1
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Sun H, Undem BJ. Selective KCNQ2/3 Potassium Channel Opener ICA-069673 Inhibits Excitability in Mouse Vagal Sensory Neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:118-127. [PMID: 38290975 PMCID: PMC10949160 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Heightened excitability of vagal sensory neurons in inflammatory visceral diseases contributes to unproductive and difficult-to-treat neuronally based symptoms such as visceral pain and dysfunction. Identification of targets and modulators capable of regulating the excitability of vagal sensory neurons may lead to novel therapeutic options. KCNQ1-KCNQ5 genes encode KV7.1-7.5 potassium channel α-subunits. Homotetrameric or heterotetrameric KV7.2-7.5 channels can generate the so-called M-current (IM) known to decrease the excitability of neurons including visceral sensory neurons. This study aimed to address the hypothesis that KV7.2/7.3 channels are key regulators of vagal sensory neuron excitability by evaluating the effects of KCNQ2/3-selective activator, ICA-069673, on IM in mouse nodose neurons and determining its effects on excitability and action potential firings using patch clamp technique. The results showed that ICA-069673 enhanced IM density, accelerated the activation, and delayed the deactivation of M-channels in a concentration-dependent manner. ICA-069673 negatively shifted the voltage-dependent activation of IM and increased the maximal conductance. Consistent with its effects on IM, ICA-069673 induced a marked hyperpolarization of resting potential and reduced the input resistance. The hyperpolarizing effect was more pronounced in partially depolarized neurons. Moreover, ICA-069673 caused a 3-fold increase in the minimal amount of depolarizing current needed to evoke an action potential, and significantly limited the action potential firings in response to sustained suprathreshold stimulations. ICA-069673 had no effect on membrane currents when Kcnq2 and Kcnq3 were deleted. These results indicate that opening KCNQ2/3-mediated M-channels is sufficient to suppress the excitability and enhance spike accommodation in vagal visceral sensory neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study supports the hypothesis that selectively activating KCNQ2/3-mediated M-channels is sufficient to suppress the excitability and action potential firings in vagal sensory neurons. These results provide evidence in support of further investigations into the treatment of various visceral disorders that involve nociceptor hyperexcitability with selective KCNQ2/3 M-channel openers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bradley J Undem
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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2
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Kovyazina IV, Khamidullina AA. Muscarinic Cholinoreceptors in Skeletal Muscle: Localization and Functional Role. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:44-55. [PMID: 38234599 PMCID: PMC10790362 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.25259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on the modern concepts of the functions of muscarinic cholinoreceptors in skeletal muscles, particularly, in neuromuscular contacts, and that of the signaling pathways associated with the activation of various subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the skeletal muscles of cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals. Despite the long history of research into the involvement of muscarinic receptors in the modulation of neuromuscular transmission, many aspects of such regulation and the associated intracellular mechanisms remain unclear. Now it is obvious that the functions of muscarinic receptors in skeletal muscle are not limited to the autoregulation of neurosecretion from motor nerve endings but also extend to the development and morphological rearrangements of the synaptic apparatus, coordinating them with the degree of activity. The review discusses various approaches to the study of the functions of muscarinic receptors in motor synapses, as well as the problems arising when interpreting experimental data. The final part of the review is devoted to an analysis of some of the intracellular mechanisms and signaling pathways that mediate the effects of muscarinic agents on neuromuscular transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Kovyazina
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012 Russian Federation
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, 420111 Russian Federation
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3
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Zhang H, Li H, Lu M, Wang S, Ma X, Wang F, Liu J, Li X, Yang H, Zhang F, Shen H, Buckley NJ, Gamper N, Yamoah EN, Lv P. Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor deficiency yields profound hearing loss through K v7.4 channel upsurge in auditory neurons and hair cells. eLife 2022; 11:76754. [PMID: 36125121 PMCID: PMC9525063 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is a transcriptional repressor that recognizes neuron-restrictive silencer elements in the mammalian genomes in a tissue- and cell-specific manner. The identity of REST target genes and molecular details of how REST regulates them are emerging. We performed conditional null deletion of Rest (cKO), mainly restricted to murine hair cells (HCs) and auditory neurons (aka spiral ganglion neurons [SGNs]). Null inactivation of full-length REST did not affect the development of normal HCs and SGNs but manifested as progressive hearing loss in adult mice. We found that the inactivation of REST resulted in an increased abundance of Kv7.4 channels at the transcript, protein, and functional levels. Specifically, we found that SGNs and HCs from Rest cKO mice displayed increased Kv7.4 expression and augmented Kv7 currents; SGN’s excitability was also significantly reduced. Administration of a compound with Kv7.4 channel activator activity, fasudil, recapitulated progressive hearing loss in mice. In contrast, inhibition of the Kv7 channels by XE991 rescued the auditory phenotype of Rest cKO mice. Previous studies identified some loss-of-function mutations within the Kv7.4-coding gene, Kcnq4, as a causative factor for progressive hearing loss in mice and humans. Thus, the findings reveal that a critical homeostatic Kv7.4 channel level is required for proper auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Hongchen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Mingshun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xueya Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Haichao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Noel J Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ebenezer N Yamoah
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, United States
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
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4
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Dalle S, Schouten M, Meeus G, Slagmolen L, Koppo K. Molecular networks underlying cannabinoid signaling in skeletal muscle plasticity. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3517-3540. [PMID: 35862111 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system is ubiquitously present and is classically considered to engage in neural and immunity processes. Yet, the role of the cannabinoid system in the whole body and tissue metabolism via central and peripheral mechanisms is increasingly recognized. The present review provides insights in (i) how cannabinoid signaling is regulated via receptor-independent and -dependent mechanisms and (ii) how these signaling cascades (might) affect skeletal muscle plasticity and physiology. Receptor-independent mechanisms include endocannabinoid metabolism to eicosanoids and the regulation of ion channels. Alternatively, endocannabinoids can act as ligands for different classic (cannabinoid receptor 1 [CB1 ], CB2 ) and/or alternative (e.g., TRPV1, GPR55) cannabinoid receptors with a unique affinity, specificity, and intracellular signaling cascade (often tissue-specific). Antagonism of CB1 might hold clues to improve oxidative (mitochondrial) metabolism, insulin sensitivity, satellite cell growth, and muscle anabolism, whereas CB2 agonism might be a promising way to stimulate muscle metabolism and muscle cell growth. Besides, CB2 ameliorates muscle regeneration via macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, induction of MyoD and myogenin expression and antifibrotic mechanisms. Also TRPV1 and GPR55 contribute to the regulation of muscle growth and metabolism. Future studies should reveal how the cannabinoid system can be targeted to improve muscle quantity and/or quality in conditions such as ageing, disease, disuse, and metabolic dysregulation, taking into account challenges that are inherent to modulation of the cannabinoid system, such as central and peripheral side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moniek Schouten
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gitte Meeus
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Slagmolen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Xiong P, Yao G, Zhang H, He M. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of KCNQ1 in shell biomineralisation of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. Gene X 2022; 821:146285. [PMID: 35176427 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
KCNQ1, a voltage-gated potassium ion channel, plays an important role in various physiological processes, including osteoblast differentiation in higher animals. However, its function in lower invertebrates such as marine shellfish remains poorly understood. Pearl oysters, such as P. fucata martensii, are ideal for studying biomineralisation. In this study, a full-length cDNA of KCNQ1 from P. fucata martensii (PfKCNQ1) was obtained, and its function in shell formation was investigated. The full-length 3945 bp cDNA of PfKCNQ1 included an open reading frame (ORF) of 1944 bp encoding a polypeptide of 647 amino acids. Multiple sequence alignment revealed high homology with KCNQ1 from other species, with six transmembrane domains (S1 - S6) and a pore (P) region. Expression pattern analysis showed that PfKCNQ1 was expressed in all tested tissues, with highest expression in mantle and heart, and shell notching induced PfKCNQ1 expression. Silencing PfKCNQ1 expression inhibited PfKCNQ1 expression and downregulated four biomineralisation-related genes (Shematrin, Pif80, N16 and MSI60). Disordered crystals or "hollows" were visible in the shell ultrastructure by scanning electron microscopy following PfKCNQ1 knockdown. The results suggested that PfKCNQ1 may participate in or regulate biomineralisation and shell formation in pearl oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gaoyou Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental, Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Maoxian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental, Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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6
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Kv7.4 Channels Regulate Potassium Permeability in Neuronal Mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Chen L, Hassani Nia F, Stauber T. Ion Channels and Transporters in Muscle Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13615. [PMID: 34948411 PMCID: PMC8703453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations on ion channels in muscle tissues have mainly focused on physiological muscle function and related disorders, but emerging evidence supports a critical role of ion channels and transporters in developmental processes, such as controlling the myogenic commitment of stem cells. In this review, we provide an overview of ion channels and transporters that influence skeletal muscle myoblast differentiation, cardiac differentiation from pluripotent stem cells, as well as vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. We highlight examples of model organisms or patients with mutations in ion channels. Furthermore, a potential underlying molecular mechanism involving hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential and a series of calcium signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingye Chen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fatemeh Hassani Nia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany;
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8
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Brucki SMD, Adoni T, Almeida CMO, Andrade DCD, Anghinah R, Barbosa LM, Bazan R, Carvalho AADS, Carvalho W, Christo PP, Coletta MD, Conforto AB, Correa-Neto Y, Engelhardt E, França Junior MC, Franco C, VON Glehn F, Gomes HR, Houly CGDB, Kaup AO, Kowacs F, Kanashiro A, Lopes VG, Maia D, Manreza M, Martinez ARM, Martinez SCG, Nader SN, Neves LDO, Okamoto IH, Oliveira RAAD, Peixoto FDM, Pereira CB, Saba RA, Sampaio LPDB, Schilling LP, Silva MTT, Silva ER, Smid J, Soares CN, Sobreira-Neto M, Sousa NADC, Souza LCD, Teive HAG, Terra VC, Vale M, Vieira VMG, Zanoteli E, Prado G. Cannabinoids in Neurology - Position paper from Scientific Departments from Brazilian Academy of Neurology. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 79:354-369. [PMID: 34133518 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids comprehend endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids, with actions both in the central and peripherical nervous systems. A considerable amount of publications have been made in recent years, although cannabis has been known for over a thousand years. Scientific Departments from the Brazilian Academy of Neurology described evidence for medical use in their areas. Literature is constantly changing, and possible new evidence can emerge in the next days or months. Prescription of these substances must be discussed with patients and their families, with knowledge about adverse events and their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Hospital Santa Marcelina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Tarso Adoni
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Núcleo de Neurociências, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Hospital Heliópolis, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Mauricio Oliveira Almeida
- Universidade Estadual do Amazonas, Departamento de Neurologia, Manaus AM, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ciampi de Andrade
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Anghinah
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mendonça Barbosa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bazan
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas de Botucatu, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia, Psicologia e Psiquiatria, Botucatu SP, Brazil
| | | | - William Carvalho
- Hospital Geral de Goiânia Dr Alberto Rassi, Departamento de Neurologia, Goiânia GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo Pereira Christo
- Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Departamento de Neurologia, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Marcus Della Coletta
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Manaus AM, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bastos Conforto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eliasz Engelhardt
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto, Departamento de Neurologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe VON Glehn
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Genética, Imunologia e Bioagentes, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Helio Rodrigues Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando Kowacs
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.,Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Serviço de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Gonçalves Lopes
- Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Maia
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Manreza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Saulo Nardy Nader
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rogério Adas Ayres de Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano de Melo Peixoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Borges Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Arb Saba
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Porcello Schilling
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, São Lucas Hospital, Instituto do Cérebro, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuelle Roberta Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Núcleo de Neurociências, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Smid
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Sobreira-Neto
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Fortaleza CE, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Matheus Vale
- Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Departamento de Neurologia, Santo André SP, Brazil
| | | | - Edmar Zanoteli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Gilmar Prado
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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9
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Naffaa MM, Al-Ewaidat OA. Ligand modulation of KCNQ-encoded (K V7) potassium channels in the heart and nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174278. [PMID: 34174270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
KCNQ-encoded (KV7) potassium channels are diversely distributed in the human tissues, associated with many physiological processes and pathophysiological conditions. These channels are increasingly used as drug targets for treating diseases. More selective and potent molecules on various types of the KV7 channels are desirable for appropriate therapies. The recent knowledge of the structure and function of human KCNQ-encoded channels makes it more feasible to achieve these goals. This review discusses the role and mechanism of action of many molecules in modulating the function of the KCNQ-encoded potassium channels in the heart and nervous system. The effects of these compounds on KV7 channels help to understand their involvement in many diseases, and to search for more selective and potent ligands to be used in the treatment of many disorders such as various types of cardiac arrhythmias, epilepsy, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moawiah M Naffaa
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Ola A Al-Ewaidat
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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10
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Ding H, Yang Y, Xue Y, Seninge L, Gong H, Safavi R, Califano A, Stuart JM. Prioritizing transcriptional factors in gene regulatory networks with PageRank. iScience 2021; 24:102017. [PMID: 33490923 PMCID: PMC7809505 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological states are controlled by orchestrated transcriptional factors (TFs) within gene regulatory networks. Here we show TFs responsible for the dynamic changes of biological states can be prioritized with temporal PageRank. We further show such TF prioritization can be extended by integrating gene regulatory networks reverse engineered from multi-omics profiles, e.g. gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and chromosome conformation assays, using multiplex PageRank. Temporal PageRank prioritizes TFs controlling cellular state dynamics Multiplex PageRank prioritizes TFs by integrating multi-omics GRNs Temporal and multiplex PageRank can be used in combination for TF prioritization
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Ding
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanqing Xue
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Seninge
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Henry Gong
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Rojin Safavi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua M Stuart
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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11
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Abstract
Kv7.1-Kv7.5 (KCNQ1-5) K+ channels are voltage-gated K+ channels with major roles in neurons, muscle cells and epithelia where they underlie physiologically important K+ currents, such as neuronal M current and cardiac IKs. Specific biophysical properties of Kv7 channels make them particularly well placed to control the activity of excitable cells. Indeed, these channels often work as 'excitability breaks' and are targeted by various hormones and modulators to regulate cellular activity outputs. Genetic deficiencies in all five KCNQ genes result in human excitability disorders, including epilepsy, arrhythmias, deafness and some others. Not surprisingly, this channel family attracts considerable attention as potential drug targets. Here we will review biophysical properties and tissue expression profile of Kv7 channels, discuss recent advances in the understanding of their structure as well as their role in various neurological, cardiovascular and other diseases and pathologies. We will also consider a scope for therapeutic targeting of Kv7 channels for treatment of the above health conditions.
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12
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Iseki Y, Ono Y, Hibi C, Tanaka S, Takeshita S, Maejima Y, Kurokawa J, Murakawa M, Shimomura K, Sakamoto K. Opening of Intermediate Conductance Ca 2+-Activated K + Channels in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells Increases the Myotube Diameter via the Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:454-462. [PMID: 33376149 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of potassium channels and the ensuing hyperpolarization in skeletal myoblasts are essential for myogenic differentiation. However, the effects of K+ channel opening in myoblasts on skeletal muscle mass are unclear. Our previous study revealed that pharmacological activation of intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (IKCa channels) increases myotube formation. In this study, we investigated the effects of 5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (DCEBIO), a Ca2+-activated K+ channel opener, on the mass of skeletal muscle. Application of DCEBIO to C2C12 cells during myogenesis increased the diameter of C2C12 myotubes in a concentration-dependent manner. This DCEBIO-induced hypertrophy was abolished by gene silencing of IKCa channels. However, it was resistant to 1 µM but sensitive to 10 µM TRAM-34, a specific IKCa channel blocker. Furthermore, DCEBIO reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential by opening IKCa channels. Therefore, DCEBIO should increase myotube mass by opening of IKCa channels distributed in mitochondria. Pharmacological studies revealed that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are involved in DCEBIO-induced myotube hypertrophy. An additional study demonstrated that DCEBIO-induced muscle hypertrophic effects are only observed when applied in the early stage of myogenic differentiation. In an in vitro myotube inflammatory atrophy experiment, DCEBIO attenuated the reduction of myotube diameter induced by endotoxin. Thus, we concluded that DCEBIO increases muscle mass by activating the IKCa channel/mitoROS/Akt/mTOR pathway. Our study suggests the potential of DCEBIO in the treatment of muscle wasting diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our study shows that 5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (DCEBIO), a small molecule opener of Ca2+-activated K+ channel, increased muscle diameter via the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. And DCEBIO overwhelms C2C12 myotube atrophy induced by endotoxin challenge. Our report should inform novel role of K+ channel in muscle development and novel usage of K+ channel opener such as for the treatment of muscle wasting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Iseki
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
| | - Yuko Ono
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
| | - Chihiro Hibi
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
| | - Shoko Tanaka
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
| | - Shunya Takeshita
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
| | - Yuko Maejima
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
| | - Junko Kurokawa
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
| | - Masahiro Murakawa
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
| | - Kazuho Sakamoto
- Departments of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine (Y.I., Y.O., S.T., Y.M., K.Sh., K.Sa.) and Anesthesiology (Y.I., M.M.), Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (Y.O.); and Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, Japan (C.H., S.T., J.K., K.Sa.)
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13
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Nappi P, Miceli F, Soldovieri MV, Ambrosino P, Barrese V, Taglialatela M. Epileptic channelopathies caused by neuronal Kv7 (KCNQ) channel dysfunction. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:881-898. [PMID: 32506321 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are the most common neurological manifestation in the newborn period, with an estimated incidence of 1.8-3.5 per 1000 live births. Prolonged or intractable seizures have a detrimental effect on cognition and brain function in experimental animals and are associated with adverse long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae and an increased risk of post-neonatal epilepsy in humans. The developing brain is particularly susceptible to the potentially severe effects of epilepsy, and epilepsy, especially when refractory to medications, often results in a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) with developmental arrest or regression. DEEs can be primarily attributed to genetic causes. Given the critical role of potassium (K+) currents with distinct subcellular localization, biophysical properties, modulation, and pharmacological profile in regulating intrinsic electrical properties of neurons and their responsiveness to synaptic inputs, it is not too surprising that genetic research in the past two decades has identified several K+ channel genes as responsible for a large fraction of DEE. In the present article, we review the genetically determined epileptic channelopathies affecting three members of the Kv7 family, namely Kv7.2 (KCNQ2), Kv7.3 (KCNQ3), and Kv7.5 (KCNQ5); we review the phenotypic spectrum of Kv7-related epileptic channelopathies, the different genetic and pathogenetic mechanisms, and the emerging genotype-phenotype correlations which may prove crucial for prognostic predictions, disease management, parental counseling, and individually tailored therapeutic attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Nappi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples, "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Miceli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples, "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barrese
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples, "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples, "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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14
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Vellecco V, Martelli A, Bibli IS, Vallifuoco M, Manzo OL, Panza E, Citi V, Calderone V, de Dominicis G, Cozzolino C, Basso EM, Mariniello M, Fleming I, Mancini A, Bucci M, Cirino G. Anomalous K v 7 channel activity in human malignant hyperthermia syndrome unmasks a key role for H 2 S and persulfidation in skeletal muscle. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:810-823. [PMID: 31051045 PMCID: PMC7024712 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Human malignant hyperthermia (MH) syndrome is induced by volatile anaesthetics and involves increased levels of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS)-derived H2 S within skeletal muscle. This increase contributes to skeletal muscle hypercontractility. Kv 7 channels, expressed in skeletal muscle, may be a molecular target for H2 S. Here, we have investigated the role of Kv 7 channels in MH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from MH-susceptible (MHS) and MH-negative (MHN) patients. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, Western blot, and in vitro contracture test (IVCT) were carried out. Development and characterization of primary human skeletal muscle cells (PHSKMC) and evaluation of cell membrane potential were also performed. The persulfidation state of Kv 7 channels and polysulfide levels were measured. KEY RESULTS Kv 7 channels were similarly expressed in MHN and MHS biopsies. The IVCT revealed an anomalous contractility of MHS biopsies following exposure to the Kv 7 channel opener retigabine. Incubation of negative biopsies with NaHS, prior to retigabine addition, led to an MHS-like positive response. MHS-derived PHSKMC challenged with retigabine showed a paradoxical depolarizing effect, compared with the canonical hyperpolarizing effect. CBS expression and activity were increased in MHS biopsies, resulting in a major polysulfide bioavailability. Persulfidation of Kv 7.4 channels was significantly higher in MHS than in MHN biopsies. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In skeletal muscle of MHS patients, CBS-derived H2 S induced persulfidation of Kv 7 channels. This post-translational modification switches the hyperpolarizing activity into depolarizing. This mechanism can contribute to the pathological skeletal muscle hypercontractility typical of MH syndrome. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Hydrogen Sulfide in Biology & Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vellecco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of MedicineUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | | | - Iris Sofia Bibli
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular MedicineGoethe University Frankfurt am MainFrankfurt am MainGermany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site RheinMainFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | | | - Onorina L. Manzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of MedicineUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of MedicineUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular MedicineGoethe University Frankfurt am MainFrankfurt am MainGermany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site RheinMainFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | | | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of MedicineUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of MedicineUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
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15
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Molecular basis and restoration of function deficiencies of Kv7.4 variants associated with inherited hearing loss. Hear Res 2020; 388:107884. [PMID: 31995783 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deafness non-syndromic autosomal dominant 2 (DFNA2) is characterized by symmetric, predominantly high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss that is progressive across all frequencies. The disease is associated with variants of a potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 4 gene, KCNQ4 (Kv7.4). Here, we studied nine recently identified Kv7.4 variants in DFNA2 pedigrees, including V230E, E260K, D262V, Y270H, W275R, G287R, P291L, P291S and S680F. We proved that the variant S680F did not alter the channel function while the other eight variants resulted in function deficiencies. We further proved that the two variants E260K and P291S showed reduced cell membrane expressions while the other seven variants showed moderate cell surface expressions. Thus, trafficking deficiency is not a common mechanism underlying channel dysfunction. Next, we studied two variants, V230E and G287R, using molecular dynamics simulation. We showed that V230E stabilized Kv7.4 channel in the closed state by forming an additional hydrogen bond with a basic residue K325, while G287R distorted the selectivity filter and blocked the pore region of Kv7.4 channel. Moreover, by co-expressing wild-type (WT) and variant proteins in vitro, we demonstrated that the heterogeneous Kv7.4 channel currents were reduced compared to the WT channel currents and the reduction could be rescued by a Kv7.4 opener retigabine. Our study provided the underlying mechanisms and suggested a potential alternative therapeutic approach for DFNA2.
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16
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Zhang F, Gigout S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Hao H, Buckley NJ, Zhang H, Wood IC, Gamper N. Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor drives the development of chronic pain states. Pain 2019; 160:2398-2408. [PMID: 31206463 PMCID: PMC6756259 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is an unmet clinical problem with vast individual, societal, and economic impact. Pathologic activity of the peripheral somatosensory afferents is one of the major drivers of chronic pain. This overexcitable state of somatosensory neurons is, in part, produced by the dysregulation of genes controlling neuronal excitability. Despite intense research, a unifying theory behind neuropathic remodelling is lacking. Here, we show that transcriptional suppressor, repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST; neuron-restrictive silencing factor, NRSF), is necessary and sufficient for the development of hyperalgesic state after chronic nerve injury or inflammation. Viral overexpression of REST in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) induced prominent mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in vivo. Sensory neuron-specific, inducible Rest knockout prevented the development of such hyperalgesic state in 3 different chronic pain models. Genetic deletion of Rest reverted injury-induced hyperalgesia. Moreover, viral overexpression of REST in the same neurons in which its gene has been genetically deleted restored neuropathic hyperalgesia. Finally, sensory neuron specific Rest knockout prevented injury-induced downregulation of REST target genes in DRG neurons. This work identified REST as a major regulator of peripheral somatosensory neuron remodelling leading to chronic pain. The findings might help to develop a novel therapeutic approache to combat chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Sylvain Gigout
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Noel J. Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ian C. Wood
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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17
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Lauritano A, Moutton S, Longobardi E, Tran Mau‐Them F, Laudati G, Nappi P, Soldovieri MV, Ambrosino P, Cataldi M, Jouan T, Lehalle D, Maurey H, Philippe C, Miceli F, Vitobello A, Taglialatela M. A novel homozygous KCNQ3 loss-of-function variant causes non-syndromic intellectual disability and neonatal-onset pharmacodependent epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:464-475. [PMID: 31440727 PMCID: PMC6698674 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heterozygous variants in KCNQ2 or, more rarely, KCNQ3 genes are responsible for early-onset developmental/epileptic disorders characterized by heterogeneous clinical presentation and course, genetic transmission, and prognosis. While familial forms mostly include benign epilepsies with seizures starting in the neonatal or early-infantile period, de novo variants in KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 have been described in sporadic cases of early-onset encephalopathy (EOEE) with pharmacoresistant seizures, various age-related pathological EEG patterns, and moderate/severe developmental impairment. All pathogenic variants in KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 occur in heterozygosity. The aim of this work was to report the clinical, molecular, and functional properties of a new KCNQ3 variant found in homozygous configuration in a 9-year-old girl with pharmacodependent neonatal-onset epilepsy and non-syndromic intellectual disability. METHODS Exome sequencing was used for genetic investigation. KCNQ3 transcript and subunit expression in fibroblasts was analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting or immunofluorescence, respectively. Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology was used for functional characterization of mutant subunits. RESULTS A novel single-base duplication in exon 12 of KCNQ3 (NM_004519.3:c.1599dup) was found in homozygous configuration in the proband born to consanguineous healthy parents; this frameshift variant introduced a premature termination codon (PTC), thus deleting a large part of the C-terminal region. Mutant KCNQ3 transcript and protein abundance was markedly reduced in primary fibroblasts from the proband, consistent with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The variant fully abolished the ability of KCNQ3 subunits to assemble into functional homomeric or heteromeric channels with KCNQ2 subunits. SIGNIFICANCE The present results indicate that a homozygous KCNQ3 loss-of-function variant is responsible for a severe phenotype characterized by neonatal-onset pharmacodependent seizures, with developmental delay and intellectual disability. They also reveal difference in genetic and pathogenetic mechanisms between KCNQ2- and KCNQ3-related epilepsies, a crucial observation for patients affected with EOEE and/or developmental disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lauritano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Sebastien Moutton
- Reference Center for Developmental Anomalies, Department of Medical GeneticsDijon University HospitalDijonFrance
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GADBurgundy UniversityDijonFrance
| | - Elena Longobardi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Frédéric Tran Mau‐Them
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GADBurgundy UniversityDijonFrance
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares UF6254, Plateau Technique de BiologieCHU DijonDijonFrance
| | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Piera Nappi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | | | - Paolo Ambrosino
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and TechnologyUniversity of SannioBeneventoItaly
| | - Mauro Cataldi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Thibaud Jouan
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GADBurgundy UniversityDijonFrance
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares UF6254, Plateau Technique de BiologieCHU DijonDijonFrance
| | - Daphné Lehalle
- Reference Center for Developmental Anomalies, Department of Medical GeneticsDijon University HospitalDijonFrance
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GADBurgundy UniversityDijonFrance
| | - Hélène Maurey
- Service de Neurologie PédiatriqueAPHP, Hôpital Universitaire BicêtreLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Christophe Philippe
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GADBurgundy UniversityDijonFrance
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares UF6254, Plateau Technique de BiologieCHU DijonDijonFrance
| | - Francesco Miceli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GADBurgundy UniversityDijonFrance
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares UF6254, Plateau Technique de BiologieCHU DijonDijonFrance
| | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
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18
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Chen L, Becker TM, Koch U, Stauber T. The LRRC8/VRAC anion channel facilitates myogenic differentiation of murine myoblasts by promoting membrane hyperpolarization. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14279-14288. [PMID: 31387946 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle myoblast differentiation involves elaborate signaling networks, including the activity of various ion channels and transporters. Several K+ and Ca2+ channels have been shown to affect myogenesis, but little is known about roles of Cl- channels in the associated processes. Here, we report that the leucine-rich repeat containing family 8 (LRRC8)/volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) promotes mouse myoblast differentiation. All LRRC8 subunits of heteromeric VRAC were expressed during myotube formation of murine C2C12 myoblasts. Pharmacological VRAC inhibitors, siRNA-mediated knockdown of the essential VRAC subunit LRRC8A, or VRAC activity-suppressing overexpression of LRRC8A effectively reduced the expression of the myogenic transcription factor myogenin and suppressed myoblast fusion while not affecting myoblast proliferation. We found that inhibiting VRAC impairs plasma membrane hyperpolarization early during differentiation. At later times (more than 6 h after inducing differentiation), VRAC inhibition no longer suppressed myoblast differentiation, suggesting that VRAC acts upstream of K+ channel activation. Consequently, VRAC inhibition prevented the increase of intracellular steady-state Ca2+ levels that normally occurs during myogenesis. Our results may explain the mechanism for the thinning of skeletal muscle bundles observed in LRRC8A-deficient mice and highlight the importance of the LRRC8/VRAC anion channel in cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingye Chen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Becker
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Koch
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Guida N, Valsecchi V, Laudati G, Serani A, Mascolo L, Molinaro P, Montuori P, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LM, Formisano L. The miR206-JunD Circuit Mediates the Neurotoxic Effect of Methylmercury in Cortical Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29522201 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) causes neuronal death through different pathways. Particularly, we found that in cortical neurons it increased the expression of Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST), histone deacetylase (HDAC)4, Specificity Protein (Sp)1, Sp4, and reduced the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Herein, in rat cortical neurons we investigated whether microRNA (miR)206 can modulate MeHg-induced cell death by regulating REST/HDAC4/Sp1/Sp4/BDNF axis. MeHg (1 µM) reduced miR206 expression after both 12 and 24 h and miR206 transfection prevented MeHg-induced neuronal death. Furthermore, miR206 reverted MeHg-induced REST and Sp4 increase and BDNF reduction at gene and protein level, and reverted HDAC4 protein increase, but not HDAC4 mRNA upregulation. Moreover, since no miR206 seed sequences were identified in the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of REST and SP4, we investigated the role of JunD, that presents a consensus motif on REST, Sp4, and BDNF promoters. Indeed, MeHg increased JunD mRNA and protein levels, and JunD knockdown counteracted MeHg-induced REST, Sp4 increase, but not BDNF reduction. Furthermore, we identified a miR206 binding site in the 3'-UTR of JunD mRNA (miR206/JunD) and mutagenesis of miR206/JunD site reverted JunD luciferase activity reduction induced by miR206. Finally, miR206 prevented MeHg-increased JunD binding to REST and Sp4 promoters, and MeHg-reduced BDNF expression was determined by the increase of HDAC4 binding on BDNF promoter IV. Collectively, these results suggest that miR206 downregulation induced by MeHg exposure determines an upregulation of HDAC4, that in turn downregulated BDNF, and the activation of JunD that, by binding REST and Sp4 gene promoters, increased their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mascolo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella M Canzoniero
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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20
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Vellecco V, Armogida C, Bucci M. Hydrogen sulfide pathway and skeletal muscle: an introductory review. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3090-3099. [PMID: 29767441 PMCID: PMC6031874 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the H2 S pathway in skeletal muscle (SKM) has recently been established. SKM expresses the three constitutive H2 S-generating enzymes in animals and humans, and it actively produces H2 S. The main, recognized molecular targets of H2 S, that is, potassium channels and PDEs, have been evaluated in SKM physiology in order to hypothesize a role for H2 S signalling. SKM dysfunctions, including muscular dystrophy and malignant hyperthermia, have also been evaluated as conditions in which the H2 S and transsulfuration pathways have been suggested to be involved. The intrinsic complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved in excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling together with the scarcity of preclinical models of SKM-related disorders have hampered any advances in the knowledge of SKM function. Here, we have addressed the role of the H2 S pathway in E-C coupling and the relative importance of cystathionine β-synthase, cistathionine γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in SKM diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vellecco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Chiara Armogida
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
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21
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Du X, Gao H, Jaffe D, Zhang H, Gamper N. M-type K + channels in peripheral nociceptive pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2158-2172. [PMID: 28800673 PMCID: PMC5980636 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain is a hyperexcitability disorder. Since the excitability of a neuron is set and controlled by a complement of ion channels it expresses, in order to understand and treat pain, we need to develop a mechanistic insight into the key ion channels controlling excitability within the mammalian pain pathways and how these ion channels are regulated and modulated in various physiological and pathophysiological settings. In this review, we will discuss the emerging data on the expression in pain pathways, functional role and modulation of a family of voltage-gated K+ channels called 'M channels' (KCNQ, Kv 7). M channels are increasingly recognized as important players in controlling pain signalling, especially within the peripheral somatosensory system. We will also discuss the therapeutic potential of M channels as analgesic drug targets. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of EducationHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and ToxicologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
| | - Haixia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of EducationHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and ToxicologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - David Jaffe
- Department of Biology, UTSA Neurosciences InstituteUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of EducationHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and ToxicologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of EducationHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and ToxicologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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22
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Telezhkin V, Straccia M, Yarova P, Pardo M, Yung S, Vinh NN, Hancock JM, Barriga GGD, Brown DA, Rosser AE, Brown JT, Canals JM, Randall AD, Allen ND, Kemp PJ. Kv7 channels are upregulated during striatal neuron development and promote maturation of human iPSC-derived neurons. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1359-1376. [PMID: 29797067 PMCID: PMC6096767 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kv7 channels determine the resting membrane potential of neurons and regulate their excitability. Even though dysfunction of Kv7 channels has been linked to several debilitating childhood neuronal disorders, the ontogeny of the constituent genes, which encode Kv7 channels (KNCQ), and expression of their subunits have been largely unexplored. Here, we show that developmentally regulated expression of specific KCNQ mRNA and Kv7 channel subunits in mouse and human striatum is crucial to the functional maturation of mouse striatal neurons and human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. This demonstrates their pivotal role in normal development and maturation, the knowledge of which can now be harnessed to synchronise and accelerate neuronal differentiation of stem cell-derived neurons, enhancing their utility for disease modelling and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod Telezhkin
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK. .,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK. .,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London University College, London, UK.
| | - Marco Straccia
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Polina Yarova
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Monica Pardo
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sun Yung
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Ngoc-Nga Vinh
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Jane M Hancock
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gerardo Garcia-Diaz Barriga
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London University College, London, UK
| | - Anne E Rosser
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jonathan T Brown
- Hatherly Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Josep M Canals
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew D Randall
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Hatherly Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Paul J Kemp
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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23
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Barrese V, Stott JB, Greenwood IA. KCNQ-Encoded Potassium Channels as Therapeutic Targets. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 58:625-648. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iain A. Greenwood
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom;, ,
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24
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Guida N, Laudati G, Serani A, Mascolo L, Molinaro P, Montuori P, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LM, Formisano L. The neurotoxicant PCB-95 by increasing the neuronal transcriptional repressor REST down-regulates caspase-8 and increases Ripk1, Ripk3 and MLKL expression determining necroptotic neuronal death. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 142:229-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Guida F, Luongo L, Boccella S, Giordano ME, Romano R, Bellini G, Manzo I, Furiano A, Rizzo A, Imperatore R, Iannotti FA, D'Aniello E, Piscitelli F, Sca Rossi F, Cristino L, Di Marzo V, de Novellis V, Maione S. Palmitoylethanolamide induces microglia changes associated with increased migration and phagocytic activity: involvement of the CB2 receptor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:375. [PMID: 28336953 PMCID: PMC5428303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous fatty acid amide palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory actions mainly through inhibition of the release of pro-inflammatory molecules from mast cells, monocytes and macrophages. Indirect activation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is among the several mechanisms of action that have been proposed to underlie the different effects of PEA in vivo. In this study, we used cultured rat microglia and human macrophages to evaluate whether PEA affects eCB signaling. PEA was found to increase CB2 mRNA and protein expression through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) activation. This novel gene regulation mechanism was demonstrated through: (i) pharmacological PPAR-α manipulation, (ii) PPAR-α mRNA silencing, (iii) chromatin immunoprecipitation. Moreover, exposure to PEA induced morphological changes associated with a reactive microglial phenotype, including increased phagocytosis and migratory activity. Our findings suggest indirect regulation of microglial CB2R expression as a new possible mechanism underlying the effects of PEA. PEA can be explored as a useful tool for preventing/treating the symptoms associated with neuroinflammation in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - L Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - S Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - M E Giordano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - R Romano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - G Bellini
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - I Manzo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Furiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Rizzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - R Imperatore
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - F A Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - E D'Aniello
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - F Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - F Sca Rossi
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - L Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - V de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - S Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy. .,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy.
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26
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Guida N, Laudati G, Mascolo L, Cuomo O, Anzilotti S, Sirabella R, Santopaolo M, Galgani M, Montuori P, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LMT, Formisano L. MC1568 Inhibits Thimerosal-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death by Preventing HDAC4 Up-Regulation in Neuronal Cells and in Rat Prefrontal Cortex. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:227-240. [PMID: 27660204 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylmercury thiosalicylate (thimerosal) is an organic mercury-based compound commonly used as an antimicrobial preservative that has been found to be neurotoxic. In contrast, histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibition has been found to be neuroprotective against several environmental contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and methylmercury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HDAC inhibition on thimerosal-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells and cortical neurons. Interestingly, we found that thimerosal, at 0.5 μM in SH-SY5Y cells and at 1 μM in neurons, caused cell death by activation of apoptosis, which was prevented by the HDAC class IIA inhibitor MC1568 but not the class I inhibitor MS275. Furthermore, thimerosal specifically increased HDAC4 protein expression but not that of HDACs 5, 6, 7, and 9. Western blot analysis revealed that MC1568 prevented thimerosal-induced HDAC4 increase. In addition, both HDAC4 knocking-down and MC1568 inhibited thimerosal-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells and cortical neurons. Importantly, intramuscular injection of 12 μg/kg thimerosal on postnatal days 7, 9, 11, and 15 increased HDAC4 levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which decreased histone H4 acetylation in infant male rats, in parallel increased motor activity changes. In addition, coadministration of 40 mg/kg MC1568 (intraperitoneal injection) moderated the HDAC4 increase which reduced histone H4 deacetylation and caspase-3 cleavage in the PFC. Finally, open-field testing showed that thimerosal-induced motor activity changes are reduced by MC1568. These findings indicate that HDAC4 regulates thimerosal-induced cell death in neurons and that treatment with MC1568 prevents thimerosal-induced activation of caspase-3 in the rat PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luigi Mascolo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | | | - Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Marianna Santopaolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" Napoli, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Lorella M T Canzoniero
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy .,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
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27
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Kumar M, Reed N, Liu R, Aizenman E, Wipf P, Tzounopoulos T. Synthesis and Evaluation of Potent KCNQ2/3-Specific Channel Activators. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:667-77. [PMID: 27005699 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KQT-like subfamily (KCNQ) channels are voltage-gated, noninactivating potassium ion channels, and their down-regulation has been implicated in several hyperexcitability-related disorders, including epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and tinnitus. Activators of these channels reduce the excitability of central and peripheral neurons, and, as such, have therapeutic utility. Here, we synthetically modified several moieties of the KCNQ2-5 channel activator retigabine, an anticonvulsant approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. By introducing a CF3-group at the 4-position of the benzylamine moiety, combined with a fluorine atom at the 3-position of the aniline ring, we generated Ethyl (2-amino-3-fluoro-4-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (RL648_81), a new KCNQ2/3-specific activator that is >15 times more potent and also more selective than retigabine. We suggest that RL648_81 is a promising clinical candidate for treating or preventing neurologic disorders associated with neuronal hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine (M.K., T.T.); Department of Chemistry (N.R., R.L., P.W.); Department of Neurobiology (E.A., T.T.); and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine (E.A.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Reed
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine (M.K., T.T.); Department of Chemistry (N.R., R.L., P.W.); Department of Neurobiology (E.A., T.T.); and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine (E.A.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruiting Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine (M.K., T.T.); Department of Chemistry (N.R., R.L., P.W.); Department of Neurobiology (E.A., T.T.); and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine (E.A.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine (M.K., T.T.); Department of Chemistry (N.R., R.L., P.W.); Department of Neurobiology (E.A., T.T.); and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine (E.A.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine (M.K., T.T.); Department of Chemistry (N.R., R.L., P.W.); Department of Neurobiology (E.A., T.T.); and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine (E.A.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thanos Tzounopoulos
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine (M.K., T.T.); Department of Chemistry (N.R., R.L., P.W.); Department of Neurobiology (E.A., T.T.); and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine (E.A.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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28
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Yang JE, Song MS, Shen Y, Ryu PD, Lee SY. The Role of KV7.3 in Regulating Osteoblast Maturation and Mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:407. [PMID: 26999128 PMCID: PMC4813262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KCNQ (KV7) channels are voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels, and the function of KV7 channels in muscles, neurons, and sensory cells is well established. We confirmed that overall blockade of KV channels with tetraethylammonium augmented the mineralization of bone-marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation, and we determined that KV7.3 was expressed in MG-63 and Saos-2 cells at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, functional KV7 currents were detected in MG-63 cells. Inhibition of KV7.3 by linopirdine or XE991 increased the matrix mineralization during osteoblast differentiation. This was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osterix in MG-63 cells, whereas the expression of Runx2 showed no significant change. The extracellular glutamate secreted by osteoblasts was also measured to investigate its effect on MG-63 osteoblast differentiation. Blockade of KV7.3 promoted the release of glutamate via the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-mediated upregulation of synapsin, and induced the deposition of type 1 collagen. However, activation of KV7.3 by flupirtine did not produce notable changes in matrix mineralization during osteoblast differentiation. These results suggest that KV7.3 could be a novel regulator in osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Min Seok Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Yiming Shen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Pan Dong Ryu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - So Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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Testai L, Barrese V, Soldovieri MV, Ambrosino P, Martelli A, Vinciguerra I, Miceli F, Greenwood IA, Curtis MJ, Breschi MC, Sisalli MJ, Scorziello A, Canduela MJ, Grandes P, Calderone V, Taglialatela M. Expression and function of Kv7.4 channels in rat cardiac mitochondria: possible targets for cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 110:40-50. [PMID: 26718475 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Plasmalemmal Kv7.1 (KCNQ1) channels are critical players in cardiac excitability; however, little is known on the functional role of additional Kv7 family members (Kv7.2-5) in cardiac cells. In this work, the expression, function, cellular and subcellular localization, and potential cardioprotective role against anoxic-ischaemic cardiac injury of Kv7.4 channels have been investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of Kv7.1 and Kv7.4 transcripts was found in rat heart tissue by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Western blots detected Kv7.4 subunits in mitochondria from Kv7.4-transfected cells, H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, freshly isolated adult cardiomyocytes, and whole hearts. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed that Kv7.4 subunits co-localized with mitochondrial markers in cardiac cells, with ∼ 30-40% of cardiac mitochondria being labelled by Kv7.4 antibodies, a result also confirmed by immunogold electron microscopy experiments. In isolated cardiac (but not liver) mitochondria, retigabine (1-30 µM) and flupirtine (30 µM), two selective Kv7 activators, increased Tl(+) influx, depolarized the membrane potential, and inhibited calcium uptake; all these effects were antagonized by the Kv7 blocker XE991. In intact H9c2 cells, reducing Kv7.4 expression by RNA interference blunted retigabine-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization; in these cells, retigabine decreased mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels and increased radical oxygen species production, both effects prevented by XE991. Finally, retigabine reduced cellular damage in H9c2 cells exposed to anoxia/re-oxygenation and largely prevented the functional and morphological changes triggered by global ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. CONCLUSION Kv7.4 channels are present and functional in cardiac mitochondria; their activation exerts a significant cardioprotective role, making them potential therapeutic targets against I/R-induced cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barrese
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Maria Virginia Soldovieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Science "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paolo Ambrosino
- Department of Medicine and Health Science "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iolanda Vinciguerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Science "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Miceli
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Iain Andrew Greenwood
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael John Curtis
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Maria Josè Sisalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy Department of Medicine and Health Science "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Guida N, Laudati G, Anzilotti S, Secondo A, Montuori P, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LMT, Formisano L. Resveratrol via sirtuin-1 downregulates RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) expression preventing PCB-95-induced neuronal cell death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:387-98. [PMID: 26307266 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) (RSV), a polyphenol widely present in plants, exerts a neuroprotective function in several neurological conditions; it is an activator of class III histone deacetylase sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a crucial regulator in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. By contrast, the RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is involved in the neurotoxic effects following exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture A1254. The present study investigated the effects of RSV-induced activation of SIRT1 on REST expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Further, we investigated the possible relationship between the non-dioxin-like (NDL) PCB-95 and REST through SIRT1 to regulate neuronal death in rat cortical neurons. Our results revealed that RSV significantly decreased REST gene and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, overexpression of SIRT1 reduced REST expression, whereas EX-527, an inhibitor of SIRT1, increased REST expression and blocked RSV-induced REST downregulation. These results suggest that RSV downregulates REST through SIRT1. In addition, RSV enhanced activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor c-Jun expression and its binding to the REST promoter gene. Indeed, c-Jun knockdown reverted RSV-induced REST downregulation. Intriguingly, in SH-SY5Y cells and rat cortical neurons the NDL PCB-95 induced necrotic cell death in a concentration-dependent manner by increasing REST mRNA and protein expression. In addition, SIRT1 knockdown blocked RSV-induced neuroprotection in rat cortical neurons treated with PCB-95. Collectively, these results indicate that RSV via SIRT1 activates c-Jun, thereby reducing REST expression in SH-SY5Y cells under physiological conditions and blocks PCB-95-induced neuronal cell death by activating the same SIRT1/c-Jun/REST pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella M T Canzoniero
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
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Potent KCNQ2/3-specific channel activator suppresses in vivo epileptic activity and prevents the development of tinnitus. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8829-42. [PMID: 26063916 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5176-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Kv7 (KCNQ) channels are voltage-dependent potassium channels that are activated at resting membrane potentials and therefore provide a powerful brake on neuronal excitability. Genetic or experience-dependent reduction of KCNQ2/3 channel activity is linked with disorders that are characterized by neuronal hyperexcitability, such as epilepsy and tinnitus. Retigabine, a small molecule that activates KCNQ2-5 channels by shifting their voltage-dependent opening to more negative voltages, is an US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved anti-epileptic drug. However, recently identified side effects have limited its clinical use. As a result, the development of improved KCNQ2/3 channel activators is crucial for the treatment of hyperexcitability-related disorders. By incorporating a fluorine substituent in the 3-position of the tri-aminophenyl ring of retigabine, we synthesized a small-molecule activator (SF0034) with novel properties. Heterologous expression of KCNQ2/3 channels in HEK293T cells showed that SF0034 was five times more potent than retigabine at shifting the voltage dependence of KCNQ2/3 channels to more negative voltages. Moreover, unlike retigabine, SF0034 did not shift the voltage dependence of either KCNQ4 or KCNQ5 homomeric channels. Conditional deletion of Kcnq2 from cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons showed that SF0034 requires the expression of KCNQ2/3 channels for reducing the excitability of CA1 hippocampal neurons. Behavioral studies demonstrated that SF0034 was a more potent and less toxic anticonvulsant than retigabine in rodents. Furthermore, SF0034 prevented the development of tinnitus in mice. We propose that SF0034 provides, not only a powerful tool for investigating ion channel properties, but, most importantly, it provides a clinical candidate for treating epilepsy and preventing tinnitus.
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Sp3/REST/HDAC1/HDAC2 Complex Represses and Sp1/HIF-1/p300 Complex Activates ncx1 Gene Transcription, in Brain Ischemia and in Ischemic Brain Preconditioning, by Epigenetic Mechanism. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7332-48. [PMID: 25972164 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2174-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger 1 (NCX1) is reduced in stroke by the RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST), whereas it is increased in ischemic brain preconditioning (PC) by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Because ncx1 brain promoter (ncx1-Br) has five putative consensus sequences, named Sp1A-E, for the specificity protein (Sp) family of transcription factors (Sp1-4), we investigated the role of this family in regulating ncx1 transcription in rat cortical neurons. Here we found that Sp1 is a transcriptional activator, whereas Sp3 is a transcriptional repressor of ncx1, and that both bind ncx1-Br in a sequence-specific manner, modulating ncx1 transcription through the Sp1 sites C-E. Furthermore, by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in rats, the transcriptional repressors Sp3 and REST colocalized with the two histone-deacetylases (HDACs) HDAC1 and HDAC2 on the ncx1-Br, with a consequent hypoacetylation. Contrarily, in PC+tMCAO the transcriptional activators Sp1 and HIF-1 colocalized with histone acetyltransferase p300 on ncx1-Br with a consequent hyperacetylation. In addition, in neurons silenced with siRNA of NCX1 and subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) (3 h) plus reoxygenation (RX) (24 h), the neuroprotection of Class I HDAC inhibitor MS-275 was counteracted, whereas in neurons overexpressing NCX1 and subjected to ischemic preconditioning (PC+OGD/RX), the neurotoxic effect of p300 inhibitor C646 was prevented. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NCX1 expression is regulated by the Sp3/REST/HDAC1/HDAC2 complex in tMCAO and by the Sp1/HIF-1/p300 complex in PC+tMCAO and that epigenetic intervention, by modulating the acetylation of ncx1-Br, may be a strategy for the development of innovative therapeutic intervention in stroke.
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Formisano L, Guida N, Laudati G, Mascolo L, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LMT. MS-275 inhibits aroclor 1254-induced SH-SY5Y neuronal cell toxicity by preventing the formation of the HDAC3/REST complex on the synapsin-1 promoter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:236-43. [PMID: 25467131 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and dementia. Neuronal death elicited by the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (A1254) has been attributed to an increase in RE-1-silencing transcription factor (REST), which, in turn, correlates with a decrease in the synapsin-1 promoter gene. Although histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are known to be neuroprotective in several neurologic disorders, the core mechanisms governing this effect are not yet understood. Here, to examine how HDAC class I [N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-[N-(pyridin-3-yl-methoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl]-benzamide (MS-275)] and HDAC class II [3-[5-(3-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-oxopropen-1-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide (MC-1568)] inhibitors prevent A1254-induced neuronal cell death, we exposed SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to A1254. Exposure to A1254 (30.6 μM) for 24 and 48 hours resulted in a time-dependent cell death. Indeed, after 48 hours, MS-275, but not MC-1568, reverted A1254-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, A1254 significantly increased HDAC3, but not HDAC1 or HDAC2. Interestingly, REST physically interacted with HDAC3 after A1254 exposure. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that MS-275 reverted the increased levels of HDAC3 binding and decreased acetylation of histone H3 within the synapsin-1 promoter region, thus reverting synapsin-1 mRNA reduction. Moreover, REST knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented HDAC3 from binding to the synapsin-1 promoter. Likewise, HDAC3 siRNA significantly reduced A1254-induced cell toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and cortical neurons. Hence, this study demonstrates that inhibition of HDAC class I attenuates A1254-induced neuronal cell death by preventing HDAC3 binding and histone deacetylation within the synapsin-1 promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F., L.M.T.C.); and Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy (L.F., N.G., G.L., L.M., G.D.R., L.M.T.C.)
| | - Natascia Guida
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F., L.M.T.C.); and Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy (L.F., N.G., G.L., L.M., G.D.R., L.M.T.C.)
| | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F., L.M.T.C.); and Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy (L.F., N.G., G.L., L.M., G.D.R., L.M.T.C.)
| | - Luigi Mascolo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F., L.M.T.C.); and Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy (L.F., N.G., G.L., L.M., G.D.R., L.M.T.C.)
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F., L.M.T.C.); and Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy (L.F., N.G., G.L., L.M., G.D.R., L.M.T.C.)
| | - Lorella M T Canzoniero
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy (L.F., L.M.T.C.); and Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy (L.F., N.G., G.L., L.M., G.D.R., L.M.T.C.)
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Ostrovidov S, Hosseini V, Ahadian S, Fujie T, Parthiban SP, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Kaji H, Khademhosseini A. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering: methods to form skeletal myotubes and their applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2014; 20:403-36. [PMID: 24320971 PMCID: PMC4193686 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) aims to repair or regenerate defective skeletal muscle tissue lost by traumatic injury, tumor ablation, or muscular disease. However, two decades after the introduction of SMTE, the engineering of functional skeletal muscle in the laboratory still remains a great challenge, and numerous techniques for growing functional muscle tissues are constantly being developed. This article reviews the recent findings regarding the methodology and various technical aspects of SMTE, including cell alignment and differentiation. We describe the structure and organization of muscle and discuss the methods for myoblast alignment cultured in vitro. To better understand muscle formation and to enhance the engineering of skeletal muscle, we also address the molecular basics of myogenesis and discuss different methods to induce myoblast differentiation into myotubes. We then provide an overview of different coculture systems involving skeletal muscle cells, and highlight major applications of engineered skeletal muscle tissues. Finally, potential challenges and future research directions for SMTE are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samad Ahadian
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Murugan Ramalingam
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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The endocannabinoid 2-AG controls skeletal muscle cell differentiation via CB1 receptor-dependent inhibition of Kv7 channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2472-81. [PMID: 24927567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406728111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known of the involvement of endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors in skeletal muscle cell differentiation. We report that, due to changes in the expression of genes involved in its metabolism, the levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are decreased both during myotube formation in vitro from murine C2C12 myoblasts and during mouse muscle growth in vivo. The endocannabinoid, as well as the CB1 agonist arachidonoyl-2-chloroethylamide, prevent myotube formation in a manner antagonized by CB1 knockdown and by CB1 antagonists, which, per se, instead stimulate differentiation. Importantly, 2-AG also inhibits differentiation of primary human satellite cells. Muscle fascicles from CB1 knockout embryos contain more muscle fibers, and postnatal mice show muscle fibers of an increased diameter relative to wild-type littermates. Inhibition of Kv7.4 channel activity, which plays a permissive role in myogenesis and depends on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), underlies the effects of 2-AG. We find that CB1 stimulation reduces both total and Kv7.4-bound PIP2 levels in C2C12 cells and inhibits Kv7.4 currents in transfected CHO cells. We suggest that 2-AG is an endogenous repressor of myoblast differentiation via CB1-mediated inhibition of Kv7.4 channels.
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36
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Lee BH, Ryu PD, Lee SY. Serum starvation-induced voltage-gated potassium channel Kv7.5 expression and its regulation by Sp1 in canine osteosarcoma cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:977-93. [PMID: 24434641 PMCID: PMC3907850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The KCNQ gene family, whose members encode Kv7 channels, belongs to the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel group. The roles of this gene family have been widely investigated in nerve and muscle cells. In the present study, we investigated several characteristics of Kv7.5, which is strongly expressed in the canine osteosarcoma cell line, CCL-183. Serum starvation upregulated Kv7.5 expression, and the Kv7 channel opener, flupirtine, attenuated cell proliferation by arresting cells in the G0/G1 phase. We also showed that Kv7.5 knockdown helps CCL-183 cells to proliferate. In an effort to find an endogenous regulator of Kv7.5, we used mithramycin A to reduce the level of the transcription factor Sp1, and it strongly inhibited the induction of Kv7.5 in CCL-183 cells. These results suggest that the activation of Kv7.5 by flupirtine may exert an anti-proliferative effect in canine osteosarcoma. Therefore, Kv7.5 is a possible molecular target for canine osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hyung Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Pan Dong Ryu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - So Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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Du X, Gamper N. Potassium channels in peripheral pain pathways: expression, function and therapeutic potential. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:621-40. [PMID: 24396338 PMCID: PMC3849788 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical excitation of peripheral somatosensory nerves is a first step in generation of most pain signals in mammalian nervous system. Such excitation is controlled by an intricate set of ion channels that are coordinated to produce a degree of excitation that is proportional to the strength of the external stimulation. However, in many disease states this coordination is disrupted resulting in deregulated peripheral excitability which, in turn, may underpin pathological pain states (i.e. migraine, neuralgia, neuropathic and inflammatory pains). One of the major groups of ion channels that are essential for controlling neuronal excitability is potassium channel family and, hereby, the focus of this review is on the K+ channels in peripheral pain pathways. The aim of the review is threefold. First, we will discuss current evidence for the expression and functional role of various K+ channels in peripheral nociceptive fibres. Second, we will consider a hypothesis suggesting that reduced functional activity of K+ channels within peripheral nociceptive pathways is a general feature of many types of pain. Third, we will evaluate the perspectives of pharmacological enhancement of K+ channels in nociceptive pathways as a strategy for new analgesic drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Landoulsi Z, Miceli F, Palmese A, Amoresano A, Marino G, El Ayeb M, Taglialatela M, Benkhalifa R. Subtype-selective activation of K(v)7 channels by AaTXKβ₂₋₆₄, a novel toxin variant from the Androctonus australis scorpion venom. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:763-73. [PMID: 24019223 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
K(v)7.4 channel subunits are expressed in central auditory pathways and in inner ear sensory hair cells and skeletal and smooth muscle cells. Openers of K(v)7.4 channels have been suggested to improve hearing loss, systemic or pulmonary arterial hypertension, urinary incontinence, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric diseases, and skeletal muscle disorders. Scorpion venoms are a large source of peptides active on K⁺ channels. Therefore, we have optimized a combined purification/screening procedure to identify specific modulator(s) of K(v)7.4 channels from the venom of the North African scorpion Androctonus australis (Aa). We report the isolation and functional characterization of AaTXKβ₂₋₆₄, a novel variant of AaTXKβ₁₋₆₄, in a high-performance liquid chromatography fraction from Aa venom (named P8), which acts as the first peptide activator of K(v)7.4 channels. In particular, in both Xenopus oocytes and mammalian Chinese hamster ovary cells, AaTXKβ₂₋₆₄, but not AaTXKβ₁₋₆₄, hyperpolarized the threshold voltage of current activation and increased the maximal currents of heterologously expressed K(v)7.4 channels. AaTXKβ₂₋₆₄ also activated K(v)7.3, K(v)7.2/3, and K(v)7.5/3 channels, whereas homomeric K(v)1.1, K(v)7.1, and K(v)7.2 channels were unaffected. We anticipate that these results may prove useful in unraveling the novel biologic roles of AaTXKβ₂₋₆₄-sensitive K(v)7 channels and developing novel pharmacologic tools that allow subtype-selective targeting of K(v)7 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Landoulsi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis-El Manar, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia (Z.L., M.E.A., R.B.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (F.M., M.T.); Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (A.P., A.A., G.M.); Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy (M.T.); and Unidad de Biofísica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain (M.T.)
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