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Xiao J, Mou F, Mao W, Fang S, Chen H, Liao B, Chen M. The ester production capacity of Pichia kudriavzevii based on functional annotation of genes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:307. [PMID: 37713136 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Esters were identified as the primary volatile flavor compounds in Chinese Baijiu, exerting a significant influence on its quality and aroma. This study focused on the yeast strain Pichia kudriavzevii, renowned for its high capacity to produce esters. Whole genome sequences were annotated and analyzed using the GO, KEGG, KOG, CAZy, and Pfam databases to determine the genetic basis underly the enhanced ester production capacity. Results showed that P. kudriavzevii gene function was concentrated in biosynthetic capacity, metabolic capacity, amino acid translocation capacity, glycoside hydrolysis capacity and transfer capacity. Additionally, acyltransferase and kinase were predicted as active sites contributing to P. kudriavzevii high ester production. We further compared the volatile composition differences between P. kudriavzevii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae through Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), revealing P. kudriavzevii produced 3.5 times more esters than S. cerevisiae. Overall, our findings suggest that P. kudriavzevii had potential applications in the Baijiu brewing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Feiyan Mou
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Wending Mao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Shangling Fang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Angie's Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Bei Liao
- Angie's Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Maobin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, 430068, China.
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2
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Romanauska A, Köhler A. Lipid saturation controls nuclear envelope function. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1290-1302. [PMID: 37591950 PMCID: PMC10495262 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a spherical double membrane with elastic properties. How NE shape and elasticity are regulated by lipid chemistry is unknown. Here we discover lipid acyl chain unsaturation as essential for NE and nuclear pore complex (NPC) architecture and function. Increased lipid saturation rigidifies the NE and the endoplasmic reticulum into planar, polygonal membranes, which are fracture prone. These membranes exhibit a micron-scale segregation of lipids into ordered and disordered phases, excluding NPCs from the ordered phase. Balanced lipid saturation is required for NPC integrity, pore membrane curvature and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Oxygen deprivation amplifies the impact of saturated lipids, causing NE rigidification and rupture. Conversely, lipid droplets buffer saturated lipids to preserve NE architecture. Our study uncovers a fundamental link between lipid acyl chain structure and the integrity of the cell nucleus with implications for nuclear membrane malfunction in ischaemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete Romanauska
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alwin Köhler
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Çetin H, Çakar ZP, Ülgen KO. Understanding the adaptive laboratory evolution of multiple stress‐resistant yeast strains by genome scale modeling. Yeast 2022; 39:449-465. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Handan Çetin
- Department of Computational Science and EngineeringBogazici UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Zeynep Petek Çakar
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Kutlu O. Ülgen
- Department of Computational Science and EngineeringBogazici UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Chemical EngineeringBogazici UniversityIstanbulTurkey
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4
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Gajdoš P, Urbaníková V, Vicenová M, Čertík M. Enhancing very long chain fatty acids production in Yarrowia lipolytica. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:138. [PMID: 35818073 PMCID: PMC9275168 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and their derivatives are industrially attractive compounds. The most important are behenic acid (C22:0) and erucic acid (C22:1Δ13), which are used as lubricants, and moisturizers. C22:0 and C22:1Δ13 have also potential for biofuel production. These fatty acids are conventionally obtained from plant oils. Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast with a long history of gene manipulations resulting in the production of industrially interesting compounds, such as organic acids, proteins, and various lipophilic molecules. It has been shown previously that it has potential for the production of VLCFA enriched single cell oils. Results The metabolism of Y. lipolytica was redesigned to achieve increased production of VLCFA. The effect of native diacylglycerol acyltransferases of this yeast YlLro1p, YlDga1p, and YlDga2p on the accumulation of VLCFA was examined. It was found that YlDga1p is the only enzyme with a beneficial effect. Further improvement of accumulation was achieved by overexpression of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (TaFAE1) under 8UAS-pTEF promoter and blockage fatty acid degradation pathway by deletion of YlMFE1. The best-producing strain YL53 (Δmfe, pTEF-YlDGA1, 8UAS-pTEF-TaFAE1) produced 120 µg of very long chain fatty acids per g of produced biomass, which accounted for 34% of total fatty acids in biomass. Conclusions Recombinant strains of Y. lipolytica have proved to be good producers of VLCFA. Redesign of lipid metabolism pathways had a positive effect on the accumulation of C22:1Δ13 and C22:0, which are technologically attractive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gajdoš
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Veronika Urbaníková
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Vicenová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Čertík
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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5
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Renne MF, Bao X, Hokken MW, Bierhuizen AS, Hermansson M, Sprenger RR, Ewing TA, Ma X, Cox RC, Brouwers JF, De Smet CH, Ejsing CS, de Kroon AI. Molecular species selectivity of lipid transport creates a mitochondrial sink for di-unsaturated phospholipids. EMBO J 2021; 41:e106837. [PMID: 34873731 PMCID: PMC8762554 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria depend on the import of phospholipid precursors for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin, yet the mechanism of their transport remains elusive. A dynamic lipidomics approach revealed that mitochondria preferentially import di-unsaturated phosphatidylserine (PS) for subsequent conversion to PE by the mitochondrial PS decarboxylase Psd1p. Several protein complexes tethering mitochondria to the endomembrane system have been implicated in lipid transport in yeast, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondrial encounter structure (ERMES), ER-membrane complex (EMC), and the vacuole and mitochondria patch (vCLAMP). By limiting the availability of unsaturated phospholipids, we created conditions to investigate the mechanism of lipid transfer and the contributions of the tethering complexes in vivo. Under these conditions, inactivation of ERMES components or of the vCLAMP component Vps39p exacerbated accumulation of saturated lipid acyl chains, indicating that ERMES and Vps39p contribute to the mitochondrial sink for unsaturated acyl chains by mediating transfer of di-unsaturated phospholipids. These results support the concept that intermembrane lipid flow is rate-limited by molecular species-dependent lipid efflux from the donor membrane and driven by the lipid species' concentration gradient between donor and acceptor membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike F Renne
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xue Bao
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet Wj Hokken
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adolf S Bierhuizen
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Hermansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard R Sprenger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tom A Ewing
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao Ma
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud C Cox
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cedric H De Smet
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christer S Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anton Ipm de Kroon
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Arhar S, Gogg-Fassolter G, Ogrizović M, Pačnik K, Schwaiger K, Žganjar M, Petrovič U, Natter K. Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the accumulation of high amounts of triacylglycerol. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:147. [PMID: 34315498 PMCID: PMC8314538 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid-based substances play an important role in many products, from food supplements to pharmaceutical products and biofuels. The production of fatty acids, mainly in their esterified form as triacylglycerol (TAG), has been intensively studied in oleaginous yeasts, whereas much less effort has been invested into non-oleaginous species. In the present work, we engineered the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is commonly regarded as non-oleaginous, for the storage of high amounts of TAG, comparable to the contents achieved in oleaginous yeasts. RESULTS We investigated the effects of several mutations with regard to increased TAG accumulation and identified six of them as important for this phenotype: a point mutation in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase Acc1p, overexpression of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase Dga1p, deletions of genes coding for enzymes involved in the competing pathways glycogen and steryl ester synthesis and TAG hydrolysis, and a deletion of CKB1, the gene coding for one of the regulatory subunits of casein kinase 2. With the combination of these mutations in a S. cerevisiae strain with a relatively high neutral lipid level already in the non-engineered state, we achieved a TAG content of 65% in the dry biomass. High TAG levels were not only obtained under conditions that favor lipid accumulation, but also in defined standard carbon-limited media. CONCLUSIONS Baker's yeast, which is usually regarded as inefficient in the storage of TAG, can be converted into a highly oleaginous strain that could be useful in processes aiming at the synthesis of fatty acid-based products. This work emphasizes the importance of strain selection in combination with metabolic engineering to obtain high product levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Arhar
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriela Gogg-Fassolter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Mojca Ogrizović
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klavdija Pačnik
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Schwaiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Mia Žganjar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Petrovič
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klaus Natter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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7
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Chattopadhyay A, Maiti MK. Lipid production by oleaginous yeasts. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 116:1-98. [PMID: 34353502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipid production has been studied extensively for years; however, lipid metabolic engineering in many of the extraordinarily high lipid-accumulating yeasts was impeded by inadequate understanding of the metabolic pathways including regulatory mechanisms defining their oleaginicity and the limited genetic tools available. The aim of this review is to highlight the prominent oleaginous yeast genera, emphasizing their oleaginous characteristics, in conjunction with diverse other features such as cheap carbon source utilization, withstanding the effect of inhibitory compounds, commercially favorable fatty acid composition-all supporting their future development as economically viable lipid feedstock. The unique aspects of metabolism attributing to their oleaginicity are accentuated in the pretext of outlining the various strategies successfully implemented to improve the production of lipid and lipid-derived metabolites. A large number of in silico data generated on the lipid accumulation in certain oleaginous yeasts have been carefully curated, as suggestive evidences in line with the exceptional oleaginicity of these organisms. The different genetic elements developed in these yeasts to execute such strategies have been scrupulously inspected, underlining the major types of newly-found and synthetically constructed promoters, transcription terminators, and selection markers. Additionally, there is a plethora of advanced genetic toolboxes and techniques described, which have been successfully used in oleaginous yeasts in the recent years, promoting homologous recombination, genome editing, DNA assembly, and transformation at remarkable efficiencies. They can accelerate and effectively guide the rational designing of system-wide metabolic engineering approaches pinpointing the key targets for developing industrially suitable yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
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8
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Multifunctional cationic surfactants with a labile amide linker as efficient antifungal agents-mechanisms of action. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1237-1251. [PMID: 33427932 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our research aimed to expand the knowledge of relationships between the structure of multifunctional cationic dicephalic surfactants with a labile linker-N,N-bis[3,3-(dimethylamine)propyl]alkylamide dihydrochlorides and N,N-bis[3,3-(trimethylammonio)propyl]alkylamide dibromides (alkyl: n-C9H19, n-C11H23, n-C13H27, n-C15H31)-and their possible mechanism of action on fungal cells using the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. General studies performed on surfactants suggest that in most cases, their main mechanism of action is based on perforation of the cell membranes and cell disruption. Experiments carried out in this work with cationic dicephalic surfactants seem to modify our understanding of this issue. It was found that the investigated compounds did not cause perforation of the cell membrane and could only interact with it, increasing its permeability. The surfactants tested can probably penetrate inside the cells, causing numerous morphological changes, and contribute to disorders in the lipid metabolism of the cell resulting in the formation of lipid droplet aggregates. This research also showed that the compounds cause severe oxidative stress within the cells studied, including increased production of superoxide anion radicals and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Dicephalic cationic surfactants due to their biodegradability do not accumulate in the environment and in the future may be used as effective antifungal compounds in industry as well as medicine, which will be environmentally friendly. KEY POINTS: • Dicephalic cationic surfactants do not induce disruption of the cell membrane. • Surfactants could infiltrate into the cells and cause accumulation of lipids. • Surfactants could cause acute oxidative stress in yeast cells. • Compounds present multimodal mechanism of action. Graphical abstract.
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9
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Dobrowolski A, Drzymała K, Mituła P, Mirończuk AM. Production of tailor-made fatty acids from crude glycerol at low pH by Yarrowia lipolytica. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123746. [PMID: 32622282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, single cell oil (SCO) can play two distinct roles, first as a supplier of functional oils, and second as a feedstock for the biodiesel industry. These two distinct functions require a different fatty acids (FA) profile in the lipid pool. Moreover, to exploit their potential for industrialization, it is necessary to employ a low-cost substrate. Crude glycerol is the main side-product of biodiesel production. This renewable feedstock is one of Yarrowia lipolytica favorable substrates. In this study we improved polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) synthesis by overexpression of the glycerol phosphate acyltransferase gene (SCT1). Here, we established a method to alter the quantity and FA composition of SCO. The engineered strain showed a 10-fold improvement (>20%) in linoleic acid synthesis (C18:2) in a shake-flask experiment. In a fermenter study co-overexpression of glycerol kinase (GUT1) and SCT1 allowed for 3-fold improvement in C18:2 synthesis from crude glycerol and at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dobrowolski
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, Wrocław 51-630, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Drzymała
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, Wrocław 51-630, Poland
| | - Paweł Mituła
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq 24, Wrocław 50-363, Poland
| | - Aleksandra M Mirończuk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, Wrocław 51-630, Poland
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10
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Pawlik G, Renne MF, Kol MA, de Kroon AIPM. The topology of the ER-resident phospholipid methyltransferase Opi3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is consistent with in trans catalysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2473-2482. [PMID: 31932304 PMCID: PMC7039565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid N-methyltransferases (PLMTs) synthesize phosphatidylcholine by methylating phosphatidylethanolamine using S-adenosylmethionine as a methyl donor. Eukaryotic PLMTs are integral membrane enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently Opi3, a PLMT of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was proposed to perform in trans catalysis, i.e. while localized in the ER, Opi3 would methylate lipid substrates located in the plasma membrane at membrane contact sites. Here, we tested whether the Opi3 active site is located at the cytosolic side of the ER membrane, which is a prerequisite for in trans catalysis. The membrane topology of Opi3 (and its human counterpart, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, expressed in yeast) was addressed by topology prediction algorithms and by the substituted cysteine accessibility method. The results of these analyses indicated that Opi3 (as well as phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) has an N-out C-in topology and contains four transmembrane domains, with the fourth forming a re-entrant loop. On the basis of the sequence conservation between the C-terminal half of Opi3 and isoprenyl cysteine carboxyl methyltransferases with a solved crystal structure, we identified amino acids critical for Opi3 activity by site-directed mutagenesis. Modeling of the structure of the C-terminal part of Opi3 was consistent with the topology obtained by the substituted cysteine accessibility method and revealed that the active site faces the cytosol. In conclusion, the location of the Opi3 active site identified here is consistent with the proposed mechanism of in trans catalysis, as well as with conventional catalysis in cis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Pawlik
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike F Renne
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs A Kol
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton I P M de Kroon
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Patton-Vogt J, de Kroon AIPM. Phospholipid turnover and acyl chain remodeling in the yeast ER. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158462. [PMID: 31146038 PMCID: PMC10716787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The turnover of phospholipids plays an essential role in membrane lipid homeostasis by impacting both lipid head group and acyl chain composition. This review focusses on the degradation and acyl chain remodeling of the major phospholipid classes present in the ER membrane of the reference eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, i.e. phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Phospholipid turnover reactions are introduced, and the occurrence and important functions of phospholipid remodeling in higher eukaryotes are briefly summarized. After presenting an inventory of established mechanisms of phospholipid acyl chain exchange, current knowledge of phospholipid degradation and remodeling by phospholipases and acyltransferases localized to the yeast ER is summarized. PC is subject to the PC deacylation-reacylation remodeling pathway (PC-DRP) involving a phospholipase B, the recently identified glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase Gpc1p, and the broad specificity acyltransferase Ale1p. PI is post-synthetically enriched in C18:0 acyl chains by remodeling reactions involving Cst26p. PE may undergo turnover by the phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Lro1p as first step in acyl chain remodeling. Clues as to the functions of phospholipid acyl chain remodeling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Patton-Vogt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anton I P M de Kroon
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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12
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Kiegerl B, Tavassoli M, Smart H, Shabits BN, Zaremberg V, Athenstaedt K. Phosphorylation of the lipid droplet localized glycerol‑3‑phosphate acyltransferase Gpt2 prevents a futile triacylglycerol cycle in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Micoogullari Y, Basu SS, Ang J, Weisshaar N, Schmitt ND, Abdelmoula WM, Lopez B, Agar JN, Agar N, Hanna J. Dysregulation of very-long-chain fatty acid metabolism causes membrane saturation and induction of the unfolded protein response. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:7-17. [PMID: 31746669 PMCID: PMC6938273 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-07-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) senses defects in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and orchestrates a complex program of adaptive cellular remodeling. Increasing evidence suggests an important relationship between lipid homeostasis and the UPR. Defects in the ER membrane induce the UPR, and the UPR in turn controls the expression of some lipid metabolic genes. Among lipid species, the very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are relatively rare and poorly understood. Here, we show that loss of the VLCFA-coenzyme A synthetase Fat1, which is essential for VLCFA utilization, results in ER stress with compensatory UPR induction. Comprehensive lipidomic analyses revealed a dramatic increase in membrane saturation in the fat1Δ mutant, likely accounting for UPR induction. In principle, this increased membrane saturation could reflect adaptive membrane remodeling or an adverse effect of VLCFA dysfunction. We provide evidence supporting the latter, as the fat1Δ mutant showed defects in the function of Ole1, the sole fatty acyl desaturase in yeast. These results indicate that VLCFAs play essential roles in protein quality control and membrane homeostasis and suggest an unexpected requirement for VLCFAs in Ole1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sankha S Basu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | | | - Walid M Abdelmoula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Begona Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jeffrey N Agar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Nathalie Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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14
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Dabirian Y, Gonçalves Teixeira P, Nielsen J, Siewers V, David F. FadR-Based Biosensor-Assisted Screening for Genes Enhancing Fatty Acyl-CoA Pools in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1788-1800. [PMID: 31314504 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid-derived compounds have a range of industrial applications, from chemical building blocks to biofuels. Due to the highly dynamic nature of fatty acid metabolism, it is difficult to identify genes modulating fatty acyl-CoA levels using a rational approach. Metabolite biosensors can be used to screen genes from large-scale libraries in vivo in a high throughput manner. Here, a fatty acyl-CoA sensor based on the transcription factor FadR from Escherichia coli was established in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and combined with a gene overexpression library to screen for genes increasing the fatty acyl-CoA pool. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, followed by data analysis, identified genes enhancing acyl-CoA levels. From these, overexpression of RTC3, GGA2, and LPP1 resulted in about 80% increased fatty alcohol levels. Changes in fatty acid saturation and chain length distribution could also be observed. These results indicate that the use of this acyl-CoA biosensor combined with a gene overexpression library allows for identification of gene targets improving production of fatty acids and derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Dabirian
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paulo Gonçalves Teixeira
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florian David
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Biopetrolia AB, Kemivägen 10, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Fanning S, Haque A, Imberdis T, Baru V, Barrasa MI, Nuber S, Termine D, Ramalingam N, Ho GPH, Noble T, Sandoe J, Lou Y, Landgraf D, Freyzon Y, Newby G, Soldner F, Terry-Kantor E, Kim TE, Hofbauer HF, Becuwe M, Jaenisch R, Pincus D, Clish CB, Walther TC, Farese RV, Srinivasan S, Welte MA, Kohlwein SD, Dettmer U, Lindquist S, Selkoe D. Lipidomic Analysis of α-Synuclein Neurotoxicity Identifies Stearoyl CoA Desaturase as a Target for Parkinson Treatment. Mol Cell 2019; 73:1001-1014.e8. [PMID: 30527540 PMCID: PMC6408259 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), α-synuclein (αS) pathologically impacts the brain, a highly lipid-rich organ. We investigated how alterations in αS or lipid/fatty acid homeostasis affect each other. Lipidomic profiling of human αS-expressing yeast revealed increases in oleic acid (OA, 18:1), diglycerides, and triglycerides. These findings were recapitulated in rodent and human neuronal models of αS dyshomeostasis (overexpression; patient-derived triplication or E46K mutation; E46K mice). Preventing lipid droplet formation or augmenting OA increased αS yeast toxicity; suppressing the OA-generating enzyme stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD) was protective. Genetic or pharmacological SCD inhibition ameliorated toxicity in αS-overexpressing rat neurons. In a C. elegans model, SCD knockout prevented αS-induced dopaminergic degeneration. Conversely, we observed detrimental effects of OA on αS homeostasis: in human neural cells, excess OA caused αS inclusion formation, which was reversed by SCD inhibition. Thus, monounsaturated fatty acid metabolism is pivotal for αS-induced neurotoxicity, and inhibiting SCD represents a novel PD therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranna Fanning
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aftabul Haque
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thibaut Imberdis
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Valeriya Baru
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Silke Nuber
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Termine
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nagendran Ramalingam
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gary P H Ho
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tallie Noble
- Mira Costa College, 1 Barnard Drive, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA
| | - Jackson Sandoe
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yali Lou
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dirk Landgraf
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yelena Freyzon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory Newby
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Frank Soldner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth Terry-Kantor
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harald F Hofbauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michel Becuwe
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Pincus
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; HHMI, Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Dorris Neuroscience Center, 1 Barnard Drive, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA; The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Sepp D Kohlwein
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; HHMI, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dennis Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Anaokar S, Kodali R, Jonik B, Renne MF, Brouwers JFHM, Lager I, de Kroon AIPM, Patton-Vogt J. The glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase Gpc1 is part of a phosphatidylcholine (PC)-remodeling pathway that alters PC species in yeast. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1189-1201. [PMID: 30514764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase B-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) results in the formation of free fatty acids and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPC can be reacylated by the glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase Gpc1, which produces lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and LPC can be converted to PC by the lysophospholipid acyltransferase Ale1. Here, we further characterized the regulation and function of this distinct PC deacylation/reacylation pathway in yeast. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we show that Gpc1 and Ale1 are the major cellular GPC and LPC acyltransferases, respectively. Importantly, we report that Gpc1 activity affects the PC species profile. Loss of Gpc1 decreased the levels of monounsaturated PC species and increased those of diunsaturated PC species, whereas Gpc1 overexpression had the opposite effects. Of note, Gpc1 loss did not significantly affect phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine profiles. Our results indicate that Gpc1 is involved in postsynthetic PC remodeling that produces more saturated PC species. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that GPC1 mRNA abundance is regulated coordinately with PC biosynthetic pathways. Inositol availability, which regulates several phospholipid biosynthetic genes, down-regulated GPC1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels and, as expected, decreased levels of monounsaturated PC species. Finally, loss of GPC1 decreased stationary phase viability in inositol-free medium. These results indicate that Gpc1 is part of a postsynthetic PC deacylation/reacylation remodeling pathway (PC-DRP) that alters the PC species profile, is regulated in coordination with other major lipid biosynthetic pathways, and affects yeast growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Anaokar
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Ravindra Kodali
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Benjamin Jonik
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Mike F Renne
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F H M Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Anton I P M de Kroon
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Patton-Vogt
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282.
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17
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Araújo ARD, Melo T, Maciel EA, Pereira C, Morais CM, Santinha DR, Tavares JF, Oliveira H, Jurado AS, Costa V, Domingues P, Domingues MRM, Santos MAS. Errors in protein synthesis increase the level of saturated fatty acids and affect the overall lipid profiles of yeast. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202402. [PMID: 30148852 PMCID: PMC6110467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of protein synthesis errors (mistranslation) above the typical mean mistranslation level of 10−4 is mostly deleterious to yeast, zebrafish and mammal cells. Previous yeast studies have shown that mistranslation affects fitness and deregulates genes related to lipid metabolism, but there is no experimental proof that such errors alter yeast lipid profiles. We engineered yeast strains to misincorporate serine at alanine and glycine sites on a global scale and evaluated the putative effects on the lipidome. Lipids from whole cells were extracted and analysed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) and gas chromatography (GC). Oxidative damage, fatty acid desaturation and membrane fluidity changes were screened to identify putative alterations in lipid profiles in both logarithmic (fermentative) and post-diauxic shift (respiratory) phases. There were alterations in several lipid classes, namely lyso-phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and triglyceride, and in the fatty acid profiles, namely C16:1, C16:0, C18:1 and C18:0. Overall, the relative content of lipid species with saturated FA increased in detriment of those with unsaturated fatty acids. The expression of the OLE1 mRNA was deregulated, but phospholipid fluidity changes were not observed. These data expand current knowledge of mistranslation biology and highlight its putative roles in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita D. Araújo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine–iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete A. Maciel
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Clara Pereira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina M. Morais
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Deolinda R. Santinha
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana F. Tavares
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine–iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amália S. Jurado
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vítor Costa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário M. Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MASS); (MRMD)
| | - Manuel A. S. Santos
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine–iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MASS); (MRMD)
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18
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Bergenholm D, Gossing M, Wei Y, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Modulation of saturation and chain length of fatty acids in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
for production of cocoa butter‐like lipids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:932-942. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bergenholm
- Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Michael Gossing
- Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
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19
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Renne MF, de Kroon AIPM. The role of phospholipid molecular species in determining the physical properties of yeast membranes. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1330-1345. [PMID: 29265372 PMCID: PMC5947837 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glycerophospholipids are the main membrane lipid constituents. Besides serving as general membrane ‘building blocks’, glycerophospholipids play an important role in determining the physical properties of the membrane, which are crucial for proper membrane function. To ensure optimal physical properties, membrane glycerophospholipid composition and synthesis are tightly regulated. This review will summarize our current knowledge of factors and processes determining the membrane glycerophospholipid composition of the reference eukaryote S. cerevisiae at the level of molecular species. Extrapolating from relevant model membrane data, we also discuss how modulation of the molecular species composition can regulate membrane physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike F. Renne
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsDepartment of ChemistryBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research & Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht Universitythe Netherlands
| | - Anton I. P. M. de Kroon
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsDepartment of ChemistryBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research & Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht Universitythe Netherlands
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20
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Corey BW, Thompson MG, Hittle LE, Jacobs AC, Asafo-Adjei EA, Huggins WM, Melander RJ, Melander C, Ernst RK, Zurawski DV. 1,2,4-Triazolidine-3-thiones Have Specific Activity against Acinetobacter baumannii among Common Nosocomial Pathogens. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:62-71. [PMID: 27764938 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii are Gram-negative bacilli that pose a constant threat to susceptible patients because of increased resistance to multiple antibiotics and persistence in the hospital environment. After genome analysis, we discovered that A. baumannii harbors genes that share homology to an enzymatic pathway that elongates long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in fungi. Previously, 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones (T-3-Ts) were shown to inhibit hyphae production in fungi, and this same LCFA elongation pathway was implicated as the possible target. Therefore, we investigated if T-3-Ts also have activity against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. Surprisingly, all of the clinical isolates of A. baumannii that were tested have susceptibility to ECC145 and ECC188 with MIC90 values of 8.0 μg/mL. In contrast, reference strains and clinical isolates of other common nosocomial bacteria that lack the LCFA pathway also lacked susceptibility. Time-kill experiments revealed that both ECC145 and ECC188 have a bacteriostatic effect against A. baumannii. Mass spectrometry analysis suggested that exposure to T-3-Ts resulted in less LCFA production. Supplementation of media with either 0.02% w/v oleic or linoleic acid abrogated the bacteriostatic effect of the compounds, which again implicated LCFA elongation as the target. Our results suggest these molecules could be a promising start to further exploit what appears to be an important aspect of A. baumannii membrane function and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan W. Corey
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial
Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Mitchell G. Thompson
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial
Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Lauren E. Hittle
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Anna C. Jacobs
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial
Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Edward A. Asafo-Adjei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - William M. Huggins
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8024, United States
| | - Roberta J. Melander
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8024, United States
| | - Christian Melander
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8024, United States
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Daniel V. Zurawski
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial
Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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21
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Dominguez Pardo JJ, Dörr JM, Iyer A, Cox RC, Scheidelaar S, Koorengevel MC, Subramaniam V, Killian JA. Solubilization of lipids and lipid phases by the styrene-maleic acid copolymer. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2017; 46:91-101. [PMID: 27815573 PMCID: PMC5209432 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A promising tool in membrane research is the use of the styrene-maleic acid (SMA) copolymer to solubilize membranes in the form of nanodiscs. Since membranes are heterogeneous in composition, it is important to know whether SMA thereby has a preference for solubilization of either specific types of lipids or specific bilayer phases. Here, we investigated this by performing partial solubilization of model membranes and analyzing the lipid composition of the solubilized fraction. We found that SMA displays no significant lipid preference in homogeneous binary lipid mixtures in the fluid phase, even when using lipids that by themselves show very different solubilization kinetics. By contrast, in heterogeneous phase-separated bilayers, SMA was found to have a strong preference for solubilization of lipids in the fluid phase as compared to those in either a gel phase or a liquid-ordered phase. Together the results suggest that (1) SMA is a reliable tool to characterize native interactions between membrane constituents, (2) any solubilization preference of SMA is not due to properties of individual lipids but rather due to properties of the membrane or membrane domains in which these lipids reside and (3) exploiting SMA resistance rather than detergent resistance may be an attractive approach for the isolation of ordered domains from biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Dominguez Pardo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jonas M Dörr
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aditya Iyer
- Nanoscale Biophysics Group, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud C Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Scheidelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Koorengevel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Nanoscale Biophysics Group, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Antoinette Killian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Nasution O, Lee YM, Kim E, Lee Y, Kim W, Choi W. Overexpression ofOLE1enhances stress tolerance and constitutively activates the MAPK HOG pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:620-631. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olviyani Nasution
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative; The Graduate School; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03766 Korea
| | - Young Mi Lee
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Yeji Lee
- Department of Life Sciences; College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
| | - Wankee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Wonja Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative; The Graduate School; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03766 Korea
- Department of Life Sciences; College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
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23
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Oelkers P, Pokhrel K. Four Acyltransferases Uniquely Contribute to Phospholipid Heterogeneity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lipid Insights 2016; 9:31-41. [PMID: 27920551 PMCID: PMC5127605 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s40597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse acyl-CoA species and acyltransferase isoenzymes are components of a complex system that synthesizes glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has four main acyl-CoA species, two main glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferases (Gat1p, Gat2p), and two main 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferases (Lpt1p, Slc1p). The in vivo contribution of these isoenzymes to phospholipid heterogeneity was determined using haploids with compound mutations: gat1Δlpt1Δ, gat2Δlpt1Δ, gat1Δslc1Δ, and gat2Δslc1Δ. All mutations mildly reduced [3H]palmitic acid incorporation into phospholipids relative to triacylglycerol. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry identified few differences from wild type in gat1Δlpt1Δ, dramatic differences in gat2Δslc1Δ, and intermediate changes in gat2Δlpt1Δ and gat1Δslc1Δ. Yeast expressing Gat1p and Lpt1p had phospholipids enriched with acyl chains that were unsaturated, 18 carbons long, and paired for length. These alterations prevented growth at 18.5°C and in 10% ethanol. Therefore, Gat2p and Slc1p dictate phospholipid acyl chain composition in rich media at 30°C. Slc1p selectively pairs acyl chains of different lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oelkers
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA
| | - Keshav Pokhrel
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA
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24
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Jain S, Dholakia H, Kirtley W, Oelkers P. Energy Storage in Yeast: Regulation and Competition with Ethanol Production. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:851-858. [PMID: 27620384 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms that may regulate the storage of energy as triacylglycerol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined. First, the kinetics of Dga1p, which mediates the majority of diacylglycerol esterification, the lone committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis, was measured in vitro. With an apparent K m of 17.0 μM, Dga1p has higher affinity for oleoyl-CoA than the only S. cerevisiae acyltransferase previously kinetically characterized, Lpt1p. Lpt1p is a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase that produces phosphatidate, a precursor to diacylglycerol. Therefore, limiting triacylglycerol synthesis to situations of elevated acyl-CoA concentration is unlikely. However, Dga1p's apparent V max of 5.8 nmol/min/mg was 20 times lower than Lpt1p's. This supports Dga1p being rate limiting for TAG synthesis. Dga1p activity was not activated or inhibited when seven different molecules (e.g., ATP) which reflect cellular energy status were provided at physiological concentrations. Thus, allosteric regulation was not found. Coordination between triacylglycerol and glycogen synthesis was also tested. Yeast genetically deficient in triacylglycerol synthesis did not store more energy in glycogen and vice versa. Lastly, we tested whether genetically limiting energy storage in triacylglycerol, glycogen, steryl esters, or combinations of these will increase ethanol production efficiency. In nutrient-rich media containing 5 % glucose, solely limiting glycogen synthesis had the greatest affect, increasing ethanol production efficiency by 12 %. Since limiting glycogen synthesis only had a modest effect on growth in media containing 10 % ethanol, such genetic manipulation may improve commercial ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Jain
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Trac Services Ltd, Trevenson Road, TR153, Truro, Cornwall, UK
| | - Hemal Dholakia
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd., Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
| | - Winston Kirtley
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd., Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
| | - Peter Oelkers
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd., Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
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25
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Gajdoš P, Nicaud JM, Čertík M. Glycerol conversion into a single cell oil by engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:325-332. [PMID: 32624778 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleaginous yeasts are considered as natural single cell oil producers. Engineering the lipid biosynthetic pathway has the potential to increase lipid accumulation by these yeasts. In Yarrowia lipolytica, three diacylglycerol acyltransferases encoded by LRO1, DGA1, and DGA2 genes are involved in lipid formation. Strain JMY3580 was constructed by overexpressing DGA2 gene in Q4 strain (dga1Δ dga2Δ lro1Δ are1Δ). Reconstruction of triacylglycerol synthesis pathway led to significant improvement in lipid accumulation. Strain JMY3580 accumulated over 40% of lipids in biomass, while lipid accumulation in wild-type strain was not able to exceed 20% when grown on a glycerol-based medium with carbon to nitrogen ratio of 90. Higher lipid accumulation (over 50%) was achieved in fed-batch grown cells when glycerol was added during cultivation. The best biomass yield was 18.5 g/L after 144 h with total fatty acid yield 9.9 g/L. Fatty acid composition was altered when Dga2p was the only diacylglycerol acyltransferase present in yeast cells, especially lower percentage of linoleic acid was present in lipids of JMY3580. Microbial oil prepared by conversion of glycerol by genetically engineered Y. lipolytica could be applied for various value-added products based on single cell oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gajdoš
- Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Jean-Marc Nicaud
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Milan Čertík
- Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology Bratislava Slovakia
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26
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Abstract
Lipidomics is a rapidly growing technology for identification and quantification of a variety of cellular lipid molecules. Following the successful development and application of functional genomic technologies in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we witness a recent expansion of lipidomics applications in this model organism. The applications include detailed characterization of the yeast lipidome as well as screening for perturbed lipid phenotypes across hundreds of yeast gene deletion mutants. In this chapter, we describe sample handling, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics methods developed for yeast lipidomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Tarasov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3T 1J4.
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27
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Renne MF, Bao X, De Smet CH, de Kroon AIPM. Lipid Acyl Chain Remodeling in Yeast. Lipid Insights 2016; 8:33-40. [PMID: 26819558 PMCID: PMC4720183 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s31780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane lipid homeostasis is maintained by de novo synthesis, intracellular transport, remodeling, and degradation of lipid molecules. Glycerophospholipids, the most abundant structural component of eukaryotic membranes, are subject to acyl chain remodeling, which is defined as the post-synthetic process in which one or both acyl chains are exchanged. Here, we review studies addressing acyl chain remodeling of membrane glycerophospholipids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism that has been successfully used to investigate lipid synthesis and its regulation. Experimental evidence for the occurrence of phospholipid acyl chain exchange in cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine is summarized, including methods and tools that have been used for detecting remodeling. Progress in the identification of the enzymes involved is reported, and putative functions of acyl chain remodeling in yeast are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike F Renne
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xue Bao
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cedric H De Smet
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.; Present address: Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anton I P M de Kroon
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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28
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Sawada K, Kitagaki H. Residual mitochondrial transmembrane potential decreases unsaturated fatty acid level in sake yeast during alcoholic fermentation. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1552. [PMID: 26839744 PMCID: PMC4734444 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen, a key nutrient in alcoholic fermentation, is rapidly depleted during this process. Several pathways of oxygen utilization have been reported in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during alcoholic fermentation, namely synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, sterols and heme, and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. However, the interaction between these pathways has not been investigated. In this study, we showed that the major proportion of unsaturated fatty acids of ester-linked lipids in sake fermentation mash is derived from the sake yeast rather than from rice or koji (rice fermented with Aspergillus). Additionally, during alcoholic fermentation, inhibition of the residual mitochondrial activity of sake yeast increases the levels of unsaturated fatty acids of ester-linked lipids. These findings indicate that the residual activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain reduces molecular oxygen levels and decreases the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, thereby increasing the synthesis of estery flavors by sake yeast. This is the first report of a novel link between residual mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by the brewery yeast during alcoholic fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Sawada
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Industrial Technology Center of Saga Prefecture, Saga city, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan; Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga city, Saga, Japan
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29
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Smart HC, Mast FD, Chilije MFJ, Tavassoli M, Dacks JB, Zaremberg V. Phylogenetic analysis of glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferases in opisthokonts reveals unexpected ancestral complexity and novel modern biosynthetic components. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110684. [PMID: 25340523 PMCID: PMC4207751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerolipid synthesis represents a central metabolic process of all forms of life. In the last decade multiple genes coding for enzymes responsible for the first step of the pathway, catalyzed by glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), have been described, and characterized primarily in model organisms like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mice. Notoriously, the fungal enzymes share low sequence identity with their known animal counterparts, and the nature of their homology is unclear. Furthermore, two mitochondrial GPAT isoforms have been described in animal cells, while no such enzymes have been identified in Fungi. In order to determine if the yeast and mammalian GPATs are representative of the set of enzymes present in their respective groups, and to test the hypothesis that metazoan orthologues are indeed absent from the fungal clade, a comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis was performed including organisms spanning the breadth of the Opisthokonta supergroup. Surprisingly, our study unveiled the presence of ‘fungal’ orthologs in the basal taxa of the holozoa and ‘animal’ orthologues in the basal holomycetes. This includes a novel clade of fungal homologues, with putative peroxisomal targeting signals, of the mitochondrial/peroxisomal acyltransferases in Metazoa, thus potentially representing an undescribed metabolic capacity in the Fungi. The overall distribution of GPAT homologues is suggestive of high relative complexity in the ancestors of the opisthokont clade, followed by loss and sculpting of the complement in the descendent lineages. Divergence from a general versatile metabolic model, present in ancestrally deduced GPAT complements, points to distinctive contributions of each GPAT isoform to lipid metabolism and homeostasis in contemporary organisms like humans and their fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. Smart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fred D. Mast
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Marjan Tavassoli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joel B. Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (JBD); (VZ)
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (JBD); (VZ)
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30
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Kamisaka Y, Kimura K, Uemura H, Yamaoka M. Addition of methionine and low cultivation temperatures increase palmitoleic acid production by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:201-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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31
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da Silveira Dos Santos AX, Riezman I, Aguilera-Romero MA, David F, Piccolis M, Loewith R, Schaad O, Riezman H. Systematic lipidomic analysis of yeast protein kinase and phosphatase mutants reveals novel insights into regulation of lipid homeostasis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3234-46. [PMID: 25143408 PMCID: PMC4196872 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-03-0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory pathways required to maintain eukaryotic lipid homeostasis are largely unknown. We developed a systematic approach to uncover new players in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. Through an unbiased mass spectrometry-based lipidomic screening, we quantified hundreds of lipid species, including glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols, from a collection of 129 mutants in protein kinase and phosphatase genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our approach successfully identified known kinases involved in lipid homeostasis and uncovered new ones. By clustering analysis, we found connections between nutrient-sensing pathways and regulation of glycerophospholipids. Deletion of members of glucose- and nitrogen-sensing pathways showed reciprocal changes in glycerophospholipid acyl chain lengths. We also found several new candidates for the regulation of sphingolipid homeostasis, including a connection between inositol pyrophosphate metabolism and complex sphingolipid homeostasis through transcriptional regulation of AUR1 and SUR1. This robust, systematic lipidomic approach constitutes a rich, new source of biological information and can be used to identify novel gene associations and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Xavier da Silveira Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland National Centre of Competence in Research "Chemical Biology,", University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Auxiliadora Aguilera-Romero
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland National Centre of Competence in Research "Chemical Biology,", University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice David
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Manuele Piccolis
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Robbie Loewith
- National Centre of Competence in Research "Chemical Biology,", University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schaad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland National Centre of Competence in Research "Chemical Biology,", University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
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32
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de Ghellinck A, Schaller H, Laux V, Haertlein M, Sferrazza M, Maréchal E, Wacklin H, Jouhet J, Fragneto G. Production and analysis of perdeuterated lipids from Pichia pastoris cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92999. [PMID: 24747350 PMCID: PMC3991571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Probing molecules using perdeuteration (i.e deuteration in which all hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium) is extremely useful in a wide range of biophysical techniques. In the case of lipids, the synthesis of the biologically relevant unsaturated perdeuterated lipids is challenging and not usually pursued. In this work, perdeuterated phospholipids and sterols from the yeast Pichia pastoris grown in deuterated medium are extracted and analyzed as derivatives by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry respectively. When yeast cells are grown in a deuterated environment, the phospholipid homeostasis is maintained but the fatty acid unsaturation level is modified while the ergosterol synthesis is not affected by the deuterated culture medium. Our results confirm that the production of well defined natural unsaturated perdeuterated lipids is possible and gives also new insights about the process of desaturase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis de Ghellinck
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
- Service des polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Michele Sferrazza
- Service des polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire et végétale, CNRS/CEA/Univ. Grenoble Alpes/INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Hanna Wacklin
- European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, Sweden
- Chemistry Department, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire et végétale, CNRS/CEA/Univ. Grenoble Alpes/INRA, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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33
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Klug L, Daum G. Yeast lipid metabolism at a glance. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:369-88. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Klug
- Institute of Biochemistry; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
| | - Günther Daum
- Institute of Biochemistry; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
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34
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Lipid droplets and peroxisomes: key players in cellular lipid homeostasis or a matter of fat--store 'em up or burn 'em down. Genetics 2013; 193:1-50. [PMID: 23275493 PMCID: PMC3527239 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.143362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) and peroxisomes are central players in cellular lipid homeostasis: some of their main functions are to control the metabolic flux and availability of fatty acids (LDs and peroxisomes) as well as of sterols (LDs). Both fatty acids and sterols serve multiple functions in the cell—as membrane stabilizers affecting membrane fluidity, as crucial structural elements of membrane-forming phospholipids and sphingolipids, as protein modifiers and signaling molecules, and last but not least, as a rich carbon and energy source. In addition, peroxisomes harbor enzymes of the malic acid shunt, which is indispensable to regenerate oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis, thus allowing yeast cells to generate sugars from fatty acids or nonfermentable carbon sources. Therefore, failure of LD and peroxisome biogenesis and function are likely to lead to deregulated lipid fluxes and disrupted energy homeostasis with detrimental consequences for the cell. These pathological consequences of LD and peroxisome failure have indeed sparked great biomedical interest in understanding the biogenesis of these organelles, their functional roles in lipid homeostasis, interaction with cellular metabolism and other organelles, as well as their regulation, turnover, and inheritance. These questions are particularly burning in view of the pandemic development of lipid-associated disorders worldwide.
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35
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Checks and balances in membrane phospholipid class and acyl chain homeostasis, the yeast perspective. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:374-94. [PMID: 23631861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are the most abundant membrane lipid constituents in most eukaryotic cells. As a consequence, phospholipid class and acyl chain homeostasis are crucial for maintaining optimal physical properties of membranes that in turn are crucial for membrane function. The topic of this review is our current understanding of membrane phospholipid homeostasis in the reference eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After introducing the physical parameters of the membrane that are kept in optimal range, the properties of the major membrane phospholipids and their contributions to membrane structure and dynamics are summarized. Phospholipid metabolism and known mechanisms of regulation are discussed, including potential sensors for monitoring membrane physical properties. Special attention is paid to processes that maintain the phospholipid class specific molecular species profiles, and to the interplay between phospholipid class and acyl chain composition when yeast membrane lipid homeostasis is challenged. Based on the reviewed studies, molecular species selectivity of the lipid metabolic enzymes, and mass action in acyl-CoA metabolism are put forward as important intrinsic contributors to membrane lipid homeostasis.
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36
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De Smet CH, Cox R, Brouwers JF, de Kroon AIPM. Yeast cells accumulate excess endogenous palmitate in phosphatidylcholine by acyl chain remodeling involving the phospholipase B Plb1p. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1167-76. [PMID: 23501167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the molecular species profile of the major membrane glycerophospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) is determined by the molecular species-selectivity of the biosynthesis routes and by acyl chain remodeling. Overexpression of the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase Sct1p was recently shown to induce a strong increase in the cellular content of palmitate (C16:0). Using stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry, the present study shows that wild type yeast overexpressing Sct1p incorporates excess C16:0 into PC via the methylation of PE, the CDP-choline route, and post-synthetic acyl chain remodeling. Overexpression of Sct1p increased the extent of remodeling of PE-derived PC, providing a novel tool to perform mechanistic studies on PC acyl chain exchange. The exchange of acyl chains occurred at both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of the glycerol backbone of PC, and required the phospholipase B Plb1p for optimal efficiency. Sct1p-catalyzed acyl chain exchange, the acyl-CoA binding protein Acb1p, the Plb1p homologue Plb2p, and the glycerophospholipid:triacylglycerol transacylase Lro1p were not required for PC remodeling. The results indicate that PC serves as a buffer for excess cellular C16:0.
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