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McIntyre AJ, Angel CZ, Smith JS, Templeman A, Beattie K, Beattie S, Ormrod A, Devlin E, McGreevy C, Bothwell C, Eddie SL, Buckley NE, Williams R, Mullan PB. TBX2 acts as a potent transcriptional silencer of tumour suppressor genes through interaction with the CoREST complex to sustain the proliferation of breast cancers. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6154-6173. [PMID: 35687133 PMCID: PMC9226508 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 17q23 amplification occurs in 20% of primary breast tumours and is associated with poor outcome. The TBX2 gene is located on 17q23 and is often over-expressed in this breast tumour subset. TBX2 is an anti-senescence gene, promoting cell growth and survival through repression of Tumour Suppressor Genes (TSGs), such as NDRG1 and CST6. Previously we found that TBX2 cooperates with the PRC2 complex to repress several TSGs, and that PRC2 inhibition restored NDRG1 expression to impede cellular proliferation. Here, we now identify CoREST proteins, LSD1 and ZNF217, as novel interactors of TBX2. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of CoREST emulated TBX2 loss, inducing NDRG1 expression and abolishing breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we uncover that TBX2/CoREST targeting of NDRG1 is achieved by recruitment of TBX2 to the NDRG1 promoter by Sp1, the abolishment of which resulted in NDRG1 upregulation and diminished cancer cell proliferation. Through ChIP-seq we reveal that 30% of TBX2-bound promoters are shared with ZNF217 and identify novel targets repressed by TBX2/CoREST; of these targets a lncRNA, LINC00111, behaves as a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Overall, these data indicate that inhibition of CoREST proteins represents a promising therapeutic intervention for TBX2-addicted breast tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J McIntyre
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Charlotte Z Angel
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - James S Smith
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amy Templeman
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Katherine Beattie
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Shannon Beattie
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Alice Ormrod
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Eadaoin Devlin
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Charles McGreevy
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Chloe Bothwell
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Sharon L Eddie
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Niamh E Buckley
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rich Williams
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Paul B Mullan
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
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2
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Lu S, Louphrasitthiphol P, Goradia N, Lambert JP, Schmidt J, Chauhan J, Rughani MG, Larue L, Wilmanns M, Goding CR. TBX2 controls a proproliferative gene expression program in melanoma. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1657-1677. [PMID: 34819350 PMCID: PMC8653791 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348746.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Senescence shapes embryonic development, plays a key role in aging, and is a critical barrier to cancer initiation, yet how senescence is regulated remains incompletely understood. TBX2 is an antisenescence T-box family transcription repressor implicated in embryonic development and cancer. However, the repertoire of TBX2 target genes, its cooperating partners, and how TBX2 promotes proliferation and senescence bypass are poorly understood. Here, using melanoma as a model, we show that TBX2 lies downstream from PI3K signaling and that TBX2 binds and is required for expression of E2F1, a key antisenescence cell cycle regulator. Remarkably, TBX2 binding in vivo is associated with CACGTG E-boxes, present in genes down-regulated by TBX2 depletion, more frequently than the consensus T-element DNA binding motif that is restricted to Tbx2 repressed genes. TBX2 is revealed to interact with a wide range of transcription factors and cofactors, including key components of the BCOR/PRC1.1 complex that are recruited by TBX2 to the E2F1 locus. Our results provide key insights into how PI3K signaling modulates TBX2 function in cancer to drive proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhu Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Nishit Goradia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Centre, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada; CHU de Québec Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jagat Chauhan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Milap G Rughani
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1021, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 3347 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,University Hamburg Clinical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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3
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Zeng H, Judson-Torres RL, Shain AH. The Evolution of Melanoma - Moving beyond Binary Models of Genetic Progression. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:291-297. [PMID: 31623932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, over 1000 melanocytic neoplasms, spanning all stages of tumorigenesis, have been sequenced, offering detailed views into their -omic landscapes. This has coincided with advances in genetic engineering technologies that allow molecular biologists to edit the human genome with extreme precision and new mouse models to simulate disease progression. In this review, we describe how these technologies are being harnessed to provide insights into the evolution of melanoma at an unprecedented resolution, revealing that prior models of melanoma evolution, in which pathways are turned 'on' or 'off' in a binary fashion during the run-up to melanoma, are oversimplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zeng
- University of Utah, Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert L Judson-Torres
- University of Utah, Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - A Hunter Shain
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.
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4
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Crawford NT, McIntyre AJ, McCormick A, D'Costa ZC, Buckley NE, Mullan PB. TBX2 interacts with heterochromatin protein 1 to recruit a novel repression complex to EGR1-targeted promoters to drive the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:5971-5986. [PMID: 31253870 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1) is a stress response transcription factor with multiple tumour suppressor roles in breast tissue, whose expression is often lost in breast cancers. We have previously shown that the breast cancer oncogene TBX2 (T-BOX2) interacts with EGR1 to co-repress EGR1-target genes including the breast tumour suppressor NDRG1. Here, we show the mechanistic basis of this TBX2 repression complex. We show that siRNA knockdown of TBX2, EGR1, Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) isoforms and the generic HP1-associated corepressor protein KAP1 all resulted in growth inhibition of TBX2-expressing breast cancer cells. We show that TBX2 interacts with HP1 through a conserved HP1-binding motif in its N-terminus, which in turn leads to the recruitment of KAP1 and other associated proteins. Mutation of the TBX2 HP1 binding domain abrogates the TBX2-HP1 interaction and loss of repression of target genes such as NDRG1. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that TBX2 establishes a repressive chromatin mark, specifically H3K9me3, around the NDRG1 proximal promoter coincident with the recruitment of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B and histone methyltransferase (HMT) complex components (G9A, Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) and Suppressor of Zeste 12 (SUZ12)). Knockdown of G9A, EZH2 or SUZ12 resulted in upregulation of TBX2/EGR1 co-regulated targets accompanied by a dramatic inhibition of cell proliferation. We show that a generic inhibitor of HMT activity, DzNep, phenocopies expression of an inducible dominant negative TBX2. Knockdown of TBX2, KAP1 or HP1 inhibited NDRG1 promoter decoration specifically with the H3K9me3 repression mark. Correspondingly, treatment with a G9A inhibitor effectively reversed TBX2 repression of NDRG1 and synergistically downregulated cell proliferation following TBX2 functional inhibition. These data demonstrate that TBX2 promotes suppression of normal growth control mechanisms through recruitment of a large repression complex to EGR1-responsive promoters leading to the uncontrolled proliferation of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Crawford
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - A J McIntyre
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - A McCormick
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Z C D'Costa
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - N E Buckley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - P B Mullan
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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5
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Zhang N, Jiang H, Bai Y, Lu X, Feng M, Guo Y, Zhang S, Luo Q, Wu H, Wang L. The molecular mechanism study of insulin on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts under high glucose conditions. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:385-394. [PMID: 31140646 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nong Zhang
- Department of StomatologyShenzhen Longgang District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of StomatologyGeneral Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of StomatologyGeneral Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, a CAS key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, China B college of Chemical and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mi Feng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, a CAS key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, China B college of Chemical and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of StomatologyGeneral Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of StomatologyGeneral Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of StomatologyGeneral Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of StomatologyGeneral Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of StomatologyGeneral Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Beijing China
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6
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Reinhardt S, Schuck F, Stoye N, Hartmann T, Grimm MOW, Pflugfelder G, Endres K. Transcriptional repression of the ectodomain sheddase ADAM10 by TBX2 and potential implication for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1005-1025. [PMID: 30599067 PMCID: PMC11105458 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ADAM10-mediated cleavage of transmembrane proteins regulates cellular processes such as proliferation or migration. Substrate cleavage by ADAM10 has also been implicated in pathological situations such as cancer or Morbus Alzheimer. Therefore, identifying endogenous molecules, which modulate the amount and consequently the activity of ADAM10, might contribute to a deeper understanding of the enzyme's role in both, physiology and pathology. METHOD To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanism of the TBX2-mediated repression of ADAM10 gene expression, we performed overexpression, RNAi-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibition studies in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Expression analysis was conducted by e.g. real-time RT-PCR or western blot techniques. To identify the binding region of TBX2 within the ADAM10 promoter, we used luciferase reporter assay on deletion constructs and EMSA/WEMSA experiments. In addition, we analyzed a TBX2 loss-of-function Drosophila model regarding the expression of ADAM10 orthologs by qPCR. Furthermore, we quantified the mRNA level of TBX2 in post-mortem brain tissue of AD patients. RESULTS Here, we report TBX2 as a transcriptional repressor of ADAM10 gene expression: both, the DNA-binding domain and the repression domain of TBX2 were necessary to effect transcriptional repression of ADAM10 in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. This regulatory mechanism required HDAC1 as a co-factor of TBX2. Transcriptional repression was mediated by two functional TBX2 binding sites within the core promoter sequence (- 315 to - 286 bp). Analysis of a TBX2 loss-of-function Drosophila model revealed that kuzbanian and kuzbanian-like, orthologs of ADAM10, were derepressed compared to wild type. Vice versa, analysis of cortical brain samples of AD-patients, which showed reduced ADAM10 mRNA levels, revealed a 2.5-fold elevation of TBX2, while TBX3 and TBX21 levels were not affected. CONCLUSION Our results characterize TBX2 as a repressor of ADAM10 gene expression and suggest that this regulatory interaction is conserved across tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reinhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Schuck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolai Stoye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Deutsches Institut für Demenz Prävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Marcus O W Grimm
- Deutsches Institut für Demenz Prävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Gert Pflugfelder
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Becherweg 32, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Zeng H, Jorapur A, Shain AH, Lang UE, Torres R, Zhang Y, McNeal AS, Botton T, Lin J, Donne M, Bastian IN, Yu R, North JP, Pincus L, Ruben BS, Joseph NM, Yeh I, Bastian BC, Judson RL. Bi-allelic Loss of CDKN2A Initiates Melanoma Invasion via BRN2 Activation. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:56-68.e9. [PMID: 29990501 PMCID: PMC6084788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the CDKN2A tumor suppressor is associated with melanoma metastasis, but the mechanisms connecting the phenomena are unknown. Using CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer a cellular model of melanoma initiation from primary human melanocytes, we discovered that a lineage-restricted transcription factor, BRN2, is downstream of CDKN2A and directly regulated by E2F1. In a cohort of melanocytic tumors that capture distinct progression stages, we observed that CDKN2A loss coincides with both the onset of invasive behavior and increased BRN2 expression. Loss of the CDKN2A protein product p16INK4A permitted metastatic dissemination of human melanoma lines in mice, a phenotype rescued by inhibition of BRN2. These results demonstrate a mechanism by which CDKN2A suppresses the initiation of melanoma invasion through inhibition of BRN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zeng
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Aparna Jorapur
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - A Hunter Shain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Ursula E Lang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Yuntian Zhang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Andrew S McNeal
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Thomas Botton
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew Donne
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ingmar N Bastian
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Richard Yu
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey P North
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Laura Pincus
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Beth S Ruben
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
| | - Nancy M Joseph
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Robert L Judson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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8
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Du WL, Fang Q, Chen Y, Teng JW, Xiao YS, Xie P, Jin B, Wang JQ. Effect of silencing the T‑Box transcription factor TBX2 in prostate cancer PC3 and LNCaP cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6050-6058. [PMID: 28849151 PMCID: PMC5865808 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
T‑Box (TBX)‑2 is a member of the T‑box gene family, which is aberrantly expressed in numerous types of malignant tumors, and has previously been demonstrated to be conducive to tumor progression by acting as a transcription factor. However, specific information regarding the expression and function of TBX2 in prostate cancer cells remains to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that silencing of TBX2 by TBX2 small interfering RNA inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell senescence. It was demonstrated that knockdown of TBX2 inhibited cell metastatic abilities by upregulating E‑cadherin and downregulating N‑cadherin, Vimentin and fibronectin. In addition, the expression of TBX2 in prostate cancer tissues and tumor adjacent tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that the expression rates of TBX2 were significantly increased in the cancerous tissues, compared with the healthy tumor adjacent tissue, and TBX2 increased staining was associated with the clinical stage and pathological grade. The findings of the present study therefore suggest that TBX2 expression is markedly increased in prostate cancer and TBX2 may act as a potential beneficial therapeutic target for the future treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Du
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Qian Fang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Wei Teng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Shuang Xiao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Qi Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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9
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Avior Y, Lezmi E, Yanuka D, Benvenisty N. Modeling Developmental and Tumorigenic Aspects of Trilateral Retinoblastoma via Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1354-1365. [PMID: 28392220 PMCID: PMC5425613 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide a platform for studying human development and understanding mechanisms underlying diseases. Retinoblastoma-1 (RB1) is a key regulator of cell cycling, of which biallelic inactivation initiates retinoblastoma, the most common congenital intraocular malignancy. We developed a model to study the role of RB1 in early development and tumor formation by generating RB1-null hESCs using CRISPR/Cas9. RB1−/− hESCs initiated extremely large teratomas, with neural expansions similar to those of trilateral retinoblastoma tumors, in which retinoblastoma is accompanied by intracranial neural tumors. Teratoma analysis further revealed a role for the transcription factor ZEB1 in RB1-mediated ectoderm differentiation. Furthermore, RB1−/− cells displayed mitochondrial dysfunction similar to poorly differentiated retinoblastomas. Screening more than 100 chemotherapies revealed an RB1–/–-specific cell sensitivity to carboplatin, exploiting their mitochondrial dysfunction. Together, our work provides a human pluripotent cell model for retinoblastoma and sheds light on developmental and tumorigenic roles of RB1. RB1-null hESCs were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 RB1−/− hESCs generate large, neural-enriched teratomas, possibly by ZEB1 activation RB1 inactivation triggers aberrant mitochondrial abundance and function Unbiased drug screening found that carboplatin specifically targets RB1-null cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishai Avior
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elyad Lezmi
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Dorit Yanuka
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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10
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Nandana S, Tripathi M, Duan P, Chu CY, Mishra R, Liu C, Jin R, Yamashita H, Zayzafoon M, Bhowmick NA, Zhau HE, Matusik RJ, Chung LWK. Bone Metastasis of Prostate Cancer Can Be Therapeutically Targeted at the TBX2-WNT Signaling Axis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1331-1344. [PMID: 28108510 PMCID: PMC5783646 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of factors that mediate visceral and bone metastatic spread and subsequent bone remodeling events is highly relevant to successful therapeutic intervention in advanced human prostate cancer. TBX2, a T-box family transcription factor that negatively regulates cell-cycle inhibitor p21, plays critical roles during embryonic development, and recent studies have highlighted its role in cancer. Here, we report that TBX2 is overexpressed in human prostate cancer specimens and bone metastases from xenograft mouse models of human prostate cancer. Blocking endogenous TBX2 expression in PC3 and ARCaPM prostate cancer cell models using a dominant-negative construct resulted in decreased tumor cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion in vitro Blocking endogenous TBX2 in human prostate cancer mouse xenografts decreased invasion and abrogation of bone and soft tissue metastasis. Furthermore, blocking endogenous TBX2 in prostate cancer cells dramatically reduced bone-colonizing capability through reduced tumor cell growth and bone remodeling in an intratibial mouse model. TBX2 acted in trans by promoting transcription of the canonical WNT (WNT3A) promoter. Genetically rescuing WNT3A levels in prostate cancer cells with endogenously blocked TBX2 partially restored the TBX2-induced prostate cancer metastatic capability in mice. Conversely, WNT3A-neutralizing antibodies or WNT antagonist SFRP-2 blocked TBX2-induced invasion. Our findings highlight TBX2 as a novel therapeutic target upstream of WNT3A, where WNT3A antagonists could be novel agents for the treatment of metastasis and for skeletal complications in prostate cancer patients. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1331-44. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nandana
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Manisha Tripathi
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peng Duan
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia-Yi Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rajeev Mishra
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Renjie Jin
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hironobu Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Majd Zayzafoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert J Matusik
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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11
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Cooperation Between T-Box Factors Regulates the Continuous Segregation of Germ Layers During Vertebrate Embryogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 122:117-159. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Pozner A, Terooatea TW, Buck-Koehntop BA. Cell-specific Kaiso (ZBTB33) Regulation of Cell Cycle through Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24538-24550. [PMID: 27694442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlation between aberrant DNA methylation with cancer promotion and progression has prompted an interest in discerning the associated regulatory mechanisms. Kaiso (ZBTB33) is a specialized transcription factor that selectively recognizes methylated CpG-containing sites as well as a sequence-specific DNA target. Increasing reports link ZBTB33 overexpression and transcriptional activities with metastatic potential and poor prognosis in cancer, although there is little mechanistic insight into how cells harness ZBTB33 transcriptional capabilities to promote and progress disease. Here we report mechanistic details for how ZBTB33 mediates cell-specific cell cycle regulation. By utilizing ZBTB33 depletion and overexpression studies, it was determined that in HeLa cells ZBTB33 directly occupies the promoters of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1, inducing proliferation by promoting retinoblastoma phosphorylation and allowing for E2F transcriptional activity that accelerates G1- to S-phase transition. Conversely, in HEK293 cells ZBTB33 indirectly regulates cyclin E abundance resulting in reduced retinoblastoma phosphorylation, decreased E2F activity, and decelerated G1 transition. Thus, we identified a novel mechanism by which ZBTB33 mediates the cyclin D1/cyclin E1/RB1/E2F pathway, controlling passage through the G1 restriction point and accelerating cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Pozner
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Tommy W Terooatea
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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13
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Fischer K, Pflugfelder GO. Putative Breast Cancer Driver Mutations in TBX3 Cause Impaired Transcriptional Repression. Front Oncol 2015; 5:244. [PMID: 26579496 PMCID: PMC4625211 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The closely related T-box transcription factors TBX2 and TBX3 are frequently overexpressed in melanoma and various types of human cancers, in particular, breast cancer. The overexpression of TBX2 and TBX3 can have several cellular effects, among them suppression of senescence, promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and invasive cell motility. In contrast, loss of function of TBX3 and most other human T-box genes causes developmental haploinsufficiency syndromes. Stephens and colleagues (1), by exome sequencing of breast tumor samples, identified five different mutations in TBX3, all affecting the DNA-binding T-domain. One in-frame deletion of a single amino acid, p.N212delN, was observed twice. Due to the clustering of these mutations to the T-domain and for statistical reasons, TBX3 was inferred to be a driver gene in breast cancer. Since mutations in the T-domain generally cause loss of function and because the tumorigenic action of TBX3 has generally been attributed to overexpression, we determined whether the putative driver mutations had loss- or gain-of-function properties. We tested two in-frame deletions, one missense, and one frameshift mutant protein for DNA-binding in vitro, and for target gene repression in cell culture. In addition, we performed an in silico analysis of somatic TBX mutations in breast cancer, collected in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Both the experimental and the in silico analysis indicate that the observed mutations predominantly cause loss of TBX3 function.
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14
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D'Costa ZC, Higgins C, Ong CW, Irwin GW, Boyle D, McArt DG, McCloskey K, Buckley NE, Crawford NT, Thiagarajan L, Murray JT, Kennedy RD, Mulligan KA, Harkin DP, Waugh DJJ, Scott CJ, Salto-Tellez M, Williams R, Mullan PB. TBX2 represses CST6 resulting in uncontrolled legumain activity to sustain breast cancer proliferation: a novel cancer-selective target pathway with therapeutic opportunities. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1609-20. [PMID: 24742492 PMCID: PMC4057604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
TBX2 is an oncogenic transcription factor known to drive breast cancer proliferation. We have identified the cysteine protease inhibitor Cystatin 6 (CST6) as a consistently repressed TBX2 target gene, co-repressed through a mechanism involving Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1). Exogenous expression of CST6 in TBX2-expressing breast cancer cells resulted in significant apoptosis whilst non-tumorigenic breast cells remained unaffected. CST6 is an important tumor suppressor in multiple tissues, acting as a dual protease inhibitor of both papain-like cathepsins and asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs) such as Legumain (LGMN). Mutation of the CST6 LGMN-inhibitory domain completely abrogated its ability to induce apoptosis in TBX2-expressing breast cancer cells, whilst mutation of the cathepsin-inhibitory domain or treatment with a pan-cathepsin inhibitor had no effect, suggesting that LGMN is the key oncogenic driver enzyme. LGMN activity assays confirmed the observed growth inhibitory effects were consistent with CST6 inhibition of LGMN. Knockdown of LGMN and the only other known AEP enzyme (GPI8) by siRNA confirmed that LGMN was the enzyme responsible for maintaining breast cancer proliferation. CST6 did not require secretion or glycosylation to elicit its cell killing effects, suggesting an intracellular mode of action. Finally, we show that TBX2 and CST6 displayed reciprocal expression in a cohort of primary breast cancers with increased TBX2 expression associating with increased metastases. We have also noted that tumors with altered TBX2/CST6 expression show poor overall survival. This novel TBX2-CST6-LGMN signaling pathway, therefore, represents an exciting opportunity for the development of novel therapies to target TBX2 driven breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenobia C D'Costa
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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15
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Papaioannou VE. The T-box gene family: emerging roles in development, stem cells and cancer. Development 2014; 141:3819-33. [PMID: 25294936 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The T-box family of transcription factors exhibits widespread involvement throughout development in all metazoans. T-box proteins are characterized by a DNA-binding motif known as the T-domain that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner. In humans, mutations in many of the genes within the T-box family result in developmental syndromes, and there is increasing evidence to support a role for these factors in certain cancers. In addition, although early studies focused on the role of T-box factors in early embryogenesis, recent studies in mice have uncovered additional roles in unsuspected places, for example in adult stem cell populations. Here, I provide an overview of the key features of T-box transcription factors and highlight their roles and mechanisms of action during various stages of development and in stem/progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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16
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Zhu B, Davie JK. New insights into signalling-pathway alterations in rhabdomyosarcoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:227-31. [PMID: 25211658 PMCID: PMC4453439 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and young adults. Several recent studies have shed new light on the alterations in signalling pathways and the downstream effects of these pathway alterations in RMS. Many of these effects converge on the fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth-factor pathways. These new findings improve the current understanding of RMS, thus offering novel potential therapeutic targets and strategies that may improve the outcome for patients with RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - J K Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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17
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Wansleben S, Peres J, Hare S, Goding CR, Prince S. T-box transcription factors in cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:380-91. [PMID: 25149433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved T-box family of transcription factors have critical and well-established roles in embryonic development. More recently, T-box factors have also gained increasing prominence in the field of cancer biology where a wide range of cancers exhibit deregulated expression of T-box factors that possess tumour suppressor and/or tumour promoter functions. Of these the best characterised is TBX2, whose expression is upregulated in cancers including breast, pancreatic, ovarian, liver, endometrial adenocarcinoma, glioblastomas, gastric, uterine cervical and melanoma. Understanding the role and regulation of TBX2, as well as other T-box factors, in contributing directly to tumour progression, and especially in suppression of senescence and control of invasiveness suggests that targeting TBX2 expression or function alone or in combination with currently available chemotherapeutic agents may represent a therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Wansleben
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jade Peres
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shannagh Hare
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
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18
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Pi-Roig A, Martin-Blanco E, Minguillon C. Distinct tissue-specific requirements for the zebrafish tbx5 genes during heart, retina and pectoral fin development. Open Biol 2014; 4:140014. [PMID: 24759614 PMCID: PMC4043114 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Tbx5 is expressed in the developing heart, eyes and anterior appendages. Mutations in human TBX5 cause Holt-Oram syndrome, a condition characterized by heart and upper limb malformations. Tbx5-knockout mouse embryos have severely impaired forelimb and heart morphogenesis from the earliest stages of their development. However, zebrafish embryos with compromised tbx5 function show a complete absence of pectoral fins, while heart development is disturbed at significantly later developmental stages and eye development remains to be thoroughly analysed. We identified a novel tbx5 gene in zebrafish--tbx5b--that is co-expressed with its paralogue, tbx5a, in the developing eye and heart and hypothesized that functional redundancy could be occurring in these organs in embryos with impaired tbx5a function. We have now investigated the consequences of tbx5a and/or tbx5b downregulation in zebrafish to reveal that tbx5 genes have essential roles in the establishment of cardiac laterality, dorsoventral retina axis organization and pectoral fin development. Our data show that distinct relationships between tbx5 paralogues are required in a tissue-specific manner to ensure the proper morphogenesis of the three organs in which they are expressed. Furthermore, we uncover a novel role for tbx5 genes in the establishment of correct heart asymmetry in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Pi-Roig
- CSIC-Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Department of Developmental Biology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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19
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Zhang Y, Han Q, Fan H, Li W, Xing Q, Yan B. Genetic analysis of the TBX2 gene promoter in indirect inguinal hernia. Hernia 2013; 18:513-7. [PMID: 24309999 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-013-1199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inguinal hernia is a common disease, majority of which are indirect inguinal hernia (IIH). A positive family history indicates that genetic factors play important roles in the IIH development. To date, genetic causes for IIH remain unknown. T-box transcription factor 2 (TBX2) is a major regulator in the morphogenesis and organogenesis. The human TBX2 gene is widely expressed in fetal and adult tissues, including muscle and connective tissues. Therefore, we speculated that altered TBX2 gene expression may be involved in the IIH formation. METHODS IIH patients (n = 129) and ethnic-matched healthy subjects (n = 198) were recruited for this study. The human TBX2 gene promoters were generated with PCR and directly sequenced to identify DNA sequence variants (DSVs). Furthermore, biological functions of the DSVs were examined with reporter gene constructs in cultured cells. RESULTS Total six DSVs within the TBX2 gene promoter were identified. A heterozygous DSV (g.59476307G>C) was identified in an IIH patient, but in none of controls, which significantly decreased the TBX2 gene promoter activities. Another heterozygous DSV (g.59476704G>C) was only found in one control, which did not affect TBX2 gene promoter activities. Four DSVs, g.59476316C>A (rs73991913), g.59476415T>C (rs1476781), g.59476510G>C (rs4455026) and g.59476892C>T (rs2286524), all of which were single nucleotide polymorphisms, were found in both IIH patients and controls with similar frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that the DSV within the TBX2 gene promoter was implicated in the IIH development as a rare cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Division of Hand and Foot Surgery, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, Shandong, China
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20
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Todorovich SM, Khan ZA. Elevated T-box 2 in infantile hemangioma stem cells maintains an adipogenic differentiation-competent state. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 5:352-7. [PMID: 24516689 DOI: 10.4161/derm.26739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infantile hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor that affects 4 to 10% of neonates. A unique feature of hemangiomas is the natural lifecycle, whereby the tumor rapidly grows and then spontaneously regresses to a fibrofatty residuum. We have shown that hemangiomas are derived from mutlipotential stem cells (hemSCs), which differentiate into endothelial cells during the early proliferating phase and into adipocytes during the later involutive phase. T-box 2 (TBX2) is a transcription factor involved in controlling cell-fate decisions, and is highly expressed during the proliferating phase of hemangioma development. We hypothesize that TBX2 expression would be high in hemSCs derived from human hemangiomas and inhibiting TBX2 would result in changes in hemSC differentiation potential. To test our hypothesis, we analyzed hemSCs for TBX2 mRNA and protein expression. We then used RNA interference and TBX2 overexpression to determine the effect of altering TBX2 levels on hemSC growth and differentiation. Our studies show that TBX2 is highly expressed in hemSCs compared with a panel of normal stem/progenitor cells and mature vascular cells. TBX2 knockdown completely abolished adipogenic differentiation of hemSCs without significantly altering growth. Furthermore, overexpression of TBX2 led to enhanced adipogenic differentiation ability possibly through induction of C/EBPβ. From these findings, we believe that TBX2 is active in hemSCs and that TBX2 maintains adipogenic differentiation-competent state of hemSCs. These findings may be important in the development of better treatment options for hemangiomas to accelerate involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Todorovich
- Department of Pathology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London, ON Canada
| | - Zia A Khan
- Department of Pathology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London, ON Canada ; Metabolism and Diabetes Program; Lawson Health Research Institute; London, ON Canada
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21
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The transcription factors TBX2 and TBX3 interact with human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) L2 and repress the long control region of HPVs. J Virol 2013; 87:4461-74. [PMID: 23388722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01803-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The minor capsid protein L2 of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) has multiple functions during the viral life cycle. Although L2 is required for effective invasion and morphogenesis, only a few cellular interaction partners are known so far. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified the transcription factor TBX2 as a novel interaction partner of HPV type 16 (HPV16) L2. Coimmunoprecipitations and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed the L2-TBX2 interaction and revealed that L2 also interacts with TBX3, another member of the T-box family. Transcription of the early genes during HPV infection is under the control of an upstream enhancer and early promoter region, the long control region (LCR). In promoter-reporter gene assays, we observed that TBX2 and TBX3 repress transcription from the LCR and that this effect is enhanced by L2. Repression of the HPV LCR by TBX2/3 seems to be a conserved mechanism, as it was also observed with the LCRs of different HPV types. Finally, interaction of TBX2 with the LCR was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation, and we found a strong colocalization of L2 and TBX2 in HPV16-positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I-II tissue sections. These results suggest that TBX2/3 might play a role in the regulation of HPV gene expression during the viral life cycle.
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22
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Liu F, Cao J, Lv J, Dong L, Pier E, Xu GX, Wang RA, Xu Z, Goding C, Cui R. TBX2 expression is regulated by PAX3 in the melanocyte lineage. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:67-77. [PMID: 23020925 PMCID: PMC3527652 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paired box homeotic gene 3 (PAX3) is a crucial regulator for the maintenance of melanocytic progenitor cells and has a poorly defined role in melanoma. To understand how PAX3 affects melanocyte and melanoma proliferation, we identified potential PAX3 downstream targets through gene expression profiling. Here, we identify T-box 2 (TBX2), a key developmental regulator of cell identity and an antisenescence factor in melanoma, as a directly regulated PAX3 target. We also found that TBX2 is involved in the survival of melanoma cells and is overexpressed in some melanoma specimens. The identification of TBX2 as a target for PAX3 provides a key insight into how PAX3 may contribute to melanoma evolution and may provide opportunities for prosenescence therapeutic intervention aimed at disrupting the ability of PAX3 to regulate TBX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,100020
| | - Juxiang Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Jinghu Lv
- Rizhao General Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Eric Pier
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
| | - George X. Xu
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rui-an Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 17 Ave S, Birmingham, Al 35233
| | - Colin Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rutao Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine 609 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
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23
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Nelson AC, Pillay N, Henderson S, Presneau N, Tirabosco R, Halai D, Berisha F, Flicek P, Stemple DL, Stern CD, Wardle FC, Flanagan AM. An integrated functional genomics approach identifies the regulatory network directed by brachyury (T) in chordoma. J Pathol 2012; 228:274-85. [PMID: 22847733 PMCID: PMC6089345 DOI: 10.1002/path.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare malignant tumour of bone, the molecular marker of which is the expression of the transcription factor, brachyury. Having recently demonstrated that silencing brachyury induces growth arrest in a chordoma cell line, we now seek to identify its downstream target genes. Here we use an integrated functional genomics approach involving shRNA-mediated brachyury knockdown, gene expression microarray, ChIP-seq experiments, and bioinformatics analysis to achieve this goal. We confirm that the T-box binding motif of human brachyury is identical to that found in mouse, Xenopus, and zebrafish development, and that brachyury acts primarily as an activator of transcription. Using human chordoma samples for validation purposes, we show that brachyury binds 99 direct targets and indirectly influences the expression of 64 other genes, thereby acting as a master regulator of an elaborate oncogenic transcriptional network encompassing diverse signalling pathways including components of the cell cycle, and extracellular matrix components. Given the wide repertoire of its active binding and the relative specific localization of brachyury to the tumour cells, we propose that an RNA interference-based gene therapy approach is a plausible therapeutic avenue worthy of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Nelson
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | | | - Nadège Presneau
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Dina Halai
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Fitim Berisha
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Derek L Stemple
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fiona C Wardle
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
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The T box transcription factor TBX2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of normal and malignant breast epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41355. [PMID: 22844464 PMCID: PMC3402503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The T box transcription factor TBX2, a master regulator of organogenesis, is aberrantly amplified in aggressive human epithelial cancers. While it has been shown that overexpression of TBX2 can bypass senescence, a failsafe mechanism against cancer, its potential role in tumor invasion has remained obscure. Here we demonstrate that TBX2 is a strong cell-autonomous inducer of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a latent morphogenetic program that is key to tumor progression from noninvasive to invasive malignant states. Ectopic expression of TBX2 in normal HC11 and MCF10A mammary epithelial cells was sufficient to induce morphological, molecular, and behavioral changes characteristic of EMT. These changes included loss of epithelial adhesion and polarity gene (E-cadherin, ß-catenin, ZO1) expression, and abnormal gain of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, Vimentin), as well as increased cell motility and invasion. Conversely, abrogation of endogenous TBX2 overexpression in the malignant human breast carcinoma cell lines MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-157 led to a restitution of epithelial characteristics with reciprocal loss of mesenchymal markers. Importantly, TBX2 inhibition abolished tumor cell invasion and the capacity to form lung metastases in a Xenograft mouse model. Meta-analysis of gene expression in over one thousand primary human breast tumors further showed that high TBX2 expression was significantly associated with reduced metastasis-free survival in patients, and with tumor subtypes enriched in EMT gene signatures, consistent with a role of TBX2 in oncogenic EMT. ChIP analysis and cell-based reporter assays further revealed that TBX2 directly represses transcription of E-cadherin, a tumor suppressor gene, whose loss is crucial for malignant tumor progression. Collectively, our results uncover an unanticipated link between TBX2 deregulation in cancer and the acquisition of EMT and invasive features of epithelial tumor cells.
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Acquaah-Mensah GK, Malhotra D, Vulimiri M, McDermott JE, Biswal S. Suppressed expression of T-box transcription factors is involved in senescence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002597. [PMID: 22829758 PMCID: PMC3400575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health problem. The etiology of COPD has been associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. However, understanding of the molecular interactions that modulate COPD pathogenesis remains only partly resolved. We conducted an exploratory study on COPD etiology to identify the key molecular participants. We used information-theoretic algorithms including Context Likelihood of Relatedness (CLR), Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Accurate Cellular Networks (ARACNE), and Inferelator. We captured direct functional associations among genes, given a compendium of gene expression profiles of human lung epithelial cells. A set of genes differentially expressed in COPD, as reported in a previous study were superposed with the resulting transcriptional regulatory networks. After factoring in the properties of the networks, an established COPD susceptibility locus and domain-domain interactions involving protein products of genes in the generated networks, several molecular candidates were predicted to be involved in the etiology of COPD. These include COL4A3, CFLAR, GULP1, PDCD1, CASP10, PAX3, BOK, HSPD1, PITX2, and PML. Furthermore, T-box (TBX) genes and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), which are in a direct transcriptional regulatory relationship, emerged as preeminent participants in the etiology of COPD by means of senescence. Contrary to observations in neoplasms, our study reveals that the expression of genes and proteins in the lung samples from patients with COPD indicate an increased tendency towards cellular senescence. The expression of the anti-senescence mediators TBX transcription factors, chromatin modifiers histone deacetylases, and sirtuins was suppressed; while the expression of TBX-regulated cellular senescence markers such as CDKN2A, CDKN1A, and CAV1 was elevated in the peripheral lung tissue samples from patients with COPD. The critical balance between senescence and anti-senescence factors is disrupted towards senescence in COPD lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Acquaah-Mensah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Rb1 mRNA expression in developing mouse teeth. Gene Expr Patterns 2012; 12:130-5. [PMID: 22300525 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rb1 is a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression through interactions with E2F transcription factors. In recent years, new roles for Rb1 in regulating cellular differentiation have also emerged. For example, it has been shown that Rb1 regulates osteoblast differentiation in a cell cycle independent manner, by binding to the transcription factor Runx2, and facilitating the up-regulation of late bone differentiation markers. Based on the facts that Runx2 also functions in tooth development, and that little is known about potential roles for Rb1 in mammalian tooth development, here we evaluated the expression of Rb1 mRNA in developmentally staged mouse teeth. Our data show that Rb1 mRNA is expressed in both dental epithelial and dental mesenchymal progenitor cells. In addition, Rb1 mRNA appears upregulated in differentiating ameloblasts and odontoblasts, suggesting roles for Rb1 in tooth differentiation.
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Abstract
The RB1 gene is the first tumor suppressor gene identified whose mutational inactivation is the cause of a human cancer, the pediatric cancer retinoblastoma. The 25 years of research since its discovery has not only illuminated a general role for RB1 in human cancer, but also its critical importance in normal development. Understanding the molecular function of the RB1 encoded protein, pRb, is a long-standing goal that promises to inform our understanding of cancer, its relationship to normal development, and possible therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. Achieving this goal has been difficult, complicated by the complexity of pRb and related proteins. The goal of this review is to explore the hypothesis that, at its core, the molecular function of pRb is to dynamically regulate the location-specific assembly or disassembly of protein complexes on the DNA in response to the output of various signaling pathways. These protein complexes participate in a variety of molecular processes relevant to DNA including gene transcription, DNA replication, DNA repair, and mitosis. Through regulation of these processes, RB1 plays a uniquely prominent role in normal development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenalakshmi Chinnam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Yun J, Li Y, Xu CT, Pan BR. Epidemiology and Rb1 gene of retinoblastoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:103-9. [PMID: 22553621 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.01.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common eye cancer in children and it can be inherited. Rb is quite rare and originators from the neural retina with a significant genetic component in etiology, which occurs in approximately 1 in every 20 0000 births. In children with the heritable genetic form of Rb, there is a mutation on chromosome 13, called the retinoblastoma 1 (Rb1) gene. Early diagnosis and intervention is critical to the successful treatment of the Rb. The Rb1 gene is the first cloned tumor suppressor gene. As a negative regulator of the cell cycle, Rb1 gene could maintain a balance between cell growth and development through binding to transcription factors and regulating the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, it is involved in cell cycle, cell senescence, growth arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. We summarized the recent advances on the epidemiology and Rb1 gene of Rb in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yun
- Department of General Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Lu J, Li XP, Dong Q, Kung HF, He ML. TBX2 and TBX3: the special value for anticancer drug targets. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:268-74. [PMID: 20624445 PMCID: PMC7127380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TBX2 and TBX3 are members of the T-box family of transcription factors, which are implicated in embryonic development. Unlike most members of the T-box family, TBX2 and TBX3 are the only mammalian T-box factors which function as transcriptional repressors, mediated by the repression domain in the C-terminal. In addition to a role in development, recent evidence suggests that TBX2 and TBX3 are overexpressed in a number of cancers, including melanoma, breast, liver, lung, pancreas, ovarian, and cervical cancers. However, there is little information about the mechanisms for how these T-box genes contribute to tumorigenesis. Upregulation of TBX2 and TBX3 suppresses the expression of p14(ARF) and p21(CIP1) and promotes bypass of senescence through inactivation of p53 pathway. TBX2 functionally interacts with pRb, and pRb modulates TBX2 functional specificity. In addition, TBX2 is a player of Wnt signaling while TBX3 is a downstream target of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, and overexpression of TBX2 and TBX3 represses the expression of E-cadherin, which is demonstrated to be a prerequisite for epithelial tumor cell invasion. Moreover, TBX2 is shown to interact with EGR1 to block multiple downstream tumor suppressors. Here, we review the current knowledge on TBX2 and TBX3 in tumorigenesis and prospect their special value for development of target-based anticancer drugs.
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Key Words
- cdks, cyclin-dependent kinases
- egr1, early growth response 1
- fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- mefs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- rd, repression domain
- rnai, rna interference
- sirna, small interfering rna
- tgfβ, transforming growth factor β
- ums, ulnar-mammary syndrome
- ctcl, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
- tbx2
- tbx3
- tumorigenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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