1
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Zhang J, Kennedy A, de Melo Jorge DM, Xing L, Reid W, Bui S, Joppich J, Rose M, Ercan S, Tang Q, Tai AW, Wang Y. SARS-CoV-2 remodels the Golgi apparatus to facilitate viral assembly and secretion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2022.03.04.483074. [PMID: 35291301 PMCID: PMC8923104 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.04.483074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2, an enveloped RNA virus. Despite extensive investigation, the molecular mechanisms for its assembly and secretion remain largely elusive. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces global alterations of the host endomembrane system, including dramatic Golgi fragmentation. SARS-CoV-2 virions are enriched in the fragmented Golgi. Disrupting Golgi function with small molecules strongly inhibits viral infection. Significantly, SARS-CoV-2 infection down-regulates GRASP55 but up-regulates TGN46 protein levels. Surprisingly, GRASP55 expression reduces both viral secretion and spike number on each virion, while GRASP55 depletion displays opposite effects. In contrast, TGN46 depletion only inhibits viral secretion without affecting spike incorporation into virions. TGN46 depletion and GRASP55 expression additively inhibit viral secretion, indicating that they act at different stages. Taken together, we show that SARS-CoV-2 alters Golgi structure and function to control viral assembly and secretion, highlighting the Golgi as a potential therapeutic target for blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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2
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Zhang J, Wang Y. Emerging roles of O-GlcNAcylation in protein trafficking and secretion. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105677. [PMID: 38272225 PMCID: PMC10907171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The emerging roles of O-GlcNAcylation, a distinctive post-translational modification, are increasingly recognized for their involvement in the intricate processes of protein trafficking and secretion. This modification exerts its influence on both conventional and unconventional secretory pathways. Under healthy and stress conditions, such as during diseases, it orchestrates the transport of proteins within cells, ensuring timely delivery to their intended destinations. O-GlcNAcylation occurs on key factors, like coat protein complexes (COPI and COPII), clathrin, SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors), and GRASP55 (Golgi reassembly stacking protein of 55 kDa) that control vesicle budding and fusion in anterograde and retrograde trafficking and unconventional secretion. The understanding of O-GlcNAcylation offers valuable insights into its critical functions in cellular physiology and the progression of diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest findings elucidating the involvement of O-GlcNAc in protein trafficking and its significance in various human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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3
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Kava E, Garbelotti CV, Lopes JLS, Costa-Filho AJ. Myristoylated GRASP55 dimerizes in the presence of model membranes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38361284 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2317973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Proteins (GRASPs) are engaged in various functions within the cell, both in unconventional secretion mechanisms and structuring and organizing the Golgi apparatus. Understanding their specific role in each situation still requires more structural and functional data at the molecular level. GRASP55 is one of the GRASP members in mammals, anchored to the membrane via the myristoylation of a Gly residue at its N-terminus. Therefore, co-translational modifications, such as myristoylation, are fundamental when considering a strategy to obtain detailed information on the interactions between GRASP55 and membranes. Despite its functional relevance, the N-terminal myristoylation has been underappreciated in the studies reported to date, compromising the previously proposed models for GRASP-membrane interactions. Here, we investigated the synergy between the presence of the membrane and the formation of oligomeric structures of myristoylated GRASP55, using a series of biophysical techniques to perform the structural characterization of the lipidated GRASP55 and its interaction with biological lipid model membranes. Our data fulfill an unexplored gap: the adequate evaluation of the presence of lipidations and lipid membranes on the structure-function dyad of GRASPs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Kava
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Garbelotti
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz S Lopes
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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4
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Zobaroğlu-Özer P, Bora-Akoğlu G. Split but merge: Golgi fragmentation in physiological and pathological conditions. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:214. [PMID: 38280063 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The Golgi complex is a highly dynamic and tightly regulated cellular organelle with essential roles in the processing as well as the sorting of proteins and lipids. Its structure undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during normal physiological processes, including cell division, migration, polarization, differentiation, and cell death. Golgi dispersal or fragmentation also occurs in pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, congenital disorders of glycosylation diseases, and cancer. In this review, current knowledge about both structural organization and morphological alterations in the Golgi in physiological and pathological conditions is summarized together with the methodologies that help to reveal its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Zobaroğlu-Özer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Gamze Bora-Akoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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5
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Li J, Zhang J, Bui S, Ahat E, Kolli D, Reid W, Xing L, Wang Y. Common Assays in Mammalian Golgi Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:303-332. [PMID: 36512224 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi is a complex structure characterized by stacks of tightly aligned flat cisternae. In mammalian cells, Golgi stacks often concentrate in the perinuclear region and link together to form a ribbon. This structure is dynamic to accommodate continuous cargo flow in and out of the Golgi in both directions and undergoes morphological changes under physiological and pathological conditions. The fine, stacked Golgi structure makes it difficult to study by conventional light or even super-resolution microscopy. Furthermore, efforts to understand how Golgi structural dynamics impact cellular processes have been slow because of the knowledge gap in the protein machinery that maintains the complex and dynamic Golgi structure. In this method article, we list the common assays used in our research to help new and established researchers select the most appropriate method to properly address their questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Divya Kolli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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Common Markers and Small Molecule Inhibitors in Golgi Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:453-493. [PMID: 36512231 PMCID: PMC10178357 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we provide a detailed guide for the application of commonly used small molecules to study Golgi structure and function in vitro. Furthermore, we have curated a concise, validated list of endomembrane markers typically used in downstream assays to examine the consequent effect on the Golgi via microscopy and western blot after drug treatment. This chapter will be useful for researchers beginning their foray into the field of intracellular trafficking and Golgi biology.
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7
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Ahat E, Bui S, Zhang J, da Veiga Leprevost F, Sharkey L, Reid W, Nesvizhskii AI, Paulson HL, Wang Y. GRASP55 regulates the unconventional secretion and aggregation of mutant huntingtin. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102219. [PMID: 35780830 PMCID: PMC9352920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that the Golgi reassembly stacking proteins (GRASPs), especially GRASP55, regulate Golgi-independent unconventional secretion of certain cytosolic and transmembrane cargoes; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we surveyed several neurodegenerative disease-related proteins, including mutant huntingtin (Htt-Q74), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), tau, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), for unconventional secretion; our results show that Htt-Q74 is most robustly secreted in a GRASP55-dependent manner. Using Htt-Q74 as a model system, we demonstrate that unconventional secretion of Htt is GRASP55 and autophagy dependent and is enhanced under stress conditions such as starvation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mechanistically, we show that GRASP55 facilitates Htt secretion by tethering autophagosomes to lysosomes to promote autophagosome maturation and subsequent lysosome secretion and by stabilizing p23/TMED10, a channel for translocation of cytoplasmic proteins into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. Moreover, we found that GRASP55 levels are upregulated by various stresses to facilitate unconventional secretion, whereas inhibition of Htt-Q74 secretion by GRASP55 KO enhances Htt aggregation and toxicity. Finally, comprehensive secretomic analysis identified novel cytosolic cargoes secreted by the same unconventional pathway, including transgelin (TAGLN), multifunctional protein ADE2 (PAICS), and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1). In conclusion, this study defines the pathway of GRASP55-mediated unconventional protein secretion and provides important insights into the progression of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Lisa Sharkey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexey I. Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry L. Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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8
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Ahat E, Song Y, Xia K, Reid W, Li J, Bui S, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Wang Y. GRASP depletion-mediated Golgi fragmentation impairs glycosaminoglycan synthesis, sulfation, and secretion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:199. [PMID: 35312866 PMCID: PMC9164142 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), occurs in the lumen of the Golgi, but the relationship between Golgi structural integrity and glycosaminoglycan synthesis is not clear. In this study, we disrupted the Golgi structure by knocking out GRASP55 and GRASP65 and determined its effect on the synthesis, sulfation, and secretion of HS and CS. We found that GRASP depletion increased HS synthesis while decreasing CS synthesis in cells, altered HS and CS sulfation, and reduced both HS and CS secretion. Using proteomics, RNA-seq and biochemical approaches, we identified EXTL3, a key enzyme in the HS synthesis pathway, whose level is upregulated in GRASP knockout cells; while GalNAcT1, an essential CS synthesis enzyme, is robustly reduced. In addition, we found that GRASP depletion decreased HS sulfation via the reduction of PAPSS2, a bifunctional enzyme in HS sulfation. Our study provides the first evidence that Golgi structural defect may significantly alter the synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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Glycomic and Glycoproteomic Techniques in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: Towards Personalized Markers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030581. [PMID: 35159390 PMCID: PMC8834236 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteome represents all the proteins expressed by a genome, a cell, a tissue, or an organism at any given time under defined physiological or pathological circumstances. Proteomic analysis has provided unparalleled opportunities for the discovery of expression patterns of proteins in a biological system, yielding precise and inclusive data about the system. Advances in the proteomics field opened the door to wider knowledge of the mechanisms underlying various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including glycosylation. As of yet, the role of most of these PTMs remains unidentified. In this state-of-the-art review, we present a synopsis of glycosylation processes and the pathophysiological conditions that might ensue secondary to glycosylation shortcomings. The dynamics of protein glycosylation, a crucial mechanism that allows gene and pathway regulation, is described. We also explain how-at a biomolecular level-mutations in glycosylation-related genes may lead to neuropsychiatric manifestations and neurodegenerative disorders. We then analyze the shortcomings of glycoproteomic studies, putting into perspective their downfalls and the different advanced enrichment techniques that emanated to overcome some of these challenges. Furthermore, we summarize studies tackling the association between glycosylation and neuropsychiatric disorders and explore glycoproteomic changes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We finally conclude with the role of glycomics in the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and provide perspectives on the clinical application of glycoproteomics as potential diagnostic tools and their application in personalized medicine.
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10
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Bui S, Mejia I, Díaz B, Wang Y. Adaptation of the Golgi Apparatus in Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:806482. [PMID: 34957124 PMCID: PMC8703019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.806482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in normal cell physiology by promoting cell survival, facilitating proliferation, and enabling cell-cell communication and migration. These roles are partially mediated by well-known Golgi functions, including post-translational modifications, lipid biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking, and protein secretion. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that the Golgi plays a critical role in sensing and integrating external and internal cues to promote cellular homeostasis. Indeed, the unique structure of the mammalian Golgi can be fine-tuned to adapt different Golgi functions to specific cellular needs. This is particularly relevant in the context of cancer, where unrestrained proliferation and aberrant survival and migration increase the demands in Golgi functions, as well as the need for Golgi-dependent sensing and adaptation to intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Here, we review and discuss current understanding of how the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus is influenced by oncogenic transformation, and how this adaptation may facilitate cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Isabel Mejia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Begoña Díaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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11
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Zhang X. Alterations of Golgi Structural Proteins and Glycosylation Defects in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665289. [PMID: 34055798 PMCID: PMC8149618 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the central hub in the secretory and endocytic pathways, the Golgi apparatus continually receives the flow of cargos and serves as a major processing station in the cell. Due to its dynamic nature, a sophisticated and constantly remodeling mechanism needs to be set up to maintain the Golgi architecture and function in the non-stop trafficking of proteins and lipids. Abundant evidence has been accumulated that a well-organized Golgi structure is required for its proper functions, especially protein glycosylation. Remarkably, altered glycosylation has been a hallmark of most cancer cells. To understand the causes of Golgi defects in cancer, efforts have been made to characterize Golgi structural proteins under physiological and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of crucial Golgi structural proteins and their connections with tumor progression. We foresee that understanding the Golgi structural and functional defects may help solve the puzzle of whether glycosylation defect is a cause or effect of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Wu S, Rish AJ, Skomo A, Zhao Y, Drennen JK, Anderson CA. Rapid serum-free/suspension adaptation: Medium development using a definitive screening design for Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3154. [PMID: 33864359 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry prefers to culture the mammalian cells in suspension with a serum-free media (SFM) due to improved productivity and process consistency. However, mammalian cells preferentially grow as adherent cells in a complete medium (CM) containing serum. Therefore, cells require adaptation from adherence in CM to suspension culture in SFM. This work proposes an adaptation method that includes media supplementation during the adaption of Chinese hamster ovary cells. As a result, the adaptation was accelerated compared to the traditional repetitive subculturing. Ca2+ /Mg2+ supplementation significantly reduced the doubling time compared to the adaptation without supplementation during the adaptation of adherent cells from 100% CM to 75% CM (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a definitive screening design (DSD) was applied to select essential nutrients during the adaptation from 10% CM to 0% CM. The main effects of Ca2+ and Dulbecco's modified essential medium (DMEM) were found significant to both viable cell density and viability at harvest. Additionally, the interaction term between Ca2+ and DMEM was found significant, which highlights the ability of DSD to capture interaction terms. Eventually, the media supplementation method resulted in adaptation SFM in 27 days, compared to the previously reported 66 days. Additionally, the membrane surface integrin expression was found significantly decreased when adherent cells were adapted to suspension. Moreover, the Ca2+ /Mg2+ supplementation correlated with faster integrin recovery after trypsinization. However, faster integrin recovery did not contribute to the accelerated cell growth when subculturing from 100% CM to 75% CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Wu
- Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam J Rish
- Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alec Skomo
- Rangos School of Health Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James K Drennen
- Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Duquesne Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl A Anderson
- Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Duquesne Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Kim A, Le Douce J, Diab F, Ferovova M, Dubourg C, Odent S, Dupé V, David V, Diambra L, Watrin E, de Tayrac M. Synonymous variants in holoprosencephaly alter codon usage and impact the Sonic Hedgehog protein. Brain 2020; 143:2027-2038. [PMID: 32542401 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synonymous single nucleotide variants (sSNVs) have been implicated in various genetic disorders through alterations of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA structure and miRNA regulation. However, their impact on synonymous codon usage and protein translation remains to be elucidated in clinical context. Here, we explore the functional impact of sSNVs in the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene, identified in patients affected by holoprosencephaly, a congenital brain defect resulting from incomplete forebrain cleavage. We identified eight sSNVs in SHH, selectively enriched in holoprosencephaly patients as compared to healthy individuals, and systematically assessed their effect at both transcriptional and translational levels using a series of in silico and in vitro approaches. Although no evidence of impact of these sSNVs on splicing, mRNA structure or miRNA regulation was found, five sSNVs introduced significant changes in codon usage and were predicted to impact protein translation. Cell assays demonstrated that these five sSNVs are associated with a significantly reduced amount of the resulting protein, ranging from 5% to 23%. Inhibition of the proteasome rescued the protein levels for four out of five sSNVs, confirming their impact on protein stability and folding. Remarkably, we found a significant correlation between experimental values of protein reduction and computational measures of codon usage, indicating the relevance of in silico models in predicting the impact of sSNVs on translation. Considering the critical role of SHH in brain development, our findings highlight the clinical relevance of sSNVs in holoprosencephaly and underline the importance of investigating their impact on translation in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Kim
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Le Douce
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Farah Diab
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Monika Ferovova
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Dupé
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Véronique David
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Luis Diambra
- CREG, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, CP 1900, Argentina
| | - Erwan Watrin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marie de Tayrac
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
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14
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Zhang X, Wang Y. Nonredundant Roles of GRASP55 and GRASP65 in the Golgi Apparatus and Beyond. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:1065-1079. [PMID: 32893104 PMCID: PMC7641999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that two Golgi stacking proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65, self-interact to form trans-oligomers that tether adjacent Golgi membranes into stacks and ribbons in mammalian cells. This ensures proper functioning of the Golgi apparatus in protein trafficking and processing. More recently, GRASP proteins have drawn extensive attention from researchers due to their diverse and essential roles in and out of the Golgi in different organisms. In this review, we summarize their established roles in Golgi structure formation and function under physiological conditions. We then highlight the emerging and divergent roles for individual GRASP proteins, focusing on GRASP65 in cell migration and apoptosis and GRASP55 in unconventional protein secretion and autophagy under stress or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Reddy ST, Uversky VN, Costa-Filho AJ. Biophysical characterization of intrinsically disordered human Golgi matrix protein GRASP65. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1982-1993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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He Q, Liu H, Deng S, Chen X, Li D, Jiang X, Zeng W, Lu W. The Golgi Apparatus May Be a Potential Therapeutic Target for Apoptosis-Related Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:830. [PMID: 33015040 PMCID: PMC7493689 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that, in addition to the classical function of protein processing and transport, the Golgi apparatus (GA) is also involved in apoptosis, one of the most common forms of cell death. The structure and the function of the GA is damaged during apoptosis. However, the specific effect of the GA on the apoptosis process is unclear; it may be involved in initiating or promoting apoptosis, or it may inhibit apoptosis. Golgi-related apoptosis is associated with a variety of neurological diseases including glioma, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and ischemic stroke. This review summarizes the changes and the possible mechanisms of Golgi structure and function during apoptosis. In addition, we also explore the possible mechanisms by which the GA regulates apoptosis and summarize the potential relationship between the Golgi and certain neurological diseases from the perspective of apoptosis. Elucidation of the interaction between the GA and apoptosis broadens our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of neurological diseases and provides new research directions for the treatment of these diseases. Therefore, we propose that the GA may be a potential therapeutic target for apoptosis-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiqian Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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17
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are known to play an essential role in fundamental processes such as defining cell shape, polarity and migration. As such, the majority of Rho GTPases localize and function at, or close to, the plasma membrane. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that a number of Rho family proteins are also associated with the Golgi complex, where they not only regulate events at this organelle but also more widely across the cell. Given the central location of this organelle, and the numerous membrane trafficking pathways that connect it to both the endocytic and secretory systems of cells, it is clear that the Golgi is fundamental for maintaining cellular homoeostasis. In this review, we describe these GTPases in the context of how they regulate Golgi architecture, membrane trafficking into and away from this organelle, and cell polarity and migration. We summarize the key findings that show the growing importance of the pool of Rho GTPases associated with Golgi function, namely Cdc42, RhoA, RhoD, RhoBTB1 and RhoBTB3, and we discuss how they act in concert with other key families of molecules associated with the Golgi, including Rab GTPases and matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritha M Mysior
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
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18
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Bilodeau P, Jacobsen D, Law-Vinh D, Lee JM. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta regulates cell shape, migration, and focal adhesion number. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1904-1916. [PMID: 32583740 PMCID: PMC7525810 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-11-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shape is regulated by cell adhesion and cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics. Cell shape, adhesion, and motility have a complex relationship and understanding them is important in understanding developmental patterning and embryogenesis. Here we show that the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KIIIβ) regulates cell shape, migration, and focal adhesion (FA) number. PI4KIIIβ generates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) from phosphatidylinositol and is highly expressed in a subset of human breast cancers. PI4KIIIβ and the PI4P it generates regulate a variety of cellular functions, ranging from control of Golgi structure, fly fertility, and Akt signaling. Here, we show that loss of PI4KIIIβ expression decreases cell migration and alters cell shape in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. The changes are accompanied by an increase in the number of FA in cells lacking PI4KIIIβ. Furthermore, we find that PI4P-containing vesicles move to the migratory leading edge during migration and that some of these vesicles tether to and fuse with FA. Fusion is associated with FA disassembly. This suggests a novel regulatory role for PI4KIIIβ and PI4P in cell adhesion and cell shape maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bilodeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Daniel Jacobsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Denise Law-Vinh
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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19
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Ferrazzano L, Corbisiero D, Potenza E, Baiula M, Dattoli SD, Spampinato S, Belvisi L, Civera M, Tolomelli A. Side chain effect in the modulation of α vβ 3/α 5β 1 integrin activity via clickable isoxazoline-RGD-mimetics: development of molecular delivery systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7410. [PMID: 32366988 PMCID: PMC7198601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of small molecule ligand (SML) based delivery systems has been performed starting from a polyfunctionalized isoxazoline scaffold, whose αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins' potency has been already established. The synthesis of this novel class of ligands was obtained by conjugation of linkers to the heterocyclic core via Huisgen-click reaction, with the aim to use them as "shuttles" for selective delivery of diagnostic agents to cancer cells, exploring the effects of the side chains in the interaction with the target. Compounds 17b and 24 showed excellent potency towards α5β1 integrin acting as selective antagonist and agonist respectively. Further investigations confirmed their effects on target receptor through the analysis of fibronectin-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, confocal microscopy analysis allowed us to follow the fate of EGFP conjugated α5β1 integrin and 17b FITC-conjugated (compound 31) inside the cells. Moreover, the stability in water solution at different values of pH and in bovine serum confirmed the possible exploitation of these peptidomimetic molecules for pharmaceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ferrazzano
- Department of Chemistry "G.Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Dario Corbisiero
- Department of Chemistry "G.Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Potenza
- Department of Chemistry "G.Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Baiula
- Department of Pharmacy and Biothecnology, FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Samantha Deianira Dattoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biothecnology, FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Santi Spampinato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biothecnology, FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Civera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tolomelli
- Department of Chemistry "G.Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Ireland S, Ramnarayanan S, Fu M, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li J, Emebo D, Wang Y. Cytosolic Ca 2+ Modulates Golgi Structure Through PKCα-Mediated GRASP55 Phosphorylation. iScience 2020; 23:100952. [PMID: 32179476 PMCID: PMC7078314 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well documented that the ER responds to cellular stresses through the unfolded protein response (UPR), but it is unknown how the Golgi responds to similar stresses. In this study, we treated HeLa cells with ER stress inducers, thapsigargin (TG), tunicamycin (Tm), and dithiothreitol (DTT), and found that only TG treatment resulted in Golgi fragmentation. TG induced Golgi fragmentation at a low dose and short time when UPR was undetectable, indicating that Golgi fragmentation occurs independently of ER stress. Further experiments demonstrated that TG induces Golgi fragmentation through elevating intracellular Ca2+ and protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activity, which phosphorylates the Golgi stacking protein GRASP55. Significantly, activation of PKCα with other activating or inflammatory agents, including phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and histamine, modulates Golgi structure in a similar fashion. Hence, our study revealed a novel mechanism through which increased cytosolic Ca2+ modulates Golgi structure and function. Thapsigargin (TG) treatment leads to Golgi fragmentation independent of ER stress TG induces Golgi fragmentation through elevated cytosolic Ca2+ TG-induced cytosolic Ca2+ spikes activate PKCα that phosphorylates GRASP55 Histamine modulates the Golgi structure and function by a similar mechanism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ireland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Saiprasad Ramnarayanan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Mingzhou Fu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Dabel Emebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA.
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21
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Wang F, Chen X, Yuan D, Yi Y, Luo Y. Golgi reassembly and stacking protein 65 downregulation is required for the anti-cancer effect of dihydromyricetin on human ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225450. [PMID: 31770410 PMCID: PMC6879129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi reassembly and stacking protein 65 (GRASP65), which has been involved in cancer progression, is associated with tumor growth and cell apoptosis. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) has demonstrated antitumor activity in different types of human cancers. However, the pharmacological effects of DHM on ovarian cancer (OC) and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these effects are largely unknown. The present study showed that DHM reduced cell migration and invasion in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and induced cell apoptosis primarily through upregulation of Cleaved-caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in OCs. To further clarify the cancer therapeutic target, we assessed the effect of DHM on the expression of GRASP65, which is overexpressed in human ovarian cancer tissues. DHM activated caspase-3 and decreased GRASP65 expression to promote cell apoptosis, implying that downregulation of GRASP65 was related to DHM-induced cell apoptosis. Additionally, the knockdown of GRASP65 by siRNA resulted in increased apoptosis after DHM treatment, while western blot and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that overexpression of GRASP65 attenuated DHM-mediated apoptosis. In addition, the JNK/ERK pathway may be involved in DHM-mediated caspase-3 activation and GRASP65 downregulation. Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence of the anti-cancer properties of DHM in OCs, indicating that DHM is a potential therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer through the inhibition of GRASP65 expression and the regulation of JNK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Xianbing Chen
- Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Depei Yuan
- Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Yongfen Yi
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital Of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ravichandran Y, Goud B, Manneville JB. The Golgi apparatus and cell polarity: Roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and Golgi membranes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:104-113. [PMID: 31751898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking plays a crucial role in cell polarity by directing lipids and proteins to specific subcellular locations in the cell and sustaining a polarized state. The Golgi apparatus, the master organizer of membrane trafficking, can be subdivided into three layers that play different mechanical roles: a cytoskeletal layer, the so-called Golgi matrix, and the Golgi membranes. First, the outer regions of the Golgi apparatus interact with cytoskeletal elements, mainly actin and microtubules, which shape, position, and orient the organelle. Closer to the Golgi membranes, a matrix of long coiled-coiled proteins not only selectively captures transport intermediates but also participates in signaling events during polarization of membrane trafficking. Finally, the Golgi membranes themselves serve as active signaling platforms during cell polarity events. We review here the recent findings that link the Golgi apparatus to cell polarity, focusing on the roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and the Golgi membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Ravichandran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR 3691, 25 rue du Docteur Roux F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France.
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23
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Ahat E, Li J, Wang Y. New Insights Into the Golgi Stacking Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:131. [PMID: 31380369 PMCID: PMC6660245 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi stacking proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65, are best known for their roles in Golgi structure formation. These peripheral Golgi proteins form trans-oligomers that hold the flat cisternal membranes into stacks. Depletion of both GRASP proteins in cells disrupts the Golgi stack structure, increases protein trafficking, but impairs accurate glycosylation, and sorting. Golgi unstacking by GRASPs depletion also reduces cell adhesion and migration in an integrin-dependent manner. In addition to Golgi structure formation and regulation of cellular activities, GRASPs, in particular GRASP55, have recently drawn attention in their roles in autophagy, and unconventional secretion. In autophagy, GRASP55 senses the energy level by O-GlcNAcylation, which regulates GRASP55 translocation from the Golgi to the autophagosome-lysosome interface, where it interacts with LC3 and LAMP2 to facilitate autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This newly discovered function of GRASP55 in autophagy may help explain its role in the stress-induced, autophagosome-dependent unconventional secretion. In this review, we summarize the emerging functions of the GRASP proteins, focusing on their roles in cell adhesion and migration, autophagy, unconventional secretion, as well as on novel GRASP-interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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24
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. To best perform these functions, Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure. The Golgi structure is dynamic but tightly regulated; it undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during the cell cycle of mammalian cells and is disrupted under certain stress and pathological conditions. In the past decade, significant amount of effort has been made to reveal the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Golgi membrane architecture and function. Here we review the major discoveries in the mechanisms of Golgi structure formation, regulation, and alteration in relation to its functions in physiological and pathological conditions to further our understanding of Golgi structure and function in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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