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Sanchez C, Ramirez A, Hodgson L. Unravelling molecular dynamics in living cells: Fluorescent protein biosensors for cell biology. J Microsc 2024. [PMID: 38357769 PMCID: PMC11324865 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Genetically encoded, fluorescent protein (FP)-based Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors are microscopy imaging tools tailored for the precise monitoring and detection of molecular dynamics within subcellular microenvironments. They are characterised by their ability to provide an outstanding combination of spatial and temporal resolutions in live-cell microscopy. In this review, we begin by tracing back on the historical development of genetically encoded FP labelling for detection in live cells, which lead us to the development of early biosensors and finally to the engineering of single-chain FRET-based biosensors that have become the state-of-the-art today. Ultimately, this review delves into the fundamental principles of FRET and the design strategies underpinning FRET-based biosensors, discusses their diverse applications and addresses the distinct challenges associated with their implementation. We place particular emphasis on single-chain FRET biosensors for the Rho family of guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases), pointing to their historical role in driving our understanding of the molecular dynamics of this important class of signalling proteins and revealing the intricate relationships and regulatory mechanisms that comprise Rho GTPase biology in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colline Sanchez
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Ramirez
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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2
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Srivastava T, Garola RE, Zhou J, Boinpelly VC, Rezaiekhaligh MH, Joshi T, Jiang Y, Ebadi D, Sharma S, Sethna C, Staggs VS, Sharma R, Gipson DS, Hao W, Wang Y, Mariani LH, Hodgin JB, Rottapel R, Yoshitaka T, Ueki Y, Sharma M. Scaffold protein SH3BP2 signalosome is pivotal for immune activation in nephrotic syndrome. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e170055. [PMID: 38127456 PMCID: PMC10967477 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite clinical use of immunosuppressive agents, the immunopathogenesis of minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) remains unclear. Src homology 3-binding protein 2 (SH3BP2), a scaffold protein, forms an immune signaling complex (signalosome) with 17 other proteins, including phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) and Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV2 (VAV2). Bioinformatic analysis of human glomerular transcriptome (Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network cohort) revealed upregulated SH3BP2 in MCD and FSGS. The SH3BP2 signalosome score and downstream MyD88, TRIF, and NFATc1 were significantly upregulated in MCD and FSGS. Immune pathway activation scores for Toll-like receptors, cytokine-cytokine receptor, and NOD-like receptors were increased in FSGS. Lower SH3BP2 signalosome score was associated with MCD, higher estimated glomerular filtration rate, and remission. Further work using Sh3bp2KI/KI transgenic mice with a gain-in-function mutation showed ~6-fold and ~25-fold increases in albuminuria at 4 and 12 weeks, respectively. Decreased serum albumin and unchanged serum creatinine were observed at 12 weeks. Sh3bp2KI/KI kidney morphology appeared normal except for increased mesangial cellularity and patchy foot process fusion without electron-dense deposits. SH3BP2 co-immunoprecipitated with PLCγ2 and VAV2 in human podocytes, underscoring the importance of SH3BP2 in immune activation. SH3BP2 and its binding partners may determine the immune activation pathways resulting in podocyte injury leading to loss of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert E. Garola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Varun C. Boinpelly
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mohammad H. Rezaiekhaligh
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and
- MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuexu Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and
| | - Diba Ebadi
- The Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siddarth Sharma
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christine Sethna
- Cohen Children’s Medical Center of NY, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Vincent S. Staggs
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Core, Children’s Mercy Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ram Sharma
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Debbie S. Gipson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Laura H. Mariani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Jeffrey B. Hodgin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teruhito Yoshitaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hiroshima City Rehabilitation Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ueki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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3
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Wang S, Wei Z, Shu H, Xu Y, Fan Z, Shuang S, Li P, Lu P, Ye C. Early diagnosis and prognostic potential of RAC3 in bladder tumor. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:475-482. [PMID: 37728806 PMCID: PMC10808170 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bladder tumors are among the most prevalent malignancies in the urinary system, and RAC3 has been linked to various types of cancer. This article seeks to explore the potential of RAC3 as both an early diagnostic marker for bladder tumors and a novel therapeutic target. METHODS/PATIENTS The expression of RAC3 in bladder tissue was detected using immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, the protein expression of RAC3 was measured and quantified through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, the correlation between the expression level of RAC3 and bladder tumors was investigated through multifactorial analysis and survival analysis. RESULTS Our findings revealed that RAC3 expression was upregulated in bladder tumor tissues. Moreover, we observed higher levels of RAC3 expression in the serum and urine of patients with bladder tumors compared to those with non-bladder tumors. Additionally, we identified a significant positive correlation between RAC3 expression levels and the stage, degree of differentiation, and infiltration of bladder tumors. Importantly, high RAC3 expression emerged as an influential factor in the poor prognosis of bladder tumors, as patients with high RAC3 expression exhibited a lower overall survival rate than those with low RAC3 expression. CONCLUSION Based on our results, RAC3 shows promise as both a marker for early diagnosis of bladder tumors and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Postgraduate Training Base of Xiaogan Central Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Zhuo Wei
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Hui Shu
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Yandong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Zheqi Fan
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Songtao Shuang
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Pan Lu
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China.
| | - Chang Ye
- Postgraduate Training Base of Xiaogan Central Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Xiaogan, 432000, China.
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China.
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Linder S, Cervero P, Eddy R, Condeelis J. Mechanisms and roles of podosomes and invadopodia. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:86-106. [PMID: 36104625 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell invasion into the surrounding extracellular matrix or across tissue boundaries and endothelial barriers occurs in both physiological and pathological scenarios such as immune surveillance or cancer metastasis. Podosomes and invadopodia, collectively called 'invadosomes', are actin-based structures that drive the proteolytic invasion of cells, by forming highly regulated platforms for the localized release of lytic enzymes that degrade the matrix. Recent advances in high-resolution microscopy techniques, in vivo imaging and high-throughput analyses have led to considerable progress in understanding mechanisms of invadosomes, revealing the intricate inner architecture of these structures, as well as their growing repertoire of functions that extends well beyond matrix degradation. In this Review, we discuss the known functions, architecture and regulatory mechanisms of podosomes and invadopodia. In particular, we describe the molecular mechanisms of localized actin turnover and microtubule-based cargo delivery, with a special focus on matrix-lytic enzymes that enable proteolytic invasion. Finally, we point out topics that should become important in the invadosome field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Pasquale Cervero
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Eddy
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Condeelis
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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YAP1 induces invadopodia formation by transcriptionally activating TIAM1 through enhancer in breast cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:3830-3845. [PMID: 35773411 PMCID: PMC9337990 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a central component of the Hippo pathway, plays an important role in tumor metastasis; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions containing multiple proteases and have been widely reported to promote cell invasiveness by degrading the extracellular matrix. In the present study, we report that YAP1 induces invadopodia formation and promotes tumor metastasis in breast cancer cells. We also identify TIAM1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, as a target of the YAP1–TEAD4 complex. Our results demonstrate that YAP1 could promote TEAD4 binding to the enhancer region of TIAM1, which activates TIAM1 expression, subsequently increasing RAC1 activity and inducing invadopodia formation. These findings reveal the functional role of Hippo signaling in the regulation of invadopodia and provide potential molecular targets for preventing tumor metastasis in breast cancer.
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Wang L, Shi J, Liu S, Huang Y, Ding H, Zhao B, Liu Y, Wang W, Yang J, Chen Z. RAC3 Inhibition Induces Autophagy to Impair Metastasis in Bladder Cancer Cells via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 12:915240. [PMID: 35847878 PMCID: PMC9279623 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.915240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most frequent malignant tumors globally, with a significant morbidity and mortality rate. Gene expression dysregulation has been proven to play a critical role in tumorigenesis. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate3 (RAC3), which is overexpressed in several malignancies and promotes tumor progression, has been identified as an oncogene. However, RAC3 has important but not fully understood biological functions in cancer. Our research aims to reveal the new functions and potential mechanisms of RAC3 involved in BCa progression. Methods We explored the expression level of RAC3 and its relationship with prognosis by publicly accessible BCa datasets, while the correlation of RAC3 expression with clinicopathological variables of patients was analyzed. In vitro and in vivo proliferation, migration, autophagy, and other phenotypic changes were examined by constructing knockdown(KD)/overexpression(OE) RAC3 cells and their association with PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was explored by adding autophagy-related compounds. Results Compared with non-tumor samples, RAC3 was highly expressed in BCa and negatively correlated with prognosis. KD/OE RAC3 inhibited/promoted the proliferation and migration of BCa cells. Knockdown RAC3 caused cell cycle arrest and decreased adhesion without affecting apoptosis. Inhibition of RAC3 activates PI3K/AKT/mTOR mediated autophagy and inhibits proliferation and migration of BCa cells in vivo and in vitro. Autophagy inhibitor 3MA can partially rescue the metastasis and proliferation inhibition effect caused by RAC3 inhibition. Inhibit/activate mTOR enhanced/impaired autophagy, resulting in shRAC3-mediated migration defect exacerbated/rescued. Conclusion RAC3 is highly expressed in BCa. It is associated with advanced clinicopathological variables and poor prognosis. Knockdown RAC3 exerts an antitumor effect by enhancing PI3K/AKT/mTOR mediated autophagy. Targeting RAC3 and autophagy simultaneously is a potential therapeutic strategy for inhibiting BCa progression and prolonging survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Urology Institute of People’s Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Unit 32357 of People’s Liberation Army, Pujiang, China
| | - Jiazhong Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yaqin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Ding
- Urology Institute of People’s Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Baixiong Zhao
- Urology Institute of People’s Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Urology Institute of People’s Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wuxing Wang
- Urology Institute of People’s Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Urology Institute of People’s Liberation Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Parveen S, Khamari A, Raju J, Coppolino MG, Datta S. Syntaxin 7 contributes to breast cancer cell invasion by promoting invadopodia formation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275829. [PMID: 35762511 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion in various cancer cells requires coordinated delivery of signaling proteins, adhesion proteins, actin-remodeling proteins and proteases to matrix-degrading structures called invadopodia. Vesicular trafficking involving SNAREs plays a crucial role in the delivery of cargo to the target membrane. Screening of 13 SNAREs from the endocytic and recycling route using a gene silencing approach coupled with functional assays identified syntaxin 7 (STX7) as an important player in MDA-MB-231 cell invasion. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF-M) studies revealed that STX7 resides near invadopodia and co-traffics with MT1-MMP (also known as MMP14), indicating a possible role for this SNARE in protease trafficking. STX7 depletion reduced the number of invadopodia and their associated degradative activity. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that STX7 forms distinct SNARE complexes with VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP7, STX4 and SNAP23. Depletion of VAMP2, VAMP3 or STX4 abrogated invadopodia formation, phenocopying what was seen upon lack of STX7. Whereas depletion of STX4 reduced MT1-MMP level at the cell surfaces, STX7 silencing significantly reduced the invadopodia-associated MT1-MMP pool and increased the non-invadosomal pool. This study highlights STX7 as a major contributor towards the invadopodia formation during cancer cell invasion. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameena Parveen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Amrita Khamari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Jyothikamala Raju
- Thazhathemalayil House, Thodupuzha East PO, Keerikode, Kerala 685585, India
| | - Marc G Coppolino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
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Helicobacter pylori CagA Induces Cortactin Y-470 Phosphorylation-Dependent Gastric Epithelial Cell Scattering via Abl, Vav2 and Rac1 Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164241. [PMID: 34439396 PMCID: PMC8391897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Various microbial pathogens target the actin-binding protein cortactin to promote their own uptake, proliferation and spread, and exhibit proposed roles in human cancerogenesis. We aimed to study the molecular mechanisms of how the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori hijacks cortactin phosphorylation via tyrosine kinase Abl to trigger cancer-related signal transduction events. We discovered that cortactin phosphorylated at Y-470 recruits the signaling factor Vav2 to activate the small Rho GTPase Rac1, and finally, a cancer cell motility phenotype. We also demonstrate that phosphorylation of cortactin at Y-470 can be completely inhibited by the well-known Abl inhibitor imatinib. Imatinib is an established oral chemotherapy medication, employed for efficient systemic treatment of various cancers. These results reveal a comprehensive novel pathway for how precisely H. pylori manipulates host signaling in gastric disease development, and may pave the way for new opportunities of treatment of the outcome of infections with this pathogen, i.e., through using imatinib. Abstract The pathogen Helicobacter pylori is the first reported bacterial type-1 carcinogen playing a role in the development of human malignancies, including gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer cell motility is an important process in this scenario, however, the molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that H. pylori subverts the actin-binding protein cortactin through its type-IV secretion system and injected oncoprotein CagA, e.g., by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin at Y-470, which triggers gastric epithelial cell scattering and motility. During infection of AGS cells, cortactin was discovered to undergo tyrosine dephosphorylation at residues Y-421 and Y-486, which is mediated through inactivation of Src kinase. However, H. pylori also profoundly activates tyrosine kinase Abl, which simultaneously phosphorylates cortactin at Y-470. Phosphorylated cortactin interacts with the SH2-domain of Vav2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho-family of GTPases. The cortactin/Vav2 complex then stimulates a previously unrecognized activation cascade including the small GTPase Rac1, to effect actin rearrangements and cell scattering. We hypothesize that injected CagA targets cortactin to locally open the gastric epithelium in order to get access to certain nutrients. This may disturb the cellular barrier functions, likely contributing to the induction of cell motility, which is important in gastric cancer development.
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Saha T, Gil-Henn H. Invadopodia, a Kingdom of Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082037. [PMID: 34440806 PMCID: PMC8391121 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs) are crucial mediators of intracellular signaling and control a wide variety of processes such as cell division, morphogenesis, and motility. Aberrant NRTK-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation has been linked to various human disorders and diseases, among them cancer metastasis, to which no treatment presently exists. Invasive cancer cells leaving the primary tumor use invadopodia, feet-like structures which facilitate extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and intravasation, to escape the primary tumor and disseminate into distant tissues and organs during metastasis. A major challenge in metastasis research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying invadopodia regulation, as the general belief is that targeting these structures can potentially lead to the eradication of cancer metastasis. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs) play a central role in regulating invadopodia formation and function, but how they coordinate the signaling leading to these processes was not clear until recently. Here, we describe the major NRTKs that rule invadopodia and how they work in concert while keeping an accurate hierarchy to control tumor cell invasiveness and dissemination.
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Augustin V, Kins S. Fe65: A Scaffolding Protein of Actin Regulators. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071599. [PMID: 34202290 PMCID: PMC8304848 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The scaffolding protein family Fe65, composed of Fe65, Fe65L1, and Fe65L2, was identified as an interaction partner of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which plays a key function in Alzheimer’s disease. All three Fe65 family members possess three highly conserved interaction domains, forming complexes with diverse binding partners that can be assigned to different cellular functions, such as transactivation of genes in the nucleus, modulation of calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In this article, we rule out putative new intracellular signaling mechanisms of the APP-interacting protein Fe65 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in the context of various neuronal functions, such as cell migration, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity.
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Murugan B, Krishnan UM. Differently sized drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles elicit differential gene expression in MCF-7 cancer cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1017-1034. [PMID: 33970678 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigates the effects of different sized unmodified and chemo-responsive mesoporous silica nanocarriers on MCF-7 cancer cells. Materials & methods: Unmodified and thiol-functionalized large and small-sized mesoporous MCM-41 silica nanoparticles prepared using templated sol-gel process were characterized for their physicochemical properties and in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy. Microarray analysis was carried out to assess their differential effect on gene expression. Results: Thiol-functionalized nanoparticles displayed chemo responsive release and greater cytotoxicity to cancer cells when compared with unmodified carriers. Microarray studies showed distinct differences in genes differentially regulated by sMCM-41and lMCM-41 carriers when compared with the free drug. Conclusion: The small chemo-responsive carrier was more effective in suppressing oncogenes and genes involved in proliferation, invasion and survival while the large carrier mainly altered membrane-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baranya Murugan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.,School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.,School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.,School of Arts, Science & Humanities, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
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12
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Wang B, Ma X, Xie M, Wu Y, Wang Y, Duan R, Zhang C, Yu L, Guo X, Gao L. CBP-JMF: An Improved Joint Matrix Tri-Factorization Method for Characterizing Complex Biological Processes of Diseases. Front Genet 2021; 12:665416. [PMID: 33968140 PMCID: PMC8103031 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.665416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-omics molecules regulate complex biological processes (CBPs), which reflect the activities of various molecules in living organisms. Meanwhile, the applications to represent disease subtypes and cell types have created an urgent need for sample grouping and associated CBP-inferring tools. In this paper, we present CBP-JMF, a practical tool primarily for discovering CBPs, which underlie sample groups as disease subtypes in applications. Differently from existing methods, CBP-JMF is based on a joint non-negative matrix tri-factorization framework and is implemented in Python. As a pragmatic application, we apply CBP-JMF to identify CBPs for four subtypes of breast cancer. The result shows significant overlapping between genes extracted from CBPs and known subtype pathways. We verify the effectiveness of our tool in detecting CBPs that interpret subtypes of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbo Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiujuan Ma
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Minghui Xie
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Humanities and Foreign Languages, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ran Duan
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenxing Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Yu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingli Guo
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
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13
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The multiple roles of actin-binding proteins at invadopodia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33962752 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions that facilitate cancer cell dissemination by focusing on proteolytic activity and clearing paths for migration through physical barriers, such as basement membranes, dense extracellular matrices, and endothelial cell junctions. Invadopodium formation and activity require spatially and temporally regulated changes in actin filament organization and dynamics. About three decades of research have led to a remarkable understanding of how these changes are orchestrated by sequential recruitment and coordinated activity of different sets of actin-binding proteins. In this chapter, we provide an update on the roles of the actin cytoskeleton during the main stages of invadopodium development with a particular focus on actin polymerization machineries and production of pushing forces driving extracellular matrix remodeling.
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14
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Masi I, Caprara V, Spadaro F, Chellini L, Sestito R, Zancla A, Rainer A, Bagnato A, Rosanò L. Endothelin-1 drives invadopodia and interaction with mesothelial cells through ILK. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108800. [PMID: 33657382 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells use actin-based membrane protrusions, invadopodia, to degrade stroma and invade. In serous ovarian cancer (SOC), the endothelin A receptor (ETAR) drives invadopodia by a not fully explored coordinated function of β-arrestin1 (β-arr1). Here, we report that β-arr1 links the integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/βPIX complex to activate Rac3 GTPase, acting as a central node in the adhesion-based extracellular matrix (ECM) sensing and degradation. Downstream, Rac3 phosphorylates PAK1 and cofilin and promotes invadopodium-dependent ECM proteolysis and invasion. Furthermore, ETAR/ILK/Rac3 signaling supports the communication between cancer and mesothelial cells, favoring SOC cell adhesion and transmigration. In vivo, ambrisentan, an ETAR antagonist, inhibits the adhesion and spreading of tumor cells to intraperitoneal organs, and invadopodium marker expression. As prognostic factors, high EDNRA/ILK expression correlates with poor SOC clinical outcome. These findings provide a framework for the ET-1R/β-arr1 pathway as an integrator of ILK/Rac3-dependent adhesive and proteolytic signaling to invadopodia, favoring cancer/stroma interactions and metastatic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Masi
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Valentina Caprara
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Lidia Chellini
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Rosanna Sestito
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Andrea Zancla
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy; Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, via Vito Volterra 62, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy; Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Anna Bagnato
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Laura Rosanò
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome 00185, Italy.
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15
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Masi I, Caprara V, Bagnato A, Rosanò L. Tumor Cellular and Microenvironmental Cues Controlling Invadopodia Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584181. [PMID: 33178698 PMCID: PMC7593604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the metastatic progression, invading cells might achieve degradation and subsequent invasion into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the underlying vasculature using invadopodia, F-actin-based and force-supporting protrusive membrane structures, operating focalized proteolysis. Their formation is a dynamic process requiring the combined and synergistic activity of ECM-modifying proteins with cellular receptors, and the interplay with factors from the tumor microenvironment (TME). Significant advances have been made in understanding how invadopodia are assembled and how they progress in degradative protrusions, as well as their disassembly, and the cooperation between cellular signals and ECM conditions governing invadopodia formation and activity, holding promise to translation into the identification of molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. These findings have revealed the existence of biochemical and mechanical interactions not only between the actin cores of invadopodia and specific intracellular structures, including the cell nucleus, the microtubular network, and vesicular trafficking players, but also with elements of the TME, such as stromal cells, ECM components, mechanical forces, and metabolic conditions. These interactions reflect the complexity and intricate regulation of invadopodia and suggest that many aspects of their formation and function remain to be determined. In this review, we will provide a brief description of invadopodia and tackle the most recent findings on their regulation by cellular signaling as well as by inputs from the TME. The identification and interplay between these inputs will offer a deeper mechanistic understanding of cell invasion during the metastatic process and will help the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Masi
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Caprara
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Bagnato
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Rosanò
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
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16
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Xing Q, Liu S, Jiang S, Li T, Wang Z, Wang Y. Prognostic model of 10 immune-related genes and identification of small molecule drugs in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA). Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:2054-2070. [PMID: 33209669 PMCID: PMC7658175 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to establish an immune-related gene (IRG) based signature that could provide guidance for clinical bladder cancer (BC) prognostic surveillance. Methods Differentially expressed IRGs and transcription factors (TFs) between BCs and normal tissues were extracted from transcriptome data downloaded from the TCGA database. Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were carried out to identify related pathways based on differently expressed IRGs. Then, univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate IRGs with prognostic values and LASSO penalized Cox regression analysis was utilized to develop the prognostic index (PI) model. Results A total of 411 BC tissue samples and 19 normal bladder tissues in the TCGA database were enrolled in this study and 259 differentially expressed IRGs were identified. Networks between TFs and IRGs were also provided to seek the upstream regulators of differentially expressed IRGs. By means of univariate Cox regression analysis, 57 IRGs were analyzed with prognostic values and 10 IRGs were finally identified by LASSO penalized Cox regression analysis to construct the PI model. This model could significantly classified BC patients into high-risk group and low-risk group in terms of OS (P=9.923e-07) and its AUC reached 0.711. By means of univariate and multivariate COX regression analysis, this PI was proven to be a valuable independent prognostic factor (HR =1.119, 95% CI =1.066-1.175, P<0.001). CMap database analysis was also utilized to screen out 10 small molecules drugs with the potential for the treatment of BC. Conclusions Our study successfully provided a novel PI based on IRGs with the potential to predict the prognosis of BC and screened out 10 small molecules drugs with the potential to treat BC. Besides, networks between TFs and IRGs were also displayed to seek its upstream regulators for future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Xing
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shouyong Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Silin Jiang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology-Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengjun Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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17
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Rho GTPases: Big Players in Breast Cancer Initiation, Metastasis and Therapeutic Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102167. [PMID: 32992837 PMCID: PMC7600866 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, a family of the Ras GTPase superfamily, are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. They were originally thought to primarily affect cell migration and invasion; however, recent advances in our understanding of the biology and function of Rho GTPases have demonstrated their diverse roles within the cell, including membrane trafficking, gene transcription, migration, invasion, adhesion, survival and growth. As these processes are critically involved in cancer initiation, metastasis and therapeutic responses, it is not surprising that studies have demonstrated important roles of Rho GTPases in cancer. Although the majority of data indicates an oncogenic role of Rho GTPases, tumor suppressor functions of Rho GTPases have also been revealed, suggesting a context and cell-type specific function for Rho GTPases in cancer. This review aims to summarize recent progresses in our understanding of the regulation and functions of Rho GTPases, specifically in the context of breast cancer. The potential of Rho GTPases as therapeutic targets and prognostic tools for breast cancer patients are also discussed.
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18
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Biber G, Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Barda-Saad M. Actin regulators in cancer progression and metastases: From structure and function to cytoskeletal dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:131-196. [PMID: 33066873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a central factor contributing to various hallmarks of cancer. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence demonstrating the involvement of actin regulatory proteins in malignancy, and their dysregulation was shown to predict poor clinical prognosis. Although enhanced cytoskeletal activity is often associated with cancer progression, the expression of several inducers of actin polymerization is remarkably reduced in certain malignancies, and it is not completely clear how these changes promote tumorigenesis and metastases. The complexities involved in cytoskeletal induction of cancer progression therefore pose considerable difficulties for therapeutic intervention; it is not always clear which cytoskeletal regulator should be targeted in order to impede cancer progression, and whether this targeting may inadvertently enhance alternative invasive pathways which can aggravate tumor growth. The entire constellation of cytoskeletal machineries in eukaryotic cells are numerous and complex; the system is comprised of and regulated by hundreds of proteins, which could not be covered in a single review. Therefore, we will focus here on the actin cytoskeleton, which encompasses the biological machinery behind most of the key cellular functions altered in cancer, with specific emphasis on actin nucleating factors and nucleation-promoting factors. Finally, we discuss current therapeutic strategies for cancer which aim to target the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Biber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - A Ben-Shmuel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - B Sabag
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - M Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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19
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Castellanos-Martínez R, Jiménez-Camacho KE, Schnoor M. Cortactin Expression in Hematopoietic Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:958-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Maldonado MDM, Medina JI, Velazquez L, Dharmawardhane S. Targeting Rac and Cdc42 GEFs in Metastatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:201. [PMID: 32322580 PMCID: PMC7156542 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 have emerged as key players in cancer metastasis, due to their essential roles in regulating cell division and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements; and thus, cell growth, migration/invasion, polarity, and adhesion. This review will focus on the close homologs Rac and Cdc42, which have been established as drivers of metastasis and therapy resistance in multiple cancer types. Rac and Cdc42 are often dysregulated in cancer due to hyperactivation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), belonging to both the diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) and dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) families. Rac/Cdc42 GEFs are activated by a myriad of oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, cytokine receptors, and integrins; consequently, a number of Rac/Cdc42 GEFs have been implicated in metastatic cancer. Hence, inhibiting GEF-mediated Rac/Cdc42 activation represents a promising strategy for targeted metastatic cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on the role of oncogenic Rac/Cdc42 GEFs and discuss the recent advancements in the development of Rac and Cdc42 GEF-interacting inhibitors as targeted therapy for metastatic cancer, as well as their potential for overcoming cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Julia Isabel Medina
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis Velazquez
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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21
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Sharafutdinov I, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin: A Major Cellular Target of the Gastric Carcinogen Helicobacter pylori. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E159. [PMID: 31936446 PMCID: PMC7017262 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin is an actin binding protein and actin nucleation promoting factor regulating cytoskeletal rearrangements in nearly all eukaryotic cell types. From this perspective, cortactin poses an attractive target for pathogens to manipulate a given host cell to their own benefit. One of the pathogens following this strategy is Helicobacter pylori, which can cause a variety of gastric diseases and has been shown to be the major risk factor for the onset of gastric cancer. During infection of gastric epithelial cells, H. pylori hijacks the cellular kinase signaling pathways, leading to the disruption of key cell functions. Specifically, by overruling the phosphorylation status of cortactin, H. pylori alternates the activity of molecular interaction partners of this important protein, thereby manipulating the performance of actin-cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell movement. In addition, H. pylori utilizes a unique mechanism to activate focal adhesion kinase, which subsequently prevents host epithelial cells from extensive lifting from the extracellular matrix in order to achieve chronic infection in the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (S.B.)
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22
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The Rac3 GTPase in Neuronal Development, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091063. [PMID: 31514269 PMCID: PMC6770886 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho family small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are important regulators of the cytoskeleton, and are critical in many aspects of cellular and developmental biology, as well as in pathological processes such as intellectual disability and cancer. Of the three members of the family, Rac3 has a more restricted expression in normal tissues compared to the ubiquitous member of the family, Rac1. The Rac3 polypeptide is highly similar to Rac1, and orthologues of the gene for Rac3 have been found only in vertebrates, indicating the late appearance of this gene during evolution. Increasing evidence over the past few years indicates that Rac3 plays an important role in neuronal development and in tumor progression, with specificities that distinguish the functions of Rac3 from the established functions of Rac1 in these processes. Here, results highlighting the importance of Rac3 in distinct aspects of neuronal development and tumor cell biology are presented, in support of the non-redundant role of different members of the two Rac GTPases in physiological and pathological processes.
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23
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Erami Z, Heitz S, Bresnick AR, Backer JM. PI3Kβ links integrin activation and PI(3,4)P 2 production during invadopodial maturation. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2367-2376. [PMID: 31318314 PMCID: PMC6741064 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-03-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasion of tumor cells from the primary tumor is mediated by invadopodia, actin-rich protrusive organelles that secrete matrix metalloproteases and degrade the extracellular matrix. This coupling between protrusive activity and matrix degradation facilitates tumor invasion. We previously reported that the PI3Kβ isoform of PI 3-kinase, which is regulated by both receptor tyrosine kinases and G protein-coupled receptors, is required for invasion and gelatin degradation in breast cancer cells. We have now defined the mechanism by which PI3Kβ regulates invadopodia. We find that PI3Kβ is specifically activated downstream from integrins, and is required for integrin-stimulated spreading and haptotaxis as well as integrin-stimulated invadopodia formation. Surprisingly, these integrin-stimulated and PI3Kβ-dependent responses require the production of PI(3,4)P2 by the phosphoinositide 5'-phosphatase SHIP2. Thus, integrin activation of PI3Kβ is coupled to the SHIP2-dependent production of PI(3,4)P2, which regulates the recruitment of PH domain-containing scaffolds such as lamellipodin to invadopodia. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the role of PI3Kβ in the regulation of invadopodia in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Erami
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Samantha Heitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Anne R. Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jonathan M. Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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24
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Lu S, Zhu ZG, Lu WC. Inferring novel genes related to colorectal cancer via random walk with restart algorithm. Gene Ther 2019; 26:373-385. [PMID: 31308477 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer. In recent decades, genomic analysis has played an increasingly important role in understanding the molecular mechanisms of CRC. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully uncovered. Identification of genes related to CRC as complete as possible is an important way to investigate its pathogenesis. Therefore, we proposed a new computational method for the identification of novel CRC-associated genes. The proposed method is based on existing proven CRC-associated genes, human protein-protein interaction networks, and random walk with restart algorithm. The utility of the method is indicated by comparing it to the methods based on Guilt-by-association or shortest path algorithm. Using the proposed method, we successfully identified 298 novel CRC-associated genes. Previous studies have validated the involvement of the majority of these 298 novel genes in CRC-associated biological processes, thus suggesting the efficacy and accuracy of our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wen-Cong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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25
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Ren Y, He Y, Brown S, Zbornik E, Mlodzianoski MJ, Ma D, Huang F, Mattoo S, Suter DM. A single tyrosine phosphorylation site in cortactin is important for filopodia formation in neuronal growth cones. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1817-1833. [PMID: 31116646 PMCID: PMC6727743 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin is a Src tyrosine phosphorylation substrate that regulates multiple actin-related cellular processes. While frequently studied in nonneuronal cells, the functions of cortactin in neuronal growth cones are not well understood. We recently reported that cortactin mediates the effects of Src tyrosine kinase in regulating actin organization and dynamics in both lamellipodia and filopodia of Aplysia growth cones. Here, we identified a single cortactin tyrosine phosphorylation site (Y499) to be important for the formation of filopodia. Overexpression of a 499F phospho-deficient cortactin mutant decreased filopodia length and density, whereas overexpression of a 499E phospho-mimetic mutant increased filopodia length. Using an antibody against cortactin pY499, we showed that tyrosine-phosphorylated cortactin is enriched along the leading edge. The leading edge localization of phosphorylated cortactin is Src2-dependent, F-actin-independent, and important for filopodia formation. In vitro kinase assays revealed that Src2 phosphorylates cortactin at Y499, although Y505 is the preferred site in vitro. Finally, we provide evidence that Arp2/3 complex acts downstream of phosphorylated cortactin to regulate density but not length of filopodia. In conclusion, we have characterized a tyrosine phosphorylation site in Aplysia cortactin that plays a major role in the Src/cortactin/Arp2/3 signaling pathway controlling filopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Yingpei He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Sherlene Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Erica Zbornik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Michael J Mlodzianoski
- Department of Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue Institutes of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Donghan Ma
- Department of Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue Institutes of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue Institutes of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Seema Mattoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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26
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Morcillo-Garcia S, Noblejas-Lopez MDM, Nieto-Jimenez C, Perez-Peña J, Nuncia-Cantarero M, Győrffy B, Amir E, Pandiella A, Galan-Moya EM, Ocana A. Genetic mutational status of genes regulating epigenetics: Role of the histone methyltransferase KMT2D in triple negative breast tumors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209134. [PMID: 30990809 PMCID: PMC6467442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epigenetic regulating proteins like histone methyltransferases produce variations in several functions, some of them associated with the generation of oncogenic processes. Mutations of genes involved in these functions have been recently associated with cancer, and strategies to modulate their activity are currently in clinical development. Methods By using data extracted from the METABRIC study, we searched for mutated genes linked with detrimental outcome in invasive breast carcinoma (n = 772). Then, we used downstream signatures for each mutated gene to associate that signature with clinical prognosis using the online tool “Genotype-2-Outcome” (http://www.g-2-o.com). Next, we performed functional annotation analyses to classify genes by functions, and focused on those associated with the epigenetic machinery. Results We identified KMT2D, SETD1A and SETD2, included in the lysine methyltransferase activity function, as linked with poor prognosis in invasive breast cancer. KMT2D which codes for a histone methyltransferase that acts as a transcriptional regulator was mutated in 6% of triple negative breast tumors and found to be linked to poor survival. Genes regulated by KMT2D included RAC3, KRT23, or KRT14, among others, which are involved in cell communication and signal transduction. Finally, low expression of KMT2D at the transcriptomic level, which mirror what happens when KMT2D is mutated and functionally inactive, confirmed its prognostic value. Conclusion In the present work, we describe epigenetic modulating genes which are found to be mutated in breast cancer. We identify the histone methyltransferase KMT2D, which is mutated in 6% of triple negative tumors and linked with poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morcillo-Garcia
- Translational Research Unit, Albacete University Hospital, and CIBERONC, Albacete, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Noblejas-Lopez
- Translational Research Unit, Albacete University Hospital, and CIBERONC, Albacete, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Cristina Nieto-Jimenez
- Translational Research Unit, Albacete University Hospital, and CIBERONC, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier Perez-Peña
- Translational Research Unit, Albacete University Hospital, and CIBERONC, Albacete, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Miriam Nuncia-Cantarero
- Translational Research Unit, Albacete University Hospital, and CIBERONC, Albacete, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Semmelweis University 2nd Department, of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eitan Amir
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Eva M. Galan-Moya
- Translational Research Unit, Albacete University Hospital, and CIBERONC, Albacete, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocana
- Translational Research Unit, Albacete University Hospital, and CIBERONC, Albacete, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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27
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Kumar S, Das A, Barai A, Sen S. MMP Secretion Rate and Inter-invadopodia Spacing Collectively Govern Cancer Invasiveness. Biophys J 2019; 114:650-662. [PMID: 29414711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia are micron-sized invasive structures that mediate extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation through a combination of membrane-bound and soluble matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, how such localized degradation is converted into pores big enough for cancer cells to invade, and the relative contributions of membrane-bound versus soluble MMPs to this process remain unclear. In this article, we address these questions by combining experiments and simulations. We show that in MDA-MB-231 cells, an increase in ECM density enhances invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation and decreases inter-invadopodia spacing. ECM degradation is mostly mediated by soluble MMPs, which are activated by membrane-bound MT1-MMP. We present a computational model of invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation, which recapitulates the above observations and identifies MMP secretion rate as an important regulator of invadopodia stability. Simulations with multiple invadopodia suggest that inter-invadopodia spacing and MMP secretion rate collectively dictate the size of the degraded zones. Taken together, our results suggest that for creating pores conducive for cancer invasion, cells must tune inter-invadopodia spacing and MMP secretion rate in an ECM density-dependent manner, thereby striking a balance between invadopodia penetration and ECM degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Alakesh Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Amlan Barai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shamik Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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28
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Costain G, Callewaert B, Gabriel H, Tan TY, Walker S, Christodoulou J, Lazar T, Menten B, Orkin J, Sadedin S, Snell M, Vanlander A, Vergult S, White SM, Scherer SW, Hayeems RZ, Blaser S, Wodak SJ, Chitayat D, Marshall CR, Meyn MS. De novo missense variants in RAC3 cause a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome. Genet Med 2018; 21:1021-1026. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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29
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Scherer AN, Anand NS, Koleske AJ. Cortactin stabilization of actin requires actin-binding repeats and linker, is disrupted by specific substitutions, and is independent of nucleotide state. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13022-13032. [PMID: 29929984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin-binding protein cortactin promotes the formation and maintenance of actin-rich structures, including lamellipodial protrusions in fibroblasts and neuronal dendritic spines. Cortactin cellular functions have been attributed to its activation of the Arp2/3 complex, which stimulates actin branch nucleation, and to its recruitment of Rho family GTPase regulators. Cortactin also binds actin filaments and significantly slows filament depolymerization, but the mechanism by which it does so and the relationship between actin binding and stabilization are unclear. Here we elucidated the cortactin regions that are necessary and sufficient for actin filament binding and stabilization. Using actin cosedimentation assays, we found that the cortactin repeat region binds actin but that the adjacent linker region is required for binding with the same affinity as full-length cortactin. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to measure the rates of single filament actin depolymerization, we observed that cortactin-actin interactions are sufficient to stabilize actin filaments. Moreover, conserved charged residues in repeat 4 were necessary for high-affinity actin binding, and substitution of these residues significantly impaired cortactin-mediated actin stabilization. Cortactin bound actin with higher affinity than did its paralog, hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1 (HS1), and the effects on actin stability were specific to cortactin. Finally, cortactin stabilized ADP-actin filaments, indicating that the stabilization mechanism does not depend on the actin nucleotide state. Together, these results indicate that cortactin binding to actin is necessary and sufficient to stabilize filaments in a concentration-dependent manner, specific to conserved residues in the cortactin repeats, and independent of the actin nucleotide state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony J Koleske
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and .,Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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30
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Bertier L, Hebbrecht T, Mettepenningen E, De Wit N, Zwaenepoel O, Verhelle A, Gettemans J. Nanobodies targeting cortactin proline rich, helical and actin binding regions downregulate invadopodium formation and matrix degradation in SCC-61 cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:230-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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31
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Brescia G, Parrino D, Nicolè L, Zanotti C, Lanza C, Barion U, Marino F, Marioni G. Cortactin expression in nasal polyps of Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (AERD) patients. Am J Otolaryngol 2018. [PMID: 29534838 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The term aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) refers to a combination of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), and acute respiratory tract reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. AERD has now been included among the CRSwNP endotypes, and is considered one of the most aggressive in terms of disease recurrence. Cortactin is a multi-domain protein with a part in several cellular mechanisms involving actin assembly and cytoskeleton arrangement. Cortactin seems to have a role in inflammatory responses and to be implicated in human airway secretion and contraction mechanisms. The novel aim of the present study was to examine cortactin expression in nasal polyps of a consecutive cohort of AERD patients and in nasal mucosa of a control group of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cortactin expression was assessed immunohistochemically in nasal polyps from 18 consecutive AERD patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and in nasal mucosa of 19 patients without chronic rhinosinusitis. RESULTS Concomitant allergy was found in 11 AERD patients, most of them male (8 cases; p = 0.02). Cortactin expression in nasal polyps was definitely high (+3) in 17 out of 18 cases, in both epithelial cells (cytoplasmic and membranous immunoreactivity) and activated fibroblasts. A higher cortactin expression was seen in female than in male AERD patients (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Given this preliminary evidence of cortactin upregulation in the polyps of AERD patients, prospective studies could further investigate the role of cortactin in the biology of AERD, and the potential role of cortactin-targeted approaches in integrated AERD treatments.
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32
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Lawson CD, Ridley AJ. Rho GTPase signaling complexes in cell migration and invasion. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:447-457. [PMID: 29233866 PMCID: PMC5800797 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is dependent on the dynamic formation and disassembly of actin filament-based structures, including lamellipodia, filopodia, invadopodia, and membrane blebs, as well as on cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesions. These processes all involve Rho family small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), which are regulated by the opposing actions of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Rho GTPase activity needs to be precisely tuned at distinct cellular locations to enable cells to move in response to different environments and stimuli. In this review, we focus on the ability of RhoGEFs and RhoGAPs to form complexes with diverse binding partners, and describe how this influences their ability to control localized GTPase activity in the context of migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell D Lawson
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, England, UK
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33
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Cortactin: Cell Functions of A Multifaceted Actin-Binding Protein. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:79-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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34
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Donnelly SK, Miskolci V, Garrastegui AM, Cox D, Hodgson L. Characterization of Genetically Encoded FRET Biosensors for Rho-Family GTPases. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1821:87-106. [PMID: 30062407 PMCID: PMC6104821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8612-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors are increasingly popular and useful tools for examining signaling pathways with high spatial and temporal resolution in living cells. Here, we show basic techniques used to characterize and to validate single-chain, genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors of the Rho GTPase-family proteins. Methods described here are generally applicable to other genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors by modifying the tested conditions to include additional/different regulators and inhibitors, as appropriate for the specific protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Donnelly
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Veronika Miskolci
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alice M Garrastegui
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Actin remodeling plays an essential role in diverse cellular processes such as cell motility, vesicle trafficking or cytokinesis. The scaffold protein and actin nucleation promoting factor Cortactin is present in virtually all actin-based structures, participating in the formation of branched actin networks. It has been involved in the control of endocytosis, and vesicle trafficking, axon guidance and organization, as well as adhesion, migration and invasion. To migrate and invade through three-dimensional environments, cells have developed specialized actin-based structures called invadosomes, a generic term to designate invadopodia and podosomes. Cortactin has emerged as a critical regulator of invadosome formation, function and disassembly. Underscoring this role, Cortactin is frequently overexpressed in several types of invasive cancers. Herein we will review the roles played by Cortactin in these specific invasive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jeannot
- CRCT INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , CNRS ERL5294, Toulouse, France.,Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester , Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Arnaud Besson
- CRCT INSERM UMR1037, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier , CNRS ERL5294, Toulouse, France.,LBCMCP , Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex, France
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36
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Donnelly SK, Cabrera R, Mao SPH, Christin JR, Wu B, Guo W, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Condeelis JS, Segall JE, Hodgson L. Rac3 regulates breast cancer invasion and metastasis by controlling adhesion and matrix degradation. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:4331-4349. [PMID: 29061650 PMCID: PMC5716284 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201704048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial step of metastasis is the local invasion of tumor cells into the surrounding tissue. Invadopodia are actin-based protrusions that mediate the matrix degradation necessary for invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. We demonstrate that Rac3 GTPase is critical for integrating the adhesion of invadopodia to the extracellular matrix (ECM) with their ability to degrade the ECM in breast tumor cells. We identify two pathways at invadopodia important for integrin activation and delivery of matrix metalloproteinases: through the upstream recruiter CIB1 as well as the downstream effector GIT1. Rac3 activity, at and surrounding invadopodia, is controlled by Vav2 and βPIX. These guanine nucleotide exchange factors regulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of Rac3 activity, impacting GIT1 localization. Moreover, the GTPase-activating function of GIT1 toward the vesicular trafficking regulator Arf6 GTPase is required for matrix degradation. Importantly, Rac3 regulates the ability of tumor cells to metastasize in vivo. The Rac3-dependent mechanisms we show in this study are critical for balancing proteolytic activity and adhesive activity to achieve a maximally invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Donnelly
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ramon Cabrera
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Serena P H Mao
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - John R Christin
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Bin Wu
- Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wenjun Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jeffrey E Segall
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY .,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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37
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Yin M, Ma W, An L. Cortactin in cancer cell migration and invasion. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88232-88243. [PMID: 29152154 PMCID: PMC5675706 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin, a substrate of sarcoma (Src) kinases, is an actin-binding protein that is involved in cytoskeletal regulation, and is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells. Binding to the actin related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex stimulates cortactin activity, which promotes F-actin nucleation and assembly. Cortactin promotes cancer cell migration and invasion, and plays a pivotal role in invadopodia formation and extra cellular matrix degradation. Overexpression of cortactin, by amplification of the chromosomal band 11q13, increases tumor aggressiveness. In this review, we report on the current knowledge and potential mechanisms of action of cortactin as a critical mediator of cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenqing Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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