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Phytoestrogens and Health Effects. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020317. [PMID: 36678189 PMCID: PMC9864699 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are literally estrogenic substances of plant origin. Although these substances are useful for plants in many aspects, their estrogenic properties are essentially relevant to their predators. As such, phytoestrogens can be considered to be substances potentially dedicated to plant-predator interaction. Therefore, it is not surprising to note that the word phytoestrogen comes from the early discovery of estrogenic effects in grazing animals and humans. Here, several compounds whose activities have been discovered at nutritional concentrations in animals and humans are examined. The substances analyzed belong to several chemical families, i.e., the flavanones, the coumestans, the resorcylic acid lactones, the isoflavones, and the enterolignans. Following their definition and the evocation of their role in plants, their metabolic transformations and bioavailabilities are discussed. A point is then made regarding their health effects, which can either be beneficial or adverse depending on the subject studied, the sex, the age, and the physiological status. Toxicological information is given based on official data. The effects are first presented in humans. Animal models are evoked when no data are available in humans. The effects are presented with a constant reference to doses and plausible exposure.
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Chen L, Chang S, Zhao L, Li B, Zhang S, Yun C, Wu X, Meng J, Li G, Guo S, Duan J. Biosynthesis of a water solubility-enhanced succinyl glucoside derivative of luteolin and its neuroprotective effect. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2401-2410. [PMID: 35730125 PMCID: PMC9437877 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural flavonoids luteolin and luteoloside have anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumour, hypolipidemic, cholesterol lowering and neuroprotective effects, but their poor water solubility limits their application in industrial production and the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, luteolin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-d-glucoside, a new compound that was prepared by succinyl glycosylation of luteolin by the organic solvent tolerant bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FJ18 in an 8.0% DMSO (v/v) system, was obtained and identified. Its greater water solubility (2293 times that of luteolin and 12 232 times that of luteoloside) provides the solution to the application problems of luteolin and luteoloside. The conversion rate of luteolin (1.0 g l-1 ) was almost 100% at 24 h, while the yield of luteolin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-d-glucoside reached 76.2%. In experiments involving the oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury model of mouse hippocampal neuron cells, the cell viability was significantly improved with luteolin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-d-glucoside dosing, and the expressions of the anti-oxidant enzyme HO-1 in the nucleus increased, providing a neuroprotective effect for ischemic cerebral cells. The availability of biosynthetic luteolin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-d-glucoside, which is expected to replace luteolin and luteoloside, would effectively expand the clinical application value of luteolin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyuan Chang
- College of Life and Health, Nanjing Polytechnic Institute, 625 Geguan Road, Nanjing, 210048, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingfeng Li
- College of Life and Health, Nanjing Polytechnic Institute, 625 Geguan Road, Nanjing, 210048, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenke Yun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyi Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
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Li C, Dai T, Chen J, Chen M, Liang R, Liu C, Du L, McClements DJ. Modification of flavonoids: methods and influences on biological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10637-10658. [PMID: 35687361 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2083572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important active ingredients in plant-based food, which have many beneficial effects on health. But the low solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and inferior stability of many flavonoids may limit their applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Structural modification can overcome these shortcomings to improve and extend the application of flavonoids. The study of how to modify flavonoids and the influence of various modifications on biological activity have drawn great interest in the current literature. In this review, the working principles and operating conditions of modification methods were summarized along with their potential and limitations in terms of operational safety, cost, and productivity. The influence of various modifications on biological activities and the structure-activity relationships of flavonoids derivatives were discussed and highlighted, which may give guidance for the synthesis of highly effective active agents. In addition, the safety of flavonoids derivatives is reviewed, and future research directions of flavonoid modification research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Taotao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingshun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruihong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chengmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liqing Du
- China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Zhanjiang China
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Zhao L, Han J, Liu J, Fan K, Yuan T, Han J, Chen L, Zhang S, Zhao M, Duan J. A Novel Formononetin Derivative Promotes Anti-ischemic Effects on Acute Ischemic Injury in Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:786464. [PMID: 34970243 PMCID: PMC8712702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.786464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural flavonoids, formononetin and ononin, possess antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Many complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 make patients difficult to recover. Flavonoids, especially formononetin and ononin, have the potential to treat SARS-CoV-2 and improve myocardial injury. However, their poor water solubility, poor oral absorption, high toxicity, and high-cost purification limit industrial practical application. Succinylation modification provides a solution for the above problems. Formononetin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-D-glucoside (FMP), a new compound, was succinyl glycosylated from formononetin by the organic solvent tolerant bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FJ18 in a 10.0% DMSO (v/v) system. The water solubility of the new compound was improved by over 106 times compared with formononetin, which perfectly promoted the application of formononetin and ononin. The conversion rate of formononetin (0.5 g/L) was almost 94.2% at 24 h, while the yield of formononetin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-D-glucoside could achieve 97.2%. In the isoproterenol (ISO)-induced acute ischemia mice model, the myocardial injury was significantly improved with a high dose (40 mg/kg) of formononetin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-D-glucoside. The lactate dehydrogenase level was decreased, and the catalase and superoxide dismutase levels were increased after formononetin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-D-glucoside treatment. Thus, formononetin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-D-glucoside has high water solubility, low toxicity, and shows significant antimyocardial ischemia effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kechen Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianjie Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ju Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Grgic D, Varga E, Novak B, Müller A, Marko D. Isoflavones in Animals: Metabolism and Effects in Livestock and Occurrence in Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:836. [PMID: 34941674 PMCID: PMC8705642 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are a common ingredient of animal feed. They contain isoflavones, which are known to act as phytoestrogens in animals. Isoflavones were described to have beneficial effects on farm animals. However, there are also reports of negative outcomes after the consumption of isoflavones. This review summarizes the current knowledge of metabolization of isoflavones (including the influence of the microbiome, phase I and phase II metabolism), as well as the distribution of isoflavones and their metabolites in tissues. Furthermore, published studies on effects of isoflavones in livestock species (pigs, poultry, ruminants, fish) are reviewed. Moreover, published studies on occurrence of isoflavones in feed materials and co-occurrence with zearalenone are presented and are supplemented with our own survey data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Grgic
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (B.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Anneliese Müller
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (B.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (E.V.)
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Optimisation of an Aglycone-Enhanced Celery Extract with Germinated Soy Supplementation Using Response Surface Methodology. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102505. [PMID: 34681554 PMCID: PMC8535585 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the extraction conditions of bioactive aglycones from a celery extract supplemented with germinated soy were optimised by a response surface methodology. For subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis to enhance the apigenin content, increased production of its precursor apigetrin was firstly achieved through acidic extraction at optimal conditions, involving water at pH 1, at 75 °C for 2 h. Subsequently, a central composite design was conducted to analyse the pH (3–11) and temperature (25–35 °C) effects on the aglycone levels (apigenin, daidzein and genistein). The optimal extraction conditions were pH 7.02 and 29.99 °C, which resulted in a 40-fold increase in apigenin. The novel and cost-effective application of germinated soy β-glucosidase for the conversion of aglycones in non-soy foods is demonstrated. The enhanced bioactivities of aglycones may suggest potential applications for similar formulations as functional food ingredients.
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Li C, Xu T, Liu XW, Wang X, Xia T. The expression of β-glucosidase during natto fermentation increased the active isoflavone content. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yamagata K, Yamori Y. Potential Effects of Soy Isoflavones on the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules 2021; 26:5863. [PMID: 34641407 PMCID: PMC8512040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are polyphenols primarily contained in soybean. As phytoestrogens, isoflavones exert beneficial effects on various chronic diseases. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of death due to arteriosclerosis in individuals with various pathological conditions, including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Although the health benefits of soybean-derived isoflavones are widely known, their beneficial effects on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome are incompletely understood. This review aims to describe the association between soybean-derived isoflavone intake and the risk of metabolic syndrome development. We reviewed studies on soy isoflavones, particularly daidzein and genistein, and metabolic syndrome, using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. We describe the pathological characteristics of metabolic syndrome, including those contributing to multiple pathological conditions. Furthermore, we summarize the effects of soybean-derived daidzein and genistein on metabolic syndrome reported in human epidemiological studies and experiments using in vitro and in vivo models. In particular, we emphasize the role of soy isoflavones in metabolic syndrome-induced cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, this review focuses on the potential of soy isoflavones to prevent metabolic syndrome by influencing the onset of hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and arteriosclerosis and discusses the anti-inflammatory effects of isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Department of Food Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University (UNBS), Fujisawa 282-8510, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan;
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Alshehri MM, Sharifi-Rad J, Herrera-Bravo J, Jara EL, Salazar LA, Kregiel D, Uprety Y, Akram M, Iqbal M, Martorell M, Torrens-Mas M, Pons DG, Daştan SD, Cruz-Martins N, Ozdemir FA, Kumar M, Cho WC. Therapeutic Potential of Isoflavones with an Emphasis on Daidzein. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6331630. [PMID: 34539970 PMCID: PMC8448605 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6331630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Daidzein is a phytoestrogen isoflavone found in soybeans and other legumes. The chemical composition of daidzein is analogous to mammalian estrogens, and it could be useful with a dual-directional purpose by substituting/hindering with estrogen and estrogen receptor (ER) complex. Hence, daidzein puts forth shielding effects against a great number of diseases, especially those associated with the control of estrogen, such as breast cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. However, daidzein also has other ER-independent biological activities, such as oxidative damage reduction acting as an antioxidant, immune regulator as an anti-inflammatory agent, and apoptosis regulation, directly linked to its potential anticancer effects. In this sense, the present review is aimed at providing a deepen analysis of daidzein pharmacodynamics and its implications in human health, from its best-known effects alleviating postmenopausal symptoms to its potential anticancer and antiaging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Alshehri
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Evelyn L. Jara
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile
| | - Luis A. Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Dorota Kregiel
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Yadav Uprety
- Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, GC University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Iqbal
- Institute of Health Management, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
| | - Margalida Torrens-Mas
- Translational Research In Aging and Longevity (TRIAL Group), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBA), 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Daniel Gabriel Pons
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional (GMOT), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Art, Bingol University, Bingol 1200, Turkey
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR–Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Houriet J, Arnold YE, Pellissier L, Kalia YN, Wolfender JL. Using Porcine Jejunum Ex Vivo to Study Absorption and Biotransformation of Natural Products in Plant Extracts: Pueraria lobata as a Case Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080541. [PMID: 34436482 PMCID: PMC8398828 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal preparations (HPs) used in folk medicine are complex mixtures of natural products (NPs). Their efficacy in vivo after ingestion depends on the uptake of the active ingredient, and, in some cases, their metabolites, in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, correlating bioactivities measured in vitro and efficacy in vivo is a challenge. An extract of Pueraria lobata rich in different types of isoflavones was used to evaluate the capacity of viable porcine small intestine ex vivo to elucidate the absorption of HP constituents, and, in some cases, their metabolites. The identification and transport of permeants across the jejunum was monitored by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), combining targeted and untargeted metabolite profiling approaches. It was observed that the C-glycoside isoflavones were stable and crossed the intestinal membrane, while various O-glycoside isoflavones were metabolized into their corresponding aglycones, which were then absorbed. These results are consistent with human data, highlighting the potential of using this approach. A thorough investigation of the impact of absorption and biotransformation was obtained without in vivo studies. The combination of qualitative untargeted and quantitative targeted LC-MS methods effectively monitored a large number of NPs and their metabolites, which is essential for research on HPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Houriet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.H.); (Y.E.A.); (L.P.); (Y.N.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne E. Arnold
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.H.); (Y.E.A.); (L.P.); (Y.N.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Léonie Pellissier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.H.); (Y.E.A.); (L.P.); (Y.N.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.H.); (Y.E.A.); (L.P.); (Y.N.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.H.); (Y.E.A.); (L.P.); (Y.N.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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An Overview on Dietary Polyphenols and Their Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115514. [PMID: 34073709 PMCID: PMC8197262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural organic compounds produced by plants, acting as antioxidants by reacting with ROS. These compounds are widely consumed in daily diet and many studies report several benefits to human health thanks to their bioavailability in humans. However, the digestion process of phenolic compounds is still not completely clear. Moreover, bioavailability is dependent on the metabolic phase of these compounds. The LogP value can be managed as a simplified measure of the lipophilicity of a substance ingested within the human body, which affects resultant absorption. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), a method used to classify drugs intended for gastrointestinal absorption, correlates the solubility and permeability of the drug with both the rate and extent of oral absorption. BCS may be helpful to measure the bioactive constituents of foods, such as polyphenols, in order to understand their nutraceutical potential. There are many literature studies that focus on permeability, absorption, and bioavailability of polyphenols and their resultant metabolic byproducts, but there is still confusion about their respective LogP values and BCS classification. This review will provide an overview of the information regarding 10 dietarypolyphenols (ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, cirsimaritin, daidzein, resveratrol, ellagic acid, and curcumin) and their association with the BCS classification.
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Sajid M, Channakesavula CN, Stone SR, Kaur P. Synthetic Biology towards Improved Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050754. [PMID: 34069975 PMCID: PMC8157843 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a structurally diverse class of natural products that have been found to have a range of beneficial activities in humans. However, the clinical utilisation of these molecules has been limited due to their low solubility, chemical stability, bioavailability and extensive intestinal metabolism in vivo. Recently, the view has been formed that site-specific modification of flavonoids by methylation and/or glycosylation, processes that occur in plants endogenously, can be used to improve and adapt their biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties. The traditional source of flavonoids and their modified forms is from plants and is limited due to the low amounts present in biomass, intrinsic to the nature of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Access to greater amounts of flavonoids, and understanding of the impact of modifications, requires a rethink in terms of production, more specifically towards the adoption of plant biosynthetic pathways into ex planta synthesis approaches. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, aided by protein engineering and machine learning methods, offer attractive and exciting avenues for ex planta flavonoid synthesis. This review seeks to explore the applications of synthetic biology towards the ex planta biosynthesis of flavonoids, and how the natural plant methylation and glycosylation pathways can be harnessed to produce modified flavonoids with more favourable biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties for clinical use. It is envisaged that the development of viable alternative production systems for the synthesis of flavonoids and their methylated and glycosylated forms will help facilitate their greater clinical application.
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13
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Naeem A, Ming Y, Pengyi H, Jie KY, Yali L, Haiyan Z, Shuai X, Wenjing L, Ling W, Xia ZM, Shan LS, Qin Z. The fate of flavonoids after oral administration: a comprehensive overview of its bioavailability. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6169-6186. [PMID: 33847202 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1898333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in synthetic chemistry, nature remains the primary source of drug discovery, and this never-ending task of finding novel and active drug molecules will continue. Flavonoids have been shown to possess highly significant therapeutic activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-aging, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, etc., However, it has been found that orally administered flavonoids have a critical absorption disorder and, therefore, have low bioavailability and show fluctuating pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses. A detailed investigation is required to assess and analyze the variation in the bioavailability of flavonoids due to interactions with the intestinal barrier. This review will emphasize on the bioavailability and the pharmacological applications of flavonoids, key factors affecting their bioavailability, and strategies for enhancing bioavailability, which may lead to deeper understanding of the extent of flavonoids as a treatment and/or prevention for different diseases in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Naeem
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yang Ming
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hu Pengyi
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kang Yong Jie
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Liu Yali
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Zhang Haiyan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao Shuai
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li Wenjing
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wu Ling
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhang Ming Xia
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liu Shan Shan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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14
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Hadj Saadoun J, Calani L, Cirlini M, Bernini V, Neviani E, Del Rio D, Galaverna G, Lazzi C. Effect of fermentation with single and co-culture of lactic acid bacteria on okara: evaluation of bioactive compounds and volatile profiles. Food Funct 2021; 12:3033-3043. [PMID: 33710215 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02916e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Okara is the main soybean by-product resulting from the processing of soy milk and tofu. Despite being a product with a lot of potential and rich in many bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, it presents an unpleasant, rancid aroma. For this reason its use in the food industry is limited. In this study, we have reported the integral use of okara in a solid state fermentation process, conducted with wild strains of lactic acid bacteria, to evaluate the effect of bacterial metabolism on the volatile and polyphenolic profiles. Strains belonging to Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Pediococcus acidilactici species were used in monoculture and, for the first time, in co-culture. The results showed an improvement in the aromatic fraction showing a decrease in hexanal, responsible for off-flavour, and an increase in ketones with fruity and buttery notes in fermented okara. Polyphenols were also affected, and, in particular, a bioconversion of glucoside isoflavones to the aglycone forms was highlighted in all fermented substrates. In addition, the appearance of both phenyllactic and p-hydroxyphenyllactic acids as well as the increase in indole-3-lactic acid was observed for the first time upon okara fermentation. Overall, the co-culture appears to be the most promising for biovalorization of okara, thereby opening the possibility of its use in the development of functional ingredients.
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15
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Noce A, Di Lauro M, Di Daniele F, Pietroboni Zaitseva A, Marrone G, Borboni P, Di Daniele N. Natural Bioactive Compounds Useful in Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020630. [PMID: 33669163 PMCID: PMC7919668 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical manifestation characterized by a plethora of comorbidities, including hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia. All MetS comorbidities participate to induce a low-grade inflammation state and oxidative stress, typical of this syndrome. MetS is related to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and early death, with an important impact on health-care costs. For its clinic management a poly-pharmaceutical therapy is often required, but this can cause side effects and reduce the patient's compliance. For this reason, finding a valid and alternative therapeutic strategy, natural and free of side effects, could represent a useful tool in the fight the MetS. In this context, the use of functional foods, and the assumption of natural bioactive compounds (NBCs), could exert beneficial effects on body weight, blood pressure and glucose metabolism control, on endothelial damage, on the improvement of lipid profile, on the inflammatory state, and on oxidative stress. This review focuses on the possible beneficial role of NBCs in the prevention and in the clinical management of MetS and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Noce
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (F.D.D.); (A.P.Z.); (N.D.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (G.M.); Tel. + 39-06-2090-2194 (A.N.); +39-06-2090-2191 (G.M.)
| | - Manuela Di Lauro
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (F.D.D.); (A.P.Z.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Francesca Di Daniele
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (F.D.D.); (A.P.Z.); (N.D.D.)
- PhD School of Applied Medical, Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Pietroboni Zaitseva
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (F.D.D.); (A.P.Z.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Giulia Marrone
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (F.D.D.); (A.P.Z.); (N.D.D.)
- PhD School of Applied Medical, Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (G.M.); Tel. + 39-06-2090-2194 (A.N.); +39-06-2090-2191 (G.M.)
| | - Patrizia Borboni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (F.D.D.); (A.P.Z.); (N.D.D.)
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16
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Helk O, Widhalm K. Effects of a low-fat dietary regimen enriched with soy in children affected with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 36:150-156. [PMID: 32220359 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inheritable, autosomal dominant disorder leading to pathologically increased levels of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Dietary treatment remains an important tool in the management of affected children even after the decision for the initiation of pharmacotherapy is made. However, little evidence is available regarding the optimal dietary regimen for the treatment of children affected with FH. METHODS We present results from a randomized controlled trial in paediatric patients affected with heterozygous FH, assessing the effect of a soy-enriched fat modified diet (soy group) compared to fat modified diet (Control group) alone on LDL-C over a period of 13 weeks. Furthermore, we monitored isoflavone levels in plasma and urine as markers of adherence to the dietary treatments. RESULTS LDL-C decrease was statistically significantly greater in the soy group compared to the control group at week 7 (Control group 176.3 ± 27.8 mg/dl, soy group 154.7 ± 29.2 mg/dl, p = 0.038), and showed a trend towards significant at week 13 (Control group 179.9 ± 41.8 mg/dl, soy group 155.0 ± 30.2 mg/dl, p = 0.089). Relative LDL-C decrease correlated significantly with the following plasma isoflavone concentrations measured in week 7: daidzein (p < 0.004, r = 0.576) and genistein (p < 0.017, r = 0.490). CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence from a small randomized-controlled trial for the effectiveness and safety of a dietary treatment with soy in paediatric patients affected with heterozygous FH. The decrease in LDL-C was highly correlated with isoflavone levels, further highlighting a direct effect of soy ingestion. This study was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier No. NCT03563547.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Helk
- Division of Medicine III, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Austrian Academic Institute for Clinical Nutrition, Austria.
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17
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Gupta A, Sharma A, Kumar A, Goyal R. Alteration in memory cognition due to activation of caveolin-1 and oxidative damage in a model of dementia of Alzheimer's type. Indian J Pharmacol 2020; 51:173-180. [PMID: 31391685 PMCID: PMC6644185 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_81_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate the role of caveolin-1 in dementia of Alzheimer's type using intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced neurodegeneration model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats (220-260 g) were employed. STZ 3 mg/kg via ICV route was given once to cause neuronal injury. Daidzein - a caveolin inhibitor at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg s.c. were given daily whereas minoxidil - a caveolin activator was given at 0.45 mg/kg, i.p. on alternate days for 28 days. STZ was also given at its submaximal dose 1.5 mg/kg to minoxidil group only. RESULTS ICV-STZ control animals exhibited cognitive and neurological deficits on the Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, and balance beam tests (P < 0.0001). Treatment with daidzein significantly restored memory impairments and decreased oxidative damage whereas minoxidil potentiates the effect of STZ causing significant impairment in memory. Significant oxidative stress such as lipid peroxidation and glutathione (P < 0.0001) were also observed due to ICV-STZ administration resulting in neuronal damage which was significantly prevented by treatment with daidzein in brain tissues. CONCLUSION The findings from the present investigation may conclude that the caveolin-1 from caveolae at the cell membrane induces memory deficits and oxidative stress phenotype that resemble the neurological phenotype of Alzheimer's disease. Further studies are warranted to gauge the effect of caveolin dyshomeostasis on the amyloidogenic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Gupta
- Department of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rohit Goyal
- Department of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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18
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Rha CS, Kim ER, Kim YJ, Jung YS, Kim DO, Park CS. Simple and Efficient Production of Highly Soluble Daidzin Glycosides by Amylosucrase from Deinococcus geothermalis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12824-12832. [PMID: 31650839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transglycosylation of amylosucrase from Deinococcus geothermalis (DGAS) was performed using daidzin (daidzein-7-O-glucoside). Unlike cyclodextrin glucanotransferase, DGAS led to the production of new daidzin glucosides with high conversion yields (89%). Structures of these daidzin glucosides (i.e., DA2 and DA3) were daidzein-7-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(4 → 1)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (daidzin-4″-O-α-d-glucopyranoside) and daidzein-4'-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (daidzin-4',4″-O-α-d-diglucopyranoside), respectively. DA2 and DA3 showed increased solubility of 15.4 mM (127-fold) and 203.3 mM (1686-fold) compared with daidzin, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed Vmax of 1.0 μM/min and K'm of 175 μM for DA3 production based on nonlinear regression. DGAS exhibited substrate inhibition behavior at high sucrose concentrations (700-1500 mM). Taken together, these findings indicate that DGAS can attach a glucose unit to a free C4'-OH via an α-linkage and then produce highly water-soluble isoflavone glycosides with a simple donor, moderate reaction conditions, less waste production, and high yield compared with that observed using the existing processes and enzymes.
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19
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Zhao J, Yang J, Xie Y. Improvement strategies for the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble flavonoids: An overview. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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Miladinović J, Đorđević V, Balešević-Tubić S, Petrović K, Ćeran M, Cvejić J, Bursać M, Miladinović D. Increase of isoflavones in the aglycone form in soybeans by targeted crossings of cultivated breeding material. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10341. [PMID: 31316115 PMCID: PMC6637268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are a group of phytoestrogens, naturally-occurring substances important for their role in human health. Legumes, particularly soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), are the richest source of isoflavones in human diet. Since there is not much current data on genetics of isoflavones in soybean, particularly in the aglycone form, elucidation of the mode of inheritance is necessary in order to design an efficient breeding strategy for the development of high-isoflavone soybean genotypes. Based on the isoflavone content in 23 samples of soybeans from four different maturity groups (00, 0, I and II), three crosses were made in order to determine the inheritance pattern and increase the content of total isoflavones and their aglycone form. Genotype with the lowest total isoflavone content (NS-L-146) was crossed with the low- (NS Zenit), medium (NS Maximus), and high- (NS Virtus) isoflavone genotypes. There were no significant differences in the total isoflavone content (TIF) between F2 populations, and there was no transgression among genotypes within the populations. Each genotype within all three populations had a higher TIF value than the lower parent (NS-L-146), while genotypes with a higher TIF value than the better parent were found only in the NS-L-146 × NS Zenit cross. However, significant differences in the aglycone ratio (ratio of aglycone to glycone form of isoflavones) were found between the populations. The highest aglycone ratio was found in the NS-L-146 × NS Maximus cross. The results indicate that the genetic improvement for the trait is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegor Miladinović
- Soybean Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Vuk Đorđević
- Soybean Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Kristina Petrović
- Soybean Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marina Ćeran
- Soybean Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Cvejić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mira Bursać
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragana Miladinović
- Industrial Crops Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Zhu S, Yang C, Zhang L, Wang S, Ma M, Zhao J, Song Z, Wang F, Qu X, Li F, Li W. Development of M10, myricetin-3-O-β-d-lactose sodium salt, a derivative of myricetin as a potent agent of anti-chronic colonic inflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Li Y, Li XL, Lai CJS, Wang RS, Kang LP, Ma T, Zhao ZH, Gao W, Huang LQ. Functional characterization of three flavonoid glycosyltransferases from Andrographis paniculata. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190150. [PMID: 31312486 PMCID: PMC6599797 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata is an important traditional medicinal herb in South and Southeast Asian countries with diverse pharmacological activities that contains various flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides. Glycosylation can transform aglycones into more stable, biologically active and structurally diverse glycosides. Here, we report three glycosyltransferases from the leaves of A. paniculata (ApUFGTs) that presented wide substrate spectra for flavonoid glycosylation and exhibited multi-site glycosylation on the substrate molecules. They acted on the 7-OH position of the A ring and were able to glycosylate several other different types of compounds. The biochemical properties and phylogenetic analysis of these glycosyltransferases were also investigated. This study provides a basis for further research on the cloning of genes involved in glycosylation from A. paniculata and offers opportunities for enhancing flavonoid glycoside production in heterologous hosts. These enzymes are expected to become effective tools for drug discovery and for the biosynthesis of derivatives via flavonoid glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Lin Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Jiang-Sheng Lai
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Shan Wang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Kang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Ma
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Wei Gao e-mail:
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Lu-Qi Huang e-mail:
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Fokialakis N, Alexi X, Aligiannis N, Boulaka A, Meligova AK, Lambrinidis G, Kalpoutzakis E, Pratsinis H, Cheilari A, Mitsiou DJ, Mitakou S, Alexis MN. Biological evaluation of isoflavonoids from Genista halacsyi using estrogen-target cells: Activities of glucosides compared to aglycones. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210247. [PMID: 30620769 PMCID: PMC6324813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of estrogen target cells to a series of isoflavone glucosides and aglycones from Genista halacsyi Heldr. The methanolic extract of aerial parts of this plant was processed using fast centrifugal partition chromatography, resulting in isolation of four archetypal isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, isoprunetin, 8-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein) and ten derivatives thereof. 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein and 7,4΄-di-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein were among the most abundant constituents of the isolate. All fourteen, except genistein, displayed low binding affinity for estrogen receptors (ER). Models of binding to ERα could account for the low binding affinity of monoglucosides. Genistein and its glucosides displayed full efficacy in inducing alkaline phosphatase (AlkP) in Ishikawa cells, proliferation of MCF-7 cells and ER-dependent gene expression in reporter cells at low concentrations (around 0.3 μM). ICI182,780 fully antagonized these effects. The AlkP-inducing efficacy of the fourteen isoflavonoids was more strongly correlated with their transcriptional efficacy through ERα. O-monoglucosides displayed higher area under the dose-response curve (AUC) of AlkP response relative to the AUC of ERα-transcriptional response compared to the respective aglycones. In addition, 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein and 7,4΄-di-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein displayed estradiol-like efficacy in promoting differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells to osteoblasts, while genistein was not convincingly effective in this respect. Moreover, 7,4΄-di-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells, while 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein was not convincingly effective and genistein was ineffective. However, genistein and its O-glucosides were ineffective in inhibiting differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells to osteoclasts and in protecting glutamate-challenged HT22 hippocampal neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death. These findings suggest that 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein and 7,4΄-di-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein display higher estrogen-like and/or anti-inflammatory activity compared to the aglycone. The possibility of using preparations rich in O-β-D-glucopyranosides of genistein to substitute for low-dose estrogen in formulations for menopausal symptoms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Fokialakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail: (MNA); (NF)
| | - Xanthippi Alexi
- Molecular Endocrinology Program, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Nektarios Aligiannis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Boulaka
- Molecular Endocrinology Program, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki K. Meligova
- Molecular Endocrinology Program, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - George Lambrinidis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Harris Pratsinis
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Antigoni Cheilari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra J. Mitsiou
- Molecular Endocrinology Program, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Mitakou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael N. Alexis
- Molecular Endocrinology Program, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail: (MNA); (NF)
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24
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Sri Harsha PSC, Wahab RA, Garcia-Aloy M, Madrid-Gambin F, Estruel-Amades S, Watzl B, Andrés-Lacueva C, Brennan L. Biomarkers of legume intake in human intervention and observational studies: a systematic review. GENES AND NUTRITION 2018; 13:25. [PMID: 30214640 PMCID: PMC6131749 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in assessing dietary intake more accurately across different population groups, and biomarkers have emerged as a complementary tool to replace traditional dietary assessment methods. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature available and evaluate the applicability and validity of biomarkers of legume intake reported across various observational and intervention studies. A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge identified 44 studies which met the inclusion criteria for the review. Results from observational studies focused on soy or soy-based foods and demonstrated positive correlations between soy intake and urinary, plasma or serum isoflavonoid levels in different population groups. Similarly, intervention studies demonstrated increased genistein and daidzein levels in urine and plasma following soy intake. Both genistein and daidzein exhibited dose-response relationships. Other isoflavonoid levels such as O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) and equol were also reported to increase following soy consumption. Using a developed scoring system, genistein and daidzein can be considered as promising candidate markers for soy consumption. Furthermore, genistein and daidzein also served as good estimates of soy intake as evidenced from long-term exposure studies marking their status as validated biomarkers. On the contrary, only few studies indicated proposed biomarkers for pulses intake, with pipecolic acid and S-methylcysteine reported as markers reflecting dry bean consumption, unsaturated aliphatic, hydroxyl-dicarboxylic acid related to green beans intake and trigonelline reported as marker of peas consumption. However, data regarding criteria such as specificity, dose-response and time-response relationship, reliability, and feasibility to evaluate the validity of these markers is lacking. In conclusion, despite many studies suggesting proposed biomarkers for soy, there is a lack of information on markers of other different subtypes of legumes. Further discovery and validation studies are needed in order to identify reliable biomarkers of legume intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedapati S C Sri Harsha
- 1UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Roshaida Abdul Wahab
- 1UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- 2Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,3CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Madrid-Gambin
- 2Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,3CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila Estruel-Amades
- 2Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernhard Watzl
- 4Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cristina Andrés-Lacueva
- 2Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,3CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- 1UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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25
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Hüser S, Guth S, Joost HG, Soukup ST, Köhrle J, Kreienbrock L, Diel P, Lachenmeier DW, Eisenbrand G, Vollmer G, Nöthlings U, Marko D, Mally A, Grune T, Lehmann L, Steinberg P, Kulling SE. Effects of isoflavones on breast tissue and the thyroid hormone system in humans: a comprehensive safety evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2703-2748. [PMID: 30132047 PMCID: PMC6132702 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are secondary plant constituents of certain foods and feeds such as soy, linseeds, and red clover. Furthermore, isoflavone-containing preparations are marketed as food supplements and so-called dietary food for special medical purposes to alleviate health complaints of peri- and postmenopausal women. Based on the bioactivity of isoflavones, especially their hormonal properties, there is an ongoing discussion regarding their potential adverse effects on human health. This review evaluates and summarises the evidence from interventional and observational studies addressing potential unintended effects of isoflavones on the female breast in healthy women as well as in breast cancer patients and on the thyroid hormone system. In addition, evidence from animal and in vitro studies considered relevant in this context was taken into account along with their strengths and limitations. Key factors influencing the biological effects of isoflavones, e.g., bioavailability, plasma and tissue concentrations, metabolism, temporality (pre- vs. postmenopausal women), and duration of isoflavone exposure, were also addressed. Final conclusions on the safety of isoflavones are guided by the aim of precautionary consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hüser
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Guth
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - H G Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - S T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Molecular Nutrition, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - G Vollmer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - U Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - D Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - L Lehmann
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - P Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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26
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Lee DH, Kim MJ, Park SH, Song EJ, Nam YD, Ahn J, Jang YJ, Ha TY, Jung CH. Bioavailability of Isoflavone Metabolites After Korean Fermented Soybean Paste (Doenjang) Ingestion in Estrogen-Deficient Rats. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2212-2221. [PMID: 30035387 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Doenjang (DJ), a fermented soybean product used in soups, stews, and sauces, contains high quality proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and other functional ingredients, including isoflavones and saponins. This study investigated whether DJ improves the bioavailability of isoflavones compared to boiled soybean (BS) in sham-operated or ovariectomized (OVX) rats. We also examined the effects of ovariectomy on the differences in bioavailability of isoflavones. BS and DJ were administered in sham-operated and OVX rats, and blood samples were collected. Twenty-six isoflavone-derived metabolites were identified. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that T1/2 values of the individual isoflavone metabolites were most different in sham and OVX rats, even after the same sample treatment; however, Tmax values were significant different in a few metabolites such as daidzein 4'-glucuronide, daidzein 4'-sulfate, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, and benzoic acid. For most of the individual metabolites, Cmax was higher in both sham and OVX rats administered BS than those administered DJ. The AUC was generally lower in OVX rats than in sham rats. The AUC of daidzein and genistein in BS-fed sham rats was approximately 1.7-fold higher than those administered DJ, whereas glycitein was detected only in the DJ group. No significant differences in AUC of daidzein and genistein were observed between BS and DJ administration in OVX rats, although the total isoflavone content of DJ was lower; thus, DJ-mediated isoflavone bioavailability was more effective in OVX rats. Similar tendencies were observed for phase II and gut-mediated metabolites. These results suggested that DJ enhanced isoflavone bioavailability under estrogen deficiency, even when the total isoflavone content was decreased by fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Lee
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Inst., Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
- Dept. of Food Biotechnology, Korea Univ. of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Inst., Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Inst., Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
- Dept. of Food Biotechnology, Korea Univ. of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Song
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Inst., Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Do Nam
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Inst., Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Inst., Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
- Dept. of Food Biotechnology, Korea Univ. of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Inst., Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Inst., Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
- Dept. of Food Biotechnology, Korea Univ. of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Research Group of Metabolic Mechanism, Korea Food Research Inst., Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
- Dept. of Food Biotechnology, Korea Univ. of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
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27
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Lee CC, Dudonné S, Kim JH, Kim JS, Dubé P, Kim JE, Desjardins Y, Park JHY, Lee KW, Lee CY. A major daidzin metabolite 7,8,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone found in the plasma of soybean extract-fed rats attenuates monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Food Chem 2018; 240:607-614. [PMID: 28946319 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Among many functional foods and their phytochemicals, ingestion of soybean (Glycine max) is highly correlated to reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. Validation of potential health benefits of functional foods requires information about the bioavailability and metabolism of bioactive compounds. In this context, several phase I and II metabolites of isoflavones were target-analyzed in the plasma of rats acutely supplemented with soybean embryo extract. A daidzein metabolite, 7,8,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (7,8,4'-THI), was found to have the highest average area under curve value (574.3±112.8). Therefore, its potential prevention effect on atherosclerosis was investigated using monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion assay. Different from its precursor daidzein or daidzin, 7,8,4'-THI attenuated adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, 7,8,4'-THI significantly downregulated TNF-α stimulated the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and phosphorylation of IκB kinase and IκBα involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis in HUVECs. Therefore, 7,8,4'-THI, a highly bioavailable hydroxylated isoflavone metabolite, has potential anti-atherosclerotic effect via inhibiting monocyte-endothelial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Lee
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Stéphanie Dudonné
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Seung Kim
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pascal Dubé
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
| | - Jung Han Yoon Park
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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28
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[Isoflavone-containing dietary supplements]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2017; 60:305-313. [PMID: 28168353 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones (IFs) from soy and other legumes have weak estrogenic properties. Isolated IFs are available as dietary supplements and advertised to alleviate symptoms of menopause. The present chapter provides an overview of the occurrence, the chemical structure of IFs and their metabolites, the market situation and reviews the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of IF-containing dietary supplements.The biological effectiveness of IFs is attributable to the activation of the estrogen receptor (ER). Studies on the influence of IFs on endogenous estrogen levels in women show inconsistent results. So far, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has rejected all submitted health claims for IFs due to insufficient scientific evidence for any of the postulated health effects. Based on the results of their recent risk assessment, the EFSA concluded that the available human studies did not support the hypothesis of adverse effects of isolated IFs on the human mammary gland, uterus or thyroid in healthy postmenopausal women. However, the assessment does not allow a general statement on the safety of IF-containing dietary supplements. Studies in animal models are often not comparable with the complex interactions in humans due to differences in the metabolism of IFs, in the developmental stage at time of consumption and in the temporarily restricted uptake of IFs during certain stages of life. CONCLUSION So far, for none of the advertised functions is unequivocal scientific evidence available. On the basis of available data, potential unwanted side effects cannot be fully excluded. This holds particularly true for women with undiagnosed diseases, especially for those with undetected precancerous lesions in the mammary gland.
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29
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Gleason CE, Fischer BL, Dowling NM, Setchell KDR, Atwood CS, Carlsson CM, Asthana S. Cognitive Effects of Soy Isoflavones in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:1009-19. [PMID: 26401779 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous trial, treatment with soy isoflavones was associated with improved nonverbal memory, construction abilities, verbal fluency, and speeded dexterity compared to treatment with placebo in cognitively healthy older adults. OBJECTIVE The current trial aimed to examine the potential cognitive benefits of soy isoflavones in patients with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Sixty-five men and women over the age of 60 were treated with 100 mg/day soy isoflavones, or matching placebo capsules for six months. APOE genotype was determined for all participants. Cognitive outcomes and plasma isoflavone levels were measured at baseline, and at two additional time points: three and six months after baseline. RESULTS Of the sixty-five participants enrolled, thirty-four (52.3% ) were women, and 31 (47.7% ) were APOEɛ4 positive. Average age was 76.3 (SD = 7.2) years. Fifty-nine (90.8% ) subjects completed all study visits. Plasma isoflavone levels increased in subjects treated with soy isoflavones compared to baseline and to placebo, although intersubject variability in plasma levels was large. No significant differences in treatment effects for cognition emerged between treatment groups or genders. Exploratory analyses of associations between changes in cognition and plasma isoflavone levels revealed an association between equol levels, and speeded dexterity and verbal fluency. CONCLUSIONS Six months of 100 mg/day treatment with soy isoflavones did not benefit cognition in older men and women with Alzheimer's disease. However, our results suggest the need to examine the role of isoflavone metabolism, i.e., the ability to effectively metabolize soy isoflavones by converting daidzen to equol when attempting to fully clarify the cognitive effects of isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E Gleason
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Barbara L Fischer
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N Maritza Dowling
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Craig S Atwood
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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30
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Almeida IMC, Rodrigues F, Sarmento B, Alves RC, Oliveira MBPP. Isoflavones in food supplements: chemical profile, label accordance and permeability study in Caco-2 cells. Food Funct 2016; 6:938-46. [PMID: 25653232 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers nowadays are playing an active role in their health-care. A special case is the increasing number of women, who are reluctant to use exogenous hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and are looking for complementary therapies. However, food supplements are not clearly regulated in Europe. The EFSA has only recently begun to address the issues of botanical safety and purity regulation, leading to a variability of content, standardization, dosage, and purity of available products. In this study, isoflavones (puerarin, daidzin, genistin, daidzein, glycitein, genistein, formononetin, prunetin, and biochanin A) from food supplements (n = 15) for menopausal symptoms relief are evaluated and compared with the labelled information. Only four supplements complied with the recommendations made by the EC on the tolerable thresholds. The intestinal bioavailability of these compounds was investigated using Caco-2 cells. The apparent permeability coefficients of the selected isoflavonoids across the Caco-2 cells were affected by the isoflavone concentration and product matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M C Almeida
- REQUIMTE - Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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31
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Effect of simultaneous consumption of soymilk and coffee on the urinary excretion of isoflavones, chlorogenic acids and metabolites in healthy adults. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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32
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Nie Q, Xing M, Hu J, Hu X, Nie S, Xie M. Metabolism and health effects of phyto-estrogens. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2432-2454. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1077194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengmeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Jielun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
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33
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Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food supplements containing isolated isoflavones. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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34
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Nagino T, Kano M, Masuoka N, Kaga C, Anbe M, Miyazaki K, Kamachi K, Isozaki M, Suzuki C, Kasuga C, Tanaka A. Intake of a fermented soymilk beverage containing moderate levels of isoflavone aglycones enhances bioavailability of isoflavones in healthy premenopausal Japanese women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, crossover trial. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2015; 35:9-17. [PMID: 26858926 PMCID: PMC4735029 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2015-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the bioavailability of serum isoflavones after the intake of soymilk
fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota containing 32.5% isoflavone aglycones (FSM)
or placebo soymilk containing no isoflavone aglycones (SM). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled,
single-dose, crossover trial, 7 healthy premenopausal Japanese women (mean age: 35.3 ± 11.0) consumed FSM or
SM on day 1 and crossed over to the other soymilk after a 6-day washout period. Serum isoflavones in blood
samples collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr after intake were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with
tandem mass spectrometry. The area under the curve (AUC) values for the serum concentrations of genistein and
total isoflavones were significantly higher, by about 1.4-fold, up to 5 hr after FSM intake compared with SM
intake (each p<0.05), and that of daidzein tended to be higher after FSM intake. In addition, AUC analysis
of total isoflavones for individual subjects revealed that 5 out of 7 subjects had higher AUC values after FSM
intake compared with SM intake and that the 2 remaining subjects had similar AUC values. These 2 subjects had
higher AUC values after SM intake (mean, 2,502 ± 348) than those of the other subjects (mean, 1,158 ± 269).
These results indicate that the bioavailability of isoflavones, especially genistein, is enhanced after the
intake of FSM containing 32.5% isoflavone aglycones compared with intake of SM containing no isoflavone
aglycones and that the enhancement is observed in healthy premenopausal Japanese women whose isoflavone
absorption capacity is low after SM intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nagino
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Kano
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Norie Masuoka
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kaga
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Michitoshi Anbe
- Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 1-1-19 Higashi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8660, Japan
| | - Kouji Miyazaki
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Keiko Kamachi
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
| | - Mariko Isozaki
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
| | - Chigusa Suzuki
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
| | - Chikako Kasuga
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Nutrition Clinic of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan
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35
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Grosser G, Döring B, Ugele B, Geyer J, Kulling SE, Soukup ST. Transport of the soy isoflavone daidzein and its conjugative metabolites by the carriers SOAT, NTCP, OAT4, and OATP2B1. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2253-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Timan P, Rojanasthien N, Manorot M, Sangdee C, Teekachunhatean S. Effect of synbiotic fermented milk on oral bioavailability of isoflavones in postmenopausal women. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:761-7. [PMID: 24720601 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.908169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of synbiotic fermented milk, containing Lactobacillus paracasei and inulin, on oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in healthy postmenopausal women. The study was a one-group pre-post treatment study. Twelve subjects were assigned to consume a single oral dose of 375 mL of soy beverage. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at various time points until 32 hours after the administration of the soy beverage. After a washout period, subjects were requested to consume 180 mL of synbiotic fermented milk after breakfast and dinner for 14 days, followed by a single oral dose of 375 mL of soy beverage on the next day. Collection of blood samples after the administration of the soy beverage were performed at the same time points as the former phase. Plasma isoflavone concentrations were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. In conclusion, this study highlighted that continuous consumption of synbiotic fermented milk followed by a single oral administration of soy beverage significantly enhanced oral bioavailability of isoflavones compared with a single oral dose of soy beverage alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porntip Timan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand and
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38
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Yerramsetty V, Gallaher DD, Ismail B. Malonylglucoside conjugates of isoflavones are much less bioavailable compared with unconjugated β-glucosidic forms in rats. J Nutr 2014; 144:631-7. [PMID: 24647389 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.190801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable interest in the physiologic effects of isoflavones, the in vivo bioavailability of the most common isoflavone forms, malonylglucoside conjugates, has not been determined. Differences in the bioavailability of malonylglucosides compared with the nonconjugated β-glucoside forms may explain the inconsistent findings regarding the physiologic effects of isoflavones. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of malonyl- conjugation on isoflavone bioavailability in an animal model. Malonylgenistin and malonyldaidzin, and their corresponding nonconjugated glucosides, were extracted from soy grits and purified using liquid chromatography. Purity of the isolated forms was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Male rats were gavaged with malonylgenistin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, or daidzin at a dose of 100 μmol/kg body weight. Blood and urine samples were collected at time intervals ranging from 0 to 48 h. Isoflavone metabolites in plasma and urine were determined using stable isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Comparisons of pharmacokinetic variables were made between nonconjugated and conjugated glucosides and over time of plasma collection. The areas under the time-concentration curve of the metabolites in the plasma obtained after the administration of nonconjugated β-glucosides were 1 to 6 times higher than those of their respective malonylglucosides (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, maximum plasma concentration and urinary excretion of isoflavone metabolites were significantly higher (1-9 times; P ≤ 0.05) after the administration of nonconjugated β-glucosides. To our knowledge, these results demonstrated, for the first time, that nonconjugated β-glucosides are relatively more bioavailable than their respective malonylglucosides. These differences in the bioavailability of conjugated and nonconjugated β-glucosides should be considered in future studies focused on the bioactivity of isoflavones.
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Legette L, Prasain J, King J, Arabshahi A, Barnes S, Weaver CM. Pharmacokinetics of equol, a soy isoflavone metabolite, changes with the form of equol (dietary versus intestinal production) in ovariectomized rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1294-300. [PMID: 24446705 PMCID: PMC3983397 DOI: 10.1021/jf400097m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that soy isoflavones and their metabolites may play a role in mitigating postmenopausal bone loss. Equol, a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein produced by intestinal bacteria, has shown some potential, but only 30-50% of the U.S. population is capable of converting dietary daidzein to equol. There are limited data on the pharmacokinetics of dietary racemic equol and its metabolites. This study was conducted to assess the levels of equol and its conjugates in plasma for a 24 h period resulting from oral administration of dietary daidzein and racemic equol in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma samples were analyzed for conjugated and free forms of equol using LC-MS/MS. The maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and time to reach it (t(max)) for total equol (conjugated and unconjugated) were 8815 ± 2988 nmol/L and 2.17 ± 2.91 h and 3682 ± 2675 nmol/L and 20.67 ± 4.67 h, for dietary equol and daidzein, respectively. Although the majority of equol metabolites present were glucuronide conjugates (≥99%), there were low levels of equol monosulfate present. The changes in equol metabolism, specifically equol conjugates, due to the form of equol may play a role in the potential health benefits of equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeCole
L. Legette
- Department
of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeevan Prasain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Jennifer King
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Ali Arabshahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Targeted Metabolomics
and Proteomics
Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Department
of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- (C.M.W.) Phone: (765) 494-8237. Fax: (765) 494-0674. E-mail:
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Chu J, Wu X, Li B, He B. Efficient glucosylation of flavonoids by organic solvent-tolerant Staphylococcus saprophyticus CQ16 in aqueous hydrophilic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang GH, Cai LJ, Wang YF, Zhou YH, An YF, Liu YC, Peng Y, Chen ZF, Liang H. Novel compound PS-101 exhibits selective inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer cell by blocking the EGFR-driven antiapoptotic pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1721-30. [PMID: 24161785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the anticancer effect of a novel compound PS-101 in human lung cancer cells. By phenotype screening, PS-101 exhibited highly selective inhibition in EGFR-overexpressed non-small cell lung cancer cells NCI-H460 and A549 while displaying no obvious toxicity to normal hepatic cell HL-7702, lung fibroblast cell WI-38, liver cancer cell BEL-7404 and gastric cancer cell MCG-803. A combination of cell viability assay, immunoblotting, and RNA interference revealed that PS-101 induced EGFR-dependent inhibition selectivity. Further studies showed that PS-101 caused cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, changed cell size, induced apoptosis and led to cell death by increasing the proportion of sub-G1 cells. Molecular mechanism studies suggested that blocking the EGFR-driven antiapoptotic pathway is essential for PS-101-induced apoptosis. The contribution of blocking the EGFR-driven antiapoptotic pathway was verified through examines abundance of likely candidate proteins and RNA interference. The root cause for increase in BAD and decrease in Bcl-2 which altogether initiated caspase-dependent apoptosis were predominantly due to down-regulation the expression of EGFR after PS-101 treatment. PS-101 strongly down-regulated the EGFR expression to trigger proapototic protein BAD increase and antiproapototic protein Bcl-2 decrease, which altogether actived effector caspase-3/9 to initiate cell apoptisis. Taken together, these results suggest that PS-101 may be a potential candidate for cancer therapy against human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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42
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Yu CP, Hsieh YW, Lin SP, Chi YC, Hariharan P, Chao PDL, Hou YC. Potential modulation on P-glycoprotein and CYP3A by soymilk and miso: in vivo and ex-vivo studies. Food Chem 2013; 149:25-30. [PMID: 24295672 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 both play very important roles in drug bioavailability, resistance and interactions. Our in vitro studies indicated that P-gp function was activated by many isoflavones. This study investigated the in vivo effects of soymilk and miso, isoflavone-rich soy foods, on P-gp and CYP3A by tracing the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (CSP), a probe drug of P-gp. Rats were orally administered CSP with and without soymilk or miso. A specific monoclonal fluorescence polarisation immunoassay was used to determine the blood concentration of CSP. The results showed that soymilk and miso significantly decreased the C(max) of CSP by 64.5% and 78.3%, and reduced the AUC(0-540) by 64.9% and 78.3%, respectively. Mechanism studies revealed that the activities of P-gp and CYP3A4 were induced by soymilk and miso. In conclusion, ingestion of soymilk and miso significantly activated the functions of P-gp and CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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43
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Legette L, Karnpracha C, Reed RL, Choi J, Bobe G, Christensen JM, Rodriguez-Proteau R, Purnell JQ, Stevens JF. Human pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol, an antihyperglycemic flavonoid from hops. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:248-55. [PMID: 24038952 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Xanthohumol (XN) is a bioactive prenylflavonoid from hops. A single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted in men (n = 24) and women (n = 24) to determine dose-concentration relationships. METHODS AND RESULTS Subjects received a single oral dose of 20, 60, or 180 mg XN. Blood was collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Plasma levels of XN and its metabolites, isoxanthohumol (IX), 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN), and 6-prenylnaringenin (6PN) were measured by LC-MS/MS. Xanthohumol (XN) and IX conjugates were dominant circulating flavonoids among all subjects. Levels of 8PN and 6PN were undetectable in most subjects. The XN PK profile showed peak concentrations around 1 h and between 4-5 h after ingestion. The maximum XN concentrations (C(max)) were 33 ± 7 mg/L, 48 ± 11 mg/L, and 120 ± 24 mg/L for the 20, 60, and 180 mg dose, respectively. Using noncompartmental modeling, the area under the curves (AUC(0→∞)) for XN were 92 ± 68 h × μg/L, 323 ± 160 h × μg/L, and 863 ± 388 h × μg/L for the 20, 60, and 180 mg dose, respectively. The mean half-life of XN was 20 h for the 60 and 18 h for the 180 mg dose. CONCLUSION XN has a distinct biphasic absorption pattern with XN and IX conjugates being the major circulating metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeCole Legette
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Liu MH, Lin YS, Sheu SY, Sun JS. Anti-inflammatory effects of daidzein on primary astroglial cell culture. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 12:123-34. [DOI: 10.1179/147683009x423274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Isoflavones: estrogenic activity, biological effect and bioavailability. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 38:15-25. [PMID: 23161396 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytoestrogens with potent estrogenic activity; genistein, daidzein and glycitein are the most active isoflavones found in soy beans. Phytoestrogens have similarity in structure with the human female hormone 17-β-estradiol, which can bind to both alpha and beta estrogen receptors, and mimic the action of estrogens on target organs, thereby exerting many health benefits when used in some hormone-dependent diseases. Numerous clinical studies claim benefits of genistein and daidzein in chemoprevention of breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis as well as in relieving postmenopausal symptoms. The ability of isoflavones to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases largely depends on pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds, in particular absorption and distribution to the target tissue. The chemical form in which isoflavones occur is important because it influences their bioavailability and, therefore, their biological activity. Glucose-conjugated isoflavones are highly polar, water-soluble compounds. They are hardly absorbed by the intestinal epithelium and have weaker biological activities than the corresponding aglycone. Different microbial families of colon can transform glycosylated isoflavones into aglycones. Clinical studies show important differences between the aglycone and conjugated forms of genistein and daidzein. The evaluation of isoflavone metabolism and bioavailability is crucial to understanding their biological effects. Lipid-based formulations such as drug incorporation into oils, emulsions and self-microemulsifying formulations have been introduced to increase bioavailability. Complexation with cyclodextrin also represent a valid method to improve the physicochemical characteristics of these substances in order to be absorbed and distributed to target tissues. We review and discuss pharmacokinetic issues that critically influence the biological activity of isoflavones.
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46
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Cortina B, Torregrosa G, Castelló-Ruiz M, Burguete MC, Moscardó A, Latorre A, Salom JB, Vallés J, Santos MT, Alborch E. Improvement of the circulatory function partially accounts for the neuroprotective action of the phytoestrogen genistein in experimental ischemic stroke. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 708:88-94. [PMID: 23461855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the phytoestrogen genistein protects the brain against ischemic stroke by improving the circulatory function in terms of reduced production of thromboxane A2 and leukocyte-platelet aggregates, and of preserved vascular reactivity. Ischemia-reperfusion (90 min-3 days, intraluminal filament) was induced in male Wistar rats, and functional score and cerebral infarct volume were the end points examined. Genistein (10mg/kg/day) or vehicle (β-cyclodextrin) was administered at 30 min after ischemia or sham-operation. Production of thromboxane A2 and leukocyte-platelet aggregates, as well as reactivity of carotid artery to U-46619 (thromboxane A2 analogue) and to platelet releasate was measured. At 3 days post-ischemia, both improvement in the functional examination and reduction in the total infarct volume were shown in the ischemic genistein-treated group. Genistein significantly reverted both the increased thromboxane A2 concentration and the increased leukocyte-platelet aggregates production found in samples from the ischemic vehicle-treated group. Both U-46619 and platelet releasate elicited contractions of the carotid artery, which were significantly lower in the ischemic vehicle-treated group. Genistein significantly restored both the decreased U-46619- and the decreased platelet releasate-elicited contractile responses. In conclusion, genistein protects the brain against an ischemia-reperfusion challenge, at least in part, by its beneficial effects on the circulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Cortina
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Centro de Investigación, Ave. Campanar 21, 46009-Valencia, Spain
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47
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Behloul N, Wu G. Genistein: A promising therapeutic agent for obesity and diabetes treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Gordon MH. Significance of dietary antioxidants for health. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:173-9. [PMID: 22312245 PMCID: PMC3269679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since evidence became available that free radicals were involved in mechanisms for the development of major diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, there has been considerable research into the properties of natural dietary antioxidants. However, it has become clear that dietary antioxidants can only have beneficial effects in vivo by radical scavenging or effects on redox potential if they are present in tissues or bodily fluids at sufficient concentrations. For many dietary components, absorption is limited or metabolism into derivatives reduces the antioxidant capacity. For many dietary phytochemicals, direct antioxidant effects may be less important for health than other effects including effects on cell signalling or gene expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Gordon
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-118-3786723
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49
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Molzberger AF, Vollmer G, Hertrampf T, Möller FJ, Kulling S, Diel P. In utero and postnatal exposure to isoflavones results in a reduced responsivity of the mammary gland towards estradiol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:399-409. [PMID: 22183799 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Exposure scenarios during different stages of development of an organism are discussed to trigger adverse and beneficial effects of isoflavones (ISO). The aim of this study was to investigate how in utero and postnatal ISO exposure modulates the estrogen sensitivity of the mammary gland and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Therefore, rats were exposed to either ISO-free (IDD), ISO-rich (IRD) or genistein-rich diet (GRD), up to young adulthood. Proliferative activity (PCNA expression) in the mammary gland at different ages and the estrogen sensitivity of the mammary gland to estradiol (E₂) or genistein (GEN) in adult ovariectomized animals was determined and compared with different treatments. Treatment with E₂ resulted in a significant lower proliferative and estrogenic response of the mammary gland in IRD and GRD compared with IDD. This correlates to a change in the gene expression pattern and a decrease in the ratio of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) beta (ERβ CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that in utero and postnatal exposure to a diet rich in ISO but also to GEN reduces the sensitivity of the mammary gland toward estrogens and support the hypothesis that in utero and postnatal ISO exposure reduces the risk to develop breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut F Molzberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Germany.
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50
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Cvejić J, Tepavčević V, Bursać M, Miladinović J, Malenčić Đ. Isoflavone composition in F1 soybean progenies. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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