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Batista F, Moreira RS, Filho VB, Moura H, Wagner G, Miletti LC. Shotgun proteomics of detergent-solubilized proteins from Trypanosoma evansi. J Proteomics 2024; 304:105231. [PMID: 38906247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of surra, is the most prevalent pathogenic salivarian trypanosome and affects the majority of domesticated and wild animals in endemic regions. This work aimed to analyze detergent-solubilized T. evansi proteins and identify potential diagnostic biomarkers for surra. Triton X-114-extracted membrane-enriched proteins (MEP) of T. evansi bloodstream forms were analyzed using a gel-free technique (LC-ESI-MS/MS). 247 proteins were identified following the MS analysis of three biological and technical replicates. Two of these proteins were predicted to have a GPI-anchor, 100 (40%) were predicted to have transmembrane domains, and 166 (67%) were predicted to be membrane-bound based on at least one of six features: location (WolfPSORT, DeepLoc-2.0, Protcomp-9.0), transmembrane, GPI, and gene ontology. It was predicted that 76 (30%) of proteins had membrane evidence. Typical membrane proteins for each organelle were identified, among them ISG families (64, 65, and 75 kDa), flagellar calcium-binding protein, 24 kDa calflagin, syntaxins and oligosaccharyltransferase some of which had previously been studied in other trypanosomatids. T. evansi lacks singletons and exclusive orthologous groups, whereas three distinct epitopes have been identified. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD040594. SIGNIFICANCE: Trypanosoma evansi is a highly prevalent parasite that induces a pathological condition known as "surra" in various species of ungulates across five continents. The infection gives rise to symptoms that are not pathognomonic, thereby posing challenges in its diagnosis and leading to substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. A significant challenge arises from the absence of a diagnostic test capable of distinguishing between Trypanosoma equiperdum and T. evansi, both of which are implicated in equine diseases. Therefore, there is a pressing need to conduct research on the biochemistry of the parasite in order to identify proteins that could potentially serve as targets for differential diagnosis or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Batista
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Renato Simões Moreira
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Campus Gaspar, R. Adriano Kormann, 510 - Bela Vista, Gaspar, SC 89111-009, Brazil
| | - Vilmar Benetti Filho
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima. Setor F, Bloco A, Sala 318. Caixa postal 476, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Hércules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Glauber Wagner
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima. Setor F, Bloco A, Sala 318. Caixa postal 476, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil.
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2
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Mukhopadhyay AG, Toropova K, Daly L, Wells JN, Vuolo L, Mladenov M, Seda M, Jenkins D, Stephens DJ, Roberts AJ. Structure and tethering mechanism of dynein-2 intermediate chains in intraflagellar transport. EMBO J 2024; 43:1257-1272. [PMID: 38454149 PMCID: PMC10987677 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynein-2 is a large multiprotein complex that powers retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) of cargoes within cilia/flagella, but the molecular mechanism underlying this function is still emerging. Distinctively, dynein-2 contains two identical force-generating heavy chains that interact with two different intermediate chains (WDR34 and WDR60). Here, we dissect regulation of dynein-2 function by WDR34 and WDR60 using an integrative approach including cryo-electron microscopy and CRISPR/Cas9-enabled cell biology. A 3.9 Å resolution structure shows how WDR34 and WDR60 use surprisingly different interactions to engage equivalent sites of the two heavy chains. We show that cilia can assemble in the absence of either WDR34 or WDR60 individually, but not both subunits. Dynein-2-dependent distribution of cargoes depends more strongly on WDR60, because the unique N-terminal extension of WDR60 facilitates dynein-2 targeting to cilia. Strikingly, this N-terminal extension can be transplanted onto WDR34 and retain function, suggesting it acts as a flexible tether to the IFT "trains" that assemble at the ciliary base. We discuss how use of unstructured tethers represents an emerging theme in IFT train interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash G Mukhopadhyay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Katerina Toropova
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lydia Daly
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Randall Centre of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer N Wells
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
| | - Laura Vuolo
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Miroslav Mladenov
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Marian Seda
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dagan Jenkins
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anthony J Roberts
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
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3
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De-Castro ARG, Rodrigues DRM, De-Castro MJG, Vieira N, Vieira C, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R, Abreu CMC, Dantas TJ. WDR60-mediated dynein-2 loading into cilia powers retrograde IFT and transition zone crossing. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212746. [PMID: 34739033 PMCID: PMC8576871 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynein-2 motor complex drives retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), playing a pivotal role in the assembly and functions of cilia. However, the mechanisms that regulate dynein-2 motility remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the Caenorhabditis elegans WDR60 homologue, WDR-60, and dissect the roles of this intermediate chain using genome editing and live imaging of endogenous dynein-2/IFT components. We find that loss of WDR-60 impairs dynein-2 recruitment to cilia and its incorporation onto anterograde IFT trains, reducing retrograde motor availability at the ciliary tip. Consistent with this, we show that fewer dynein-2 motors power WDR-60–deficient retrograde IFT trains, which move at reduced velocities and fail to exit cilia, accumulating on the distal side of the transition zone. Remarkably, disrupting the transition zone’s NPHP module almost fully restores ciliary exit of underpowered retrograde trains in wdr-60 mutants. This work establishes WDR-60 as a major contributor to IFT, and the NPHP module as a roadblock to dynein-2 passage through the transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R G De-Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo R M Rodrigues
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J G De-Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Neide Vieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cármen Vieira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla M C Abreu
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago J Dantas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Antony D, Brunner HG, Schmidts M. Ciliary Dyneins and Dynein Related Ciliopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081885. [PMID: 34440654 PMCID: PMC8391580 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ubiquitously present, the relevance of cilia for vertebrate development and health has long been underrated. However, the aberration or dysfunction of ciliary structures or components results in a large heterogeneous group of disorders in mammals, termed ciliopathies. The majority of human ciliopathy cases are caused by malfunction of the ciliary dynein motor activity, powering retrograde intraflagellar transport (enabled by the cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex) or axonemal movement (axonemal dynein complexes). Despite a partially shared evolutionary developmental path and shared ciliary localization, the cytoplasmic dynein-2 and axonemal dynein functions are markedly different: while cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex dysfunction results in an ultra-rare syndromal skeleto-renal phenotype with a high lethality, axonemal dynein dysfunction is associated with a motile cilia dysfunction disorder, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or Kartagener syndrome, causing recurrent airway infection, degenerative lung disease, laterality defects, and infertility. In this review, we provide an overview of ciliary dynein complex compositions, their functions, clinical disease hallmarks of ciliary dynein disorders, presumed underlying pathomechanisms, and novel developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinu Antony
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-44391; Fax: +49-761-44710
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APEX2 Proximity Proteomics Resolves Flagellum Subdomains and Identifies Flagellum Tip-Specific Proteins in Trypanosoma brucei. mSphere 2021; 6:6/1/e01090-20. [PMID: 33568455 PMCID: PMC8141408 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01090-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The disease disrupts the sleep-wake cycle, leading to coma and death if left untreated. T. brucei motility, transmission, and virulence depend on its flagellum (cilium), which consists of several different specialized subdomains. Trypanosoma brucei is the protozoan parasite responsible for sleeping sickness, a lethal vector-borne disease. T. brucei has a single flagellum (cilium) that plays critical roles in transmission and pathogenesis. An emerging concept is that the flagellum is organized into subdomains, each having specialized composition and function. The overall flagellum proteome has been well studied, but a critical knowledge gap is the protein composition of individual subdomains. We have tested whether APEX-based proximity proteomics could be used to examine the protein composition of T. brucei flagellum subdomains. As APEX-based labeling has not previously been described in T. brucei, we first fused APEX2 to the DRC1 subunit of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex, a well-characterized axonemal complex. We found that DRC1-APEX2 directs flagellum-specific biotinylation, and purification of biotinylated proteins yields a DRC1 “proximity proteome” having good overlap with published proteomes obtained from purified axonemes. Having validated the use of APEX2 in T. brucei, we next attempted to distinguish flagellar subdomains by fusing APEX2 to a flagellar membrane protein that is restricted to the flagellum tip, AC1, and another one that is excluded from the tip, FS179. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated subdomain-specific biotinylation, and principal-component analysis showed distinct profiles between AC1-APEX2 and FS179-APEX2. Comparing these two profiles allowed us to identify an AC1 proximity proteome that is enriched for tip proteins, including proteins involved in signaling. Our results demonstrate that APEX2-based proximity proteomics is effective in T. brucei and can be used to resolve the proteome composition of flagellum subdomains that cannot themselves be readily purified. IMPORTANCE Sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The disease disrupts the sleep-wake cycle, leading to coma and death if left untreated. T. brucei motility, transmission, and virulence depend on its flagellum (cilium), which consists of several different specialized subdomains. Given the essential and multifunctional role of the T. brucei flagellum, there is need for approaches that enable proteomic analysis of individual subdomains. Our work establishes that APEX2 proximity labeling can, indeed, be implemented in the biochemical environment of T. brucei and has allowed identification of proximity proteomes for different flagellar subdomains that cannot be purified. This capacity opens the possibility to study the composition and function of other compartments. We expect this approach may be extended to other eukaryotic pathogens and will enhance the utility of T. brucei as a model organism to study ciliopathies, heritable human diseases in which cilium function is impaired.
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6
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Zhu X, Wang J, Li S, Lechtreck K, Pan J. IFT54 directly interacts with kinesin-II and IFT dynein to regulate anterograde intraflagellar transport. EMBO J 2020; 40:e105781. [PMID: 33368450 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery consists of the anterograde motor kinesin-II, the retrograde motor IFT dynein, and the IFT-A and -B complexes. However, the interaction among IFT motors and IFT complexes during IFT remains elusive. Here, we show that the IFT-B protein IFT54 interacts with both kinesin-II and IFT dynein and regulates anterograde IFT. Deletion of residues 342-356 of Chlamydomonas IFT54 resulted in diminished anterograde traffic of IFT and accumulation of IFT motors and complexes in the proximal region of cilia. IFT54 directly interacted with kinesin-II and this interaction was strengthened for the IFT54Δ342-356 mutant in vitro and in vivo. The deletion of residues 261-275 of IFT54 reduced ciliary entry and anterograde traffic of IFT dynein with accumulation of IFT complexes near the ciliary tip. IFT54 directly interacted with IFT dynein subunit D1bLIC, and deletion of residues 261-275 reduced this interaction. The interactions between IFT54 and the IFT motors were also observed in mammalian cells. Our data indicate a central role for IFT54 in binding the IFT motors during anterograde IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jieling Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shufen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Karl Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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7
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Webb S, Mukhopadhyay AG, Roberts AJ. Intraflagellar transport trains and motors: Insights from structure. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:82-90. [PMID: 32684327 PMCID: PMC7561706 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) sculpts the proteome of cilia and flagella; the antenna-like organelles found on the surface of virtually all human cell types. By delivering proteins to the growing ciliary tip, recycling turnover products, and selectively transporting signalling molecules, IFT has critical roles in cilia biogenesis, quality control, and signal transduction. IFT involves long polymeric arrays, termed IFT trains, which move to and from the ciliary tip under the power of the microtubule-based motor proteins kinesin-II and dynein-2. Recent top-down and bottom-up structural biology approaches are converging on the molecular architecture of the IFT train machinery. Here we review these studies, with a focus on how kinesin-II and dynein-2 assemble, attach to IFT trains, and undergo precise regulation to mediate bidirectional transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Webb
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aakash G Mukhopadhyay
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, United Kingdom.
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Bertiaux E, Mallet A, Rotureau B, Bastin P. Intraflagellar transport during assembly of flagella of different length in Trypanosoma brucei isolated from tsetse flies. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs248989. [PMID: 32843573 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms assemble cilia and flagella of precise lengths differing from one cell to another, yet little is known about the mechanisms governing these differences. Similarly, protists assemble flagella of different lengths according to the stage of their life cycle. Trypanosoma brucei assembles flagella of 3 to 30 µm during its development in the tsetse fly. This provides an opportunity to examine how cells naturally modulate organelle length. Flagella are constructed by addition of new blocks at their distal end via intraflagellar transport (IFT). Immunofluorescence assays, 3D electron microscopy and live-cell imaging revealed that IFT was present in all T. brucei life cycle stages. IFT proteins are concentrated at the base, and IFT trains are located along doublets 3-4 and 7-8 and travel bidirectionally in the flagellum. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the total amount of flagellar IFT proteins correlates with the length of the flagellum. Surprisingly, the shortest flagellum exhibited a supplementary large amount of dynamic IFT material at its distal end. The contribution of IFT and other factors to the regulation of flagellum length is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université école doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7, quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université école doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7, quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Ultrastructural Bio Imaging Unit, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Trépout S. In situ structural analysis of the flagellum attachment zone in Trypanosoma brucei using cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2020; 4:100033. [PMID: 32775999 PMCID: PMC7394968 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flagellar and cellular membranes are in close contact next to the FAZ filament. Sticks are heterogeneously distributed along the FAZ filament length. Thin appendages are present between the sticks and the neighbouring microtubules. The FAZ could elongate thanks to the action of dynein on subpellicular microtubules.
The flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei is a 20 µm-long organelle responsible for locomotion and cell morphogenesis. The flagellum attachment zone (FAZ) is a multi-protein complex whose function is to attach the flagellum to the cell body but also to guide cytokinesis. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy is a tool of choice to access the structure of the FAZ in a close-to-native state. However, because of the large dimension of the cell body, the whole FAZ cannot be structurally studied in situ at the nanometre scale in 3D using classical transmission electron microscopy approaches. In the present work, cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography, a new method capable of investigating cryo-fixed thick biological samples, has been used to study whole T. brucei cells at the bloodstream stage. The method has been used to visualise and characterise the structure and organisation of the FAZ filament. It is composed of an array of cytoplasmic stick-like structures. These sticks are heterogeneously distributed between the posterior part and the anterior tip of the cell. This cryo-STET investigation provides new insights into the structure of the FAZ filament. In combination with protein structure predictions, this work proposes a new model for the elongation of the FAZ.
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A rapid approach for in locus overexpression of Trypanosoma brucei proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 239:111300. [PMID: 32682799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Altering amounts of a protein in a cell has become a crucial tool for understanding its function. In many organisms, including the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, protein overexpression has been achieved by inserting a protein-coding sequence into an overexpression vector. Here, we have adapted the PCR only based system for tagging trypanosome proteins at their endogenous loci such that it in addition enables a tetracycline-inducible T7 RNA polymerase-mediated protein overexpression. Hence, this approach bypasses the need for molecular cloning, making it rapid and cost effective. We validated the approach for ten flagellum-associated proteins with molecular weights ranging from 40 to over 500 kDa. For a majority of the recombinant proteins a significant (3-50 fold) increase in the cellular amount was achieved upon induction of overexpression. Two of the largest proteins studied, the dynein heavy chains, were significantly overexpressed, while two were not. Our data suggest that this may reflect the extent of the T7 RNA polymerase processivity on the trypanosome genomic DNA. We further show that the overexpression is informative as to cellular functions of the studied proteins, and that these cultures can serve as an excellent source for purification of the overexpressed proteins. We believe that this rapid in locus overexpression system will become a valuable tool to interrogate cellular functions and biochemical activities of trypanosome proteins.
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Douglas RL, Haltiwanger BM, Albisetti A, Wu H, Jeng RL, Mancuso J, Cande WZ, Welch MD. Trypanosomes have divergent kinesin-2 proteins that function differentially in flagellum biosynthesis and cell viability. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs129213. [PMID: 32503938 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, has a flagellum that is crucial for motility, pathogenicity, and viability. In most eukaryotes, the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery drives flagellum biogenesis, and anterograde IFT requires kinesin-2 motor proteins. In this study, we investigated the function of the two T. brucei kinesin-2 proteins, TbKin2a and TbKin2b, in bloodstream form trypanosomes. We found that, compared to kinesin-2 proteins across other phyla, TbKin2a and TbKin2b show greater variation in neck, stalk and tail domain sequences. Both kinesins contributed additively to flagellar lengthening. Silencing TbKin2a inhibited cell proliferation, cytokinesis and motility, whereas silencing TbKin2b did not. TbKin2a was localized on the flagellum and colocalized with IFT components near the basal body, consistent with it performing a role in IFT. TbKin2a was also detected on the flagellar attachment zone, a specialized structure that connects the flagellum to the cell body. Our results indicate that kinesin-2 proteins in trypanosomes play conserved roles in flagellar biosynthesis and exhibit a specialized localization, emphasizing the evolutionary flexibility of motor protein function in an organism with a large complement of kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Douglas
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett M Haltiwanger
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna Albisetti
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haiming Wu
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert L Jeng
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel Mancuso
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - W Zacheus Cande
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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12
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Nakayama K, Katoh Y. Architecture of the IFT ciliary trafficking machinery and interplay between its components. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:179-196. [PMID: 32456460 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1768206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella serve as cellular antennae and propellers in various eukaryotic cells, and contain specific receptors and ion channels as well as components of axonemal microtubules and molecular motors to achieve their sensory and motile functions. Not only the bidirectional trafficking of specific proteins within cilia but also their selective entry and exit across the ciliary gate is mediated by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery with the aid of motor proteins. The IFT-B complex, which is powered by the kinesin-2 motor, mediates anterograde protein trafficking from the base to the tip of cilia, whereas the IFT-A complex together with the dynein-2 complex mediates retrograde protein trafficking. The BBSome complex connects ciliary membrane proteins to the IFT machinery. Defects in any component of this trafficking machinery lead to abnormal ciliogenesis and ciliary functions, and results in a broad spectrum of disorders, collectively called the ciliopathies. In this review article, we provide an overview of the architectures of the components of the IFT machinery and their functional interplay in ciliary protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Vuolo L, Stevenson NL, Mukhopadhyay AG, Roberts AJ, Stephens DJ. Cytoplasmic dynein-2 at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/6/jcs240614. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cytoplasmic dynein-2 is a motor protein complex that drives the movement of cargoes along microtubules within cilia, facilitating the assembly of these organelles on the surface of nearly all mammalian cells. Dynein-2 is crucial for ciliary function, as evidenced by deleterious mutations in patients with skeletal abnormalities. Long-standing questions include how the dynein-2 complex is assembled, regulated, and switched between active and inactive states. A combination of model organisms, in vitro cell biology, live-cell imaging, structural biology and biochemistry has advanced our understanding of the dynein-2 motor. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we discuss the current understanding of dynein-2 and its roles in ciliary assembly and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vuolo
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Nicola L. Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Aakash G. Mukhopadhyay
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Anthony J. Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - David J. Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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14
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Tinti M, Güther MLS, Crozier TWM, Lamond AI, Ferguson MAJ. Proteome turnover in the bloodstream and procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei measured by quantitative proteomics. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:152. [PMID: 31681858 PMCID: PMC6816455 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15421.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cellular proteins vary significantly in both abundance and turnover rates. These parameters depend upon their rates of synthesis and degradation and it is useful to have access to data on protein turnover rates when, for example, designing genetic knock-down experiments or assessing the potential usefulness of covalent enzyme inhibitors. Little is known about the nature and regulation of protein turnover in Trypanosoma brucei, the etiological agent of human and animal African trypanosomiasis. Methods: To establish baseline data on T. brucei proteome turnover, a Stable Isotope Labelling with Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)-based mass spectrometry analysis was performed to reveal the synthesis and degradation profiles for thousands of proteins in the bloodstream and procyclic forms of this parasite. Results: This analysis revealed a slower average turnover rate of the procyclic form proteome relative to the bloodstream proteome. As expected, many of the proteins with the fastest turnover rates have functions in the cell cycle and in the regulation of cytokinesis in both bloodstream and procyclic forms. Moreover, the cellular localization of T. brucei proteins correlates with their turnover, with mitochondrial and glycosomal proteins exhibiting slower than average turnover rates. Conclusions: The intention of this study is to provide the trypanosome research community with a resource for protein turnover data for any protein or group of proteins. To this end, bioinformatic analyses of these data are made available via an open-access web resource with data visualization functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tinti
- The Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maria Lucia S Güther
- The Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas W M Crozier
- The Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angus I Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- The Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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15
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Structure of the dynein-2 complex and its assembly with intraflagellar transport trains. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:823-829. [PMID: 31451806 PMCID: PMC6774794 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dynein-2 assembles with polymeric intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains to form a transport machinery that is crucial for cilia biogenesis and signaling. Here we recombinantly expressed the ~1.4-MDa human dynein-2 complex and solved its cryo-EM structure to near-atomic resolution. The two identical copies of the dynein-2 heavy chain are contorted into different conformations by a WDR60-WDR34 heterodimer and a block of two RB and six LC8 light chains. One heavy chain is steered into a zig-zag conformation, which matches the periodicity of the anterograde IFT-B train. Contacts between adjacent dyneins along the train indicate a cooperative mode of assembly. Removal of the WDR60-WDR34-light chain subcomplex renders dynein-2 monomeric and relieves autoinhibition of its motility. Our results converge on a model in which an unusual stoichiometry of non-motor subunits controls dynein-2 assembly, asymmetry, and activity, giving mechanistic insight into the interaction of dynein-2 with IFT trains and the origin of diverse functions in the dynein family.
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16
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Tsurumi Y, Hamada Y, Katoh Y, Nakayama K. Interactions of the dynein-2 intermediate chain WDR34 with the light chains are required for ciliary retrograde protein trafficking. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:658-670. [PMID: 30649997 PMCID: PMC6589695 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynein-2 complex drives retrograde ciliary protein trafficking by associating with the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery, containing IFT-A and IFT-B complexes. We recently showed that the dynein-2 complex, which comprises 11 subunits, can be divided into three subcomplexes: DYNC2H1-DYNC2LI1, WDR34-DYNLL1/DYNLL2-DYNLRB1/DYNLRB2, and WDR60-TCTEX1D2-DYNLT1/DYNLT3. In this study, we demonstrated that the WDR34 intermediate chain interacts with the two light chains, DYNLL1/DYNLL2 and DYNLRB1/DYNLRB2, via its distinct sites. Phenotypic analyses of WDR34-knockout cells exogenously expressing various WDR34 constructs showed that the interactions of the WDR34 intermediate chain with the light chains are crucial for ciliary retrograde protein trafficking. Furthermore, we found that expression of the WDR34 N-terminal construct encompassing the light chain-binding sites but lacking the WD40 repeat domain inhibits ciliary biogenesis and retrograde trafficking in a dominant-negative manner, probably by sequestering WDR60 or the light chains. Taken together with phenotypic differences of several WDR34-knockout cell lines, these results indicate that incorporation of DYNLL1/DYNLL2 and DYNLRB1/DYNLRB2 into the dynein-2 complex via interactions with the WDR34 intermediate chain is crucial for dynein-2 function in retrograde ciliary protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsurumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Hamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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17
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Huet D, Blisnick T, Perrot S, Bastin P. IFT25 is required for the construction of the trypanosome flagellum. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228296. [PMID: 30709917 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT), the movement of protein complexes responsible for the assembly of cilia and flagella, is remarkably conserved from protists to humans. However, two IFT components (IFT25 and IFT27) are missing from multiple unrelated eukaryotic species. In mouse, IFT25 (also known as HSPB11) and IFT27 are not required for assembly of several cilia with the noticeable exception of the flagellum of spermatozoa. Here, we show that the Trypanosoma brucei IFT25 protein is a proper component of the IFT-B complex and displays typical IFT trafficking. By performing bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we reveal that IFT25 and IFT27 interact within the flagellum in live cells during the IFT process. IFT25-depleted cells construct tiny disorganised flagella that accumulate IFT-B proteins (with the exception of IFT27, the binding partner of IFT25) but not IFT-A proteins. This phenotype is comparable to the one following depletion of IFT27 and shows that IFT25 and IFT27 constitute a specific module that is necessary for proper IFT and flagellum construction in trypanosomes. Possible reasons why IFT25 and IFT27 would be required for only some types of cilia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Huet
- Sorbonne université, École doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Thierry Blisnick
- Sorbonne université, École doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Sylvie Perrot
- Sorbonne université, École doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Sorbonne université, École doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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18
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Bertiaux E, Mallet A, Fort C, Blisnick T, Bonnefoy S, Jung J, Lemos M, Marco S, Vaughan S, Trépout S, Tinevez JY, Bastin P. Bidirectional intraflagellar transport is restricted to two sets of microtubule doublets in the trypanosome flagellum. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4284-4297. [PMID: 30275108 PMCID: PMC6279389 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the movement of large protein complexes responsible for the construction of cilia and flagella. Using a combination of three-dimensional electron microscopy and high-resolution live imaging, Bertiaux et al. show that IFT takes place on only four microtubule doublets out of the nine available in the trypanosome flagellum. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the rapid bidirectional movement of large protein complexes driven by kinesin and dynein motors along microtubule doublets of cilia and flagella. In this study, we used a combination of high-resolution electron and light microscopy to investigate how and where these IFT trains move within the flagellum of the protist Trypanosoma brucei. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) analysis of trypanosomes showed that trains are found almost exclusively along two sets of doublets (3–4 and 7–8) and distribute in two categories according to their length. High-resolution live imaging of cells expressing mNeonGreen::IFT81 or GFP::IFT52 revealed for the first time IFT trafficking on two parallel lines within the flagellum. Anterograde and retrograde IFT occurs on each of these lines. At the distal end, a large individual anterograde IFT train is converted in several smaller retrograde trains in the space of 3–4 s while remaining on the same side of the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.,UtechS Ultrastructural Bioimaging (Ultrapole), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Fort
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Blisnick
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bonnefoy
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jamin Jung
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Moara Lemos
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Marco
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, INSERM U1196, Orsay, France
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sylvain Trépout
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, INSERM U1196, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- UtechS Photonic Bioimaging (Imagopole), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Image Analysis Hub, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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19
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Roberts AJ. Emerging mechanisms of dynein transport in the cytoplasm versus the cilium. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:967-982. [PMID: 30065109 PMCID: PMC6103457 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of dynein power long-distance cargo transport in different cellular contexts. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is responsible for the majority of transport toward microtubule minus ends in the cell interior. Dynein-2, also known as intraflagellar transport dynein, moves cargoes along the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Both dyneins operate as large ATP-driven motor complexes, whose dysfunction is associated with a group of human disorders. But how similar are their mechanisms of action and regulation? To examine this question, this review focuses on recent advances in dynein-1 and -2 research, and probes to what extent the emerging principles of dynein-1 transport could apply to or differ from those of the less well-understood dynein-2 mechanoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, U.K.
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20
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Forbes TA, Howden SE, Lawlor K, Phipson B, Maksimovic J, Hale L, Wilson S, Quinlan C, Ho G, Holman K, Bennetts B, Crawford J, Trnka P, Oshlack A, Patel C, Mallett A, Simons C, Little MH. Patient-iPSC-Derived Kidney Organoids Show Functional Validation of a Ciliopathic Renal Phenotype and Reveal Underlying Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:816-831. [PMID: 29706353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing diagnostic rate of genomic sequencing, the genetic basis of more than 50% of heritable kidney disease remains unresolved. Kidney organoids differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of individuals affected by inherited renal disease represent a potential, but unvalidated, platform for the functional validation of novel gene variants and investigation of underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. In this study, trio whole-exome sequencing of a prospectively identified nephronophthisis (NPHP) proband and her parents identified compound-heterozygous variants in IFT140, a gene previously associated with NPHP-related ciliopathies. IFT140 plays a key role in retrograde intraflagellar transport, but the precise downstream cellular mechanisms responsible for disease presentation remain unknown. A one-step reprogramming and gene-editing protocol was used to derive both uncorrected proband iPSCs and isogenic gene-corrected iPSCs, which were differentiated to kidney organoids. Proband organoid tubules demonstrated shortened, club-shaped primary cilia, whereas gene correction rescued this phenotype. Differential expression analysis of epithelial cells isolated from organoids suggested downregulation of genes associated with apicobasal polarity, cell-cell junctions, and dynein motor assembly in proband epithelial cells. Matrigel cyst cultures confirmed a polarization defect in proband versus gene-corrected renal epithelium. As such, this study represents a "proof of concept" for using proband-derived iPSCs to model renal disease and illustrates dysfunctional cellular pathways beyond the primary cilium in the setting of IFT140 mutations, which are established for other NPHP genotypes.
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21
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Zhang Y, Liu H, Li W, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Teves ME, Stevens C, Foster JA, Campbell GE, Windle JJ, Hess RA, Pazour GJ, Zhang Z. Intraflagellar transporter protein 140 (IFT140), a component of IFT-A complex, is essential for male fertility and spermiogenesis in mice. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:70-84. [PMID: 29236364 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a conserved mechanism essential for the assembly and maintenance of most eukaryotic cilia and flagella. However, little is known about its role in sperm flagella formation and male fertility. IFT140 is a component of IFT-A complex. In mouse, it is highly expressed in the testis. Ift140 gene was inactivated specifically in mouse spermatocytes/spermatids. The mutant mice did not show any gross abnormalities, but all were infertile and associated with significantly reduced sperm number and motility. Multiple sperm morphological abnormalities were discovered, including amorphous heads, short/bent flagella and swollen tail tips, as well as vesicles along the flagella due to spermiogenesis defects. The epididymides contained round bodies of cytoplasm derived from the sloughing of the cytoplasmic lobes and residual bodies. Knockout of Ift140 did not significantly affect testicular expression levels of selective IFT components but localization of IFT27 and IFT88, two components of IFT-B complex, was changed. Our findings demonstrate that IFT140 is a key regulator for male fertility and normal spermiogenesis in mice. It not only plays a role in sperm flagella assembling, but is also involved in critical assembly of proteins that interface between the germ cell plasma and the Sertoli cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298.,School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430060, Hubei
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Zhengang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298.,School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430060, Hubei
| | - Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Courtney Stevens
- Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia 23005
| | - James A Foster
- Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia 23005
| | - Gregory E Campbell
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln, Urbana, Illinois 61802-6199
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298.,School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430060, Hubei
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22
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Trépout S, Tassin AM, Marco S, Bastin P. STEM tomography analysis of the trypanosome transition zone. J Struct Biol 2017; 202:51-60. [PMID: 29248600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protist Trypanosoma brucei is an emerging model for the study of cilia and flagella. Here, we used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) tomography to describe the structure of the trypanosome transition zone (TZ). At the base of the TZ, nine transition fibres irradiate from the B microtubule of each doublet towards the membrane. The TZ adopts a 9 + 0 structure throughout its length of ∼300 nm and its lumen contains an electron-dense structure. The proximal portion of the TZ has an invariant length of 150 nm and is characterised by a collarette surrounding the membrane and the presence of electron-dense material between the membrane and the doublets. The distal portion exhibits more length variation (from 55 to 235 nm) and contains typical Y-links. STEM analysis revealed a more complex organisation of the Y-links compared to what was reported by conventional transmission electron microscopy. Observation of the very early phase of flagellum assembly demonstrated that the proximal portion and the collarette are assembled early during construction. The presence of the flagella connector that maintains the tip of the new flagellum to the side of the old was confirmed and additional filamentous structures making contact with the membrane of the flagellar pocket were also detected. The structure and potential functions of the TZ in trypanosomes are discussed, as well as its mode of assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Trépout
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR9187, F-91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anne-Marie Tassin
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR9187, F-91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Sergio Marco
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR9187, F-91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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23
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Vincensini L, Blisnick T, Bertiaux E, Hutchinson S, Georgikou C, Ooi CP, Bastin P. Flagellar incorporation of proteins follows at least two different routes in trypanosomes. Biol Cell 2017; 110:33-47. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Vincensini
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Thierry Blisnick
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Sebastian Hutchinson
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Christina Georgikou
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
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24
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Prevo B, Scholey JM, Peterman EJG. Intraflagellar transport: mechanisms of motor action, cooperation, and cargo delivery. FEBS J 2017; 284:2905-2931. [PMID: 28342295 PMCID: PMC5603355 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a form of motor-dependent cargo transport that is essential for the assembly, maintenance, and length control of cilia, which play critical roles in motility, sensory reception, and signal transduction in virtually all eukaryotic cells. During IFT, anterograde kinesin-2 and retrograde IFT dynein motors drive the bidirectional transport of IFT trains that deliver cargo, for example, axoneme precursors such as tubulins as well as molecules of the signal transduction machinery, to their site of assembly within the cilium. Following its discovery in Chlamydomonas, IFT has emerged as a powerful model system for studying general principles of motor-dependent cargo transport and we now appreciate the diversity that exists in the mechanism of IFT within cilia of different cell types. The absence of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 function, for example, causes a complete loss of both IFT and cilia in Chlamydomonas, but following its loss in Caenorhabditis elegans, where its primary function is loading the IFT machinery into cilia, homodimeric kinesin-2-driven IFT persists and assembles a full-length cilium. Generally, heterotrimeric kinesin-2 and IFT dynein motors are thought to play widespread roles as core IFT motors, whereas homodimeric kinesin-2 motors are accessory motors that mediate different functions in a broad range of cilia, in some cases contributing to axoneme assembly or the delivery of signaling molecules but in many other cases their ciliary functions, if any, remain unknown. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of motor action, motor cooperation, and motor-dependent cargo delivery during IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Yi P, Li WJ, Dong MQ, Ou G. Dynein-Driven Retrograde Intraflagellar Transport Is Triphasic in C. elegans Sensory Cilia. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1448-1461.e7. [PMID: 28479320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-2 powers retrograde intraflagellar transport that is essential for cilium formation and maintenance. Inactivation of dynein-2 by mutations in DYNC2H1 causes skeletal dysplasias, and it remains unclear how the dynein-2 heavy chain moves in cilia. Here, using the genome-editing technique to produce fluorescent dynein-2 heavy chain in Caenorhabditis elegans, we show by high-resolution live microscopy that dynein-2 moves in a surprising way along distinct ciliary domains. Dynein-2 shows triphasic movement in the retrograde direction: dynein-2 accelerates in the ciliary distal region and then moves at maximum velocity and finally decelerates adjacent to the base, which may represent a physical obstacle due to transition zone barriers. By knocking the conserved ciliopathy-related mutations into the C. elegans dynein-2 heavy chain, we find that these mutations reduce its transport speed and frequency. Disruption of the dynein-2 tail domain, light intermediate chain, or intraflagellar transport (IFT)-B complex abolishes dynein-2's ciliary localization, revealing their important roles in ciliary entry of dynein-2. Furthermore, our affinity purification and genetic analyses show that IFT-A subunits IFT-139 and IFT-43 function redundantly to promote dynein-2 motility. These results reveal the molecular regulation of dynein-2 movement in sensory cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Yi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- National Institute of Biological Science, 7 Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Science, 7 Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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26
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Fort C, Bonnefoy S, Kohl L, Bastin P. Intraflagellar transport is required for the maintenance of the trypanosome flagellum composition but not its length. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3026-41. [PMID: 27343245 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is required for construction of most cilia and flagella. Here, we used electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and live video microscopy to show that IFT is absent or arrested in the mature flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei upon RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of IFT88 and IFT140, respectively. Flagella assembled prior to RNAi did not shorten, showing that IFT is not essential for the maintenance of flagella length. Although the ultrastructure of the axoneme was not visibly affected, flagellar beating was strongly reduced and the distribution of several flagellar components was drastically modified. The R subunit of the protein kinase A was no longer concentrated in the flagellum but was largely found in the cell body whereas the kinesin 9B motor was accumulating at the distal tip of the flagellum. In contrast, the distal tip protein FLAM8 was dispersed along the flagellum. This reveals that IFT also functions in maintaining the distribution of some flagellar proteins after construction of the organelle is completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Fort
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur-UPMC, 25 rue du docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Serge Bonnefoy
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Linda Kohl
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France
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27
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Reck J, Schauer AM, VanderWaal Mills K, Bower R, Tritschler D, Perrone CA, Porter ME. The role of the dynein light intermediate chain in retrograde IFT and flagellar function in Chlamydomonas. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2404-22. [PMID: 27251063 PMCID: PMC4966982 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-03-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of cilia and flagella depends on the activity of two microtubule motor complexes, kinesin-2 and dynein-2/1b, but the specific functions of the different subunits are poorly defined. Here we analyze Chlamydomonas strains expressing different amounts of the dynein 1b light intermediate chain (D1bLIC). Disruption of D1bLIC alters the stability of the dynein 1b complex and reduces both the frequency and velocity of retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), but it does not eliminate retrograde IFT. Flagellar assembly, motility, gliding, and mating are altered in a dose-dependent manner. iTRAQ-based proteomics identifies a small subset of proteins that are significantly reduced or elevated in d1blic flagella. Transformation with D1bLIC-GFP rescues the mutant phenotypes, and D1bLIC-GFP assembles into the dynein 1b complex at wild-type levels. D1bLIC-GFP is transported with anterograde IFT particles to the flagellar tip, dissociates into smaller particles, and begins processive retrograde IFT in <2 s. These studies demonstrate the role of D1bLIC in facilitating the recycling of IFT subunits and other proteins, identify new components potentially involved in the regulation of IFT, flagellar assembly, and flagellar signaling, and provide insight into the role of D1bLIC and retrograde IFT in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee Reck
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN 55413
| | - Alexandria M Schauer
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Kristyn VanderWaal Mills
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Anoka Technical College, Anoka, MN 55303
| | - Raqual Bower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Douglas Tritschler
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Catherine A Perrone
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN 55432
| | - Mary E Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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28
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Taylor SP, Dantas TJ, Duran I, Wu S, Lachman RS, Nelson SF, Cohn DH, Vallee RB, Krakow D. Mutations in DYNC2LI1 disrupt cilia function and cause short rib polydactyly syndrome. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7092. [PMID: 26077881 PMCID: PMC4470332 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The short rib polydactyly syndromes (SRPSs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive, perinatal lethal skeletal disorders characterized primarily by short, horizontal ribs, short limbs and polydactyly. Mutations in several genes affecting intraflagellar transport (IFT) cause SRPS but they do not account for all cases. Here we identify an additional SRPS gene and further unravel the functional basis for IFT. We perform whole-exome sequencing and identify mutations in a new disease-producing gene, cytoplasmic dynein-2 light intermediate chain 1, DYNC2LI1, segregating with disease in three families. Using primary fibroblasts, we show that DYNC2LI1 is essential for dynein-2 complex stability and that mutations in DYNC2LI1 result in variable length, including hyperelongated, cilia, Hedgehog pathway impairment and ciliary IFT accumulations. The findings in this study expand our understanding of SRPS locus heterogeneity and demonstrate the importance of DYNC2LI1 in dynein-2 complex stability, cilium function, Hedgehog regulation and skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paige Taylor
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Tiago J Dantas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Institute for Children, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Sulin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Institute for Children, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ralph S Lachman
- International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - Stanley F Nelson
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- 1] Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Institute for Children, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [3] Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Richard B Vallee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Deborah Krakow
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Institute for Children, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [3] International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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29
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Li W, Yi P, Ou G. Somatic CRISPR-Cas9-induced mutations reveal roles of embryonically essential dynein chains in Caenorhabditis elegans cilia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:683-92. [PMID: 25778918 PMCID: PMC4362450 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201411041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR–Cas9-induced mutations in intraflagellar transport (IFT) motors reveal that IFT-specific dynein and cytoplasmic dynein have unique compositions but share components and regulatory mechanisms. Cilium formation and maintenance require intraflagellar transport (IFT). Although much is known about kinesin-2–driven anterograde IFT, the composition and regulation of retrograde IFT-specific dynein remain elusive. Components of cytoplasmic dynein may participate in IFT; however, their essential roles in cell division preclude functional studies in postmitotic cilia. Here, we report that inducible expression of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–Cas9 system in Caenorhabditis elegans generated conditional mutations in IFT motors and particles, recapitulating ciliary defects in their null mutants. Using this method to bypass the embryonic requirement, we show the following: the dynein intermediate chain, light chain LC8, and lissencephaly-1 regulate retrograde IFT; the dynein light intermediate chain functions in dendrites and indirectly contributes to ciliogenesis; and the Tctex and Roadblock light chains are dispensable for cilium assembly. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these components undergo biphasic IFT with distinct transport frequencies and turnaround behaviors. Together, our results suggest that IFT–dynein and cytoplasmic dynein have unique compositions but also share components and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peishan Yi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Hou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - George B Witman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States.
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31
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Santi-Rocca J, Chenouard N, Fort C, Lagache T, Olivo-Marin JC, Bastin P. Imaging intraflagellar transport in trypanosomes. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 127:487-508. [PMID: 25837405 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a flagellated eukaryotic pathogen responsible for sleeping sickness in central Africa. Because of the presence of a long motile flagellum (>20 μm) and its amenity to genetic manipulation, it is becoming an attractive model to study the assembly and the functions of cilia and flagella. In recent years, several aspects have been investigated, especially intraflagellar transport (IFT) that has been exhaustively characterized at the light microscopy level. In this manuscript, we review various methods to express fluorescent fusion proteins and to record IFT in living trypanosomes in normal or mutant contexts. We present an approach for separating anterograde and retrograde IFT, hence facilitating quantification of train speed, frequency, and size. A statistical analysis to discriminate different subpopulations of IFT trains is also summarized. These methods have proven their efficiency for the study of IFT in trypanosomes and could be applied to any other organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Santi-Rocca
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chenouard
- Bio Image Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2582, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Fort
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Lagache
- Bio Image Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2582, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA2581, Paris, France
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