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Bayes J, Agrawal N, Schloss J. The Bioavailability of Various Oral Forms of Folate Supplementation in Healthy Populations and Animal Models: A Systematic Review. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25:169-180. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bayes
- Office of Research, Endeavour College of Natural Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nitish Agrawal
- Office of Research, Endeavour College of Natural Health, Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Janet Schloss
- Office of Research, Endeavour College of Natural Health, Brisbane City, Australia
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Cummings D, Dowling KF, Silverstein NJ, Tanner AS, Eryilmaz H, Smoller JW, Roffman JL. A Cross-Sectional Study of Dietary and Genetic Predictors of Blood Folate Levels in Healthy Young Adults. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090994. [PMID: 28885600 PMCID: PMC5622754 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1998, the U.S. has mandated folic acid (FA) fortification of certain grain products to reduce the risk of neural tube defects. Folate intake and red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations increased substantially post-intervention, although recent studies raise concerns about the level of ongoing benefit. This study investigated blood folate level determinants in healthy young adults, including intake of naturally occurring food folate, synthetic FA, and the interaction of naturally occurring food folate with a common missense variant in the FOLH1 gene thought to affect absorption. Participants (n = 265) completed the Diet History Questionnaire II, RBC folate testing, and were genotyped for the 484T>C FOLH1 variant. Men reported significantly greater intake of all folate sources except for supplemental FA, but RBC folate levels did not significantly differ by sex. Synthetic FA was a stronger predictor of RBC folate than naturally occurring food folate. In the largest racial group, synthetic FA and the interaction of FOLH1 genotype with naturally occurring food folate significantly predicted RBC folate, with the overall model accounting for 13.8% of the variance in RBC folate levels. Blood folate levels rely on a complex interaction of natural and synthetic folate intake as well as FOLH1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cummings
- Department of Biopsychology, Tufts University, 419 Boston Ave, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Kevin F Dowling
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Noah J Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Alexandra S Tanner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Hamdi Eryilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Liu Y, Walkey CJ, Green TJ, van Vuuren HJ, Kitts DD. Enhancing the natural folate level in wine using bioengineering and stabilization strategies. Food Chem 2016; 194:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Alpers DH. Absorption and blood/cellular transport of folate and cobalamin: Pharmacokinetic and physiological considerations. Biochimie 2015; 126:52-6. [PMID: 26586110 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The systems involving folate and cobalamin have several features in common: 1) their dietary forms require luminal digestion for absorption; 2) intestinal bacteria in the upper intestine synthesize and utilize both vitamins, creating possible competition for the nutrients; 3) there is one major intestinal brush border protein essential for absorption; 4) both are subject to extensive entero-hepatic circulation. Finally, human mutations have confirmed the role of specific transporters and receptors in these processes. There are other features, however, that distinguish the metabolism of these vitamins: 1) upper intestinal bacteria tend to produce folate, while cobalamin (cbl) utilization is more common; 2) cbl absorption requires a luminal binding protein, but folate does not; 3) folate absorption can occur throughout the small bowel, but the cbl receptor, cubilin, is restricted to the distal half of the small bowel; 4) movement into cells uses transporters, exchangers, and symporters, whereas cbl is transferred by receptor-mediated endocytosis; 5) folate is carried in the blood mostly in red blood cells, whereas cbl is carried on specific binding-proteins; 6) folate can enter cells via multiple systems, but cbl uptake into all tissues use the transcobalamin receptor (TC-R), with the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) present in hepatocytes for uptake of haptocorrin-cbl (HC-cbl) complexes. In summary, the systems for absorption and distribution of folate and cobalamin are complex. These complexities help to explain the variable clinical responses after oral administration of the vitamins, especially when provided as supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Alpers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Serrano JCE, Jove M, Gonzalo H, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M. Nutridynamics: mechanism(s) of action of bioactive compounds and their effects. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66 Suppl 1:S22-30. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1035231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Red cell or serum folate: what to do in clinical practice? Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51:555-69. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vitamin C-related nutrient–nutrient and nutrient–gene interactions that modify folate status. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:569-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Naumovski N, Veysey M, Ng X, Boyd L, Dufficy L, Blades B, Travers C, Lewis P, Sturm J, Townley-Jones M, Yates Z, Roach P, Lucock M. The folic acid endophenotype and depression in an elderly population. J Nutr Health Aging 2010; 14:829-33. [PMID: 21125200 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-010-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Folate status and/or genes have been linked to depression in a number of studies. This may be via a direct action (or actions) on neuronal membranes or indirect effects through the metabolism of methyl groups involved in neurotransmitter synthesis. This study examines folate and related thiol metabolism that might underpin either phenomenon. DESIGN Cohort study describing the relationship between several genetic and nutritional aspects of folic acid homeostasis and depression assessed by the HADS psychometric index in an elderly cohort. SETTING New South Wales (Australia) retirement village. PARTICIPANTS 118 elderly participants (age 65-90 years). RESULTS Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the best statistical model to predict depression; C677T-MTHFR (p=0.0103) was found to be positively associated with depression, while the thiol dipeptide Cys-Gly was negatively associated (p=0.0403). The statistical models used accounted for the major folate related indices (genetic and biochemical) that are most often evaluated in the context of health and disease. When only genetic data were examined for interactions, C677T-MTHFR was found to be negatively associated with the HADS Depression Index Score (p=0.0191). CONCLUSION The potential influence of Cys-Gly on this phenotype is novel, and of considerable interest given that it has been linked to altered spontaneous activity and sedation in an animal model. Cys-Gly is a recognised ligand at the N-methyl-D-aspartatic acid (NMDA) subclass of glutamate receptor, a system associated with depression. In addition, the C677T-MTHFR association adds further support to existing findings underscoring the potential role of folate in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Naumovski
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
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Eklöf V, Van Guelpen B, Hultdin J, Johansson I, Hallmans G, Palmqvist R. The reduced folate carrier (RFC1) 80G > A and folate hydrolase 1 (FOLH1) 1561C > T polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer: a nested case-referent study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:393-401. [PMID: 19172696 DOI: 10.1080/00365510701805431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polymorphisms in genes involved in folate uptake and metabolism may affect folate status and, thereby, the risk of cancer. In this nested case-referent study, we related two such polymorphisms, reduced folate carrier (RFC1) 80G > A and folate hydrolase 1 (FOLH1) 1561C > T, to the risk of colorectal cancer, taking into account pre-diagnostic plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations and the MTHFR 677C > T polymorphism, which were analysed in a previous study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects were 220 cases and 414 matched referents from the population-based Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study. RESULTS The RFC1 80A-allele was associated with reduced plasma folate and elevated plasma total homocysteine concentrations, but the result was statistically significant only for folate. In contrast, the FOLH1 1561T-allele was associated with higher plasma folate and reduced plasma total homocysteine concentrations, and the result was statistically significant only for homocysteine. Neither polymorphism was related to the risk of colorectal cancer, either in univariate analysis or after adjusting for body mass index, current smoking, recreational and occupational physical activity and alcohol intake. Further adjustment for folate or homocysteine status or the MTHFR 677C > T polymorphism did not affect risk estimates. Subjects with the RFC1 80AA genotype in combination with low plasma folate concentrations or the MTHFR 677TT genotype had a reduced risk of colorectal cancer of borderline statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that although the RFC1 80G > A and FOLH1 1561C > T polymorphisms may influence folate status, they are not likely to have a major independent role in the development of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Eklöf
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Lopreato FR, Stabler SP, Carvalho FR, Hirata RDC, Hirata MH, Robi DL, Sampaio-Neto LF, Allen RH, Guerra-Shinohara EM. Relationships between gene polymorphisms of folate-related proteins and vitamins and metabolites in pregnant women and neonates. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 398:134-9. [PMID: 18823966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) and reduced folate carrier (RFC1) gene polymorphisms were associated with folate status. We investigated the effects of these polymorphisms on serum folate (SF) and folate-related metabolites in mothers and their neonates. METHODS Cobalamin (Cbl), SF, total homocysteine (tHcy), methylmalonic acid (MMA), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) were measured in 275 healthy women and their neonates. MTHFR C677T, GCPII C1561T and RFC1 A80G polymorphisms were determined by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS Maternal tHcy was affected individually by MTHFR C677T and GCPII C1561T polymorphisms and by combined genotypes MTHFR 677TT/GCPII 1561CC and MTHFR 677TT/RFC1 80AG. The MTHFR and RFC1 polymorphisms were not associated with variations in vitamins or SAM, SAH and MMA in neonates. Neonatal tHcy was predicted directly by maternal tHcy and inversely by maternal SF, neonatal Cbl and neonatal RFC1 80G allele (AG+GG genotypes). Maternal MMA and SAM/SAH were predicted by creatinine and Cbl, respectively. Neonatal MMA was predicted by maternal MMA and GCPII 1561T allele (CT+TT genotypes) and by neonatal Cbl. CONCLUSIONS Maternal tHcy was affected by MTHFR C677T, RFC1 A80G and GCPII C1561T polymorphisms. Maternal GCPII C1561T variant was associated with neonatal MMA. Neonatal RFC1 A80G polymorphism influenced tHcy in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Lopreato
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Quinlivan EP, Gregory JF. Reassessing folic acid consumption patterns in the United States (1999 2004): potential effect on neural tube defects and overexposure to folate. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1773-9. [PMID: 18065598 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, folic acid fortification of cereal- grain foods has significantly increased folate status. However, blood folate concentrations have decreased from their postfortification high as a result, in part, of decreasing food fortification concentrations and the popularity of low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to quantify changes in folate intake after folic acid fortification and to estimate the effect on neural tube defect (NTD) occurrence. DESIGN Expanding on an earlier model, we used data from 11 intervention studies to determine the relation between chronic folate intervention and changes in steady state serum folate concentrations. With serum folate data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we used reverse prediction to calculate postfortification changes in daily folate equivalents (DFEs). With the use of NHANES red blood cell folate data and a published equation that related NTD risk to maternal red cell folate concentrations, we calculated NTD risk. RESULTS Folate intake decreased by approximately 130 microg DFE/d from its postfortification high, primarily as a result of changes seen in women with the highest folate status. This decrease in folate intake was predicted to increase the incidence of NTD by 4-7%, relative to a predicted 43% postfortification decrease. In addition, the number of women consuming >1 mg bioavailable folate/d decreased. CONCLUSIONS Folate consumption by women of childbearing age in the United States has decreased. However, the decrease in those women with the lowest folate status was disproportionately small. Consequently, the effect on NTD risk should be less than would be seen if a uniform decrease in folate concentrations had occurred. These results reinforce the need to maintain monitoring of the way fortification is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Quinlivan
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, General Clinical Research Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0370, USA
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Halsted CH, Wong DH, Peerson JM, Warden CH, Refsum H, Smith AD, Nygård OK, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Tell GS. Relations of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) polymorphisms to folate and homocysteine concentrations and to scores of cognition, anxiety, and depression in a homogeneous Norwegian population: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:514-21. [PMID: 17684227 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) encodes for intestinal folate hydrolase and brain N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase. Previous studies provided conflicting results on the effect of the GCPII 1561C-->T polymorphism on folate and total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the potential effects of 2 polymorphisms of GCPII on plasma folate and tHcy concentrations, cognition, anxiety, and depression in a large aging cohort of Norwegians enrolled in the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. DESIGN DNA samples were genotyped for the GCPII 1561C-->T and 484A-->G polymorphisms, and the results were linked to plasma folate and tHcy concentrations and to scores for cognition, anxiety, and depression. RESULTS The 2 polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium and were associated with concentrations of tHcy. After adjustment for covariates, persons in the CT or combined CT and TT groups of the 1561C-->T polymorphism had higher plasma folate concentrations and lower tHcy concentrations than did those in the CC group. Subjects with the TT genotype had lower Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) scores than did subjects with the CC genotype. Compared with abstainers, moderate alcohol drinkers had higher plasma folate concentrations and higher scores on the Mini Mental State Examination. However, women abstainers with the CT genotype had lower SDMT scores than did abstainers with the CC genotype or moderate drinkers with the CT genotype. CONCLUSIONS The 1561C-->T polymorphism is associated with higher plasma folate and lower tHcy concentrations and with lower SDMT cognitive scores in women who abstain from alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Halsted
- Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Adams M, Lucock M, Stuart J, Fardell S, Baker K, Ng X. Preliminary evidence for involvement of the folate gene polymorphism 19bp deletion-DHFR in occurrence of autism. Neurosci Lett 2007; 422:24-9. [PMID: 17597297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Folate has long been implicated in both the metabolism of neurotransmitter molecules, and as an agonist with a direct effect upon neuronal tissue. Folates mediate transfer of one-carbon units into major biosynthetic pathways. From a developmental perspective, the most important reactions are de novo methionine and thymine synthesis, critical for DNA expression and elaboration, respectively. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is the sole enzyme responsible for maintaining the reduced state of the vitamin needed for these two pathways. Here, we report that the 19bp-deletion polymorphism of DHFR acts independently (OR 2.69, 95% CI; 1.00-7.28, p<0.05) and in concert with related folate polymorphisms as a significant risk factor for autism. Possible consequences of this are discussed in the context of the interaction between folate and the glutamatergic nervous system, an area of promising candidate genes for contributing to autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Adams
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, PO Box 127, Brush Rd., Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
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Götze T, Röcken C, Röhl FW, Wex T, Hoffmann J, Westphal S, Malfertheiner P, Ebert MPA, Dierkes J. Gene polymorphisms of folate metabolizing enzymes and the risk of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2007; 251:228-36. [PMID: 17208363 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have reported an association between disturbances of folate metabolism and increased risk of gastric cancer, including low intake of folate, low levels of folate in blood or genetic factors affecting folate metabolism. Among the genetic factors, in particular a common polymorphism in the gene encoding for 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T) has been linked to gastric cancer. Other polymorphisms in folate-metabolising genes have been less frequently investigated. Therefore, we analyzed this polymorphism, the glutamate carboxypeptidase (GCP) II C1561T and the reduced folate carrier (RFC) G80A in a case-control study involving 106 patients with histologically confirmed and characterized gastric cancer with adjustment for other established risk factors for gastric cancer in comparison to 106 age- and sex-matched controls. Neither the MTHFR nor the GCP gene polymorphisms showed an association to cancer diagnosis, to tumor stage, grade of differentiation or Lauren type. However, non-cardia cancers were more likely to exhibit the 80GA and 80AA RFC genotypes, compared to cancers of the gastric cardia (adjusted OR 0.28; 95% CI=0.11-0.71). Thus, gene polymorphisms of the RFC gene might contribute to an increased risk of developing distal gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Götze
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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de Vos WM, Castenmiller JJ, Hamer RJ, Brummer RJM. Nutridynamics--studying the dynamics of food components in products and in the consumer. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:217-25. [PMID: 16524715 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations and biological effects of nutrients, antinutrients and bioactive compounds, including microbes and their constituents, are affected by production and processing steps, the food matrix in which they reside, the way they are digested and metabolized in the human body, and whether or not and in what form they subsequently reach their target site. A new scientific concept, denoted here as 'nutridynamics', aims to unravel the dynamics of these processes by using a systematic approach to study how a food component is affected by the food matrix itself and what it does in the body. This holistic concept has potential synergy with the areas of food technology and nutrigenomics, and provides a link between food production and the mechanistic effects of bioactive ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem M de Vos
- Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Diedenweg 20, PO Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Devlin AM, Clarke R, Birks J, Evans JG, Halsted CH. Interactions among polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing genes and serum total homocysteine concentrations in a healthy elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:708-13. [PMID: 16522921 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine concentrations are influenced by vitamin status and genetics, especially several polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing genes. OBJECTIVE We examined the interactions and associations with serum total homocysteine (tHcy) and folate concentrations of polymorphisms in the following folate-metabolizing genes: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1), and glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII). DESIGN Healthy volunteers (436 men and 606 women; mean age: 77.9 y) were randomly selected from among residents of Oxford, United Kingdom. We determined the individual effects and interactions of the MTHFR 677C-->T, MTHFR 1298A-->C, RFC1 80G-->A, and GCPII 1561C-->T polymorphisms on serum tHcy and folate concentrations. RESULTS Subjects with the MTHFR 677TT genotype had higher serum tHcy concentrations than did those with the MTHFR 677CC genotype (P < 0.001), and this effect was greater in subjects with low serum folate status (P for interaction = 0.026). The MTHFR 1298A-->C, RFC1 80G-->A, and GCPII 1561C-->T polymorphisms had no individual effects on serum tHcy or folate concentrations. There was no interactive effect of the MTHFR 677C-->T and MTHFR 1298A-->C polymorphisms on tHcy concentrations. An interaction (P = 0.05) was observed between the MTHFR 677TT and RFC1 80GG genotypes, whereby persons with this genotype combination had a mean (+/-SEM) serum tHcy concentration (18.5 +/- 1.2 micromol/L) that was 5.1 micromol/L greater than the mean value of 13.4 +/- 0.2 micromol/L for the whole population. CONCLUSIONS Folate and tHcy concentrations were not affected individually by the MTHFR 1298A-->C, RFC1 80G-->A, or GCPII 1561C-->T polymorphisms or by combinations of the MTHFR 677C-->T and MTHFR 1298A-->C genotypes. An interaction between the MTHFR 677TT and RFC1 80GG genotypes was observed whereby persons with this combination had higher serum tHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Devlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Finglas PM, de Meer K, Molloy A, Verhoef P, Pietrzik K, Powers HJ, van der Straeten D, Jägerstad M, Varela-Moreiras G, van Vliet T, Havenaar R, Buttriss J, Wright AJA. Research goals for folate and related B vitamin in Europe. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 60:287-94. [PMID: 16251882 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the understanding of folate bioavailability, metabolism and related health issues has increased, but several problems remain, including the difficulty of delivering the available knowledge to the populations at risk. Owing to the low compliance of taking folic acid supplements, for example, among women of child-bearing age who could lower the risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect, food-based strategies aimed at increasing the intake of folate and other B-group vitamins should be a priority for future research. These should include the development of a combined strategy of supplemental folate (possibly with vitamin B(12)), biofortification using engineered plant-derived foods and micro-organisms and food fortification for increasing folate intakes in the general population. Currently, the most effective population-based strategy to reduce NTDs remains folic acid fortification. However, the possible adverse effect of high intakes of folic acid on neurologic functioning among elderly persons with vitamin B(12) deficiency needs urgent investigation. The results of ongoing randomized controlled studies aimed at reducing the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia and related morbidity must be available before food-based total population approaches for treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia can be recommended. Further research is required on quantitative assessment of folate intake and bioavailability, along with a more thorough understanding of physiological, biochemical and genetic processes involved in folate absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Finglas
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, UK.
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