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Kraemer MVS, Fernandes AC, Chaddad MCC, Uggioni PL, Bernardo GL, Proença RPC. Is the List of Ingredients a Source of Nutrition and Health Information in Food Labeling? A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4513. [PMID: 37960166 PMCID: PMC10647387 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition labelling is any description intended to inform consumers about the nutritional properties of a food product and has focused primarily on nutrients. However, literature has shown that the nutritional quality of packaged foods is not limited to the amount of nutrients, considering that individuals do not consume only nutrients separately, but rather the entire food matrix. Therefore, to analyze the nutritional quality of a packaged food, it is necessary to read its ingredients. This scoping review aims to discuss (1) the list of ingredients as a source of health and nutrition information in food labelling; (2) opportunities to improve the nutrition labeling policies around the world. The study was carried out through a systematic search on Codex Alimentarius meeting reports. Results show that the list of ingredients is used as a source of nutritional and health information on food labelling; however, this label item is not considered in the regulatory field as a nutrition labelling requirement. It is suggested that nutrition labelling be discussed as a tool for food choices in the context of public health from a broader, consistent, convergent perspective, considering the list of ingredients as an item of nutrition labelling requirement to be included in public policies around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana V. S. Kraemer
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre, Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco C–2º andar, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.V.S.K.); (A.C.F.); (P.L.U.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Ana Carolina Fernandes
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre, Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco C–2º andar, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.V.S.K.); (A.C.F.); (P.L.U.); (G.L.B.)
| | | | - Paula L. Uggioni
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre, Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco C–2º andar, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.V.S.K.); (A.C.F.); (P.L.U.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Greyce L. Bernardo
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre, Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco C–2º andar, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.V.S.K.); (A.C.F.); (P.L.U.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Rossana P. C. Proença
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre, Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco C–2º andar, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.V.S.K.); (A.C.F.); (P.L.U.); (G.L.B.)
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Gutowska K, Czajkowski K, Kuryłowicz A. Receptor for the Advanced Glycation End Products ( RAGE) Pathway in Adipose Tissue Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10982. [PMID: 37446161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are mediators in the process of cellular dysfunction in response to hyperglycemia. Numerous data indicate that the accumulation of AGEs in the extracellular matrix plays a key role in the development of obesity-related adipose tissue dysfunction. Through binding of their membrane receptor (RAGE), AGEs affect numerous intracellular pathways and impair adipocyte differentiation, metabolism, and secretory activity. Therefore, inhibiting the production and accumulation of AGEs, as well as interfering with the metabolic pathways they activate, may be a promising therapeutic strategy for restoring normal adipose tissue function and, thus, combating obesity-related comorbidities. This narrative review summarizes data on the involvement of the RAGE pathway in adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and the development of its metabolic complications. The paper begins with a brief review of AGE synthesis and the RAGE signaling pathway. The effect of the RAGE pathway on adipose tissue development and activity is then presented. Next, data from animal and human studies on the involvement of the RAGE pathway in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are summarized. Finally, therapeutic perspectives based on interference with the RAGE pathway are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Gutowska
- II Faculty and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 81, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czajkowski
- II Faculty and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alina Kuryłowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 00-401 Warsaw, Poland
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Fogolari N, Souza AD, Bernardo GL, Uggioni PL, Oliveira RC, Rodrigues VM, Proença RPC, Fernandes AC. Qualitative menu labelling in university restaurants and its influence on food choices: A systematic review and synthesis without meta-analysis. NUTR BULL 2023; 48:160-178. [PMID: 37161615 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative menu labelling can be defined as descriptive or non-numerical interpretive labels (e.g. traffic light labelling, healthy food symbols, messages or ingredient lists). Qualitative information seems to have a positive influence on consumers' food choices, particularly in institutional food service establishments, such as in universities. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the influence of different formats of qualitative menu labelling on food choices in university restaurants. This systematic review was guided by the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) and conducted vote counting of studies based on the direction of effect. Studies were retrieved from Cochrane Library, Scopus, MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and Web of Science databases and reference lists of selected articles. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies were included. Two independent researchers searched and extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. From the initial search (460 records), four papers were selected, plus one paper identified in a previous study and a further six from an update search, totalling 11 included studies, reporting 14 different interventions (n = 499 174). Types of interventions included the use of symbols and the inclusion of traffic light labelling. Outcomes of interest were food choice, expressed as mean, median or percent healthy food choices or purchases. Qualitative menu labels increased healthy food choices and/or purchase behaviour, with 10 of 12 interventions favouring the intervention (83%; 95%CI 55-95%; p = 0.0386). Most of the studies favouring the intervention used healthy food symbols for healthier foods or food components, alone or in association with another intervention and were of moderate and weak quality. These findings may serve as a basis for the implementation of nutrition information policies in university restaurants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fogolari
- Department of Nutrition and the Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre (NUPPRE) of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aretusa D Souza
- Department of Nutrition and the Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre (NUPPRE) of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Greyce L Bernardo
- Department of Nutrition, NUPPRE, and the Nutrition Postgraduate Program of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paula L Uggioni
- Department of Nutrition, NUPPRE, and the Nutrition Postgraduate Program of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renata C Oliveira
- NUPPRE and the Catholic University Centre of Santa Catarina, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Rodrigues
- NUPPRE and the Nutrition Postgraduate Program of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rossana P C Proença
- Department of Nutrition, NUPPRE, and the Nutrition Postgraduate Program of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana C Fernandes
- Department of Nutrition, NUPPRE, and the Nutrition Postgraduate Program of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Oh GEG, Huh YE, Mukhopadhyay A. Inducing consumers to use calorie information: a multinational investigation. Psychol Health 2023; 38:459-477. [PMID: 34473007 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1972111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We identify individuals who set daily intake budgets and examine if an intervention making people estimate their calorie intake up to a certain point in the day helps those setting daily budgets to regulate their calorie intake for the remainder of the day, after high prior consumption. DESIGN We conducted an online experiment in five countries: Australia, China, Germany, India, and the UK (n = 3,032) using a 2 (setting calorie budget: yes vs. no, measured) x 2 (intervention: intake reminder vs. control, manipulated) between-subjects design, with the amount of prior consumption measured. Participants were contacted in the afternoon. Those in the intervention condition were asked to estimate their prior calorie intake on that day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured the individual characteristics of those who set daily calorie budgets and the intended calorie intake for the remainder of the day. RESULTS Among people who set daily calorie budgets, the intervention reduced intended calorie intake for the remainder of the day by 176 calories if they had already consumed a high amount of calories that day. CONCLUSION A timely intervention to estimate one's calorie intake can lower additional intended calorie intake among those who set daily calorie budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Eun Grace Oh
- Department of Marketing and International Business, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Young Eun Huh
- School of Business and Technology Management, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Anirban Mukhopadhyay
- School of Business and Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1209-1221. [PMID: 35896818 PMCID: PMC9436778 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic continues unabated despite a persistent public health campaign to decrease energy intake (“eat less”) and increase energy expenditure (“move more”). One explanation for this failure is that the current approach, based on the notion of energy balance, has not been adequately embraced by the public. Another possibility is that this approach rests on an erroneous paradigm. A new formulation of the energy balance model (EBM), like prior versions, considers overeating (energy intake > expenditure) the primary cause of obesity, incorporating an emphasis on “complex endocrine, metabolic, and nervous system signals” that control food intake below conscious level. This model attributes rising obesity prevalence to inexpensive, convenient, energy-dense, “ultra-processed” foods high in fat and sugar. An alternative view, the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM), proposes that hormonal responses to highly processed carbohydrates shift energy partitioning toward deposition in adipose tissue, leaving fewer calories available for the body’s metabolic needs. Thus, increasing adiposity causes overeating to compensate for the sequestered calories. Here, we highlight robust contrasts in how the EBM and CIM view obesity pathophysiology and consider deficiencies in the EBM that impede paradigm testing and refinement. Rectifying these deficiencies should assume priority, as a constructive paradigm clash is needed to resolve long-standing scientific controversies and inform the design of new models to guide prevention and treatment. Nevertheless, public health action need not await resolution of this debate, as both models target processed carbohydrates as major drivers of obesity.
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Moriguchi Watanabe L, Bernardes Pereira Delfino H, Augusta de Souza Pinhel M, Noronha NY, Maria Diani L, Cintra do Prado Assumpção L, Ferreira Nicoletti C, Barbosa Nonino C. Food and Nutrition Public Policies in Brazil: From Malnutrition to Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122472. [PMID: 35745202 PMCID: PMC9227558 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
“Nutrition transition” describes the shifts in dietary consumption and energy expenditure influenced by economic, demographic, and epidemiological changes at a population level. This phenomenon has been associated with rising obesity rates worldwide, especially in developed countries. In Brazil, the historical analysis of temporal trends between malnutrition and obesity characterized the nutrition transition in the country and interweaved it with the formulation and implementation of public food and nutrition policies. Such analysis is crucial for understanding certain principles in each context. Thus, this review contextualized the consolidation of obesity as a critical health and public policy issue in Brazil. Our review suggested that the country may still be at the initial stage of care for obesity, and more efforts are needed to contain the advance of the disease in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Moriguchi Watanabe
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (L.C.d.P.A.); (C.B.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Heitor Bernardes Pereira Delfino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (H.B.P.D.); (M.A.d.S.P.); (N.Y.N.); (L.M.D.)
| | - Marcela Augusta de Souza Pinhel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (H.B.P.D.); (M.A.d.S.P.); (N.Y.N.); (L.M.D.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sao Jose do Rio Preto Medical School, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Natália Yumi Noronha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (H.B.P.D.); (M.A.d.S.P.); (N.Y.N.); (L.M.D.)
| | - Luisa Maria Diani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (H.B.P.D.); (M.A.d.S.P.); (N.Y.N.); (L.M.D.)
| | - Lucca Cintra do Prado Assumpção
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (L.C.d.P.A.); (C.B.N.)
| | - Carolina Ferreira Nicoletti
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Medical School FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
| | - Carla Barbosa Nonino
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (L.C.d.P.A.); (C.B.N.)
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Effect of a Multicomponent mHealth Intervention on the Composition of Diet in a Population with Overweight and Obesity-Randomized Clinical Trial EVIDENT 3. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020270. [PMID: 35057451 PMCID: PMC8778755 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A balanced diet can help in the prevention of chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an mHealth intervention on the distribution of macronutrients and the intake of food groups. A total of 650 participants were included in this multi-center, clinical, randomized, controlled trial (Evident 3 study). All participants were given brief advice about diet and exercise. The intervention group received, in addition, an app (Evident 3) for the self-recording of their diet and an activity tracker wristband for 3 months. Follow-up visits were performed at 3 and 12 months to collect the diet composition using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. There were decreases in the intake of total calories, fat, protein and carbohydrates in both groups throughout the study, without significant differences between them. The intervention group reduced the intake of cholesterol (−30.8; 95% CI −59.9, −1.7) and full-fat dairies (−23.3; 95% CI −42.8, −3.8) and increased the intake of wholemeal bread (3.3; 95% CI −6.7, 13.3) and whole-grain cereals (3.4; 95% CI −6.8, 13.7) with respect to the control group. No differences were found in the rest of the nutritional parameters. The brief advice is useful to promote a healthier diet, and the app can be a support tool to obtain changes in relevant foods, such as integral foods, and the intake of cholesterol. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier NCT03175614.
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Bullock SL, Miller HM, Ammerman AS, Viera AJ. Comparisons of Four Diet Quality Indexes to Define Single Meal Healthfulness. J Acad Nutr Diet 2022; 122:149-158. [PMID: 34303634 PMCID: PMC8688208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many dietary indexes exist to evaluate nutrition quality, but few specifically assess the quality of a single meal. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare 4 different diet quality indexes in their ability to assess the nutrition quality of single meals. DESIGN This was a secondary analysis of data from the PACE (Effects of Physical Activity Calorie Expenditure) food labeling study (2015-2017). Data were collected in business cafeterias in North Carolina and included photos of lunch trays before consumption from an adult population and serving sizes of each food item. Additional nutrient analysis was conducted to compile macro- and micronutrient data for each food item, in addition to servings provided from each food group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome was individual meal nutrition quality. Data from the PACE study were used to calculate the scores of the following diet quality indexes: Healthy Eating Index 2015, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension accordance score, Main Meal Quality Index, and Nutrient Rich Foods Index. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED To score the meals, algorithms were created in SAS software, version 9.4, to combine individual foods and beverages into meals and calculate scores according to the individual index components. The total scores for each of the indexes were compared using Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS A total of 8,070 observations or "meals" from 379 participants were scored for this study. The scores for each observation varied by index. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the indexes for the total score for all observations ranged from 0.26 to 0.68. The correlation coefficients did not change equally among the indexes when observations were excluded based on predefined criteria for what constitutes a meal. CONCLUSIONS There is wide variability in scores of the 4 diet quality indexes analyzed in this study. In addition, the indexes show weak to moderate correlation, indicating that the appropriateness of the index will depend greatly on the study questions and objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Bullock
- Department of Public Health, Davidson College, Davidson, NC.
| | | | - Alice S Ammerman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anthony J Viera
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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Do S, Phungviwatnikul T, de Godoy MRC, Swanson KS. Nutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics, microbiota, and metabolites in dogs fed human-grade foods. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6123189. [PMID: 33511410 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-grade (HG) pet foods are commercially available, but they have not been well studied. Our objective was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of HG pet foods and evaluate their effects on fecal characteristics, microbiota, and metabolites, serum metabolites, and hematology of dogs. Twelve dogs (mean age = 5.5 ± 1.0; BW = 11.6 ± 1.6 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (n = 12/treatment). The diets included 1) Chicken and Brown Rice Recipe (extruded; Blue Buffalo); 2) Roasted Meals Tender Chicken Recipe (fresh; Freshpet); 3) Beef and Russet Potato Recipe (HG beef; JustFoodForDogs); and 4) Chicken and White Rice Recipe (HG chicken; JustFoodForDogs). Each period consisted of 28 d, with a 6-d diet transition phase, 16 d of consuming 100% of the diet, a 5-d phase for fecal collection, and 1 d for blood collection. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. Dogs fed the extruded diet required a higher (P < 0.05) daily food intake (dry matter basis, DMB) to maintain BW. The ATTD of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), energy, and acid-hydrolyzed fat (AHF) were greater (P < 0.05) in dogs fed the HG diets than those fed the fresh diet, and greater (P < 0.05) in dogs fed the fresh diet than those fed the extruded diet. Crude protein ATTD was lower (P < 0.05) for dogs fed the extruded diet than those fed all other diets. Dogs fed the extruded diet had greater (P < 0.05) fecal output (as-is; DMB) than dogs fed fresh (1.5-1.7 times greater) or HG foods (2.0-2.9 times greater). There were no differences in fecal pH, scores, and metabolites, but microbiota were affected by diet. Dogs fed HG beef had higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and lower (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Firmicutes than dogs fed the fresh or HG chicken diets. The Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes phyla were unchanged (P > 0.05), but diet modified the relative abundance of nearly 20 bacterial genera. Similar to previous reports, these data demonstrate that the fecal microbiota of dogs fed HG or fresh diets is markedly different than those consuming extruded diets, likely due to ingredient, nutrient, and processing differences. Serum metabolites and hematology were not greatly affected by diet. In conclusion, the HG pet foods tested resulted in significantly reduced fecal output, were highly digestible, maintained fecal characteristics, serum chemistry, and hematology, and modified the fecal microbiota of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Do
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Osadnik K, Osadnik T, Lonnie M, Lejawa M, Reguła R, Fronczek M, Gawlita M, Wądołowska L, Gąsior M, Pawlas N. Metabolically healthy obese and metabolic syndrome of the lean: the importance of diet quality. Analysis of MAGNETIC cohort. Nutr J 2020; 19:19. [PMID: 32098622 PMCID: PMC7041188 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is considered as an indispensable component of metabolic health assessment and metabolic syndrome diagnosis. The associations between diet quality and metabolic health in lean, young adults have not been yet established whilst data addressing this issue in overweight and obese subjects is scarce. Our analysis aimed to establish the link between diet quality (measured with data-driven dietary patterns and diet quality scores) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in young adults, regardless of their adiposity status. Methods A total of 797 participants aged 18–35 years old were included in the study. Participants were assigned into metabolic syndrome (MS) group if at least two abnormalities within the following parameters were present: blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, blood glucose. Participants with one or none abnormalities were considered as metabolically healthy subjects (MH), Diet quality was assessed with two approaches: 1) a posteriori by drawing dietary patterns (DPs) with principal component analysis (PCA) and 2) a priori by establishing diet quality scores and the adherence to pro-Healthy-Diet-Index (pHDI) and non-Healthy-Diet-Index (nHDI). Logistic regression with backward selection based on Akaike information criterion was carried out, to identify factors independently associated with metabolic health. Results Within the MS group, 31% were of normal weight. Three PCA-driven DPs were identified, in total explaining 30.0% of the variance: “Western” (11.8%), “Prudent” (11.2%) and “Dairy, breakfast cereals & treats” (7.0%). In the multivariate models which included PCA-driven DPs, higher adherence to middle and upper tertiles of “Western” DP (Odds Ratios [OR] and 95% Confidence Intervals [95% CI]: 1.72, 1.07–2.79 and 1.74, 1.07–2.84, respectively), was associated with MS independently of clinical characteristics including BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Similar results were obtained in the multivariate model with diet quality scores - MS was independently associated with higher scores within nHDI (2.2, 0.92–5.28). Conclusions Individuals with MS were more likely to adhere to the western dietary pattern and have a poor diet quality in comparison to metabolically healthy peers, independently of BMI and WHR. It may imply that diet composition, as independent factor, plays a pivotal role in increasing metabolic risk. Professional dietary advice should be offered to all metabolically unhealthy patients, regardless of their body mass status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Osadnik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Osadnik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808, Zabrze, Poland. .,2nd Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Marta Lonnie
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45f, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mateusz Lejawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Rafał Reguła
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Martyna Fronczek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marcin Gawlita
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808, Zabrze, Poland.,Department of Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Lidia Wądołowska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45f, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gąsior
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Natalia Pawlas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38, 41-808, Zabrze, Poland
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