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Ushula TW, Mamun A, Darssan D, Wang WYS, Williams GM, Whiting SJ, Najman JM. Dietary patterns explaining variations in blood biomarkers in young adults are associated with the 30-year predicted cardiovascular disease risks in midlife: A follow-up study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1007-1018. [PMID: 36958973 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To examine a combined effect of dietary intakes, blood lipid and insulin resistance in young adulthood on the risk of predicted CVD through midlife. METHODS AND RESULTS Data of young adults from a birth cohort study in Australia were used. Reduced rank regression (RRR) and partial least squares (PLS) methods identified dietary patterns rich in meats, refined grains, processed and fried foods, and high-fat dairy and low in whole grains and low-fat dairy from dietary intakes obtained at 21-years, and blood lipids and measures of insulin resistance measured at 30-years of age. Using standard CVD risk factors measured at 30-years of age, the Framingham Heart Study risk-prediction algorithms were used to calculate the 30-year predicted Framingham CVD risk scores. The scores represent Hard CVD events; coronary death, myocardial infarction and stroke and Full CVD events; Hard CVD plus coronary insufficiency and angina pectoris, transient ischaemic attack, intermittent claudication, and congestive heart failure in midlife. Sex-specific upper quartiles of CVD risk scores were used to define high-risk groups. Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) with 95% CI. Greater adherence to the diet identified applying RRR in young adulthood was associated with higher risks of predicted Hard CVD (RR: 1.60; 1.14, 2.25) and Full CVD (RR: 1.46; 1.04, 2.05) events in midlife. The diet from PLS showed similar trend of association for the risk of predicted Hard CVD events (RR: 1.49; 1.03, 2.16) in adjusted models. CONCLUSION Dietary patterns associated with variations in blood lipids and insulin resistance in young adulthood are associated with increased risks of predicted CVD events in midlife. The findings suggest that diet induced altered blood lipids and insulin resistance in the life course of young adulthood could increase the risks of CVD events in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolassa W Ushula
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 266 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; UQ Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, 74 High Street, Toowong, QLD, 4066, Australia; Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Abdullah Mamun
- UQ Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, 74 High Street, Toowong, QLD, 4066, Australia; The ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - Darsy Darssan
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 266 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - William Y S Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 266 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Susan J Whiting
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jake M Najman
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 266 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
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2
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Moslehi N, Rahimi Sakak F, Mahdavi M, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Visceral adiposity-related dietary patterns and the risk of cardiovascular disease in Iranian adults: A population-based cohort study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:812701. [PMID: 35967797 PMCID: PMC9366611 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.812701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral obesity is a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diet may associate with CVD risk through its effects on visceral adiposity. This study aimed to find dietary patterns (DPs) related to indicators of visceral adiposity and to determine whether the DPs were associated with CVD risk. Methods This prospective study included 2,496 participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) without CVD, who were followed from the third study examination (2005–2008; baseline) to March 2018. DPs at baseline were determined using reduced rank regression (RRR) and partial least squares regression (PLS). The response variables were age and BMI-adjusted waist circumference (WC) and age-adjusted visceral adiposity index (VAI). Results Two and three DPs were retained with RRR and PLS, respectively. The first patterns of each method were mainly characterized by adjusted-WC (RRR: 10.8%, PLS: 8.6%); none of them were associated with CVD risk. The second pattern of RRR and the third pattern of PLS were mainly explained by adjusted-VAI (RRR: 3.3, PLS: 2.1%). After adjusting for CVD risk factors, the hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for CVD in the second and third tertiles of the RRR-pattern 2 were 1.76 (1.15, 2.69) and 1.55 (1.00, 2.43) vs. the first tertile (p-trend: 0.058). This pattern had high positive loadings for non-leafy vegetables, pickled vegetables, fried vegetables, and bread and high negative loadings for eggs, cakes, butter, jam-honey, red meat, poultry, fish, juice, non-fermented dairy, and fruits. Per one SD increase in PLS-pattern 3 score, the risk of CVD was 19% higher (95%CI = 3–38%). This positive association was also observed across tertiles of the pattern (p-trend: 0.032). This pattern was characterized by high intakes of leafy vegetables, non-leafy vegetables, organ meat, soft drinks, olive oil, pickled vegetables, fried vegetables, and bread and low intakes of biscuits, cakes, butter, eggs, and non-fermented dairy. Conclusion For each of the RRR and PLS approaches, a visceral-related DP that was positively linked to CVD was identified. These two patterns had a modest correlation. The pattern generated by PLS explained more variations in food groups and offered stronger evidence of association with CVD than the RRR-derived pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Moslehi
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Sakak
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahdavi
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Piernas C, Gao M, Jebb SA. Dietary patterns derived by reduced rank regression and non-communicable disease risk. Proc Nutr Soc 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35765989 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most current nutrition policies and dietary recommendations still reflect decades of research addressing the mechanism of action or health risks of individual nutrients. Yet, most high-income countries including the UK are far from reaching the dietary intakes which are recommended for good health. Food-based dietary patterns (DPs) can help target specific combinations of foods that are associated with disease risk, recognising the coexistence of multiple nutrients within foods and their potential synergistic effects. Reduced rank regression (RRR) has emerged as a useful exploratory approach which uses a priori knowledge of the pathway from diet to disease to help identify DPs which are associated with disease risk in a particular population. Here we reviewed the literature with a focus on longitudinal cohort studies using RRR to derive DPs and reporting associations with non-communicable disease risk. We also illustrated the application of the RRR approach using data from the UK Biobank study, where we derived DPs that explained high variability in a set of nutrient response variables. The main DP was characterised by high intakes of chocolate and confectionery, butter and low-fibre bread, and low intakes of fresh fruit and vegetables and showed particularly strong associations with CVD, type 2 diabetes and all-cause mortality, which is consistent with previous studies that derived 'Western' or unhealthy DPs. These recent studies conducted in the UK Biobank population together with evidence from previous cohort studies contribute to the emerging evidence base to underpin food-based dietary advice for non-communicable disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Piernas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Min Gao
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan A Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Lazarova SV, Jessri M. Associations between dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease risk in Canadian adults: a comparison of partial least squares, reduced rank regression, and the simplified dietary pattern technique. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:362-377. [PMID: 35511218 PMCID: PMC9348992 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybrid methodologies have gained continuing interest as unique data reduction techniques for establishing a direct link between dietary exposures and clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare partial least squares (PLS) and reduced rank regression (RRR) in identifying a dietary pattern associated with a high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Canadian adults, construct PLS- and RRR-based simplified dietary patterns, and assess associations between the 4 dietary pattern scores and CVD risk. METHODS Data were collected from 24-h dietary recalls of adult respondents in the 2 cycles of the nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)-Nutrition: CCHS 2004 linked to health administrative databases (n = 12,313) and CCHS 2015 (n = 14,020). Using 39 food groups, PLS and RRR were applied for identification of an energy-dense (ED), high-saturated-fat (HSF), and low-fiber-density (LFD) dietary pattern. Associations of the derived dietary pattern scores with lifestyle characteristics and CVD risk were examined using weighted multivariate regression and weighted multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. RESULTS PLS and RRR identified highly similar ED, HSF, and LFD dietary patterns with common high positive loadings for fast food, carbonated drinks, salty snacks, and solid fats, and high negative loadings for fruit, dark green vegetables, red and orange vegetables, other vegetables, whole grains, and legumes and soy (≥|0.17|). Food groups with the highest loadings were summed to form simplified pattern scores. Although the dietary patterns were not significantly associated with CVD risk, they were positively associated with 402-kcal/d higher energy intake (P-trends < 0.05) and higher obesity risk (PLS: OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.62, 2.70; RRR: OR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.17) (P-trends < 0.0001) in the fourth quartiles. CONCLUSIONS PLS and RRR were shown to be equally effective for the derivation of a high-CVD-risk dietary pattern among Canadian adults. Further research is warranted on the role of major dietary components in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svilena V Lazarova
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wang K, Wang L, Liu L, Zhou P, Mo S, Luo S, Zhang Y, Wang K, Yuan Y, Yin Z, Zhang Y. Longitudinal association of egg intake frequency with cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:908-917. [PMID: 35168825 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reducing dietary cholesterol is generally acceptable for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Eggs are nutrient-dense and common food items across the world, while rich in cholesterol. The potential effects of egg intake on cardiovascular health remain uncertainty and have been under debate in past decades. METHODS AND RESULTS A nationwide cohort of 20,688 participants aged 16-110 years without CVD at baseline were derived from the China Family Panel Studies. Egg consumption was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We adopted stratified Cox proportional hazards model with random intercepts for provinces to evaluate associations of egg intake with CVD incidence. During a median follow-up of 6.0 years, we identified 2395 total CVD incidence and mean egg consumption was 3 times/week. Egg intakes were associated lower risks of CVD incidence in the multivariate-adjusted model. Compared with the non-consumers, the corresponding HRs (95% confidence interval) for total CVD events were 0.84 (0.74-0.94) for 1-2 times per week, 0.78 (0.69-0.88) for 3-6/week, and 0.83 (0.72-0.95) for ≥7/week. Similar relationships were found in hypertension. Approximately non-linear relationships were observed between egg consumption with total CVD and hypertension incidence, identifying the lowest risk in 3-6 times/week. Subgroup analyses estimated lower risks of total CVD and hypertension in females only, with significant effect modification by sex (P for interaction = 0.008 and 0.020). CONCLUSION Egg consumption may be associated with lower risks of CVD incidence among Chinese adults. Our findings could have implications in CVD prevention and might be considered in the development of dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Nursing, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Nursing, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Linjiong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Peixuan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Shaocai Mo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Siqi Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Zhouxin Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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6
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Song J, Pan C, Li F, Guo Y, Pei P, Tian X, Wang S, Gao R, Pang Z, Chen Z, Li L. Association between dairy consumption and ischemic heart disease among Chinese adults: a prospective study in Qingdao. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 35183210 PMCID: PMC8858533 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies linking dairy consumption with ischemic heart disease (IHD) are almost from western countries, with little from China. The present study was to explore the relationship between dairy consumption and IHD among Chinese adults. METHODS The data for the present study was from the prospective cohort study of China Kadoorie Biobank in Qingdao, a total of 33,355 participants in the present study. An interviewer-administered laptop-based questionnaire was used to collect information on the consumption frequency of dairy, incident IHD cases were identified through Disease Surveillance Point System and the new national health insurance databases. Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence interval for the relationship between the incidence of IHD and dairy consumption. RESULTS The baseline survey reported that 32.4% of males and 34.6% of females consumed dairy regularly (i.e. ≥ 4 days/week). Over an average of 9.2 years follow-up, 2712 new-onset IHD were documented. Compared with participants who never or rarely consume dairy, the HR of consumed dairy regularly was 0.85(0.73-0.98) for males (P < 0.05), while no significant benefits were identified for females. CONCLUSIONS Regular dairy consumption had an inverse association to the onset of IHD among males, with no similar findings for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chi Pan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Qingdao Municipality Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China.,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaocao Tian
- Qingdao Municipality Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China. .,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, 266033, China.
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Qingdao Municipality Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China.,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Ruqin Gao
- Qingdao Municipality Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China. .,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, 266033, China.
| | - Zengchang Pang
- Qingdao Municipality Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China.,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
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7
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Sun Q, Wen Q, Lyu J, Sun D, Ma Y, Man S, Yin J, Jin C, Tong M, Wang B, Yu C, Ning Y, Li L. Dietary pattern derived by reduced-rank regression and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:337-345. [PMID: 34903439 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diet can affect cardiovascular health by changing lipid profiles or obesity levels. However, the association of dietary patterns reflecting lipid metabolism and adiposity measures with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unclear. This study aimed to derive dietary patterns that explained variation in blood lipids and adiposity and investigate their associations with prevalent CVD. METHODS AND RESULTS A cross-sectional study was constructed in Beijing MJ Health Screening Center from 2008 to 2018. A dietary pattern was derived using reduced-rank regression among 75,159 participants without CVD. The dietary pattern explained the largest in predicting lipid profiles and adiposity measures. The dietary pattern was associated with a higher level of LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, and high body mass index and waist circumference, but lower HDL-cholesterol. The dietary pattern was characterized by high intakes of staple food, red meat, processed food, fried food, edible offal, and less intakes of jam or honey, fruits, milk, and dairy products. Among 89,633 participants, we evaluated its association with prevalent CVD using multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, annual income, education attainment, marital status, family history of CVD, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, and daily energy intake. Individuals with the highest quintile of dietary pattern score were 1%-38% more likely to have prevalent CVD than the lowest quintile (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.01-1.38). CONCLUSION A diet pattern reflecting lipid profiles and obesity level was positively related to prevalent CVD, which could provide new insights in optimizing blood lipids and body shape for the prevention of CVD through dietary approaches among the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufen Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiaorui Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Lyu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dianjianyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Meinian Institute of Health, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sailimai Man
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Meinian Institute of Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianchun Yin
- Meinian Institute of Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Meinian Institute of Health, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mingkun Tong
- Meinian Institute of Health, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Meinian Institute of Health, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yi Ning
- Meinian Institute of Health, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Health Science Center Meinian Public Health Institute, Beijing 100191, China
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