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Islam M, Jones S, Ellis I. Role of Akt/Protein Kinase B in Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3001. [PMID: 38002001 PMCID: PMC10669635 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a critical step in the process of carcinogenesis and a vast majority of cancer-related mortalities result from metastatic disease that is resistant to current therapies. Cell migration and invasion are the first steps of the metastasis process, which mainly occurs by two important biological mechanisms, i.e., cytoskeletal remodelling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Akt (also known as protein kinase B) is a central signalling molecule of the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been identified in a wide range of cancers. Several studies have revealed that Akt actively engages with the migratory process in motile cells, including metastatic cancer cells. The downstream signalling mechanism of Akt in cell migration depends upon the tumour type, sites, and intracellular localisation of activated Akt. In this review, we focus on the role of Akt in the regulation of two events that control cell migration and invasion in various cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the status of PI3K-Akt pathway inhibitors in clinical trials in metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Islam
- Unit of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Park Place, Dundee DD1 4HR, UK; (S.J.); (I.E.)
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Fan JR, Chang SN, Chu CT, Chen HC. AKT2-mediated nuclear deformation leads to genome instability during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. iScience 2023; 26:106992. [PMID: 37378334 PMCID: PMC10291577 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear deformation has been observed in some cancer cells for decades, but its underlying mechanism and biological significance remain elusive. To address these questions, we employed human lung cancer A549 cell line as a model in context with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, we report that nuclear deformation induced by TGFβ is concomitant with increased phosphorylation of lamin A at Ser390, defective nuclear lamina and genome instability. AKT2 and Smad3 serve as the downstream effectors for TGFβ to induce nuclear deformation. AKT2 directly phosphorylates lamin A at Ser390, whereas Smad3 is required for AKT2 activation upon TGFβ stimulation. Expression of the lamin A mutant with a substitution of Ser390 to Ala or suppression of AKT2 or Smad3 prevents nuclear deformation and genome instability induced by TGFβ. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism for TGFβ-induced nuclear deformation and establish a role of nuclear deformation in genome instability during epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Fan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Nian Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tung Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chen Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Hirabayashi T, Kawaguchi M, Harada S, Mouri M, Takamiya R, Miki Y, Sato H, Taketomi Y, Yokoyama K, Kobayashi T, Tokuoka SM, Kita Y, Yoda E, Hara S, Mikami K, Nishito Y, Kikuchi N, Nakata R, Kaneko M, Kiyonari H, Kasahara K, Aiba T, Ikeda K, Soga T, Kurano M, Yatomi Y, Murakami M. Hepatic phosphatidylcholine catabolism driven by PNPLA7 and PNPLA8 supplies endogenous choline to replenish the methionine cycle with methyl groups. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111940. [PMID: 36719796 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline supplies methyl groups for regeneration of methionine and the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine in the liver. Here, we report that the catabolism of membrane phosphatidylcholine (PC) into water-soluble glycerophosphocholine (GPC) by the phospholipase/lysophospholipase PNPLA8-PNPLA7 axis enables endogenous choline stored in hepatic PC to be utilized in methyl metabolism. PNPLA7-deficient mice show marked decreases in hepatic GPC, choline, and several metabolites related to the methionine cycle, accompanied by various signs of methionine insufficiency, including growth retardation, hypoglycemia, hypolipidemia, increased energy consumption, reduced adiposity, increased fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and an altered histone/DNA methylation landscape. Moreover, PNPLA8-deficient mice recapitulate most of these phenotypes. In contrast to wild-type mice fed a methionine/choline-deficient diet, both knockout strains display decreased hepatic triglyceride, likely via reductions of lipogenesis and GPC-derived glycerol flux. Collectively, our findings highlight the biological importance of phospholipid catabolism driven by PNPLA8/PNPLA7 in methyl group flux and triglyceride synthesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Mai Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sayaka Harada
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Misa Mouri
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Rina Takamiya
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kohei Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Emiko Yoda
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Hara
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kyohei Mikami
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Norihito Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Rieko Nakata
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kohji Kasahara
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiki Aiba
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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Investigation of the function of the PI3-Kinase / AKT signaling pathway for leukemogenesis and therapy of acute childhood lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Cell Signal 2022; 93:110301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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van der Pijl RJ, Domenighetti AA, Sheikh F, Ehler E, Ottenheijm CAC, Lange S. The titin N2B and N2A regions: biomechanical and metabolic signaling hubs in cross-striated muscles. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:653-677. [PMID: 34745373 PMCID: PMC8553726 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle specific signaling has been shown to originate from myofilaments and their associated cellular structures, including the sarcomeres, costameres or the cardiac intercalated disc. Two signaling hubs that play important biomechanical roles for cardiac and/or skeletal muscle physiology are the N2B and N2A regions in the giant protein titin. Prominent proteins associated with these regions in titin are chaperones Hsp90 and αB-crystallin, members of the four-and-a-half LIM (FHL) and muscle ankyrin repeat protein (Ankrd) families, as well as thin filament-associated proteins, such as myopalladin. This review highlights biological roles and properties of the titin N2B and N2A regions in health and disease. Special emphasis is placed on functions of Ankrd and FHL proteins as mechanosensors that modulate muscle-specific signaling and muscle growth. This region of the sarcomere also emerged as a hotspot for the modulation of passive muscle mechanics through altered titin phosphorylation and splicing, as well as tethering mechanisms that link titin to the thin filament system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea A. Domenighetti
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Coen A. C. Ottenheijm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Lange
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hou X, Wang L, Zhao F, Liu X, Gao H, Shi L, Yan H, Wang L, Zhang L. Genome-Wide Expression Profiling of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in Skeletal Muscle of Two Different Pig Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113169. [PMID: 34827901 PMCID: PMC8614396 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Variation exists in muscle-related traits, such as muscle growth and meat quality, between obese and lean pigs. In this study, the transcriptome profiles of skeletal muscle between Beijing Blackand Yorkshire pigs were characterized to explore the molecular mechanism underlying skeletal muscle-relatedtraits. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs involved in skeletal muscle development and fatty acid metabolism played a key role in the determination of muscle-related traits between different pig breeds. These results provide candidate genes responsible for muscle phenotypic variation and are valuable for pig breeding. Abstract RNA-Seq technology is widely used to analyze global changes in the transcriptome and investigate the influence on relevant phenotypic traits. Beijing Black pigs show differences in growth rate and meat quality compared to western pig breeds. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for such phenotypic differences remain unknown. In this study, longissimus dorsi muscles from Beijing Black and Yorkshire pigs were used to construct RNA libraries and perform RNA-seq. Significantly different expressions were observed in 1051 mRNAs, 322 lncRNAs, and 82 circRNAs. GO and KEGG pathway annotation showed that differentially expressed mRNAs participated in skeletal muscle development and fatty acid metabolism, which determined the muscle-related traits. To explore the regulatory role of lncRNAs, the cis and trans-target genes were predicted and these lncRNAswere involved in the biological processes related to skeletal muscle development and fatty acid metabolismvia their target genes. CircRNAs play a ceRNA role by binding to miRNAs. Therefore, the potential miRNAs of differentially expressed circRNAs were predicted and interaction networks among circRNAs, miRNAs, and key regulatory mRNAs were constructed to illustrate the function of circRNAs underlying skeletal muscle development and fatty acid metabolism. This study provides new clues for elucidating muscle phenotypic variation in pigs.
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Degan SE, Gelman IH. Emerging Roles for AKT Isoform Preference in Cancer Progression Pathways. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1251-1257. [PMID: 33931488 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway is one of the most mutated in human cancers, predominantly associated with the loss of the signaling antagonist, PTEN, and to lesser extents, with gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CA (encoding PI3K-p110α) and AKT1. In addition, most oncogenic driver pathways activate PI3K/AKT signaling. Nonetheless, drugs targeting PI3K or AKT have fared poorly against solid tumors in clinical trials as monotherapies, yet some have shown efficacy when combined with inhibitors of other oncogenic drivers, such as receptor tyrosine kinases or nuclear hormone receptors. There is growing evidence that AKT isoforms, AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have different, often distinct roles in either promoting or suppressing specific parameters of oncogenic progression, yet few if any isoform-preferred substrates have been characterized. This review will describe recent data showing that the differential activation of AKT isoforms is mediated by complex interplays between PTEN, PI3K isoforms and upstream tyrosine kinases, and that the efficacy of PI3K/AKT inhibitors will likely depend on the successful targeting of specific AKT isoforms and their preferred pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus E Degan
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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Ectopic Expression of Ankrd2 Affects Proliferation, Motility and Clonogenic Potential of Human Osteosarcoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020174. [PMID: 33419058 PMCID: PMC7825408 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankrd2 is a protein known for being mainly expressed in muscle fibers, where it participates in the mechanical stress response. Since both myocytes and osteoblasts are mesenchymal-derived cells, we were interested in examining the role of Ankrd2 in the progression of osteosarcoma which features a mechano-stress component. Although having been identified in many tumor-derived cell lines and -tissues, no study has yet described nor hypothesized any involvement for this protein in osteosarcoma tumorigenesis. In this paper, we report that Ankrd2 is expressed in cell lines obtained from human osteosarcoma and demonstrate a contribution by this protein in the pathogenesis of this insidious disease. Ankrd2 involvement in osteosarcoma development was evaluated in clones of Saos2, U2OS, HOS and MG63 cells stably expressing Ankrd2, through the investigation of hallmark processes of cancer cells. Interestingly, we found that exogenous expression of Ankrd2 influenced cellular growth, migration and clonogenicity in a cell line-dependent manner, whereas it was able to improve the formation of 3D spheroids in three out of four cellular models and enhanced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in all tested cell lines. Conversely, downregulation of Ankrd2 expression remarkably reduced proliferation and clonogenic potential of parental cells. As a whole, our data present Ankrd2 as a novel player in osteosarcoma development, opening up new therapeutic perspectives.
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Cloning and expression profiling of muscle regulator ANKRD2 in domestic chicken Gallus gallus. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:383-396. [PMID: 32653935 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Striated muscle signaling protein and transcriptional regulator ANKRD2 participates in myogenesis, myogenic differentiation, muscle adaptation and stress response. It is preferentially expressed in slow, oxidative fibers of mammalian skeletal muscle. In this study, we report on characterization of chicken ANKRD2. The chicken ANKRD2 coding region contains 1002 bp and encodes a 334-amino acid protein which shares approximately 58% identity with human and mouse orthologs, mostly in the conserved region of ankyrin repeats. Comprehensive analysis of the ANKRD2 gene and protein expression in adult chicken demonstrated its predominant expression in red muscles of thigh and drumstick, compared to white muscle. It was not detected in heart and white pectoral muscle. Uneven expression of ANKRD2 in chicken skeletal muscles, observed by immunohistochemistry, was attributed to its selective expression in slow, oxidative, type I and fast, oxidative-glycolytic, type IIA myofibers. Association of chicken ANKRD2 with phenotypic differences between red and white muscles points to its potential role in the process of myofiber-type specification. In addition to expression in slow oxidative myofibers, as demonstrated for mammalian protein, chicken ANKRD2 was also detected in fast fibers with mixed oxidative and glycolytic metabolism. This finding suggests that ANKRD2 is responsive to metabolic differences between types of avian myofibers and orientates future studies towards investigation of its role in molecular mechanisms of myofiber-type-specific gene expression.
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Deregulated PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in prostate cancer: Still a potential druggable target? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118731. [PMID: 32360668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the prognosis of patients with localized prostate cancer is good after surgery, with a favorable response to androgen deprivation therapy, about one third of them invariably relapse, and progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Overall, prostate cancer therapies remain scarcely effective, thus it is mandatory to devise alternative treatments enhancing the efficacy of surgical castration and hormone administration. Dysregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway has attracted growing attention in prostate cancer due to the highly frequent association of epigenetic and post-translational modifications as well as to genetic alterations of both phosphoinositide 3-kinase and PTEN to onset and/or progression of this malignancy, and to resistance to canonical androgen-deprivation therapy. Here we provide a summary of the biological functions of the major players of this cascade and their deregulation in prostate cancer, summarizing the results of preclinical and clinical studies with PI3K signaling inhibitors and the reasons of failure independent from genomic changes.
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Ankrd2 in Mechanotransduction and Oxidative Stress Response in Skeletal Muscle: New Cues for the Pathogenesis of Muscular Laminopathies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7318796. [PMID: 31428229 PMCID: PMC6681624 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7318796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ankrd2 (ankyrin repeats containing domain 2) or Arpp (ankyrin repeat, PEST sequence, and proline-rich region) is a member of the muscle ankyrin repeat protein family. Ankrd2 is mostly expressed in skeletal muscle, where it plays an intriguing role in the transcriptional response to stress induced by mechanical stimulation as well as by cellular reactive oxygen species. Our studies in myoblasts from Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2, a LMNA-linked disease affecting skeletal and cardiac muscles, demonstrated that Ankrd2 is a lamin A-binding protein and that mutated lamins found in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy change the dynamics of Ankrd2 nuclear import, thus affecting oxidative stress response. In this review, besides describing the latest advances related to Ankrd2 studies, including novel discoveries on Ankrd2 isoform-specific functions, we report the main findings on the relationship of Ankrd2 with A-type lamins and discuss known and potential mechanisms involving defective Ankrd2-lamin A interplay in the pathogenesis of muscular laminopathies.
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Boskovic S, Marín-Juez R, Jasnic J, Reischauer S, El Sammak H, Kojic A, Faulkner G, Radojkovic D, Stainier DYR, Kojic S. Characterization of zebrafish (Danio rerio) muscle ankyrin repeat proteins reveals their conserved response to endurance exercise. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204312. [PMID: 30252882 PMCID: PMC6155536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle proteins with ankyrin repeats (MARPs) ANKRD1 and ANKRD2 are titin-associated proteins with a putative role as transcriptional co-regulators in striated muscle, involved in the cellular response to mechanical, oxidative and metabolic stress. Since many aspects of the biology of MARPs, particularly exact mechanisms of their action, in striated muscle are still elusive, research in this field will benefit from novel animal model system. Here we investigated the MARPs found in zebrafish for protein structure, evolutionary conservation, spatiotemporal expression profiles and response to increased muscle activity. Ankrd1 and Ankrd2 show overall moderate conservation at the protein level, more pronounced in the region of ankyrin repeats, motifs indispensable for their function. The two zebrafish genes, ankrd1a and ankrd1b, counterparts of mammalian ANKRD1/Ankrd1, have different expression profiles during first seven days of development. Mild increase of ankrd1a transcript levels was detected at 72 hpf (1.74±0.24 fold increase relative to 24 hpf time point), while ankrd1b expression was markedly upregulated from 24 hpf onward and peaked at 72 hpf (92.18±36.95 fold increase relative to 24 hpf time point). Spatially, they exhibited non-overlapping expression patterns during skeletal muscle development in trunk (ankrd1a) and tail (ankrd1b) somites. Expression of ankrd2 was barely detectable. Zebrafish MARPs, expressed at a relatively low level in adult striated muscle, were found to be responsive to endurance exercise training consisting of two bouts of 3 hours of forced swimming daily, for five consecutive days. Three hours after the last exercise bout, ankrd1a expression increased in cardiac muscle (6.19±5.05 fold change), while ankrd1b and ankrd2 were upregulated in skeletal muscle (1.97±1.05 and 1.84±0.58 fold change, respectively). This study provides the foundation to establish zebrafish as a novel in vivo model for further investigation of MARPs function in striated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Boskovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rubén Marín-Juez
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jovana Jasnic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sven Reischauer
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hadil El Sammak
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ana Kojic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Dragica Radojkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Snezana Kojic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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Protein kinase B: emerging mechanisms of isoform-specific regulation of cellular signaling in cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:569-580. [PMID: 28379898 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is one of the multifaceted kinases in the human kinome, existing in three isoforms. PKB plays a vital role in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mediated oncogenesis in various malignancies and is one of the attractive targets for cancer drug discovery. Recent studies have shown that the functional significance of an individual isoform of PKB is not redundant in cancer. It has been found that PKB isoforms play distinct roles in the regulation of cellular invasion and migration during tumorigenesis. PKB activation plays a central role during epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a cellular program required for the cancer cell invasion and migration. However, the differential behavior of each PKB isoform has been shown in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Recent studies have suggested that PKBα (Akt1) plays a conflicting role in tumorigenesis by acting either as a pro-oncogenic factor by suppressing the apoptotic machinery or by restricting tumor invasion. PKBβ (Akt2) promotes cell migration and invasion and similarly PKBγ (Akt3) has been reported to promote tumor migration. As PKB is known for its pro-oncogenic properties, it needs to be unraveled how three isoforms of PKB compensate during tumor progression. In this review, we attempted to sum up how different isoforms of PKB play a role in cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance.
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Cenni V. Letter to the editor: Comments on Wette et al. (2017): "Characterization of muscle ankyrin repeat proteins in human skeletal muscle". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C469-C470. [PMID: 28993323 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00151.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cenni
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGM)-CNR, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; and .,Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Wette SG, Smith HK, Lamb GD, Murphy RM. Reply to "Letter to the editor: Comments on Wette et al. (2017): 'Characterization of muscle ankyrin repeat proteins in human skeletal muscle'". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C471-C472. [PMID: 28993324 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00180.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Wette
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather K Smith
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Graham D Lamb
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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16
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Differential control of ageing and lifespan by isoforms and splice variants across the mTOR network. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:349-368. [PMID: 28698309 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ageing can be defined as the gradual deterioration of physiological functions, increasing the incidence of age-related disorders and the probability of death. Therefore, the term ageing not only reflects the lifespan of an organism but also refers to progressive functional impairment and disease. The nutrient-sensing kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) is a major determinant of ageing. mTOR promotes cell growth and controls central metabolic pathways including protein biosynthesis, autophagy and glucose and lipid homoeostasis. The concept that mTOR has a crucial role in ageing is supported by numerous reports on the lifespan-prolonging effects of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms. Dietary restriction increases lifespan and delays ageing phenotypes as well and mTOR has been assigned a major role in this process. This may suggest a causal relationship between the lifespan of an organism and its metabolic phenotype. More than 25 years after mTOR's discovery, a wealth of metabolic and ageing-related effects have been reported. In this review, we cover the current view on the contribution of the different elements of the mTOR signalling network to lifespan and age-related metabolic impairment. We specifically focus on distinct roles of isoforms and splice variants across the mTOR network. The comprehensive analysis of mouse knockout studies targeting these variants does not support a tight correlation between lifespan prolongation and improved metabolic phenotypes and questions the strict causal relationship between them.
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17
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Wette SG, Smith HK, Lamb GD, Murphy RM. Characterization of muscle ankyrin repeat proteins in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C327-C339. [PMID: 28615162 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00077.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Muscle ankyrin repeat proteins (MARPs) are a family of titin-associated, stress-response molecules and putative transducers of stretch-induced signaling in skeletal muscle. In cardiac muscle, cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP) and diabetes-related ankyrin repeat protein (DARP) reportedly redistribute from binding sites on titin to the nucleus following a prolonged stretch. However, it is unclear whether ankyrin repeat domain protein 2 (Ankrd 2) shows comparable stretch-induced redistribution to the nucleus. We measured the following in rested human skeletal muscle: 1) the absolute amount of MARPs and 2) the distribution of Ankrd 2 and DARP in both single fibers and whole muscle preparations. In absolute amounts, Ankrd 2 is the most abundant MARP in human skeletal muscle, there being ~3.1 µmol/kg, much greater than DARP and CARP (~0.11 and ~0.02 µmol/kg, respectively). All DARP was found to be tightly bound at cytoskeletal (or possibly nuclear) sites. In contrast, ~70% of the total Ankrd 2 is freely diffusible in the cytosol [including virtually all of the phosphorylated (p)Ankrd 2-Ser99 form], ~15% is bound to non-nuclear membranes, and ~15% is bound at cytoskeletal sites, likely at the N2A region of titin. These data are not consistent with the proposal that Ankrd 2, per se, or pAnkrd 2-Ser99 mediates stretch-induced signaling in skeletal muscle, dissociating from titin and translocating to the nucleus, because the majority of these forms of Ankrd 2 are already free in the cytosol. It will be necessary to show that the titin-associated Ankrd 2 is modified by stretch in some as-yet-unidentified way, distinct from the diffusible pool, if it is to act as a stretch-sensitive signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Wette
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather K Smith
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Graham D Lamb
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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18
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Ruzzene M, Bertacchini J, Toker A, Marmiroli S. Cross-talk between the CK2 and AKT signaling pathways in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 64:1-8. [PMID: 28373060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CK2 and AKT display a high degree of cross-regulation of their respective functions, both directly, through physical interaction and phosphorylation, and indirectly, through an intense cross-talk of key downstream effectors, ultimately leading to sustained AKT activation. Being CK2 and AKT attractive targets for therapeutic intervention, here we would like to emphasize how AKT and CK2 might influence cell fate through their complex isoform-specific and contextual-dependent cross-talk, to the extent that such functional interplay should be considered when devising therapies that target one or both these key signaling kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Cell Signaling Unit, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Alex Toker
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Cell Signaling Unit, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
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19
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Olausson P, Ghafouri B, Ghafouri N, Gerdle B. Specific proteins of the trapezius muscle correlate with pain intensity and sensitivity - an explorative multivariate proteomic study of the trapezius muscle in women with chronic widespread pain. J Pain Res 2016; 9:345-56. [PMID: 27330327 PMCID: PMC4898258 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic widespread pain (CWP) including fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) has a high prevalence and is associated with prominent negative consequences. CWP/FMS exhibits morphological and functional alterations in the central nervous system. The importance of peripheral factors for maintaining the central alterations are under debate. In this study, the proteins from biopsies of the trapezius muscle from 18 female CWP/FMS patients and 19 healthy female controls were analyzed. Pain intensity and pressure pain thresholds (PPT) over the trapezius muscles were registered. Twelve proteins representing five different groups of proteins were important regressors of pain intensity in CWP/FMS (R2=0.99; P<0.001). In the regression of PPT in CWP/FMS, it was found that 16 proteins representing six groups of proteins were significant regressors (R2=0.95, P<0.05). Many of the important proteins were stress and inflammation proteins, enzymes involved in metabolic pathways, and proteins associated with muscle damage, myopathies, and muscle recovery. The altered expression of these proteins may reflect both direct and indirect nociceptive/inflammatory processes as well as secondary changes. The relative importance of the identified proteins and central alterations in CWP need to be investigated in future research. Data from this and the previous study concerning the same cohorts give support to the suggestion that peripheral factors are of importance for maintaining pain aspects in CWP/FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Olausson
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nazdar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Gerdle
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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20
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Wang WJ, Wang Y, Hou PP, Li FW, Zhou B, Chen HZ, Bian XL, Cai QX, Xing YZ, He JP, Zhang H, Huang PQ, Lin T, Wu Q. Induction of Autophagic Death in Cancer Cells by Agonizing TR3 and Attenuating Akt2 Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1040-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Nuclear Nox4 Role in Stemness Power of Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:101304. [PMID: 26273418 PMCID: PMC4529982 DOI: 10.1155/2015/101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) are an attractive source for cell therapy due to their multilineage differentiation potential and accessibility advantages. However the clinical application of human stem cells largely depends on their capacity to expand in vitro, since there is an extensive donor-to-donor heterogeneity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular oxidative stress are involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes of stem cells, including pluripotency, proliferation, differentiation, and stress resistance. The mode of action of ROS is also dependent on the localization of their target molecules. Thus, the modifications induced by ROS can be separated depending on the cellular compartments they affect. NAD(P)H oxidase family, particularly Nox4, has been known to produce ROS in the nucleus. In the present study we show that Nox4 nuclear expression (nNox4) depends on the donor and it correlates with the expression of transcription factors involved in stemness regulation, such as Oct4, SSEA-4, and Sox2. Moreover nNox4 is linked with the nuclear localization of redox sensitive transcription factors, as Nrf2 and NF-κB, and with the differentiation potential. Taken together, these results suggest that nNox4 regulation may have important effects in stem cell capability through modulation of transcription factors and DNA damage.
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22
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Cenni V, Capanni C, Mattioli E, Columbaro M, Wehnert M, Ortolani M, Fini M, Novelli G, Bertacchini J, Maraldi NM, Marmiroli S, D'Apice MR, Prencipe S, Squarzoni S, Lattanzi G. Rapamycin treatment of Mandibuloacral dysplasia cells rescues localization of chromatin-associated proteins and cell cycle dynamics. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:755-70. [PMID: 25324471 PMCID: PMC4233654 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lamin A is a key component of the nuclear lamina produced through post-translational processing of its precursor known as prelamin A. LMNA mutations leading to farnesylated prelamin A accumulation are known to cause lipodystrophy, progeroid and developmental diseases, including Mandibuloacral dysplasia, a mild progeroid syndrome with partial lipodystrophy and altered bone turnover. Thus, degradation of prelamin A is expected to improve the disease phenotype. Here, we show different susceptibilities of prelamin A forms to proteolysis and further demonstrate that treatment with rapamycin efficiently and selectively triggers lysosomal degradation of farnesylated prelamin A, the most toxic processing intermediate. Importantly, rapamycin treatment of Mandibuloacral dysplasia cells, which feature very low levels of the NAD-dependent sirtuin SIRT-1 in the nuclear matrix, restores SIRT-1 localization and distribution of chromatin markers, elicits release of the transcription factor Oct-1 and determines shortening of the prolonged S-phase. These findings indicate the drug as a possible treatment for Mandibuloacral dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cenni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Capanni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mattioli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Columbaro
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manfred Wehnert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michela Ortolani
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies and BITTA, RIT, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Laboratory, CEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nadir M Maraldi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Laboratory, CEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria D'Apice
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy. Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabino Prencipe
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Squarzoni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR-IOR, Bologna, Italy. Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Aberrant activation of fundamental cellular processes, such as proliferation, migration and survival, underlies the development of numerous human pathophysiologies, including cancer. One of the most frequently hyperactivated pathways in cancer is the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling cascade. Three isoforms of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3) function to regulate cell survival, growth, proliferation and metabolism. Strikingly, non-redundant and even opposing functions of Akt isoforms in the regulation of phenotypes associated with malignancy in humans have been described. However, the mechanisms by which Akt isoform-specificity is conferred are largely unknown. In the present review, we highlight recent findings that have contributed to our understanding of the complexity of Akt isoform-specific signalling and discussed potential mechanisms by which this isoform-specificity is conferred. An understanding of the mechanisms of Akt isoform-specificity has important implications for the development of isoform-specific Akt inhibitors and will be critical to finding novel targets to treat disease.
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24
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Lun AS, Chen J, Lange S. Probing muscle ankyrin-repeat protein (MARP) structure and function. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1615-29. [PMID: 25125175 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle ankyrin-repeat proteins (MARPs) have been shown to serve diverse functions within cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. Apart from their interactions with sarcomeric proteins like titin or myopalladin that locate them along myofilaments, MARPs are able to shuttle to the nucleus where they act as modulators for a variety of transcription factors. The deregulation of MARPs in many cardiac and skeletal myopathies contributes to their use as biomarkers for these diseases. Many of their functions are attributed to their domain composition. MARPs consist of an N-terminal coiled-coil domain responsible for their dimerization. The C-terminus contains a series of ankyrin repeats, whose best-characterized function is to bind to the N2A region of the giant sarcomeric protein titin. Here we investigate the nature of their dimerization and their interaction with titin more closely. We demonstrate that the coiled-coil domain in all MARPs enables their homo- and hetero-dimerization in antiparallel fashion. Protein complementation experiments indicate further antiparallel binding of the ankyrin repeats to titin's N2A region. Binding of MARP to titin also affects its PKA mediated phosphorylation. We demonstrate further that MARPs themselves are phosphorylated by PKA and PKC, potentially altering their structure or function. These studies elucidate structural relationships within the stretch-responsive MARP/titin complex in cross-striated muscle cells, and may relate to disease relevant posttranslational modifications of MARPs and titin that alter muscle compliance.
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25
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Nagano K, Takeuchi H, Gao J, Mori Y, Otani T, Wang D, Hirata M. Tomosyn is a novel Akt substrate mediating insulin-dependent GLUT4 exocytosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:62-71. [PMID: 25725259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin triggers glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and adipose tissues by gaining the available number of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) on the cell surface. GLUT4-loaded vesicles are targeted to plasma membrane from the intracellular reservoir through multiple trafficking and fusion processes that are mainly regulated by Akt. However, it is still largely unknown how GLUT4 expression in the cell surface is promoted by insulin. In the present study, we identified tomosyn at Ser-783 as a possible Akt-substrate motif and examined whether the phosphorylation at Ser-783 is involved in the regulation of GLUT4 expression. Both Akt1 and Akt2 phosphorylated the wild-type tomosyn, but not the mutant tomosyn in which Ser-783 was replaced with Ala. Phosphorylation of tomosyn at Ser-783 was also observed in the intact cells by insulin stimulation, which was blocked by PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. In vitro pull-down assay showed that phosphorylation of tomosyn at Ser-783 by Akt inhibited the interaction with syntaxin 4. Insulin stimulation increased GLUT4 in the cell surface of CHO-K1 cells to promote glucose uptake, however exogenous expression of the mutant tomosyn attenuated the increase by insulin. These results suggest that Ser-783 of tomosyn is a target of Akt and is implicated in the interaction with syntaxin 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Nagano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Jing Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Mori
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahito Otani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - DaGuang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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26
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Jasnic-Savovic J, Nestorovic A, Savic S, Karasek S, Vitulo N, Valle G, Faulkner G, Radojkovic D, Kojic S. Profiling of skeletal muscle Ankrd2 protein in human cardiac tissue and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 143:583-97. [PMID: 25585647 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Muscle-specific mechanosensors Ankrd2/Arpp (ankyrin repeat protein 2) and Ankrd1/CARP (cardiac ankyrin repeat protein) have an important role in transcriptional regulation, myofibrillar assembly, cardiogenesis and myogenesis. In skeletal muscle myofibrils, Ankrd2 has a structural role as a component of a titin associated stretch-sensing complex, while in the nucleus it exerts regulatory function as transcriptional co-factor. It is also involved in myogenic differentiation and coordination of myoblast proliferation. Although expressed in the heart, the role of Ankrd2 in the cardiac muscle is completely unknown. Recently, we have shown that hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy pathways are altered upon Ankrd2 silencing suggesting the importance of this protein in cardiac tissue. Here we provide the underlying basis for the functional investigation of Ankrd2 in the heart. We confirmed reduced Ankrd2 expression levels in human heart in comparison with Ankrd1 using RNAseq and Western blot. For the first time we demonstrated that, apart from the sarcomere and nucleus, both proteins are localized to the intercalated disks of human cardiomyocytes. We further tested the expression and localization of endogenous Ankrd2 in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, a well-established model for studying cardiac-specific proteins. Ankrd2 was found to be expressed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, independently from maturation status of cardiomyocytes. In contrast to Ankrd1, it is not responsive to the cardiotoxic drug Doxorubicin, suggesting that different mechanisms govern their expression in cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Jasnic-Savovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO Box 23, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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Girardi C, James P, Zanin S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M. Differential phosphorylation of Akt1 and Akt2 by protein kinase CK2 may account for isoform specific functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1865-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Signaling specificity in the Akt pathway in biology and disease. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 55:28-38. [PMID: 24794538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Akt/PKB is a key master regulator of a wide range of physiological functions including metabolism, proliferation, survival, growth, angiogenesis and migration and invasion. The Akt protein kinase family comprises three highly related isoforms encoded by different genes. The initial observation that the Akt isoforms share upstream activators as well as several downstream effectors, together with the high sequence homology suggested that their functions were mostly redundant. By contrast, an increasing body of evidence has recently uncovered the concept of Akt isoform signaling specificity, supported by distinct phenotypes displayed by animal strains genetically modified for each of the three genes, as well as by the identification of isoform-specific substrates and association with discrete subcellular locations. Given that Akt is regarded as a promising therapeutic target in a number of pathologies, it is essential to dissect the relative contributions of each isoform, as well as the degree of compensation in pathophysiological function. Here we summarize our view of how Akt selectivity is achieved in the context of subcellular localization, isoform-specific substrate phosphorylation and context-dependent functions in normal and pathophysiological settings.
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29
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Martinelli VC, Kyle WB, Kojic S, Vitulo N, Li Z, Belgrano A, Maiuri P, Banks L, Vatta M, Valle G, Faulkner G. ZASP interacts with the mechanosensing protein Ankrd2 and p53 in the signalling network of striated muscle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92259. [PMID: 24647531 PMCID: PMC3960238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
ZASP is a cytoskeletal PDZ-LIM protein predominantly expressed in striated muscle. It forms multiprotein complexes and plays a pivotal role in the structural integrity of sarcomeres. Mutations in the ZASP protein are associated with myofibrillar myopathy, left ventricular non-compaction and dilated cardiomyopathy. The ablation of its murine homologue Cypher results in neonatal lethality. ZASP has several alternatively spliced isoforms, in this paper we clarify the nomenclature of its human isoforms as well as their dynamics and expression pattern in striated muscle. Interaction is demonstrated between ZASP and two new binding partners both of which have roles in signalling, regulation of gene expression and muscle differentiation; the mechanosensing protein Ankrd2 and the tumour suppressor protein p53. These proteins and ZASP form a triple complex that appears to facilitate poly-SUMOylation of p53. We also show the importance of two of its functional domains, the ZM-motif and the PDZ domain. The PDZ domain can bind directly to both Ankrd2 and p53 indicating that there is no competition between it and p53 for the same binding site on Ankrd2. However there is competition for this binding site between p53 and a region of the ZASP protein lacking the PDZ domain, but containing the ZM-motif. ZASP is negative regulator of p53 in transactivation experiments with the p53-responsive promoters, MDM2 and BAX. Mutations in the ZASP ZM-motif induce modification in protein turnover. In fact, two mutants, A165V and A171T, were not able to bind Ankrd2 and bound only poorly to alpha-actinin2. This is important since the A165V mutation is responsible for zaspopathy, a well characterized autosomal dominant distal myopathy. Although the mechanism by which this mutant causes disease is still unknown, this is the first indication of how a ZASP disease associated mutant protein differs from that of the wild type ZASP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Buck Kyle
- Department of Paediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Snezana Kojic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale per le Biotecnologie Innovative, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Paediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anna Belgrano
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- Systems Cell Biology of Cell Polarity and Cell Division, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Vatta
- Department of Paediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale per le Biotecnologie Innovative, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Georgine Faulkner
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale per le Biotecnologie Innovative, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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30
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Nuclear Nox4-derived reactive oxygen species in myelodysplastic syndromes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:456937. [PMID: 24719867 PMCID: PMC3955662 DOI: 10.1155/2014/456937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A role for intracellular ROS production has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of a wide variety of neoplasias. ROS sources, such as NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) complexes, are frequently activated in AML (acute myeloid leukemia) blasts and strongly contribute to their proliferation, survival, and drug resistance. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, with an increased propensity to develop AML. The molecular basis for MDS progression is unknown, but a key element in MDS disease progression is the genomic instability. NADPH oxidases are now recognized to have specific subcellular localizations, this targeting to specific compartments for localized ROS production. Local Nox-dependent ROS production in the nucleus may contribute to the regulation of redox-dependent cell growth, differentiation, senescence, DNA damage, and apoptosis. We observed that Nox1, 2, and 4 isoforms and p22phox and Rac1 subunits are expressed in MDS/AML cell lines and MDS samples, also in the nuclear fractions. Interestingly, Nox4 interacts with ERK and Akt1 within nuclear speckle domain, suggesting that Nox4 could be involved in regulating gene expression and splicing factor activity. These data contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms used by nuclear ROS to drive MDS evolution to AML.
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31
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Dobashi Y, Sato E, Oda Y, Inazawa J, Ooi A. Significance of Akt activation and AKT gene increases in soft tissue tumors. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:127-36. [PMID: 24321521 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the aberrations of AKT genes, their protein products and clinicopathologic significance in bone and soft tissue tumors, expression profiles of total Akt, its isoforms and activated Akt, and increases in copy number of AKT1/AKT2 genes were examined. Immunohistochemical analysis in 77 cases revealed overexpression of total Akt, Akt1, Akt2, and phosphorylated Akt in 84.4%, 67.5%, 72.7%, and 71.4%, respectively. Positive results were also observed in benign lesions but at a lower frequency. Overexpression of Akt1 was more frequent than that of Akt2 in well-differentiated liposarcoma (6/7 versus 3/7 cases) and schwannoma (4/4 versus 1/4 cases), whereas Akt2 overexpression and Akt activation were more frequent than Akt1 overexpression in malignant nerve sheath (3/4 and 4/4, respectively, versus 2/4 cases) and muscular tumors (8/9 and 8/9 versus 4/9 cases). By fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, increase of gene copy number was observed in 13.3% for AKT1 and in 25.0% for AKT2 due to polysomy of chromosome 14 or 19, respectively, but not gene amplification. One case of schwannoma exhibited polysomy of both chromosomes 14 and 19. Akt activation was correlated with total Akt cytoplasmic localization (P = .0031) and subsequent metastasis (P = .0454). Moreover, AKT2 gene increase correlated with tumor size (P = .0352) and metastasis (P = .0344). In conclusion, in a defined subset of bone and soft tissue tumors, including benign tumors, Akt was frequently overexpressed and activated, and AKT1/2 copy number was increased. Because abnormality of Akt/AKT correlated with clinicopathologic profiles, novel therapies targeting isoform-specific Akts may be useful for these particular types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
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32
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Bean C, Verma NK, Yamamoto DL, Chemello F, Cenni V, Filomena MC, Chen J, Bang ML, Lanfranchi G. Ankrd2 is a modulator of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses during muscle differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1002. [PMID: 24434510 PMCID: PMC4040671 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive responses of skeletal muscle regulate the nuclear shuttling of the sarcomeric protein Ankrd2 that can transduce different stimuli into specific adaptations by interacting with both structural and regulatory proteins. In a genome-wide expression study on Ankrd2-knockout or -overexpressing primary proliferating or differentiating myoblasts, we found an inverse correlation between Ankrd2 levels and the expression of proinflammatory genes and identified Ankrd2 as a potent repressor of inflammatory responses through direct interaction with the NF-κB repressor subunit p50. In particular, we identified Gsk3β as a novel direct target of the p50/Ankrd2 repressosome dimer and found that the recruitment of p50 by Ankrd2 is dependent on Akt2-mediated phosphorylation of Ankrd2 upon oxidative stress during myogenic differentiation. Surprisingly, the absence of Ankrd2 in slow muscle negatively affected the expression of cytokines and key calcineurin-dependent genes associated with the slow-twitch muscle program. Thus, our findings support a model in which alterations in Ankrd2 protein and phosphorylation levels modulate the balance between physiological and pathological inflammatory responses in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bean
- Department of Biology, Innovative Biotechnologies Interdepartmental Research Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - N K Verma
- Department of Biology, Innovative Biotechnologies Interdepartmental Research Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - D L Yamamoto
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - F Chemello
- Department of Biology, Innovative Biotechnologies Interdepartmental Research Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - V Cenni
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Bologna Unit/IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - M C Filomena
- 1] Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy [2] Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - J Chen
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M L Bang
- 1] Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy [2] Milan Unit, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - G Lanfranchi
- Department of Biology, Innovative Biotechnologies Interdepartmental Research Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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33
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Inhibition of nuclear Nox4 activity by plumbagin: effect on proliferative capacity in human amniotic stem cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:680816. [PMID: 24489986 PMCID: PMC3893878 DOI: 10.1155/2013/680816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) with multilineage differentiation potential are novel source for cell therapy. However, in vitro expansion leads to senescence affecting differentiation and proliferative capacities. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been involved in the regulation of stem cell pluripotency, proliferation, and differentiation. Redox-regulated signal transduction is coordinated by spatially controlled production of ROS within subcellular compartments. NAD(P)H oxidase family, in particular Nox4, has been known to produce ROS in the nucleus; however, the mechanisms and the meaning of this function remain largely unknown. In the present study, we show that Nox4 nuclear expression (nNox4) increases during culture passages up to cell cycle arrest and the serum starvation causes the same effect. With the decrease of Nox4 activity, obtained with plumbagin, a decline of nuclear ROS production and of DNA damage occurs. Moreover, plumbagin exposure reduces the binding between nNox4 and nucleoskeleton components, as Matrin 3. The same effect was observed also for the binding with phospho-ERK, although nuclear ERK and P-ERK are unchanged. Taken together, we suggest that nNox4 regulation may have important pathophysiologic effects in stem cell proliferation through modulation of nuclear signaling and DNA damage.
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Lattanzi G, Ortolani M, Columbaro M, Prencipe S, Mattioli E, Lanzarini C, Maraldi NM, Cenni V, Garagnani P, Salvioli S, Storci G, Bonafè M, Capanni C, Franceschi C. Lamins are rapamycin targets that impact human longevity: a study in centenarians. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:147-57. [PMID: 24155329 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.133983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic organisation of the cell nucleus is profoundly modified during growth, development and senescence as a result of changes in chromatin arrangement and gene transcription. A plethora of data suggests that the nuclear lamina is a key player in chromatin dynamics and argues in favour of a major involvement of prelamin A in fundamental mechanisms regulating cellular senescence and organism ageing. As the best model to analyse the role of prelamin A in normal ageing, we used cells from centenarian subjects. We show that prelamin A is accumulated in fibroblasts from centenarians owing to downregulation of its specific endoprotease ZMPSTE24, whereas other nuclear envelope constituents are mostly unaffected and cells do not enter senescence. Accumulation of prelamin A in nuclei of cells from centenarians elicits loss of heterochromatin, as well as recruitment of the inactive form of 53BP1, associated with rapid response to oxidative stress. These effects, including the prelamin-A-mediated increase of nuclear 53BP1, can be reproduced by rapamycin treatment of cells from younger individuals. These data identify prelamin A and 53BP1 as new targets of rapamycin that are associated with human longevity. We propose that the reported mechanisms safeguard healthy ageing in humans through adaptation of the nuclear environment to stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Lattanzi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna IOR, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Mohamed JS, Lopez MA, Cox GA, Boriek AM. Ankyrin repeat domain protein 2 and inhibitor of DNA binding 3 cooperatively inhibit myoblast differentiation by physical interaction. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24560-8. [PMID: 23824195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.434423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyrin repeat domain protein 2 (ANKRD2) translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon myogenic induction. Overexpression of ANKRD2 inhibits C2C12 myoblast differentiation. However, the mechanism by which ANKRD2 inhibits myoblast differentiation is unknown. We demonstrate that the primary myoblasts of mdm (muscular dystrophy with myositis) mice (pMB(mdm)) overexpress ANKRD2 and ID3 (inhibitor of DNA binding 3) proteins and are unable to differentiate into myotubes upon myogenic induction. Although suppression of either ANKRD2 or ID3 induces myoblast differentiation in mdm mice, overexpression of ANKRD2 and inhibition of ID3 or vice versa is insufficient to inhibit myoblast differentiation in WT mice. We identified that ANKRD2 and ID3 cooperatively inhibit myoblast differentiation by physical interaction. Interestingly, although MyoD activates the Ankrd2 promoter in the skeletal muscles of wild-type mice, SREBP-1 (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1) activates the same promoter in the skeletal muscles of mdm mice, suggesting the differential regulation of Ankrd2. Overall, we uncovered a novel pathway in which SREBP-1/ANKRD2/ID3 activation inhibits myoblast differentiation, and we propose that this pathway acts as a critical determinant of the skeletal muscle developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaith S Mohamed
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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36
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Toker A. Achieving specificity in Akt signaling in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 52:78-87. [PMID: 21986444 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Toker
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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37
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Bertacchini J, Beretti F, Cenni V, Guida M, Gibellini F, Mediani L, Marin O, Maraldi NM, de Pol A, Lattanzi G, Cocco L, Marmiroli S. The protein kinase Akt/PKB regulates both prelamin A degradation and Lmna gene expression. FASEB J 2013; 27:2145-55. [PMID: 23430973 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB is a major signaling hub integrating metabolic, survival, growth, and cell cycle regulatory signals. The definition of the phospho-motif cipher driving phosphorylation by Akt led to the identification of hundreds of putative substrates, and it is therefore pivotal to identify those whose phosphorylation by Akt is of consequence to biological processes. The Lmna gene products lamin A/C and the lamin A precursor prelamin A are type V intermediate filament proteins forming a filamentous meshwork, the lamina, underneath the inner nuclear membrane, for nuclear envelope structures organization and interphase chromatin anchoring. In our previous work, we reported that A-type lamins are phosphorylated by Akt at S301 and S404 in physiological conditions and are therefore bona fide substrates of Akt. We report here that Akt phosphorylation at S404 targets the precursor prelamin A for degradation. We further demonstrate that Akt also regulates Lmna transcription. Our study unveils a previously unknown function of Akt in the control of prelamin A stability and expression. Moreover, given the large number of diseases related to prelamin A, our findings represent a further important step bridging basic A-type lamin physiology to therapeutic approaches for lamin A-linked disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Bertacchini
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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38
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PKB-mediated PHF20 phosphorylation on Ser291 is required for p53 function in DNA damage. Cell Signal 2013; 25:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Bulj Z, Duchi S, Bevilacqua A, Gherardi A, Dozza B, Piccinini F, Adalgisa Mariani G, Lucarelli E, Giannini S, Donati D, Marmiroli S. Protein kinase B/AKT isoform 2 drives migration of human mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:118-26. [PMID: 23165443 PMCID: PMC3583637 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the migratory behavior of adult human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and the underlying mechanism. Cell migration was assessed by transwell, wound healing and time-lapse in vivo motility assays. Pharmacological inhibitors were used to determine the potential mechanism responsible for cell migration and invasion. The tests that were implemented revealed that MSC were fairly migratory. Protein kinase B (AKT) was strongly activated at the basal level. Through our analyses we demonstrated that pharmacological inactivation of AKT2 but not AKT1 significantly decreased cell migration and invasion. Although preliminary, collectively our results indicate that AKT2 activation plays a critical role in enabling MSC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Bulj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Bologna, Italy
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40
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Capanni C, Squarzoni S, Cenni V, D'Apice MR, Gambineri A, Novelli G, Wehnert M, Pasquali R, Maraldi NM, Lattanzi G. Familial partial lipodystrophy, mandibuloacral dysplasia and restrictive dermopathy feature barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) nuclear redistribution. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3568-77. [PMID: 22935701 PMCID: PMC3478308 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prelamin A processing impairment is a common feature of a restricted group of rare genetic alterations/disorders associated with a wide range of clinical phenotypes. Changes in histone posttranslational modifications, alterations in non-histone chromatin proteins and chromatin disorganization have been specifically linked to impairment of specific, distinct prelamin A processing steps, but the molecular mechanism involved in these processes is not yet understood . In this study, we show that the accumulation of wild-type prelamin A detected in restrictive dermopathy (RD), as well as the accumulation of mutated forms of prelamin A identified in familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) and mandibuloacral dysplasia (MADA), affect the nuclear localization of barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), a protein able to link lamin A precursor to chromatin remodeling functions. Our findings, in accordance with previously described results, support the hypothesis of a prelamin A involvement in BAF nuclear recruitment and suggest BAF-prelamin A complex as a protein platform usually activated in prelamin A-accumulating diseases. Finally, we demonstrate the involvement of the inner nuclear membrane protein emerin in the proper localization of BAF-prelamin A complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capanni
- CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna-IOR, Bologna, Italy.
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Kojic S, Radojkovic D, Faulkner G. Muscle ankyrin repeat proteins: their role in striated muscle function in health and disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2011; 48:269-94. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2011.643857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Belgrano A, Rakicevic L, Mittempergher L, Campanaro S, Martinelli VC, Mouly V, Valle G, Kojic S, Faulkner G. Multi-tasking role of the mechanosensing protein Ankrd2 in the signaling network of striated muscle. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25519. [PMID: 22016770 PMCID: PMC3189947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankrd2 (also known as Arpp) together with Ankrd1/CARP and DARP are members of the MARP mechanosensing proteins that form a complex with titin (N2A)/calpain 3 protease/myopalladin. In muscle, Ankrd2 is located in the I-band of the sarcomere and moves to the nucleus of adjacent myofibers on muscle injury. In myoblasts it is predominantly in the nucleus and on differentiation shifts from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In agreement with its role as a sensor it interacts both with sarcomeric proteins and transcription factors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Expression profiling of endogenous Ankrd2 silenced in human myotubes was undertaken to elucidate its role as an intermediary in cell signaling pathways. Silencing Ankrd2 expression altered the expression of genes involved in both intercellular communication (cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, endocytosis, focal adhesion, tight junction, gap junction and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton) and intracellular communication (calcium, insulin, MAPK, p53, TGF-β and Wnt signaling). The significance of Ankrd2 in cell signaling was strengthened by the fact that we were able to show for the first time that Nkx2.5 and p53 are upstream effectors of the Ankrd2 gene and that Ankrd1/CARP, another MARP member, can modulate the transcriptional ability of MyoD on the Ankrd2 promoter. Another novel finding was the interaction between Ankrd2 and proteins with PDZ and SH3 domains, further supporting its role in signaling. It is noteworthy that we demonstrated that transcription factors PAX6, LHX2, NFIL3 and MECP2, were able to bind both the Ankrd2 protein and its promoter indicating the presence of a regulatory feedback loop mechanism. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion we demonstrate that Ankrd2 is a potent regulator in muscle cells affecting a multitude of pathways and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Belgrano
- Muscle Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ljiljana Rakicevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lorenza Mittempergher
- Centro Ricerche Interdipartimentale Biotecnologie Innovative, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Campanaro
- Centro Ricerche Interdipartimentale Biotecnologie Innovative, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina C. Martinelli
- Muscle Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Institut de Myologie, UM76, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Centro Ricerche Interdipartimentale Biotecnologie Innovative, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Snezana Kojic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Georgine Faulkner
- Muscle Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Interdipartimentale Biotecnologie Innovative, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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