMC4020823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a multifunctional protein synthesized as high (Hi-) and low (Lo-) molecular weight isoforms. Studies using rodent models showed that Hi- and Lo-FGF-2 exert distinct biological activities: after myocardial infarction, rat Lo-FGF-2, but not Hi-FGF-2, promoted sustained cardioprotection and angiogenesis, while Hi-FGF-2, but not Lo-FGF-2, promoted myocardial hypertrophy and reduced contractile function. Because there is no information regarding Hi-FGF-2 in human myocardium, we undertook to investigate expression, regulation, secretion and potential tissue remodeling-associated activities of human cardiac (atrial) Hi-FGF-2. Human patient-derived atrial tissue extracts, as well as pericardial fluid, contained Hi-FGF-2 isoforms, comprising, respectively, 53%(±20 SD) and 68% (±25 SD) of total FGF-2, assessed by western blotting. Human atrial tissue-derived primary myofibroblasts (hMFs) expressed and secreted predominantly Hi-FGF-2, at about 80% of total. Angiotensin II (Ang II) up-regulated Hi-FGF-2 in hMFs, via activation of both type 1 and type 2 Ang II receptors; the ERK pathway; and matrix metalloprotease-2. Treatment of hMFs with neutralizing antibodies selective for human Hi-FGF-2 (neu-AbHi-FGF-2) reduced accumulation of proteins associated with fibroblast-to-myofibroblast conversion and fibrosis, including α-smooth muscle actin, extra-domain A fibronectin, and procollagen. Stimulation of hMFs with recombinant human Hi-FGF-2 was significantly more potent than Lo-FGF-2 in upregulating inflammation-associated proteins such as pro-interleukin-1β and plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1. Culture media conditioned by hMFs promoted cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, an effect that was prevented by neu-AbHi-FGF-2 in vitro. In conclusion, we have documented that Hi-FGF-2 represents a substantial fraction of FGF-2 in human cardiac (atrial) tissue and in pericardial fluid, and have shown that human Hi-FGF-2, unlike Lo-FGF-2, promotes deleterious (pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-hypertrophic) responses in vitro. Selective targeting of Hi-FGF-2 production may, therefore, reduce pathological remodelling in the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Jon Santiago
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leslie J. McNaughton
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Navid Koleini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xin Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brian Bestvater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Barbara E. Nickel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert R. Fandrich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darren H. Freed
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rakesh C. Arora
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elissavet Kardami
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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26
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Esquibies AE, Karihaloo A, Quaggin SE, Bazzy-Asaad A, Cantley LG. Heparin binding VEGF isoforms attenuate hyperoxic embryonic lung growth retardation via a FLK1-neuropilin-1-PKC dependent pathway. Respir Res 2014; 15:32. [PMID: 24641672 PMCID: PMC4004166 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that hyperoxia suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by the embryonic lung, leading to increased epithelial cell apoptosis and failure of explant airway growth and branching that was rescued by the addition of Vegf165. The aims of this study were to determine protective pathways by which VEGF isoforms attenuate hyperoxic lung growth retardation and to identify the target cell for VEGF action. Methods Timed pregnant CD-1 or fetal liver kinase (FLK1)-eGFP lung explants cultured in 3% or 50% oxygen were treated ± Vegf121, VEGF164/Vegf165 or VEGF188 in the presence or absence of anti-rat neuropilin-1 (NRP1) antibody or GO6983 (protein kinase C (PKC) pan-inhibitor) and lung growth and branching quantified. Immunofluorescence studies were performed to determine apoptosis index and location of FLK1 phosphorylation and western blot studies of lung explants were performed to define the signaling pathways that mediate the protective effects of VEGF. Results Heparin-binding VEGF isoforms (VEGF164/Vegf165 and VEGF188) but not Vegf121 selectively reduced epithelial apoptosis and partially rescued lung bud branching and growth. These protective effects required NRP1-dependent FLK1 activation in endothelial cells. Analysis of downstream signaling pathways demonstrated that the VEGF-mediated anti-apoptotic effects were dependent on PKC activation. Conclusions Vegf165 activates FLK1-NRP1 signaling in endothelial cells, leading to a PKC-dependent paracrine signal that in turn inhibits epithelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Americo E Esquibies
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Respiratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P,O, Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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27
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Lens extrusion from Laminin alpha 1 mutant zebrafish. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:524929. [PMID: 24526906 PMCID: PMC3914655 DOI: 10.1155/2014/524929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report analysis of the ocular lens phenotype of the recessive, larval lethal zebrafish mutant, lama1a69/a69. Previous work revealed that this mutant has a shortened body axis and eye defects including a defective hyaloid vasculature, focal corneal dysplasia, and loss of the crystalline lens. While these studies highlight the importance of laminin α1 in lens development, a detailed analysis of the lens defects seen in these mutants was not reported. In the present study, we analyze the lenticular anomalies seen in the lama1a69/a69 mutants and show that the lens defects result from the anterior extrusion of lens material from the eye secondary to structural defects in the lens capsule and developing corneal epithelium associated with basement membrane loss. Our analysis provides further insights into the role of the lens capsule and corneal basement membrane in the structural integrity of the developing eye.
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28
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Wu W, Tholozan FM, Goldberg MW, Bowen L, Wu J, Quinlan RA. A gradient of matrix-bound FGF-2 and perlecan is available to lens epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2013; 120:10-4. [PMID: 24341990 PMCID: PMC3988982 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors play a key role in regulating lens epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation via an anteroposterior gradient that exists between the aqueous and vitreous humours. FGF-2 is the most important for lens epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. It has been proposed that the presentation of FGF-2 to the lens epithelial cells involves the lens capsule as a source of matrix-bound FGF-2. Here we used immunogold labelling to measure the matrix-bound FGF-2 gradient on the inner surface of the lens capsule in flat-mounted preparations to visualize the FGF-2 available to lens epithelial cells. We also correlated FGF-2 levels with levels of its matrix-binding partner perlecan, a heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) and found the levels of both to be highest at the lens equator. These also coincided with increased levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (pERK1/2) in lens epithelial cells that localised to condensed chromosomes of epithelial cells that were Ki-67 positive. The gradient of matrix-bound FGF-2 (anterior pole: 3.7 ± 1.3 particles/μm2; equator: 8.2 ± 1.9 particles/μm2; posterior pole: 4 ± 0.9 particles/μm2) and perlecan (anterior pole: 2.1 ± 0.4 particles/μm2; equator: 5 ± 2 particles/μm2; posterior pole: 1.9 ± 0.7 particles/μm2) available at the inner lens capsule surface was measured for the bovine lens. These data support the anteroposterior gradient hypothesis and provide the first measurement of the gradient for an important morphogen and its HSPG partner, perlecan, at the epithelial cell-lens capsule interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiju Wu
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin W Goldberg
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Bowen
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Junjie Wu
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, School of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
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Interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of posterior capsule opacification and the potential role for interleukin-6 inhibition in the future of cataract surgery. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:466-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Elliott JL, Der Perng M, Prescott AR, Jansen KA, Koenderink GH, Quinlan RA. The specificity of the interaction between αB-crystallin and desmin filaments and its impact on filament aggregation and cell viability. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120375. [PMID: 23530264 PMCID: PMC3638400 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CRYAB (αB-crystallin) is expressed in many tissues and yet the R120G mutation in CRYAB causes tissue-specific pathologies, namely cardiomyopathy and cataract. Here, we present evidence to demonstrate that there is a specific functional interaction of CRYAB with desmin intermediate filaments that predisposes myocytes to disease caused by the R120G mutation. We use a variety of biochemical and biophysical techniques to show that plant, animal and ascidian small heat-shock proteins (sHSPs) can interact with intermediate filaments. Nevertheless, the mutation R120G in CRYAB does specifically change that interaction when compared with equivalent substitutions in HSP27 (R140G) and into the Caenorhabditis elegans HSP16.2 (R95G). By transient transfection, we show that R120G CRYAB specifically promotes intermediate filament aggregation in MCF7 cells. The transient transfection of R120G CRYAB alone has no significant effect upon cell viability, although bundling of the endogenous intermediate filament network occurs and the mitochondria are concentrated into the perinuclear region. The combination of R120G CRYAB co-transfected with wild-type desmin, however, causes a significant reduction in cell viability. Therefore, we suggest that while there is an innate ability of sHSPs to interact with and to bind to intermediate filaments, it is the specific combination of desmin and CRYAB that compromises cell viability and this is potentially the key to the muscle pathology caused by the R120G CRYAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne L Elliott
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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31
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces VEGF-C expression through a MMP-2/FGF-1/FGFR-1-dependent pathway in endothelial cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:360-6. [PMID: 23377549 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a potent angiogenic factor, induced vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression in endothelial cells in vitro and to examine its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were examined. VEGF-C mRNA expression in the cells was assessed using real-time PCR. VEGF-C protein and FGFR-1 phosphorylation in the cells were measured with ELISA. RNA interference was used to downregulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) and FGF receptor-1 (FGFR-1). RESULTS Incubation of HUVECs with S1P (1, 5, and 10 μmol/L) significantly increased VEGF-C expression. The effect was blocked by pretreatment with the MMP inhibitor GM6001 or the FGFR inhibitor SU5402, but not the EGFR inhibitor AG1478. The effect was also blocked in HUVECs that were transfected with FGFR-1 or MMP-2 siRNA. Furthermore, incubation of HUVECs with S1P (5 μmol/L) significantly increased FGFR-1 phosphorylation, which was blocked by GM6001. Moreover, knockdown of FGF-1, not FGF-2, in HUVECs with siRNAs, blocked S1P-induced VEGF-C expression. CONCLUSION S1P induces VEGF-C expression through a MMP-2/ FGF-1/FGFR-1-dependent pathway in HUVECs.
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Sousounis K, Tsonis PA. Patterns of gene expression in microarrays and expressed sequence tags from normal and cataractous lenses. Hum Genomics 2012; 6:14. [PMID: 23244575 PMCID: PMC3563465 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, we have examined the patterns of gene expression in normal and cataractous lenses as presented in five different papers using microarrays and expressed sequence tags. The purpose was to evaluate unique and common patterns of gene expression during development, aging and cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sousounis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, USA
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Chen HC, Zhu YT, Chen SY, Tseng SCG. Wnt signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition with proliferation in ARPE-19 cells upon loss of contact inhibition. J Transl Med 2012; 92:676-87. [PMID: 22391957 PMCID: PMC3961713 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are hallmarks of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. This study aims at clarifying the role of growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), in controlling how RPE proliferates while undergoing EMT. When contact inhibition of post-confluent ARPE-19 cells was disrupted by EGTA, an increase of BrdU labeling was noted only in the presence of EGF and/or FGF-2, and was accompanied by EMT as evidenced by the loss of a normal RPE phenotype (altered cytolocalization of RPE65, N-cadherin, ZO-1, and Na,K-ATPase) and the gain of a mesenchymal phenotype (increased expression of vimentin, S100A4, and α-smooth muscle actin). EMT with proliferation by EGTA+EGF+FGF-2 was accompanied by activation of canonical Wnt signaling (judged by the TCF/LEF promoter activity, increased nuclear levels of and interaction between β-catenin and LEF1 proteins, and the replication by overexpression of β-catenin), abolished by concomitant addition of XAV939, a Wnt inhibitor, but not associated with suppression of Hippo signaling (negative expression of nuclear TAZ or YAP and cytoplasmic p-TAZ or p-YAP). The causative role of Wnt signaling on EMT with proliferation was confirmed by overexpression of stable S33Y β-catenin with EGTA treatment. In addition, contact inhibition disrupted by EGTA in the presence of TGF-β1 also led to EMT, but suppressed proliferation and Wnt signaling. The Wnt signaling triggered by EGF+FGF-2 was sufficient and synergized with TGF-β1 in activating the Smad/ZEB1/2 signaling responsible for EMT. These findings establish a framework for further dissecting how RPE might partake in a number of proliferative vitreoretinopathies characterized by EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Chen
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ting Zhu
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Scheffer C. G. Tseng
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA
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Matrix metalloproteinase-2 governs lymphatic vessel formation as an interstitial collagenase. Blood 2012; 119:5048-56. [PMID: 22490679 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-400267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic dysfunctions are associated with several human diseases, including lymphedema and metastatic spread of cancer. Although it is well recognized that lymphatic capillaries attach directly to interstitial matrix mainly composed of fibrillar type I collagen, the interactions occurring between lymphatics and their surrounding matrix have been overlooked. In this study, we demonstrate how matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 drives lymphatic morphogenesis through Mmp2-gene ablation in mice, mmp2 knockdown in zebrafish and in 3D-culture systems, and through MMP2 inhibition. In all models used in vivo (3 murine models and thoracic duct development in zebrafish) and in vitro (lymphatic ring and spheroid assays), MMP2 blockage or down-regulation leads to reduced lymphangiogenesis or altered vessel branching. Our data show that lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) migration through collagen fibers is affected by physical matrix constraints (matrix composition, density, and cross-linking). Transmission electron microscopy and confocal reflection microscopy using DQ-collagen highlight the contribution of MMP2 to mesenchymal-like migration of LECs associated with collagen fiber remodeling. Our findings provide new mechanistic insight into how LECs negotiate an interstitial type I collagen barrier and reveal an unexpected MMP2-driven collagenolytic pathway for lymphatic vessel formation and morphogenesis.
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Stevens LJ, Page-McCaw A. A secreted MMP is required for reepithelialization during wound healing. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1068-79. [PMID: 22262460 PMCID: PMC3302734 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-09-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular proteases highly expressed at wound sites. However, the precise function of MMPs during reepithelialization in vivo has been elusive in mammalian models because of the high level of redundancy among the 24 mammalian MMPs. For this reason we used Drosophila melanogaster, whose genome encodes only two MMPs-one secreted type (Mmp1) and one membrane-anchored type (Mmp2)-to study the function and regulation of the secreted class of MMPs in vivo. In the absence of redundancy, we found that the Drosophila secreted MMP, Mmp1, is required in the epidermis to facilitate reepithelialization by remodeling the basement membrane, promoting cell elongation and actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. In addition, we report that the jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway upregulates Mmp1 expression after wounding, but that Mmp1 is expressed independent of the JNK pathway in unwounded epidermis. When the JNK pathway is ectopically activated to overexpress Mmp1, the rate of healing is accelerated in an Mmp1-dependent manner. A primary function of Mmp1, under the control of the JNK pathway, is to promote basement membrane repair, which in turn may permit cell migration and the restoration of a continuous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Stevens
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Dahm R, van Marle J, Quinlan RA, Prescott AR, Vrensen GFJM. Homeostasis in the vertebrate lens: mechanisms of solute exchange. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:1265-77. [PMID: 21402585 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye lens is avascular, deriving nutrients from the aqueous and vitreous humours. It is, however, unclear which mechanisms mediate the transfer of solutes between these humours and the lens' fibre cells (FCs). In this review, we integrate the published data with the previously unpublished ultrastructural, dye loading and magnetic resonance imaging results. The picture emerging is that solute transfer between the humours and the fibre mass is determined by four processes: (i) paracellular transport of ions, water and small molecules along the intercellular spaces between epithelial and FCs, driven by Na(+)-leak conductance; (ii) membrane transport of such solutes from the intercellular spaces into the fibre cytoplasm by specific carriers and transporters; (iii) gap-junctional coupling mediating solute flux between superficial and deeper fibres, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase-driven efflux of waste products in the equator, and electrical coupling of fibres; and (iv) transcellular transfer via caveoli and coated vesicles for the uptake of macromolecules and cholesterol. There is evidence that the Na(+)-driven influx of solutes occurs via paracellular and membrane transport and the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase-driven efflux of waste products via gap junctions. This micro-circulation is likely restricted to the superficial cortex and nearly absent beyond the zone of organelle loss, forming a solute exchange barrier in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dahm
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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37
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Eldred JA, Dawes LJ, Wormstone IM. The lens as a model for fibrotic disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:1301-19. [PMID: 21402588 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis affects multiple organs and is associated with hyperproliferation, cell transdifferentiation, matrix modification and contraction. It is therefore essential to discover the key drivers of fibrotic events, which in turn will facilitate the development of appropriate therapeutic strategies. The lens is an elegant experimental model to study the processes that give rise to fibrosis. The molecular and cellular organization of the lens is well defined and consequently modifications associated with fibrosis can be clearly assessed. Moreover, the avascular and non-innervated properties of the lens allow effective in vitro studies to be employed that complement in vivo systems and relate to clinical data. Using the lens as a model for fibrosis has direct relevance to millions affected by lens disorders, but also serves as a valuable experimental tool to understand fibrosis per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Eldred
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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38
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Ohto-Fujita E, Konno T, Shimizu M, Ishihara K, Sugitate T, Miyake J, Yoshimura K, Taniwaki K, Sakurai T, Hasebe Y, Atomi Y. Hydrolyzed eggshell membrane immobilized on phosphorylcholine polymer supplies extracellular matrix environment for human dermal fibroblasts. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:177-90. [PMID: 21597915 PMCID: PMC3132421 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have found that a water-soluble alkaline-digested form of eggshell membrane (ASESM) can provide an extracellular matrix (ECM) environment for human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF) in vitro. Avian eggshell membrane (ESM) has a fibrous-meshwork structure and has long been utilized as a Chinese medicine for recovery from burn injuries and wounds in Asian countries. Therefore, ESM is expected to provide an excellent natural material for biomedical use. However, such applications have been hampered by the insolubility of ESM proteins. We have used a recently developed artificial cell membrane biointerface, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer (PMBN) to immobilize ASESM proteins. The surface shows a fibrous structure under the atomic force microscope, and adhesion of HDF to ASESM is ASESM-dose-dependent. Quantitative mRNA analysis has revealed that the expression of type III collagen, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and decorin mRNAs is more than two-fold higher when HDF come into contact with a lower dose ASESM proteins immobilized on PMBN surface. A particle-exclusion assay with fixed erythrocytes has visualized secreted water-binding molecules around the cells. Thus, HDF seems to possess an ECM environment on the newly designed PMBN-ASESM surface, and future applications of the ASESM-PMBN system for biomedical use should be of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ohto-Fujita
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Michael I, Walton DS, Levenberg S. Infantile aphakic glaucoma: a proposed etiologic role of IL-4 and VEGF. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2011; 48:98-107. [PMID: 20506964 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20100518-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the factors secreted by lens epithelial cells (LECs) responsible for the altered trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and to compare their effect on monocultured TM cells with that of TM cells co-cultured with LECs. METHODS Such factors were isolated using cytokine antibody array membranes, and their effect on TM cells was assessed by analyzing changes in morphology and gene expression. In addition, inhibition of the isolated factors was performed in the co-culture model by adding specific antibodies to the cell culture media. RESULTS Transforming growth factor beta-2, interleukin-4 (IL-4), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are presented as candidate cytokines responsible for the observed changes in LEC-TM co-cultures. Culturing TM cells in the presence of VEGF and IL-4 triggered alterations closely reflecting those observed in the LEC-TM co-culture model, where their inhibition significantly hindered the alteration of the TM cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a possible explanation for the development of infantile aphakic glaucoma, based on residual LECs secreting IL-4 and VEGF after removal of congenital cataract, which then alter trabecular meshwork cell morphology and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Michael
- Faculty of Bio-Medical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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40
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Santiago JJ, Ma X, McNaughton LJ, Nickel BE, Bestvater BP, Yu L, Fandrich RR, Netticadan T, Kardami E. Preferential accumulation and export of high molecular weight FGF-2 by rat cardiac non-myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:139-47. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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41
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Wang Z, Kong L, Kang J, Vaughn DM, Bush GD, Walding AL, Grigorian AA, Robinson JS, Nakayama DK. Interleukin-lβ induces migration of rat arterial smooth muscle cells through a mechanism involving increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity. J Surg Res 2010; 169:328-36. [PMID: 20371087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-lβ (IL-lβ) is associated with vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration during neointimal formation following arterial injury, of which matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) may have an important role. We investigated whether IL-lβ stimulated migration and MMP-2 production in VSMC, and, if so, whether migration correlated with MMP-2 activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Modified Boyden chamber assay quantified cultured rat aorta VSMC migration. Methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay assessed cell growth. Gelatin zymography and Western blotting determined MMP-2 activity and protein levels, respectively. RESULTS IL-lβ (0.1 - 10 ng/mL) induced migration of VSMC in a concentration-dependent manner without cell proliferation. VSMC released increasing levels of active MMP-2 in a dose-response fashion at IL-1β 1-10 ng/mL (P < 0.05) while significantly increased levels of latent MMP-2 (pro-MMP-2) were attained more gradually (10 ng/mL, P < 0.05). There was a dose-dependent increase in the ratio of active MMP-2 to pro-MMP-2 in response to IL-1β (1-10 ng/mL, P < 0.05), suggesting extracellular activation of pro-MMP-2. Protein levels on Western blot paralleled enzyme activity, with the synthesis of more active MMP-2 than pro-MMP-2 in response to IL-1β. IL-lβ-stimulated VSMC migration was significantly attenuated by both the pan-selective MMP inhibitor GM6001 and cis-9-octadecenoyl-N-hydroxylamide, a MMP-2-selective inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS IL-lβ increases MMP-2 activity in VSMC through increased protein synthesis and activation of pro-MMP-2. VSMC migration induced by IL-lβ requires active MMP-2. IL-lβ may play a role in arterial remodeling following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbiao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Mercer University School of Medicine and Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon, Georgia 31207, USA.
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42
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Rowe RG, Weiss SJ. Navigating ECM barriers at the invasive front: the cancer cell-stroma interface. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2010; 25:567-95. [PMID: 19575644 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A seminal event in cancer progression is the ability of the neoplastic cell to mobilize the necessary machinery to breach surrounding extracellular matrix barriers while orchestrating a host stromal response that ultimately supports tissue-invasive and metastatic processes. With over 500 proteolytic enzymes identified in the human genome, interconnecting webs of protease-dependent and protease-independent processes have been postulated to drive the cancer cell invasion program via schemes of daunting complexity. Increasingly, however, a body of evidence has begun to emerge that supports a unifying model wherein a small group of membrane-tethered enzymes, termed the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs), plays a dominant role in regulating cancer cell, as well as stromal cell, traffic through the extracellular matrix barriers assembled by host tissues in vivo. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the regulation and function of these metalloenzymes as host cell populations traverse the dynamic extracellular matrix assembled during neoplastic states should provide new and testable theories regarding cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Grant Rowe
- The Division of Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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43
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Liu YF, Liu HW, Zhou Y. Differences of bFGF gene expression in lens epithelial cells between fetuses and cataract patients. Int J Ophthalmol 2010; 3:58-60. [PMID: 22553518 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2010.01.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the differences of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene expression in lens epithelial cells (LECs) between fetuses and cataract patients. METHODS In situ hybridization was used to detect bFGF mRNA in the LECs that were cultured and in tissue sections from fetuses and in the LECs from the anterior capsule of cataract patients. Image analysis was used for the relative quantitative analysis of bFGF mRNA. RESULTS bFGF gene existed in the LECs that were cultured and in tissue sections from fetuses and in the LECs from the anterior capsule of cataract patients. The integral absorbance for the fetal cultured cells, the fetal tissue sections and the capsule membrane cells of cataract patients were 627.1±268.7, 131.5±42.8 and 79.2±26.3 respectively. The integral absorbance of fetal cultured LECs was significantly higher than that of fetal section LECs (P<0.01). The integral absorbance of cataract LECs was significantly lower than that of fetal LECs (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The in vitro culture of LECs can improve bFGF gene expression. The bFGF gene expression in fetal LECs is significantly higher than that in cataract LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Liu
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
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Danysh BP, Patel TP, Czymmek KJ, Edwards DA, Wang L, Pande J, Duncan MK. Characterizing molecular diffusion in the lens capsule. Matrix Biol 2009; 29:228-36. [PMID: 20026402 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lens capsule compartmentalizes the cells of the avascular lens from other ocular tissues. Small molecules required for lens cell metabolism, such as glucose, salts, and waste products, freely pass through the capsule. However, the lens capsule is selectively permeable to proteins such as growth hormones and substrate carriers which are required for proper lens growth and development. We used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to characterize the diffusional behavior of various sized dextrans (3, 10, 40, 150, and 250 kDa) and proteins endogenous to the lens environment (EGF, gammaD-crystallin, BSA, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, and IgG) within the capsules of whole living lenses. We found that proteins had dramatically different diffusion and partition coefficients as well as capsule matrix binding affinities than similar sized dextrans, but they had comparable permeabilities. We also found ionic interactions between proteins and the capsule matrix significantly influence permeability and binding affinity, while hydrophobic interactions had less of an effect. The removal of a single anionic residue from the surface of a protein, gammaD-crystallin [E107A], significantly altered its permeability and matrix binding affinity in the capsule. Our data indicated that permeabilities and binding affinities in the lens capsule varied between individual proteins and cannot be predicted by isoelectric points or molecular size alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Danysh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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45
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The developmental roles of the extracellular matrix: beyond structure to regulation. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 339:93-110. [PMID: 19885678 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells in multicellular organisms are surrounded by a complex three-dimensional macromolecular extracellular matrix (ECM). This matrix, traditionally thought to serve a structural function providing support and strength to cells within tissues, is increasingly being recognized as having pleiotropic effects in development and growth. Elucidation of the role that the ECM plays in developmental processes has been significantly advanced by studying the phenotypic and developmental consequences of specific genetic alterations of ECM components in the mouse. These studies have revealed the enormous contribution of the ECM to the regulation of key processes in morphogenesis and organogenesis, such as cell adhesion, proliferation, specification, migration, survival, and differentiation. The ECM interacts with signaling molecules and morphogens thereby modulating their activities. This review considers these advances in our understanding of the function of ECM proteins during development, extending beyond their structural capacity, to embrace their new roles in intercellular signaling.
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46
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The developmental roles of the extracellular matrix: beyond structure to regulation. Cell Tissue Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0893-8 doi:dx.doi.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Pleiotropic roles of matrix metalloproteinases in tumor angiogenesis: contrasting, overlapping and compensatory functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:103-20. [PMID: 19800930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of extensive reviews are available discussing the roles of MMPs in various aspects of cancer progression from benign tumor formation to overt cancer present with deadly metastases. This review will focus specifically on the evidence functionally linking the MMPs and tumor-induced angiogenesis in various in vivo models. Emphasis has been placed on the cellular origin of the MMPs in tumor tissue, the requirement of proMMP activation and the resulting proteolytic activity for the induction and progression of tumor angiogenesis, and the pleiotropic roles for some of the MMPs. The functional mechanisms of the angiogenic MMPs are discussed as well as their catalytic detection in complex biological systems. In addition, the contribution of active MMPs to metastatic spread and establishment of secondary metastasis will be discussed in view of the findings indicating that MMPs are involved in the preparation of pre-metastatic niches. Finally, the most recent evidence, indicating the pro-metastatic consequences of anti-angiogenic therapies employing MMP inhibitors will be presented as examples highlighting possible outcomes of interfering with the pleiotropic nature of the MMP functionality.
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Lehiy CJ, Martinez O, Passarelli AL. Virion-associated viral fibroblast growth factor stimulates cell motility. Virology 2009; 395:152-60. [PMID: 19800090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) viral fibroblast growth factor (vFGF) has functional parallels to cellular FGFs. Deletion of the AcMNPV vfgf has no obvious phenotype in cell culture but delays the time of insect death. Here, we determined vFGF production during virus infection. vFGF was detected at 24 hours post infection and through the remainder of the infection cycle. Since vFGF is thought to be a secreted membrane-binding protein and virions acquire an envelope derived from the cell membrane, we examined virions for the presence of vFGF using microscopy, flow cytometry, and affinity chromatography. We found that vFGF associated with virions. Furthermore, budded virus carrying vFGF had more affinity to heparin than vFGF-deficient budded virus, consistent with the affinity of FGFs for heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Although the function of virion-associated vFGF is not clear, we found that virion-associated vFGF stimulated cell motility and affected virus attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jon Lehiy
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
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49
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Boswell BA, Overbeek PA, Musil LS. Essential role of BMPs in FGF-induced secondary lens fiber differentiation. Dev Biol 2008; 324:202-12. [PMID: 18848538 PMCID: PMC2853743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that vitreous humor-derived FGFs are required for the differentiation of anterior lens epithelial cells into crystallin-rich fibers. We show that BMP2, 4, and 7 can induce the expression of markers of fiber differentiation in primary lens cell cultures to an extent equivalent to FGF or medium conditioned by intact vitreous bodies (VBCM). Abolishing BMP2/4/7 signaling with noggin inhibited VBCM from upregulating fiber marker expression. Remarkably, noggin and anti-BMP antibodies also prevented purified FGF (but not unrelated stimuli) from upregulating the same fiber-specific proteins. This effect is attributable to inhibition of BMPs produced by the lens cells themselves. Although BMP signaling is required for FGF to enhance fiber differentiation, the converse is not true. Expression of noggin in the lenses of transgenic mice resulted in a postnatal block of epithelial-to-secondary fiber differentiation, with extension of the epithelial monolayer to the posterior pole of the organ. These results reveal the central importance of BMP in secondary fiber formation and show that although FGF may be necessary for this process, it is not sufficient. Differentiation of fiber cells, and thus proper vision, is dependent on cross-talk between the FGF and BMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Boswell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Linda S Musil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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50
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Wormstone IM, Wang L, Liu CSC. Posterior capsule opacification. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:257-69. [PMID: 19013456 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Posterior Capsule Opacification (PCO) is the most common complication of cataract surgery. At present the only means of treating cataract is by surgical intervention, and this initially restores high visual quality. Unfortunately, PCO develops in a significant proportion of patients to such an extent that a secondary loss of vision occurs. A modern cataract operation generates a capsular bag, which comprises a proportion of the anterior and the entire posterior capsule. The bag remains in situ, partitions the aqueous and vitreous humours, and in the majority of cases, houses an intraocular lens. The production of a capsular bag following surgery permits a free passage of light along the visual axis through the transparent intraocular lens and thin acellular posterior capsule. However, on the remaining anterior capsule, lens epithelial cells stubbornly reside despite enduring the rigours of surgical trauma. This resilient group of cells then begin to re-colonise the denuded regions of the anterior capsule, encroach onto the intraocular lens surface, occupy regions of the outer anterior capsule and most importantly of all begin to colonise the previously cell-free posterior capsule. Cells continue to divide, begin to cover the posterior capsule and can ultimately encroach on the visual axis resulting in changes to the matrix and cell organization that can give rise to light scatter. This review will describe the biological mechanisms driving PCO progression and discuss the influence of IOL design, surgical techniques and putative drug therapies in regulating the rate and severity of PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Michael Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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