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Kan W, Gao L, Chen J, Chen L, Zhang G, Hao B, He M, Chen X, Wang C. Downregulating DNA methyltransferase 3B by suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway enhances the chemosensitivity of glioblastoma to temozolomide. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04041-7. [PMID: 38368287 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor and has the poorest prognosis attributed to its chemoresistance to temozolomide (TMZ), the first-line drug for treating GBM. TMZ resistance represents a significant obstacle to successful GBM treatment, necessitating the development of new strategies to overcome this resistance and augment the chemosensitivity of GBM cells to TMZ. This study established a TMZ-resistant U251 (U251-TMZ) cell line by exposing it to increasing doses of TMZ in vitro. We focused on the DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) gene, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), total Akt (t-Akt), phosphorylated PI3K (p-PI3K), and total PI3K (t-PI3K) protein expression. Results showed that the DNMT3B gene was significantly upregulated in the U251-TMZ cell line. The p-Akt and p-PI3K protein expression in U251-TMZ cells was also significantly elevated. Moreover, we found that DNMT3B downregulation was correlated with the increased chemosensitivity of GBM cells to TMZ. LY294002 suppressed the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, leading to a notable inhibition of PI3K phosphorylation and a significant decrease in DNMT3B expression in U251-TMZ cells. Given that DNMT3B expression is mediated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, its downregulation further increased the chemosensitivity of GBM cells to TMZ and therefore is a promising therapeutic for GBM treatment. Our results suggested that DNMT3B downregulation can inhibit the proliferation of GBM cells and induce GBM cell apoptosis in vitro. In addition, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway plays an important role in the chemosensitivity of GBM cells to TMZ by regulating DNMT3B expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linhui Gao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bilie Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China.
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Klimaschewski L, Claus P. Fibroblast Growth Factor Signalling in the Diseased Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3884-3902. [PMID: 33860438 PMCID: PMC8280051 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act as key signalling molecules in brain development, maintenance, and repair. They influence the intricate relationship between myelinating cells and axons as well as the association of astrocytic and microglial processes with neuronal perikarya and synapses. Advances in molecular genetics and imaging techniques have allowed novel insights into FGF signalling in recent years. Conditional mouse mutants have revealed the functional significance of neuronal and glial FGF receptors, not only in tissue protection, axon regeneration, and glial proliferation but also in instant behavioural changes. This review provides a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the nervous system and in the pathogenesis of major neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klimaschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Che Mat MF, Mohamad Hanif EA, Abdul Murad NA, Ibrahim K, Harun R, Jamal R. Silencing of ZFP36L2 increases sensitivity to temozolomide through G2/M cell cycle arrest and BAX mediated apoptosis in GBM cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1493-1503. [PMID: 33590411 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advancements in primary brain tumour diagnoses and treatments, the mortality rate remains high, particularly in glioblastoma (GBM). Chemoresistance, predominantly in recurrent cases, results in decreased mean survival of patients with GBM. We aimed to determine the chemosensitisation and oncogenic characteristics of zinc finger protein 36-like 2 (ZFP36L2) in LN18 GBM cells via RNA interference (RNAi) delivery. We conducted a meta-analysis of microarray datasets and RNAi screening using pooled small interference RNA (siRNA) to identify the druggable genes responsive to GBM chemosensitivity. Temozolomide-resistant LN18 cells were used to evaluate the effects of gene silencing on chemosensitisation to the sub-lethal dose (1/10 of the median inhibitory concentration [IC50]) of temozolomide. ZFP36L2 protein expression was detected by western blotting. Cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis assays were carried out using commercial kits. A human apoptosis array kit was used to determine the apoptosis pathway underlying chemosensitisation by siRNA against ZFP36L2 (siZFP36L2). Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance; p > 0.05 was considered significant. The meta-analysis and RNAi screening identified ZFP36L2 as a potential marker of GBM. ZFP36L2 knockdown significantly induced apoptosis (p < 0.05). Moreover, ZFP36L2 inhibition led to increased cell cycle arrest and decreased cell proliferation. Downstream analysis showed that the sub-lethal dose of temozolomide and siZFP26L2 caused major upregulation of BCL2-associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX). ZFP36L2 has oncogenic and chemosensitive characteristics and may play an important role in gliomagenesis through cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This suggests that RNAi combined with chemotherapy treatment such as temozolomide may be a potential GBM therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Firdaus Che Mat
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Centre, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ezanee Azlina Mohamad Hanif
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Centre, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Centre, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamariah Ibrahim
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Centre, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roslan Harun
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Centre, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Centre, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Hsieh MJ, Huang C, Lin CC, Tang CH, Lin CY, Lee IN, Huang HC, Chen JC. Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes doxorubicin resistance in chondrosarcoma cells by affecting XRCC5 expression. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:293-303. [PMID: 31916307 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is the second most common form of bone cancer and is characterized by its ability to produce an extracellular matrix of the cartilage. High-grade chondrosarcoma is highly aggressive and can metastasize to other parts of the body. Chondrosarcoma is resistant to both conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy; hence, the current main treatment is still surgical resection. Doxorubicin (Dox) has been shown to significantly improve patient survival compared with untreated chondrosarcoma. However, for patients with metastasis, surgical resection alone can hardly treat them. In addition, drug resistance is one of the leading causes of death in patients with chondrosarcoma. Secreted proteins can mediate cell-cell interactions in the cancer microenvironment, which may be associated with the development of drug resistance. In the present study, chondrosarcoma cells were treated with Dox, the conditioned medium was then collected and changes in secreted proteins were analyzed using the antibody array. Results showed that the Dox-treated group had the highest secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), indicating the effect of bFGF on Dox sensitivity in chondrosarcoma. Furthermore, lentiviral-mediated knockdown and treatment of exogenous recombinant protein were employed to further investigate the effect of bFGF on Dox resistance. Results demonstrated that bFGF can promote the expression of X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 5 (XRCC5), leading to Dox resistance. Secreted bFGF is likely to be detected in serum, in addition to being a biomarker for predicting Dox resistance, the combination of Dox and bFGF/XRCC5 blockers may be a new therapeutic strategy to improve the efficacy of Dox in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Holistic Wellness, Mingdao University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chieh Lin
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - I-Neng Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Huang
- Department of Applied Science, National Tsing Hua University, South Campus, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Distinct response to GDF15 knockdown in pediatric and adult glioblastoma cell lines. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:51-60. [PMID: 29671197 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor affecting adults. In pediatric patients, GBM exhibits genetic variations distinct from those identified in the adult GBM phenotype. This tumor exhibits complex genetic changes leading to malignant progression and resistance to standard therapies including radiotherapy and temozolomide treatment. The GDF15 gene codes for a growth factor whose expression is altered in the presence of inflammations and malignancies. GDF15 is associated with a poor prognosis and with radio- and chemoresistance in a variety of tumors. The aim of this study was to compare the response to GDF15 knockdown in adult (U343) and pediatric (KNS42) GBM cell line models. METHODS The expression of the GDF15 gene was investigated by qRT-PCR and overexpression was identified in both GBM cell lines. The KNS42 and U343 cell lines were submitted to lentiviral transduction with shRNA of GDF15 and validated at the protein level. To understand the difference between cell lines, RNAseq was performed after GDF15 knockdown. RESULTS The data obtained demonstrated that the pathways were differentially expressed in adult GBM and pediatric GBM cell lines. This was confirmed by functional assays perfomed after independent treatments (radiotherapy and TMZ). CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that GBM cell lines had distinct responses to GDF15 knockdown, a fact that can be explained by the different molecular profile of pediatric and adult GBM.
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Resende FFB, Titze-de-Almeida SS, Titze-de-Almeida R. Function of neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzyme in temozolomide-induced damage of astrocytic tumor cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:4891-4899. [PMID: 29552127 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic tumors, including astrocytomas and glioblastomas, are the most common type of primary brain tumors. Treatment for glioblastomas includes radiotherapy, chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) and surgical ablation. Despite certain therapeutic advances, the survival time of patients is no longer than 12-14 months. Cancer cells overexpress the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). In the present study, it was examined whether the nNOS enzyme serves a role in the damage of astrocytoma (U251MG and U138MG) and glioblastoma (U87MG) cells caused by TMZ. First, TMZ (250 µM) triggered an increase in oxidative stress at 2, 48 and 72 h in the U87MG, U251MG and U138MG cell lines, as revealed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate assay. The drug also reduced cell viability, as measured by MTT assay. U87MG cells presented a more linear decline in cell viability at time-points 2, 48 and 72 h, compared with the U251MG and U138MG cell lines. The peak of oxidative stress occurred at 48 h. To examine the role of NOS enzymes in the cell damage caused by TMZ, N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) were used. L-NAME increased the cell damage caused by TMZ while reducing the oxidative stress at 48 h. The preferential nNOS inhibitor 7-NI also improved the TMZ effects. It caused a 12.8% decrease in the viability of TMZ-injured cells. Indeed, 7-NI was more effective than L-NAME in restraining the increase in oxidative stress triggered by TMZ. Silencing nNOS with a synthetic small interfering (si)RNA (siRNAnNOShum_4400) increased by 20% the effects of 250 µM of TMZ on cell viability (P<0.05). Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining confirmed that nNOS knock-down enhanced TMZ injury. In conclusion, our data reveal that nNOS enzymes serve a role in the damage produced by TMZ on astrocytoma and glioblastoma cells. RNA interference with nNOS merits further studies in animal models to disclose its potential use in brain tumor anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Francisco Borges Resende
- Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, Central Institute of Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Simoneide Souza Titze-de-Almeida
- Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, Central Institute of Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Titze-de-Almeida
- Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, Central Institute of Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
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Chen Y, Gao F, Jiang R, Liu H, Hou J, Yi Y, Kang L, Liu X, Li Y, Yang M. Down‐Regulation of AQP4 Expression via p38 MAPK Signaling in Temozolomide‐Induced Glioma Cells Growth Inhibition and Invasion Impairment. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4905-4913. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Chen
- Institute of NeuroscienceDepartment of AnatomyCollege of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Department of Tissue and EmbryologyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of NeuroscienceDepartment of AnatomyCollege of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Hou
- Institute of NeuroscienceDepartment of AnatomyCollege of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
| | - Yaoxing Yi
- Institute of NeuroscienceDepartment of AnatomyCollege of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
| | - Lili Kang
- Institute of NeuroscienceDepartment of AnatomyCollege of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- Institute of NeuroscienceDepartment of AnatomyCollege of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of NeuroscienceDepartment of AnatomyCollege of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- Institute of NeuroscienceDepartment of AnatomyCollege of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016P.R. China
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LncRNAs2Pathways: Identifying the pathways influenced by a set of lncRNAs of interest based on a global network propagation method. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46566. [PMID: 28425476 PMCID: PMC5397852 DOI: 10.1038/srep46566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play essential roles in diverse cellular processes and biological functions. Exploring the functions associated with lncRNAs may help provide insight into their underlying biological mechanisms. The current methods primarily focus on investigating the functions of individual lncRNAs; however, essential biological functions may be affected by the combinatorial effects of multiple lncRNAs. Here, we have developed a novel computational method, LncRNAs2Pathways, to identify the functional pathways influenced by the combinatorial effects of a set of lncRNAs of interest based on a global network propagation algorithm. A new Kolmogorov–Smirnov-like statistical measure weighted by the network propagation score, which considers the expression correlation among lncRNAs and coding genes, was used to evaluate the biological pathways influenced by the lncRNAs of interest. We have described the LncRNAs2Pathways methodology and illustrated its effectiveness by analyzing three lncRNA sets associated with glioma, prostate and pancreatic cancers. We further analyzed the reproducibility and robustness and compared our results with those of two other methods. Based on these analyses, we showed that LncRNAs2Pathways can effectively identify the functional pathways associated with lncRNA sets. Finally, we implemented this method as a freely available R-based tool.
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Wu H, Li J, Xu D, Jv D, Meng X, Qiao P, Cui T, Shi B. The 37-kDa laminin receptor precursor regulates the malignancy of human glioma cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 34:516-521. [PMID: 27748570 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common brain tumors and one of the most aggressive cancers. Although extensive progress has been made regarding to the diagnosis and treatment, the mortality in glioma patients is still high. Therefore, finding new therapeutic targets to the glioma is critical to the advancement in cancer treatment. Recently, the 37-kDa laminin receptor precursor (37LRP) was reported to play important roles in occurrence of some types of cancer, indicating that this molecule may function as a key regulator in the tumor migration and metastasis. However, there is still no report to elucidate the correlation between 37LRP expression and glioma genesis and development. In this study, we found the higher expression of 37LRP in the glioma cells compared with the normal brain cells. We also indicated that the downregulation of 37LRP could affect the glioma biomarker expression and also weaken the proliferative, migratory, and metastatic capacity of glioma cells in vitro. Furthermore, 37LRP silencing inhibited the glioma tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, these data demonstrated that 37LRP regulates the metastasis of glioma cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, suggesting that 37LRP may function as a potential molecular target in the glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Dongxiao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Donghui Jv
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China, 150086
| | - Xiaofeng Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Peng Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Tao Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Baozhong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
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